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The oceans, seemingly limitless,
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invoke in us a sense of awe and wonder
and also sometimes fear.
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00:00:40,458 --> 00:00:44,128
They cover 70% of the surface
of our planet,
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00:00:44,462 --> 00:00:48,049
and yet they are still
the least explored.
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00:00:50,134 --> 00:00:53,804
Hidden beneath the waves
right beneath my feet,
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there are creatures
beyond our imagination.
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00:01:13,574 --> 00:01:17,495
With revolutionary technology,
we can enter new worlds...
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00:01:23,918 --> 00:01:25,670
...and shine a light on behaviours
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in ways that were impossible
Just a generation ago.
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We've also recognised
an uncomfortable fact.
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The health of our oceans
is under threat.
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They're changing at a faster rate
than ever before in human history.
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00:01:50,236 --> 00:01:53,072
Never has there been a more crucial time
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to reveal what is going on
beneath the surface of the seas.
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00:02:13,217 --> 00:02:15,553
In this first episode,
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we will journey across the globe
from the warm waters of the tropics
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00:02:25,938 --> 00:02:28,899
to the coldest around the poles.
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00:02:33,070 --> 00:02:38,242
To bring us a new understanding
of live beneath the waves.
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00:02:45,082 --> 00:02:47,585
This is Blue Planet II.
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00:03:49,021 --> 00:03:54,360
The surface of the ocean conceals
the many creatures that live beneath
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but not all.
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Bottlenose dolphins.
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They're extremely intelligent.
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And with this intelligence
comes playfulness.
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They surf.
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And as far as we can tell,
they do so for the sheer joy of it.
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00:05:19,570 --> 00:05:22,656
But to properly appreciate
their true character,
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you have to travel with them
into their world.
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A pod of bottlenose dolphins is visiting
a coral reef in the Red Sea.
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For the youngsters,
there are things to be learned here.
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The adults lead a calf
to a particular bush-like coral
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called a Gorgonian.
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00:06:24,802 --> 00:06:28,973
And here, the adults behave
rather strangely.
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They deliberately rub themselves
through the fronds.
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Their calf seems reluctant to do so.
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00:07:08,721 --> 00:07:10,264
By watching his elders,
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he may be realising
that this is something he ought to do.
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Gorgonia fronds, in fact,
are covered with a mucous
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that can have anti-inflammatory
and antimicrobial properties.
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So maybe the adult dolphins
are doing this
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to protect themselves from infection.
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The dolphins' intimate knowledge
of the reef
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is spurring us to search
for new medicines here, too.
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Tropical coral reefs
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occupy only a tenth of one percent
of the ocean floor.
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But their shallow warm waters
and stable year round conditions,
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support some of the most crowded
and varied communities
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to be found anywhere in the oceans.
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00:08:33,764 --> 00:08:37,810
And there are new discoveries to be made
on every one of them.
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00:08:59,498 --> 00:09:03,001
One creature
on Australia's Great Barrier Reef
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is challenging our understanding
offish intelligence.
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A tusk fish.
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00:09:10,718 --> 00:09:12,970
And you can see why it gets its name.
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He does something
few would have believed a fish could do.
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Every morning,
he travels to the edge of the reef
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He's searching
for something special to eat
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amongst the coral and sand.
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00:10:05,856 --> 00:10:07,065
Here's one.
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00:10:09,234 --> 00:10:10,861
A small clam.
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00:10:19,036 --> 00:10:22,039
But how to crack it open
and get to the meat?
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He takes it all the way back
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to his special kitchen.
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A bowl-shaped coral
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that has a particular bump on the inside
that he always uses.
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It's not easy if you have no hands.
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Whoops.
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00:11:27,521 --> 00:11:29,022
There he goes again.
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00:11:33,485 --> 00:11:36,113
But he's got great determination
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00:11:42,619 --> 00:11:44,788
and surprising accuracy.
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00:12:05,142 --> 00:12:06,518
At last.
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00:12:09,688 --> 00:12:12,858
So here is a fish that uses tools.
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00:12:14,985 --> 00:12:19,489
Some fish are much cleverer
than you might suppose.
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The density of the animals
on tropical reefs
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makes competition
inevitable and extreme.
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00:12:45,349 --> 00:12:48,518
Not only for those that lived
within the reef,
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but for the birds that fly above them.
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During the dry season,
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over half a million terns
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crowd onto this remote atoll
in the Indian Ocean.
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00:13:12,125 --> 00:13:15,921
Their chicks are still
in their dark, Juvenile plumage.
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They vary in age.
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Whilst the more advanced chicks
take to the air,
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others aren't quite ready yet.
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00:14:06,263 --> 00:14:08,932
Those just starting to learn to fly
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00:14:09,016 --> 00:14:12,978
use the shallow lagoon
that occupies the centre of the atoll
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00:14:13,103 --> 00:14:14,855
as their training ground.
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00:14:17,441 --> 00:14:21,361
It's difficult for some of them
to stay aloft for long.
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00:14:45,886 --> 00:14:48,013
Giant trevallies.
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00:15:01,193 --> 00:15:04,738
Usually, they're solitary hunters,
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00:15:04,988 --> 00:15:09,159
but about 50 of them have come here
from neighbouring reefs
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00:15:09,242 --> 00:15:12,871
attracted by this abundance
of potential prey.
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00:15:21,213 --> 00:15:24,424
The fledglings stay out of the water
if they can,
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they even drink on the wing.
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If the trevally are to catch one now,
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they have to up their game.
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00:16:02,921 --> 00:16:06,133
So there is a fish here that amazingly
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has a brain capable of calculating
the airspeed,
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00:16:10,554 --> 00:16:13,890
altitude and trajectory of a bird.
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00:16:46,506 --> 00:16:50,677
The time comes when every fledgling
has to take to the air
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00:16:50,802 --> 00:16:52,929
and collect food for itself
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00:17:17,662 --> 00:17:21,374
Their parents lead them
to the training grounds.
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00:18:59,931 --> 00:19:01,975
If they're to survive,
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00:19:02,642 --> 00:19:04,311
they must learn quickly.
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00:19:13,236 --> 00:19:16,448
After a month of practising
over the lagoon,
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00:19:16,573 --> 00:19:18,491
the youngsters start to leave
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00:19:18,575 --> 00:19:21,745
and take their chances
out over the open sea.
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00:19:29,419 --> 00:19:35,133
The oceans hold 97% of all the water
in the world.
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00:19:37,927 --> 00:19:41,681
As the sun warms their surface,
water evaporates.
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00:19:42,640 --> 00:19:44,851
The vapour rises into the sky
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00:19:44,934 --> 00:19:48,938
until it cools and condenses
into towering clouds.
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00:19:51,816 --> 00:19:55,278
And they generate huge storms.
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The spin of the earth
deflects these storms
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north and south into cooler latitudes.
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00:20:14,964 --> 00:20:17,175
As they travel across the sea,
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storm-driven winds create huge swells.
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00:20:34,317 --> 00:20:36,820
When the swells reach shallower waters,
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they rise into gigantic waves.
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00:20:58,842 --> 00:21:03,346
In its lifetime,
a large storm can release energy
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that is the equivalent
of 10,000 nuclear bombs.
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00:21:33,418 --> 00:21:36,463
These are the seasonal seas.
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00:21:39,632 --> 00:21:41,468
And when they warm in spring,
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they can suddenly explode with life.
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00:22:00,236 --> 00:22:04,449
Mobula rays have gathered
in Mexico's Sea of Cortez
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in vast numbers.
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00:22:14,083 --> 00:22:15,460
Why do they leap?
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00:22:18,421 --> 00:22:20,757
Is it to tell others that they're here?
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00:22:24,427 --> 00:22:25,929
No one knows.
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00:22:29,516 --> 00:22:32,101
They feed mostly at night
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00:22:32,185 --> 00:22:37,440
for that is when vast swarms
of plankton rise from the depths.
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00:22:43,780 --> 00:22:48,451
The disturbance in the water stimulates
many of the planktonic creatures
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to luminesce.
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00:22:51,829 --> 00:22:56,960
Only now do we have the technology
to record their faint glow.
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00:23:06,386 --> 00:23:08,930
The feasting rays swim through them
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00:23:09,013 --> 00:23:13,643
creating an extraordinary ballet
of life and death.
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00:24:03,901 --> 00:24:08,531
The richness of these waters
is based on microscopic plants,
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00:24:08,906 --> 00:24:10,366
phytoplankton,
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which bloom on such a massive scale
they benefit us all.
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00:24:18,625 --> 00:24:22,211
They, together with seaweeds
and seagrasses,
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produce as much oxygen
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00:24:24,297 --> 00:24:28,384
as all the forests
and grassy plains on land.
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00:24:40,063 --> 00:24:42,523
Every spring off New Zealand,
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the seasonal bounty
draws in rare visitors.
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00:24:55,286 --> 00:24:57,413
False killer whales.
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00:25:01,125 --> 00:25:03,127
They're relatives of the orca,
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six metres long
and weighing over a tonne.
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They appear to be searching
for dolphins.
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And there are many
in these coastal waters.
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Here, bottlenose dolphins stick together
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constantly chattering
with whistles and clicks.
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00:25:51,801 --> 00:25:55,221
Such a din carries for miles underwater.
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00:26:01,561 --> 00:26:04,230
The false killers have detected them.
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00:26:28,379 --> 00:26:32,258
Travelling at ten knots,
the killers quickly close in on them.
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00:26:50,943 --> 00:26:54,947
But then,
something truly extraordinary happens.
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The dolphins turn
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as if to greet their pursuers.
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00:27:15,384 --> 00:27:17,887
They seem to change their course.
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00:27:19,931 --> 00:27:23,392
Could it be that they're attempting
to communicate?
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00:27:33,277 --> 00:27:36,405
Scientists studying
this annual encounter,
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00:27:36,489 --> 00:27:40,493
now think that individuals
may recognise one another.
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00:27:44,121 --> 00:27:48,209
Almost unbelievably,
it seems that these different species
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appear to be old friends.
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Together they're gathering
as one unified army
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up to a thousand strong.
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This formidable hunting party
now harvests the riches
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that come with New Zealand's summer.
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00:28:42,555 --> 00:28:45,182
All across the higher latitudes,
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seasonal seas flourish
under the summer sun.
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00:28:52,565 --> 00:28:56,193
Here in Alaska,
sea otters lounge in the canopy
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of great submarine forests.
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00:29:06,162 --> 00:29:13,419
Giant kelp, the biggest seaweed of all
is home to all kinds of life.
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00:29:14,879 --> 00:29:19,508
On the forest floor, spiny
sea urchins munch through the kelp.
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00:29:21,886 --> 00:29:25,848
Elsewhere there are continuously hungry
sea cucumbers
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And in the tangled undergrowth,
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wonderfully camouflaged sea dragons.
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00:29:46,202 --> 00:29:49,914
In the underwater forests
of northern Japan,
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the residents of this sunken wreck
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are waiting for the summer temperatures
to reach 16 degrees Celsius.
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That for some is the time for mating.
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A kind of giant wrasse called a Kobudai.
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This is a male.
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And in female terms,
he's particularly handsome.
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He's a metre long and weighs 15 kilos.
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Much larger than the diminutive female,
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and he is ready to breed.
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He attempts to mate with her
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and with any of the dozen or so females
that live in his territory,
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whenever he gets the chance.
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00:31:45,738 --> 00:31:48,866
But females from around ten years old
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take little notice of his advances.
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00:32:20,773 --> 00:32:25,694
This is because when any large female
reaches a critical body size,
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she can begin a dramatic transformation.
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00:32:48,050 --> 00:32:49,885
Over just a few months,
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particular enzymes inside her body
cease to work,
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00:32:56,475 --> 00:33:00,271
and male hormones start to circulate.
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00:33:04,441 --> 00:33:06,110
As time passes,
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00:33:07,444 --> 00:33:09,155
her head expands
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00:33:09,905 --> 00:33:11,907
and her chin gets longer.
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00:33:15,077 --> 00:33:19,123
A she has changed into a he.
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00:33:28,966 --> 00:33:32,011
And with this comes a change
in temperament.
200
00:33:38,809 --> 00:33:42,104
The old male who rules
all the females here
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00:33:44,440 --> 00:33:46,942
is challenged to a face off
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00:33:53,449 --> 00:33:55,618
The more bulbous the head,
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00:33:56,118 --> 00:33:59,330
the more it intimidates an opponent.
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00:34:27,024 --> 00:34:29,902
The territory has a new ruler.
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00:34:42,831 --> 00:34:47,211
Only the largest females transform
themselves in this way.
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00:34:53,092 --> 00:34:56,595
But the change enables them
to have more mates,
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00:34:56,929 --> 00:35:01,058
so they will have many more offspring
carrying their genes.
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00:35:07,356 --> 00:35:10,025
But a new male can't afford
to be complacent.
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00:35:12,861 --> 00:35:16,365
Inside the body of every Kobudai female,
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00:35:17,241 --> 00:35:20,119
there is a new male in waiting.
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00:35:40,472 --> 00:35:45,561
The closer we travel towards the poles,
the colder the seas become.
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00:35:49,315 --> 00:35:50,899
Icebergs appear.
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00:35:51,066 --> 00:35:53,819
Huge slabs that have broken away
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00:35:53,902 --> 00:35:56,071
from glaciers that are sliding
into the sea.
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00:35:57,906 --> 00:36:01,618
And then the surface starts to freeze.
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00:36:12,296 --> 00:36:15,591
While the lights of the aurora
play above,
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00:36:15,799 --> 00:36:17,760
even in the depths of midwinter,
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00:36:18,344 --> 00:36:22,014
there are a few places
well north of the Arctic circle
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00:36:22,139 --> 00:36:23,640
that are still open.
220
00:36:35,277 --> 00:36:39,073
The fjords of northern Norway
remain ice free
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00:36:39,156 --> 00:36:42,159
because a giant current,
the Gulf Stream,
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00:36:42,284 --> 00:36:44,203
flows up here from the south
223
00:36:44,286 --> 00:36:47,539
bringing warmth all the way
from the Caribbean.
224
00:36:51,627 --> 00:36:53,128
And every winter,
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00:36:53,212 --> 00:36:56,715
billions of herring
come here for shelter.
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00:37:00,886 --> 00:37:02,596
And following them...
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...Orca.
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00:37:19,029 --> 00:37:21,490
There are up to a thousand of them.
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00:37:23,325 --> 00:37:27,704
It's possibly the greatest gathering
of orca on the planet.
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00:37:38,006 --> 00:37:42,302
The herring maybe plentiful
but in these winding fjords
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00:37:42,386 --> 00:37:45,264
they're not always easy to track down.
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00:37:49,852 --> 00:37:52,229
These particular orca, however,
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00:37:52,688 --> 00:37:55,190
are fish hunting specialists.
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00:38:04,616 --> 00:38:05,909
They work as a team,
235
00:38:06,034 --> 00:38:10,706
coordinating their approach
by calling loudly to one another.
236
00:38:16,044 --> 00:38:19,798
They herd the herring
into tighter and tighter shoals.
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00:38:35,397 --> 00:38:37,024
They swim below them,
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00:38:37,107 --> 00:38:39,735
trapping them against
the surface of the sea.
239
00:38:48,911 --> 00:38:52,831
And now the orca deploy
their special weapon.
240
00:38:58,337 --> 00:39:01,423
They beat their tails with such force,
241
00:39:01,590 --> 00:39:04,468
that the shock waves stun the herring.
242
00:39:07,262 --> 00:39:11,517
And then the senseless victims
are easily collected.
243
00:39:46,969 --> 00:39:50,973
But all this underwater noise
attracts others.
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00:39:59,147 --> 00:40:00,983
Humpback whales.
245
00:40:02,651 --> 00:40:05,153
They move in on the action.
246
00:40:13,829 --> 00:40:18,000
They approach the shoal from beneath
and then lunge upwards,
247
00:40:24,590 --> 00:40:29,177
gathering up to a hundred kilos
of herring in a single mouthful.
248
00:40:48,697 --> 00:40:51,742
The humpbacks are comparative newcomers.
249
00:40:52,701 --> 00:40:56,204
They only started coming here
within the last decade.
250
00:41:07,716 --> 00:41:10,761
But these polars seas are so rich
251
00:41:10,886 --> 00:41:13,805
that there appears to be enough food
for everyone.
252
00:41:36,995 --> 00:41:40,415
Nonetheless, few if any of these riches
253
00:41:40,499 --> 00:41:44,086
would be here were it not
for the Gulf Stream.
254
00:41:53,595 --> 00:41:58,433
Ocean currents, in fact, are crucial
to the well being of our planet.
255
00:42:03,605 --> 00:42:06,858
They distribute the sun's heat
towards the poles
256
00:42:06,942 --> 00:42:08,610
all the way from the equator,
257
00:42:11,279 --> 00:42:15,826
maintaining a climate favourable
for life almost everywhere.
258
00:42:22,624 --> 00:42:25,961
From creating the weather
to producing oxygen,
259
00:42:26,044 --> 00:42:28,964
the seas keep our world healthy.
260
00:42:38,515 --> 00:42:41,059
But there are now worrying signs
261
00:42:41,184 --> 00:42:42,811
that conditions in the oceans
262
00:42:42,894 --> 00:42:45,814
that have remained relatively stable
for millennia
263
00:42:46,231 --> 00:42:48,150
are changing radically.
264
00:42:50,068 --> 00:42:53,739
Nowhere is this more evident
than in the Arctic.
265
00:42:56,074 --> 00:42:58,160
Here in the past 30 years,
266
00:42:58,243 --> 00:43:03,039
the extent of the ice in summer
has been reduced by 40%.
267
00:43:04,207 --> 00:43:06,001
This sudden warming,
268
00:43:06,168 --> 00:43:09,087
most likely a consequence
of human activity,
269
00:43:09,504 --> 00:43:13,341
is having a profound impact
on its wildlife.
270
00:43:20,557 --> 00:43:24,644
Walruses are among those
that are seriously affected.
271
00:43:34,446 --> 00:43:38,533
Every adult female
needs to find a safe place
272
00:43:38,909 --> 00:43:41,703
where her 80-kilo pup can rest.
273
00:43:45,040 --> 00:43:46,374
The sea ice is retreating
274
00:43:46,458 --> 00:43:49,211
from much
of the walrus' traditional range,
275
00:43:49,419 --> 00:43:52,714
so they now have
to haul out on dry land.
276
00:43:58,261 --> 00:44:01,848
But a herd of hundreds
of quarrelsome mothers,
277
00:44:01,932 --> 00:44:06,144
some weighing almost a tonne,
is not an ideal nursery.
278
00:44:15,654 --> 00:44:19,658
Walruses on land stick together
for good reason.
279
00:44:21,952 --> 00:44:23,328
Polar bears.
280
00:44:27,999 --> 00:44:31,378
A full grown male walrus is gigantic,
281
00:44:31,461 --> 00:44:34,339
too big for even a polar bear to tackle.
282
00:44:36,424 --> 00:44:39,928
So the bear is looking
for a walrus baby.
283
00:44:46,268 --> 00:44:49,688
The scent of the bear
spreads alarm through the colony.
284
00:44:57,445 --> 00:44:59,865
The walruses retreat into the sea.
285
00:45:18,800 --> 00:45:22,304
The bear knows it won't be able
to catch them there.
286
00:45:32,564 --> 00:45:35,483
But she too has young ones to feed.
287
00:45:43,158 --> 00:45:46,161
What is a mother to do?
288
00:45:56,588 --> 00:45:59,549
A mother walrus still needs
to find a place
289
00:45:59,674 --> 00:46:01,343
where her young can rest.
290
00:46:09,351 --> 00:46:11,686
A melting iceberg might do,
291
00:46:13,063 --> 00:46:16,358
but she is not the first
to find this one.
292
00:46:24,199 --> 00:46:27,202
Suitable places are already taken.
293
00:47:01,903 --> 00:47:04,614
Other mothers don't want to share.
294
00:47:09,619 --> 00:47:13,248
They, too, need a patch of ice
where they can protect their young.
295
00:47:19,754 --> 00:47:24,634
A desperate mother has no choice
but to barge her way in.
296
00:47:48,867 --> 00:47:51,786
So this time everyone loses.
297
00:48:18,146 --> 00:48:21,316
Finding the right place
on these melting shores
298
00:48:21,524 --> 00:48:24,402
gets harder and harder.
299
00:49:00,522 --> 00:49:06,486
Solving these problems together
helps create a bond so strong
300
00:49:06,569 --> 00:49:11,449
that the mother will stay in contact
with her young for the rest of her life.
301
00:49:23,545 --> 00:49:27,298
But who knows now
what their future will be.
302
00:49:41,729 --> 00:49:45,150
As we understand more
about the complexity
303
00:49:45,316 --> 00:49:47,735
of the lives of sea creatures,
304
00:49:49,112 --> 00:49:53,408
so we begin to appreciate
the fragility of their home.
305
00:49:55,285 --> 00:49:57,078
Our blue planet.
306
00:50:13,261 --> 00:50:14,429
Next time.
307
00:50:15,638 --> 00:50:17,098
The deep.
308
00:50:18,183 --> 00:50:21,269
A world richer
than we ever though possible,
309
00:50:22,687 --> 00:50:24,189
where creatures thrive,
310
00:50:26,024 --> 00:50:29,611
in the most extreme conditions on Earth.
24692
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