Original subtitles

THEY ARE THE TOOLS OF HUMAN CONFLICT

AND SURVIVAL,

INGENIOUS,

POWERFUL,

DESTRUCTIVE.

FROM THE ANCIENT TO THE MODERN,

WAR WEAPONS COMPRISE AN EVER-EVOLVING ARSENAL

THAT'S TRANSFORMED COMBAT,

HELPED BUILD EMPIRES,

DESTROY THEM, AND DETER AGGRESSION.

THIS SERIES HIGHLIGHTS SOME OF THE WORLD'S

MOST IMPORTANT AND INNOVATIVE WEAPONS.

THROUGH UNIQUE EXPERIMENTS,

Machnau: I'M READY TO FIRE.

WE EXPLORE HOW AND WHY THEY WORK.

IT'S LIKE A NUCLEAR WEAPON.

WHAT PROBLEMS THEY SOLVE ON THE BATTLEFIELD.

IF THAT GOES OFF, THIS COULD BE SERIOUS.

AND GIVE FRESH INSIGHT

LET'S GO!

INTO THEIR ROLE IN HISTORY.

YOU'RE IN THE MINEFIELD, STOP!

677 A.D. WAR OVER CONSTANTINOPLE.

MUSLIM ARABIC INVADERS LAYSIEGE TO THE BYZANTINE CAPITAL.

SHIPS BLOCK THE CITY WALLS, CUTTING OFF ALL SUPPLIES.

THE RESULT, FAMINE.

IN THE SEVENTH CENTURY,CONSTANTINOPLE IS THE CITY.

IT'S THE LARGEST CITY IN THE WORLD,

IT'S THE CAPITAL OF WHAT IS STILL A VERY POWERFUL

EAST ROMAN OR BYZANTINE EMPIRE,

AND IT'S THE GATEWAY TO EUROPE.

SO THIS IS A VERY SERIOUS ATTACK,

WHICH COULD HAVE HAD ENORMOUS GEOPOLITICAL CONSEQUENCES.

IT'S A WAR OF RELIGIONS.

SINCE THE DEATH OF THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD IN 632,

ISLAM HAS SPREAD RAPIDLY.

IN 635, ARAB WARRIORS CONQUER SYRIA.

IN 637, THEY SEIZE MODERN DAY IRAQ,

FOLLOWED BY PERSIA, PALESTINE, AND EGYPT.

IN THE NORTH, THE ISLAMIC PUSH FOR EXPANSION

CLASHES WITH THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND ITS CAPITAL,

CONSTANTINOPLE, THE HEART OF ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY.

A BRILLIANT INVENTOR NAMED KALLINIKOS OFFERS HELP.

NO PORTRAIT OF HIM EXISTS,

BUT WE KNOW THAT HE WORKED AS AN ARCHITECT

AND PROBABLY WAS FROM PRESENT-DAY LEBANON.

HE PRESENTS CONSTANTINE IV WITH A NEW WEAPON,

A MYSTERIOUS SUBSTANCE THAT, WHEN IGNITED,

BURNS BRIGHT AND HOT, GREEK FIRE.

WITH IT, THEY HOPE TO FINALLY END THE MUSLIM BLOCKADE.

THE EXACT COMPOSITION OF GREEK FIRE IS STILL UNKNOWN.

WEAPONS EXPERT STEPHEN BULL

WANTS TO DETERMINE THE MOST PROBABLE FORMULA.

ONE OF OUR MOST TERRIFYING

AND MYSTERIOUS EXPERIMENTS IS GREEK FIRE.

MYSTERIOUS BECAUSE THE ORIGINAL RECIPE HAS BEEN LOST.

AND WHAT WE HAVE TO DO IS BRING TOGETHER

SOME OF THE MOST LIKELY INGREDIENTS.

IN BYZANTIUM, THE BLEND

OF THE FLAMMABLE WEAPON WAS A STATE SECRET.

HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS MENTIONAMOUNTS OF SULFUR, CAUSTIC LIME,

SALTPETER, AND CRUDE OIL, WHICH AT THE TIME

WAS REFERRED TO BY ITS GREEK NAME NAPHTHA

AND EXTRACTED DIRECTLY FROM THE GROUND

AT SITES IN THE MIDDLE EAST.

OIL IS THE CORE OF GREEK FIRE.

FOR THE EXPERIMENT, STEPHEN BULL WANTS TO CHECK

THE PROPORTION OF THE INGREDIENTS.

SO, LET'S LIGHT UP THIS SAMPLE AND SEE HOW IT WORKS.

IT'S BURNING QUITE NICELY.

BUT IS THISMIXTURE REALLY A WONDER WEAPON?

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN IT COMES INTO CONTACT WITH WATER,

AS IT HAD TO OFF THE COAST OF CONSTANTINOPLE?

OBVIOUSLY, THAT WOULD BE A VERY FOOLISH THING TO DO.

IT SEEMS TO MAKE THE FIRE WORSE.

IT SPLUTTERS, FADES, AND THEN IT GETS WORSE AGAIN.

SINCE OIL IS THE MAIN INGREDIENT

OF THE FUEL, IT REALLY BLAZES,

AND THE INGREDIENTS MAKE THE WHOLE THING VERY, VERY STICKY.

SO THAT MEANS THAT ONCE YOU GET IT ONTO AN ENEMY SHIP

OR ONTO A PERSON, IT STICKS, AND THEN YOU START TO BURN.

AND IT'S VERY DIFFICULT TO GET IT OFF.

IF A SHIP WAS ATTACKED WITH GREEK FIRE,

IT COULDN'T BE EXTINGUISHED WITH SEAWATER.

SO WHAT COULD STOP THIS LIQUID FIRE?

FINALLY,

SOMETHING WE WOULD RECOGNIZE FROM FIRE BUCKETS,

SAND, SO WE'RE GONNA GIVE SAND A GO.

SAND SMOTHERS THE FLAMES.

BUT DUE TO ITS WEIGHT, A LARGE SUPPLY OF SAND

WAS OUT OF THE QUESTION FOR THE MUSLIM WARSHIPS.

TO HAVE THIS STUFF BURNING YOUR SHIP,

YOU'VE REALLY GOT NO OPTION.

ABANDON SHIP OR DIE.

WITH THEIR NEW FIRE WEAPON,

THE BYZANTINES WANT TO BURN DOWN THE ATTACKERS' FLEET.

BUT THEY FACE ANOTHER PROBLEM.

HOW DO THEY MANAGE TO GET THE FLAMES TO THE ENEMY SHIPS?

THE SOLUTION IS A PRIMITIVE PUMP, KNOWN AS A SIPHON,

WHICH NORMALLY WOULD EXPEL A JET OF WATER.

ONLY INSTEAD OF SPITTING WATER, IT SPITS FIRE.

STEPHEN BULL HAD THIS KIND OF PUMP RECREATED FOR HIS TEST.

ON THE BACK SIDE,

IT HAS A CONTAINER FOR THE FLAMMABLE LIQUID.

WITH A DOUBLE CYLINDER PUMP,

THE LIQUID MOVES THROUGH A PIPE OR HOSE UP TO THE NOZZLE.

WITH THE HELP OF A FIRE BOWL, THE LIQUID IS THEN IGNITED.

SO NOW WE'RE DOING IT FOR REAL.

WE'VE GOT NOT JUST A SMALL SAMPLE OF GREEK FIRE.

WE'VE GOT A WHOLE SIPHON FULL.

AND AS YOU CAN SEE,

WE'RE NEEDING TO TAKE QUITE A FEW PRECAUTIONS.

WE'VE GOT FIRE SUITS, AND WEGOT A FIRE TRUCK RIGHT ON HAND.

AND I'M REALLY NOT QUITE SURE HOW THIS IS GONNA WORK OUT.

AND TO SAY THE LEAST, I AM A LITTLE NERVOUS.

HOW DANGEROUS

IS A REPLICA BYZANTINE FLAMETHROWER?

Man: EVERYBODY READY?

WE'RE GONNA GO NOW.

WE CAN SEE THAT THE IGNITION SYSTEM

IS BLAZING AWAY MERRILY AT THE FRONT THERE

AND WE ARE READY TO SHOOT.

TWO PEOPLE ARE REQUIRED TO OPERATE THE PUMP.

ON ONE SIDE, AIR IS SUCKED IN.

ON THE OTHER, FIRE COMES OUT.

THE FIERY JET ONLY ENDS WHEN THE TANK IS EMPTY.

THE GREEK FIRE EXPERIMENT WORKS.

THE FIRE DOESN'T GO OUT, EVEN ON THE WATER.

THAT WAS PRETTY SPECTACULAR.

WE WERE GETTING A RANGE OF ABOUT 10 METERS

AND IT TAKES AN AWFUL LOT OF EFFORT TO PUMP THAT FIRE.

YOU WILL ALSO NOTICE THAT MY COLLEAGUE

WAS READJUSTING THE NOZZLE AS WE WERE GOING,

IMPROVING THE AIM.

THERE IS STILL A LITTLE BIT OF INTERFERENCE

FROM WIND THOUGH, I WOULD THINK.

QUITE AN EXPERIMENT AND AT LEAST PARTIALLY SUCCESSFUL

BUT THE GALLEONS HAVE GOT TO BE PRETTY CLOSE.

COULD THIS INVENTION

REALLY HAVE FORCED THE ARAB FLEET TO GIVE UP?

ACCORDING TO ANCIENT REPORTS,

UP TO THREE GREEK FIRE HOSES

WERE INSTALLED ON THE BYZANTINE WARSHIPS.

WITH ITS ABILITY TO PROJECT STICKY FLAMES,

THE GREEK FIRE SIPHON BROUGHT A NEW DIMENSION TO WARFARE.

FLAME COULD NOW BE USED AT SEA.

IT WAS A TERRIBLE SHOCK FOR THE ENEMY

AND THE SIPHON ALSO BECAME A MORAL WEAPON.

A WEAPON WHICH WILL BE KEPT A DEADLY SECRET.

BUT HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE

UNTIL A SHIP GOES UP IN FLAMES?

OUR NEXT EXPERIMENT SIMULATING AN ATTACK

ON A WOODEN WARSHIP.

THE PRESSURE SEEMS TO BE GOOD.

THE WIND SEEMS TO HAVE DROPPED.

WE ARE IN WITH A FIGHTING CHANCE.

WILL STEPHEN'S MIXTURE

BURN LONG ENOUGH TO IGNITE THE SHIP'S WALL

FROM ROUGHLY 32 FEET AWAY?

IN NO TIME, THE WOODEN WALL IS ABLAZE.

THE BURNING LIQUID STICKS TO THE WOOD.

ALL THE CREW COULD DO WAS WATCH HELPLESSLY.

SO, WE CAN DEFINITELY SAY

THAT THAT ONE WAS A COMPLETE SUCCESS.

THE SIDE OF THE ENEMY SHIP WAS BLAZING.

THE WATER WAS BLAZING.

THERE IS LITTLE DOUBT THAT THE GREEKS

WOULD HAVE WON THIS NAVAL ENGAGEMENT.

AT THAT TIME FOR WATER TO BE BURNING

WOULD HAVE BEEN QUITE EXTRAORDINARY.

IT'S LIKE A NUCLEAR WEAPON OR SOMETHING

AND IT HAS A NEW EFFECT,

SOMETHING THAT PEOPLE DON'T UNDERSTAND

AND IT'S GONNA BE ABSOLUTELY TERRIFYING.

IN 678 A.D., BYZANTINE SHIPS

EQUIPPED WITH GREEK FIRECOUNTER-ATTACK THE MUSLIM FLEET.

BEFORE THE ARAB COMMANDERS REALIZE WHAT'S HAPPENING,

THEIR SHIPS HAVE CAUGHT FIRE.

PANIC ERUPTS ON BOARD.

THE ARAB INVADERS ARE FORCED TO FLEE.

CONSTANTINOPLE KEEPS ITS INDEPENDENCE

FOR THE NEXT 750 YEARS.

IT'S ALMOST AS IF THE BYZANTINES

HAD BEEN FORCED TO THE VERY LAST EXTREMITY

AND THEY'D DUG OUT OF THEIR CATALOG

THE LAST, ULTIMATE WEAPON,

BECAUSE THE ONLY WAY TO SAVE THE CITY,

AND THE WHOLE OF THEIR EMPIRE,

WAS TO DEPLOY THIS WEAPON, AND IT WORKED.

GREEK FIRE BECAME

ONE OF THE MOST FEARED WEAPONS OF THE MEDIEVAL WORLD.

ANYONE WOULD AVOID A SHIPCARRYING THIS WEAPON.

THE ONLY KNOWN AUTHENTIC DEPICTION OF GREEK FIRE

DATES BACK TO THE 12TH CENTURY.

THIS PICTURE SHOWS THE VICTORY OF THE BYZANTINE FLEET

LEAD BY EMPEROR MICHAEL IN THE CIVIL WAR

AGAINST GENERAL THOMAS.

THE FORMULA OF THIS WONDER WEAPON

FROM THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN WAS STRICTLY GUARDED.

THE OTTOMANS CONQUERED CONSTANTINOPLE IN 1453

AND EVENTUALLY THE GREEK FIRE FORMULA WAS LOST.

BUT ANOTHER WEAPON EMERGES

AND DEFINES THE ERA OF BRITISH RULE OVER THE OCEANS.

AUGUST 1588, SEVERAL NAVAL BATTLES ARE UNDERWAY

IN THE ENGLISH CHANNEL.

ON ONE SIDE CATHOLIC SPAIN RULED BY KING PHILLIP II

WITH HIS ARMADA OF 130 SHIPS ARMED WITH HEAVY IRON CANNONS.

PHILIP AIMS TO FORCE ENGLAND

TO RETURN TO THE CATHOLIC FAITH.

THE SPANIARDS ARE FEARED FORTHEIR SKILL AT CAPTURING SHIPS.

THE SPANISH BUILT BIG SHIPS.

THEY WERE RELATIVELY HIGHER OUT OF THE WATER,

AND THE MEN WHO COMMANDED THE SHIPS IN BATTLE

WERE NOT SAILORS BUT SOLDIERS.

SO, THE SHIPS WERE FOUGHT ESSENTIALLY

AS MOBILE FIGHTING PLATFORMS FOR SOLDIERS.

THE OBJECT WAS TO CLOSE WITH THE ENEMY,

BOARD, AND TAKE HIS SHIP.

PROTESTANT ENGLAND

IS RULED BY QUEEN ELIZABETH I.

THE MORE AGILE ENGLISH SHIPS ARE EQUIPPED

WITH SUPERIOR CANNONS AND THEIR COMMANDERS KNOW

THEY MUST WEAKEN THE SPANIARDS FROM A DISTANCE.

IN CLOSE COMBAT, THEY WOULDN'T STAND A CHANCE.

TODAY, THESE KINDS OF BATTLES

CAN BE SIMULATED ON A COMPUTER

WITH AUTHENTIC SHIP MODELS.

BUT WHAT EFFECT DID THE CANNONBALL

OF THE TIME REALLY HAVE?

STEPHEN BULL WANTS TO FIND OUT.

HOW EFFECTIVE WERE THE CANNONS OF THE EARLY MODERN ERA?

A MODEL HAS BEEN RECREATED BASED ON HISTORICAL EXAMPLES.

THE GREAT POWERS OF THE TIME

HAD AN ARSENAL THAT RANGED FROM FAIRLY LIGHT CANNONS

WEIGHING OVER 400 POUNDS TO HEAVIER EXAMPLES

WEIGHING OVER FIVE TONS.

DEVELOPING OVER A PERIOD OF 500 YEARS,

THE CANNON WAS A DEFINING TECHNOLOGY

OF THE EARLY MODERN ERA.

CANNON CHANGED BOTH FORTIFICATIONS AND SHIPS.

AND IN SO DOING, HELPED PROJECT EUROPEAN SEA POWER

ALL OVER THE WORLD.

IN LUTSK, UKRAINE,

SPECIALISTS HAVE RESEARCHED THE CONSTRUCTION PLAN

OF A SHIP CANNON FROM THE LATE 16TH, EARLY 17TH CENTURIES.

BARREL LENGTH FOUR FEET 11 INCHES,

WITH AN INNER DIAMETER OF FOUR INCHES.

WHAT WE'RE GONNA RECONSTRUCT HERE

IS A FULL BLOWN NINE-POUNDER OF THE 17TH CENTURY.

SOME OF THE FEATURES OF OUR CANNON

WILL INCLUDE A TOUCH HOLE HERE

AND A TAPER BAR SO THE POUNDER CHARGE

WILL BE AT THIS END OF THE BARREL.

WHAT IS GONNA BE SPECIAL ABOUT THIS CANNON

IS THAT WE WILL BE FIRING A BALL

WITH FULL CHARGE AND IF THIS WORKS,

ITS EFFECT ON A SHIP TARGET COULD BE SPECTACULAR.

UNLIKE FOUR HUNDRED YEARS AGO,

OUR CANNON IS NOT CAST BUT MILLED.

THIS IS DONE FOR SAFETY REASONS.

A FAULTY CASTING COULD CAUSE THE CANNON TO SHATTER.

ONLY OUR CANNONBALLS ARE CAST, WEIGHING NEARLY 10 POUNDS.

THEY DON'T EXPLODE, JUST AS THEY COULDN'T

DURING THE TIME OF THE SPANISH ARMADA.

EXPLOSIVE GRENADES WERE DEVELOPED LATER.

AT A TEST SITE, STEPHEN BULL

WANTS TO FIND OUT HOW ACCURATELY THE CANON

CAN HIT A DUMMY SHIP AND HOW MUCH DAMAGE IT CAN DO.

SO, THIS IS OUR MAGNIFICENT REPRODUCTION

OF A NAVAL GUN FROM THE MIDDLE OF THE 17TH CENTURY.

AND UNLIKE MOST REPRODUCTIONS OF CANONS

THIS THING CAN REALLY FIRE THE SOLID ROUND SHOT

OF ABOUT NINE POUNDS.

AND WE'RE ABOUT TO FIND OUT

WHAT THIS COULD DO TO A SHIP OF THE PERIOD.

AFTER FOUR WEEKS, OUR CANON IS READY.

THE TARGET IS THE SHIP'S STRUCTURE,

JUST OVER A 100 YARDS AWAY.

FROM THIS DISTANCE, CAN THECANNON HIT THE SIDE OF THE SHIP

WITH ITS FIRST SHOT OR AT LEAST

STRIKE THE RIGGING AND THE MAST?

WILL THE HISTORICAL REPLICA EVEN WORK AT ALL?

THE PRINCIPLE BEHIND CANONS

AND MUCH SMALLER, SIMPLE FIREARMS

IS ACTUALLY VERY SIMILAR.

YOU HAVE BASICALLY A TUBE THAT'S CLOSED ONE END

AND YOU PUT IN BLACK POWDER FOR EXAMPLE,

A SUBSTANCE THAT CAN EXPLODE, AND A PROJECTILE.

AND THEN YOU IGNITE THE WHOLE THING

WHICH RESULTS IN AN EXPLOSION.

DUE TO THE SUDDEN EXPANSION IN VOLUME,

THE PROJECTILE IS SHOT THROUGH THE TUBE VERY, VERY QUICKLY

AND THEN KEEPS ON FLYING IN THIS SAME DIRECTION.

SO NOW WE ARE PREPARING THE POWDER CHARGES

AND THESE ARE KEPT IN THIS CANISTER IN ONE SEALED BAG.

IN GOES THE CHARGE.

THREE POUNDS OF GUN POWDER IS NEEDED PER SHOT.

SO HERE IS THE SOLID ROUND SHOT

GOING DOWN INTO THE BARREL.

IT'S A REAL MOMENT OF TENSION,

BECAUSE I REALLY DON'T KNOW WHAT'S GONNA HAPPEN NEXT.

IT'S PROBABLY TIME THAT WE FALL BACK.

WELL, I'VE NEVER DONE THIS BEFORE.

AND NOW THEY'RE TAKING AIM OVER THE BARREL,

AIM ON THE TARGET, SO IT'S IMMINENT.

WE'RE ABOUT TO FIND OUT

IF OUR CANNON CAN ACTUALLY FIRE.

WILL THE AMOUNT OF GUN POWDER BE ENOUGH

TO SHOOT THE NINE-POUND BALL OVER ONE-HUNDRED YARDS?

FOR CENTURIES, GUN POWDER

WAS THE ONLY PROPELLANT FOR FIREARMS.

IT WAS MOST LIKELY INVENTED IN CHINA IN THE 11TH CENTURY.

THERE IT WAS MOST COMMONLY USED FOR FIREWORKS

AS WELL AS CANNONS.

IN THE 13TH CENTURY, THE FIRST GUN POWDER FORMULAS

WERE RECORDED IN EUROPE.

AND AFTER THAT, THIS EXPLOSIVE RECIPE

QUICKLY SPREAD ACROSS THE ENTIRE CONTINENT.

GUNPOWDER IS ONE OF THOSE FAIRLY BASIC THINGS

THAT GETS INVENTED IN TWO SEPARATE PLACES.

THE CHINESE INVENT GUNPOWDER AND USE IT

TO MAKE ROCKETS AND FIREWORKS.

THE EUROPEANS INVENT IT AND USE IT

TO MAKE CANNON TO KNOCK DOWN CASTLES.

GUN POWDER IDEALLY CONSISTS

OF 75% POTASSIUM NITRATE, COMMONLY KNOWN AS SALTPETER,

15% CHARCOAL AND 10% SULFUR.

IN THE 16TH CENTURY, DEMAND INCREASES RAPIDLY

DUE TO MASS USE OF FIREARMS.

THE MAIN INGREDIENT, SALTPETER,

IS SO SCARCE THAT THE PROFESSION OF SALTPETER-BOILER

BECOMES INCREASINGLY IN DEMAND.

UNWELCOME BY LOCALS, BOILERS SEARCH

ON BEHALF OF THEIR RESPECTIVE COUNTRIES.

SALTPETER IS FORMED WHEN ANIMAL AND HUMAN EXCREMENT

MIX WITH LIME PRESENT IN SOIL,

OCCURRING FREQUENTLY UNDER STABLES

OR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS.

AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY,

GUN POWDER FOR FIREARMS WAS REPLACED

BY THE LOW-SMOKE OPTION

OF CELLULOSE NITRATE.

TODAY, GUN POWDER IS USEDPRIMARILY AS FUEL FOR FIREWORKS.

OUR NINE-POUND CANNON BALL IS READY TO FIRE

USING THREE POUNDS OF GUN POWDER.

BUT WILL THAT AMOUNT BE ENOUGH TO HIT

THE TARGET OVER 100 YARDS AWAY?

SO THE GUN IS RECOILED ALLTHE WAY BACK FROM THE GUN PORT,

AND IF YOU LOOK AT THE GUN PORT,

IT'S ACTUALLY DAMAGED THE GUN PORT.

AND EVEN FROM THIS DISTANCE I CAN SEE A HOLE

IN THE LOWER RIGHT HAND PORTION OF THE TARGET.

I THINK WE GOT TO GO AND GIVE THAT A CLOSER LOOK.

16TH CENTURY SHIP WALLS

ARE ROUGHLY A FOOT THICK.

EVERY SHOT WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN ABLE TO PENETRATE THEM.

SO, THE FIRST SHOT IS CLEARLY A HIT.

CLEAN THROUGH THE TARGET.

SO, ONE SHOT MIGHT NOT SINK A SHIP.

BUT YOU CAN SEE IT'S GONE CLEAN THROUGH THE WOOD.

BUT EVEN IF THE BALL DOESN'T DAMAGE THE CREW,

THEN THERE IS GONNA BE PLENTY OF THESE.

WOOD SPLINTERS FLYING AROUND INSIDE THE VESSEL

AND THESE CAN CAUSE HORRIBLE INJURIES.

IN NAVAL CONFLICTS, CANNON-FIRE

HAD A POWERFUL PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECT ON SHIPS' CREWS.

YOU CAN IMAGINE THE HORROR OF BEING

ON THE RECEIVING END OF 50 THOSE BALLS

AND THE SORT OF DAMAGE THAT IT CAN DO TO A CREW

WHEN YOU'RE AT SEA.

AND THE PRIMITIVE SORT OF MEDICINE

THAT YOU MIGHT BE LUCKY ENOUGH TO RECEIVE.

THIS SORT OF WAR IS NO PICNIC.

FOR OUR NEXT EXPERIMENT,

STEPHEN BULL WANTS TO TRY A DIFFERENT CANNONBALL.

WHAT KIND OF DAMAGE WILL IT INFLICT?

SO NOW WE'RE GONNA TRY SOMETHING DIFFERENT,

SOMETHING POTENTIALLY MORE VICIOUS.

THIS IS ACTUALLY WHAT YOU CALL A CHAIN SHOT.

IT'S EFFECTIVELY TWO HALFSOLID SHOTS, LINKED BY A CHAIN.

AND THE IDEA IS THAT THE SHOT WILL WHIRL IN THE AIR

AND POTENTIALLY YOU CAN CUT THINGS IN HALF.

WHETHER THIS IS RIGGING OR A MAST OR EVEN THE HUMAN BODY.

THIS IS A REALLY VICIOUS WEAPON

AND AS FAR AS I'M AWARE, IT'S NEVER BEEN TEST-FIRED.

THIS TIME, THE CHAIN-SHOT

IS AIMED A LITTLE HIGHER, RIGHT AT THE RIGGING.

ACTUALLY, I'M QUITE CONCERNED

ABOUT WHAT'S GONNA HAPPEN NOW.

A LOT WILL DEPEND ON WHETHER THE CHAIN

STAYS IN ONE PIECE AS IT LEAVES THE BARREL

OR WILL WE LAND UP WITH MERELY FRAGMENTS

COMING FROM THE GUN, AND WILL THE AIM BE DISTURBED

BY THE FACT THAT IT IS A WHIRLING CHAIN?

OKAY, WE'RE GONNA FALL BACK NOW!

LET'S MAKE IT ABOUT A 100 YARDSBEHIND THE BANK, LET'S MOVE!

THE CANNON IS CHARGED,

THE CREW IS READY, TIME TO FIRE THE CHAIN-SHOT.

IT'S A HIT,

THE CHAIN-SHOT TORE

A NASTY HOLE IN THE SHIP'S WALL.

THIS IS INTERESTING

BECAUSE THE SHOT WAS AIMED HIGHER,

BUT HAS ACTUALLY GONE INLOWER, CLOSER TO THE WATERLINE.

AND I AM NOT SURE WHETHER THE CHAIN

HAS WHIRLED OR WHETHER WE'VE GOT THE CHAIN

AND THE SHOT ALL GOING THROUGH TOGETHER IN THE SAME SPOT.

BUT IN ANY CASE THE HOLE IS FAR, FAR BIGGER

THAN THE HOLE FROM THE SOLID ROUND.

SO, ANYTHING BEHIND THIS CHAIN SHOT,

AS IT GOES THROUGH IS GOING TO BE PRETTY BADLY DAMAGED.

BOTH EXPERIMENTS HAVE DEMONSTRATED

THAT JUST ONE CANNONBALL CAN SERIOUSLY DAMAGE A SHIP.

IN EARLY NAVAL BATTLES, HUNDREDS OF THESE WEAPONS

FACED OFF AGAINST EACH OTHER.

WHEN THE SPANISH ARMADA ENCOUNTERS THE ENGLISH FLEET,

THEY HAVE OVER A 100,000 CANNONBALLS ON BOARD.

BUT THE SPANISH NAVAL TACTIC IS TO FIRE

A SINGLE BROADSIDE AT CLOSE RANGE BEFORE BOARDING.

THE ENGLISH HAVE FASTER SHIPS,

A RAPID RELOADING SYSTEM AND GUNS WITH GREATER RANGE

SO THEY CAN AVOID CLOSE CONTACT WITH THE ARMADA.

AND THIS IS A KEY TECHNICAL DIFFERENCE

BETWEEN THE ENGLISH AND THE SPANISH FLEETS

IN THE CAMPAIGN OF THE SPANISH ARMADA OF 1588.

THE ENGLISH CAN RELOAD THEIR HEAVY GUNS

AND FIRE THEM MANY TIMES, THE SPANISH LOAD THEIR GUNS,

FIRE THEM, AND THAT'S IT.

THEY'RE THEN LEFT WITH ONLY INFANTRY WEAPONS,

SMALL GUNS, MUSKETS, AND THE ENGLISH REFUSE

TO ENGAGE THE SPANISH AT CLOSE QUARTERS.

THEY JUST HANG OFF AT A DISTANCE

AND USE RANGE TO BOMBARD THE SPANISH

UNTIL THEY'RE DISABLED AND HAVE TO RETREAT.

FOR SEVERAL HOURS,

THE SPANIARDS ARE CONSTANTLY UNDER FIRE.

THEIR STURDY SHIPS RECEIVE COUNTLESS HITS,

BUT LOSE ONLY FIVE VESSELS DURING THE FIERCE SEA BATTLES

OFF THE SOUTH COAST OF ENGLAND.

UPON RETREAT, THE ARMADA IS BATTERED BY A SEVERE STORM.

MORE THAN 10,000 SPANIARDS PERISH

AND ONLY HALF THE FLEET RETURNS HOME.

IN THE DECADES THAT FOLLOW,

ENGLAND SECURES ITS DOMINANT POSITION

THROUGH SEVERAL WARS AND REPLACES SPAIN

AS THE WORLD'S LEADING NAVAL POWER.

WITH CONTROL OF SEA TRADE AND AN EVER INCREASING

AMOUNT OF INCOME FROM THEIR COLONIES,

THE EMPIRE BECOMES THE RICHEST IN EUROPE.

IN 1805, AFTER THEIR VICTORY

AGAINST NAPOLEON'S FLEET AT TRAFALGAR,

ENGLAND BECOMES THE UNDISPUTED SUPERPOWER OF THE SEAS

FOR AN ENTIRE CENTURY.

THE CANNON CONTINUES TO BE A DECISIVE WEAPON

FOR THE ROYAL NAVY.

CANONS REMAINED RELEVANT UNTIL HEAVILY ARMORED SHIPS

EMERGED IN THE 20TH CENTURY.

AFTER THAT, THEY WEREDECOMMISSIONED AND MELTED DOWN.

AS THE DAYS OF TRADITIONAL SEA BATTLES CAME TO A CLOSE,

A NEW INVENTION BEGAN TO REVOLUTIONIZE WARFARE AT SEA.

IT WAS QUIET, CONCEALED AND DEADLY, THE TORPEDO.

FEBRUARY 7TH, 1945, NEAR BERGEN, NORWAY.

OPERATION CAESAR IS THE MOST SECRET SUBMARINE MISSION

OF WORLD WAR II.

TO THIS DAY, IT IS THE ONLY KNOWN INSTANCE

OF A SUBMARINE THAT WAS SUCCESSFULLY TORPEDOED

BY ANOTHER SUBMARINE.

THE U864, A LONG RANGE SUBMARINE

OF THE GERMAN NAVY, IS HEADED TOWARD JAPAN.

BUT IT'S DETECTED ALONG THE WAY.

VENTURER, A BRITISH SUBMARINE,

TRACKS THE PROPELLER NOISE OF THE GERMANS

TO CALCULATE THE COURSE OF THE SUBMERGED ENEMY.

THEY FIRE FOUR TORPEDOES, ONE OF THEM IS A HIT.

ALL 73 CREW MEMBERS ABOARD U864 DIE.

THIS IS THE FIRST EFFECTIVE

UNDERWATER DUEL IN MILITARY HISTORY.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TORPEDO WAS A LENGTHY

AND TECHNOLOGICALLY COMPLICATED PROCESS.

IN ITS FIRST DECADES,

THE TORPEDO IS EXTREMELY EXPENSIVE

AND BARELY PROVIDES ANY MILITARY ADVANTAGE.

THE TORPEDO IS ONE OF THE MOST INTERESTING

WEAPONS OF NAVAL WARFARE.

IN THE 19TH CENTURY IT TRANSFORMED STRATEGY

BECAUSE IT GAVE SMALL NATIONS AND SMALL SHIPS

THE ABILITY TO TAKE ON THE MAJOR FLEETS OF THE WORLD.

THE TECHNOLOGY BEHIND THIS WEAPON

IS CURIOUS AND FASCINATING.

FROM THE BEGINNING,

THERE WERE MANY DIFFERENT VERSIONS OF THE TORPEDO.

THE GERMAN G7A OF WORLD WAR II IS OVER 22 FEET LONG

AND WEIGHS 1 1/2 TONS.

THE ONLY THING IT HAS IN COMMON WITH OTHER TORPEDOES

IS SELF-PROPULSION AND AN EXPLOSIVE CHARGE.

ONE PRECURSOR OF THE TORPEDO IS THE SEA MINE.

IN THE 18TH CENTURY, ITS ROLE IS TO DESTROY ENEMY SHIPS

USING A BLAST FROM BELOW.

IT'S A PRACTICAL OPTION FOR COUNTRIES WITH LESSER NAVIES.

BUT THE MINES ARE NOT VERY EFFECTIVE.

THEY ARE STATIONARY AND WILL ONLY EXPLODE

IF A SHIP BUMPS INTO THEM.

CONTEMPORARY EXPERTS REFER TO NAVAL MINES

AS A SORT OF DEFENSIVE TORPEDO.

BUT FLEETS ALL OVER THE WORLD

DEMAND A FUNCTIONAL OFFENSIVE TORPEDO,

AN EXPLOSIVE CHARGE THAT CAN STRIKE THE ENEMY.

ON FEBRUARY 17TH, 1864, DURING THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR,

A SO-CALLED SPAR TORPEDO IS PUT INTO USE.

IT'S A ROD WITH AN ATTACHED EXPLOSIVE DEVICE

THAT CAN BE RAMMED INTO AN ENEMY SHIP.

DURING THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR,

THE MINE WAS ALSO USED AS AN OFFENSIVE WEAPON

BY MOUNTING IT ON THE END OF A LONG POLE.

THE CONFEDERATE SUBMERSIBLE CSS HUNLEY,

WHICH WAS ESSENTIALLY A MAN-CRANKED,

PRIMITIVE SUBMARINE.

SEVEN MEN SITTING AT A CRANKSHAFT TURNING IT RAPIDLY

TO PROPEL THIS THING, WITH A LONG POLE ON THE FRONT

AND A MINE ON THE END OF THE POLE,

WHICH WAS DETONATED BY CONTACT.

THIS MAKES THE CONFEDERATE VESSEL

THE FIRST SUBMARINE EVER TO SINK AN ENEMY SHIP

WITH A TORPEDO DURING BATTLE.

AFTER THE SUCCESSFUL HIT, THE HUNLEY DISAPPEARS

WITHOUT A TRACE.

THE WRECKAGE IS NOT FOUND UNTIL 1995

WHEN THE MYSTERY IS FINALLY SOLVED.

THE HUNLEY WAS TOO CLOSE TO ITS OWN TORPEDO.

THE SHOCKWAVE OF THE EXPLOSION DESTROYED THE SAILORS' LUNGS.

THE SPAR TORPEDO WAS A TECHNICAL BACKFIRE

THAT KILLED MORE THAN JUST THE ENEMY.

TWO EUROPEANS CONTRIBUTE TO THE NEXT PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT

BRITISH ENGINEER ROBERT WHITEHEAD AND GIOVANNI LUPPIS,

AN OFFICER OF THE AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN NAVY.

TOGETHER, THEY EQUIP THE TORPEDO

WITH SELF-PROPULSION USING A TANK

OF HIGHLY COMPRESSED AIR AS AN ENERGY SOURCE.

NOW, THE TORPEDO SHOULD BE ABLE TO HEAD

FOR ITS TARGET ON ITS OWN.

IT HAS A RANGE OF 900 TO 1300 FEET,

AND TRAVELS AT A SPEED OF SIX MILES PER HOUR.

THIS EARLY FORM OF THE TORPEDO IS KNOWN AS THE WHITEHEAD.

INDEED THE TORPEDO AS WE NOW KNOW IT

WAS KNOWN AS A WHITEHEAD FOR THE FIRST 25, 30 YEARS

AND EVERYBODY BOUGHT THE PATENT

TO USE THE TORPEDO FROM ROBERT WHITEHEAD.

IT CHANGED WARFARE, IT MEANT THAT SMALL VESSELS

COULD SINK THE BIGGEST BATTLESHIPS.

IT LEVELED THE PLAYING FIELD IN THE WAY

THAT THE LONGBOW DID IN MEDIEVAL WARFARE.

IT ALLOWED THE LITTLE GUY TO SINK THE BIG GUY.

STEPHEN BULL WANTS TO FIND OUT

HOW A WHITEHEAD TORPEDO WORKS IN PRACTICE.

IS IT POSSIBLE TO PRECISELY HIT A TARGET

WITH THIS WEAPON THAT IS MORE THAN A 100 YEARS OLD?

IN OUR TEST, WE WANT TO HIT A DUMMY SHIP 82 FEET AWAY.

TO MATCH THE EARLY TORPEDO,

BULL OPERATES IT AT LOW SPEED.

THE RUDDERS OF THE WHITEHEAD REPLICA

MUST BE ADJUSTED IN ADVANCE.

THEY CAN'T BE CORRECTED AFTER THE LAUNCH.

I THINK WE LOOK READY! Man: YEAH WE LOOK READY.

OKAY WE ARE READY TO GO, TORPEDO RUN.

WILL THE WHITEHEAD TORPEDO HIT THE DUMMY SHIP?

IT'S DRIFTING OFF TO THE LEFT SOMEWHERE.

THE TORPEDO CAN'T HOLD COURSE,

EVEN ON A CALM SEA, A DIVER HEADS OUT TO RECOVER IT.

THE NEXT PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT

THAT WILL REVOLUTIONIZE THE TORPEDO

COMES FROM THE CIVILIAN SECTOR.

THE GYROSCOPE, INVENTED IN 1810

BY JOHANN GOTTLIEB VON BOHRENBERGER,

A PROFESSOR OF PHYSICS, MATHEMATICS AND ASTRONOMY

AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TUBINGEN.

IN 1870, A GYROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTIS ADDED TO A TORPEDO.

THE HOWELL TORPEDO, NAMED AFTER JOHN A. HOWELL,

AN AMERICAN REAR ADMIRAL,

USES THE GYROSCOPE FOR STABILIZATION.

THE PRINCIPLE OF THE GYROSCOPE

DEPENDS ON CENTRIFUGAL FORCE.

SO, PROVIDING SOME FORCE, THE GYROSCOPE SPINS.

AND NOW IT MAINTAINS ITS STABILITY AND DIRECTION.

DUE TO THE ROTATION,

AN EQUAL FORCE PUSHES OUTWARD AT EVERY POINT ON ITS AXIS.

THIS KEEPS THE GYROSCOPE STABLE.

IN A TORPEDO, THE GYROSCOPE IS ATTACHED TO THE RUDDER.

WHEN THE CURRENT PUSHES THE TORPEDO TO THE SIDE,

THE GYROSCOPE AUTOMATICALLY CORRECTS ITS COURSE.

MODERN TORPEDOES HAVE A COMPUTER CHIP

WITH A BUILT-IN GYROSCOPE FUNCTION.

SIMILAR TECHNOLOGY WAS USED

IN ALL SORTS OF NAVIGATIONAL EQUIPMENT.

AND EVEN TODAY AN ELECTRONIC VERSION

IS STILL IN THE SMARTPHONE

WHICH KNOWS WHICH WAY IT'S FACING HOWEVER YOU HOLD IT.

OUR NEXT TEST

IS WITH A GYROSCOPE -CONTROLLED TORPEDO.

THE SILVER TORPEDO HERE INFRONT OF ME HAS A GYROSCOPE.

SO, IN THEORY, THIS TORPEDO WILL BE MUCH MORE ACCURATE

THAN THE OLD EXAMPLE.

THE QUESTION IS

WILL THIS EXPERIMENT DEMONSTRATE THE POINT?

SO THE TORPEDO IS POINTED AT THE TARGET

AND WE'RE GONNA START IT OFF, WE ARE READY TO GO, GO!

IT'S MOVING A LITTLE FASTER THIS TIME.

THANKS TO THE GYROSCOPE,

THE TORPEDO CANNOT DRIFT OFF-COURSE.

ACTUALLY, THIS IS LOOKINGGOOD, IT'S PRETTY STRAIGHT.

THREE, TWO, ONE, ACTUALLY AN EXCELLENT SHOT.

EVEN THOUGH I SAY IT MYSELF.

WITH THE ADDITION OF THE GYROSCOPE,

THE TORPEDO BECOMES A STRATEGICALLY VITAL WEAPON.

DURING WORLD WAR I, SUBMARINES EQUIPPED WITH TORPEDOES

ARE USED IN LARGE NUMBERS FOR THE FIRST TIME,

PARTICULARLY BY GERMANY.

FROM 1914 TO 1918, GERMAN SUBMARINES

SINK A TOTAL OF MORE THAN 6,000 SHIPS.

AMONG THE MOST INFAMOUS IS THE BRITISH LUSITANIA.

ON MAY 17TH, 1915, THE GERMAN U20

STRIKES THE PASSENGER SHIP WITH A TORPEDO.

IN ONLY 18 MINUTES, THE 780 FOOT LONG SHIP SINKS.

CLOSE TO 1,200 PEOPLE PERISH.

ONLY ABOUT A THIRD OF THE PASSENGERS MANAGE TO SURVIVE.

AMONG THE VICTIMS ARE MANY AMERICANS,

COMPELLING THE UNITED STATES

TO ENTER THE WAR AGAINST GERMANY.

THERE IS ONLY ONE WAY TO HUNT THE GERMAN SUBMARINES

INTERCEPTING RADIO TRAFFIC, A TASK OF MILITARY INTELLIGENCE.

INTELLIGENCE HAS BEEN A CRITICAL PART

OF WAR SINCE THE DAWN OF TIME.

KNOWING WHAT YOUR ENEMY KNOWS,

AND MAKING SURE HE DOESN'T KNOW WHAT YOU KNOW,

GIVES YOU AN ADVANTAGE.

BUT IN 1939, THE START OF WORLD WAR II,

INTERCEPTING GERMAN RADIO TRAFFIC IS NO LONGER POSSIBLE.

THE NAZIS POSSESS A CIPHER MACHINE

DEVELOPED BY ARTHUR SCHERBIUS IN 1918,

ITS NAME ENIGMA.

IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR WE COME TO

THE GERMAN ENIGMA MACHINE,

WHICH WAS INVENTED TO DEAL WITH THE PROBLEM

THAT THE BRITISH HAD BROKEN GERMAN RADIO SIGNAL CODES

IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR,

AND THEY'D USED THEM VERY EFFECTIVELY.

SO THIS MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL ENCRYPTION SYSTEM

WAS DESIGNED TO BE UNBREAKABLE.

ENCRYPTIONTECHNIQUES HAD BEEN USED BEFORE,

BUT THE ENIGMA COMBINES DIFFERENT MECHANISMS

INTO A SINGLE COMPLEX CODE.

A VERY SIMPLE ENCRYPTION TECHNIQUE

IS TO JUST MOVE ALONG IN THE ALPHABET.

SO, A BECOMES B AND B BECOMES C.

BUT THIS IS VERY EASY TO CRACK.

ENIGMA HAD A DIFFERENT METHOD.

EVERY LETTER WAS REPLACED BY ANOTHER LETTER,

BUT YOU DIDN'T ALWAYS MOVE

THE SAME NUMBER OF LETTERS FORWARD.

ENIGMA ITSELF WAS A MACHINE SIMILAR TO A TYPEWRITER

AND IT HAD THREE ROLLERS THAT ROTATED

A LITTLE BIT FURTHER WITH EACH INPUT.

SO, IF YOU KNEW THE EXACT POSITION OF THE ROLLERS,

YOU COULD CALCULATE HOW MUCH FORWARD OR BACKWARDS

YOU NEEDED TO MOVE AND YOU COULD DECODE A TEXT PERFECTLY.

FOR MONTHS, ALLIED SPECIALISTS

TRY IN VAIN TO CRACK THE ENIGMA CODE.

BY CAPTURING THE CREW OF A GERMAN SUBMARINE

AND WITH THE HELP OF POLISH SPECIALISTS,

THEY'RE FINALLY ON TRACK.

A FEW RADIO TRANSMISSIONS ARE DECRYPTED,

BUT IT STILL TAKES TOO MUCH EFFORT AND TOO MUCH TIME.

AT THIS RATE, THE GERMAN SUBMARINES'

REIGN OF TERROR SEEMS ENDLESS.

BUT AN INVENTION FROM A RECLUSIVE MATHEMATICIAN

ULTIMATELY TURNS THE TIDE IN THE BATTLE FOR THE ATLANTIC.

ALAN TURING DEVELOPS A HIGHLY COMPLEX

DECIPHERING MACHINE, THE TURING MACHINE.

IT CAN CRACK THE DAILY ENIGMA DECRIPTIONS

MUCH FASTER THAN ANY OTHER DEVICE,

MAKING IT A PREDECESSOR OF THE MODERN COMPUTER.

IN THE BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC,

THE CRITICAL BATTLE OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR,

WHICH KEPT BRITAIN IN THE WAR,

WHAT THE BRITISH DID INITIALLY

WAS TO USE THAT INFORMATION NOT TO FIGHT THE ENEMY,

BUT TO MAKE SURE THE ENEMY COULDN'T FIND THE CONVOYS.

THEY WOULD MOVE THE CONVOYS AWAY FROM THE SUBMARINES.

ONCE THEY KNEW WHERE THE SUBMARINE WAS,

THEY MOVED THE CONVOY.

IF THE SHIP CHANGES POSITION,

THE TORPEDO CAN'T HIT IT.

ITS COURSE CAN'T BE CHANGED.

THE NEXT LEAP IN TECHNOLOGY

IS A TORPEDO THAT CAN SELF-CORRECT ITS COURSE.

DURING WORLD WAR II, THE SO CALLED PASSIVE PROCESS

WAS DEVELOPED.

THE TORPEDO WAS ABLE TO DETECT THE SOUND

OF A SHIP'S PROPELLER AND STEER TOWARD IT.

ACTIVE TRACKING IS PERFECTED DURING THE COLD WAR ARMS RACE.

THE TORPEDO ITSELF GENERATES SOUND WAVES

AND HEADS TOWARD AN ECHO THAT BOUNCES BACK FROM THE TARGET.

BUT THE TORPEDO IS ALSO A SAFETY RISK

FOR THE CARRIER SHIP AND MANY ACCIDENTS OCCUR.

ON AUGUST 12TH, 2000, THE LOSS

OF THE RUSSIAN NUCLEAR SUBMARINE KURSK

IS MOST LIKELY THE RESULT OF A DEFECTIVE TORPEDO.

118 PEOPLE DIE.

IN ADDITION TO SUBMARINES,

TORPEDOES CAN BE LAUNCHED FROM SURFACE SHIPS,

AIRPLANES AND HELICOPTERS.

THE U.S. NAVY DEPLOYS THEM IN FORMATIONS

KNOWN AS BATTLE GROUPS.

A COMPLETE SQUADRON OF COMBAT SHIPS

AND SUBMARINES IN COORDINATION WITH AN AIRCRAFT CARRIER

CAN CONTROL AN ENTIRE STRATEGIC SEA ZONE.

THE AIRCRAFT CARRIER

IS THE ULTIMATE NAVAL WEAPONS SYSTEM.

IT'S A MOBILE AIRFIELD WITH 50 OR 60 OR EVEN 80

FRONTLINE COMBAT JETS ON-BOARD.

IT CAN MOVE HUNDREDS OF MILES IN A DAY.

IT'S CAPABLE OF OPERATING AT SEA FOR LONG PERIODS.

TODAY, FURTHER TORPEDO DEVELOPMENTS

FOCUS PRIMARILY ON SPEED.

EFFECTIVE COUNTERMEASURES LIKE DECOYS

OR ANTI-TORPEDO WEAPONS ARE AVAILABLE.

BUT THE FASTER A TORPEDO REACHES ITS TARGET,

THE HARDER IT IS TO FEND OFF.

IN THE FUTURE, THE NAVIES OF THE WORLD'S SUPERPOWERS

ARE BETTING ON A COMPLETELY NEWTECHNOLOGY SUPER CAVITATION.

WITH THE HELP OF THIS FUTURISTIC TECHNOLOGY,

TORPEDOES AND POTENTIALLY EVEN ENTIRE SUBMARINES

WILL BE ABLE TO RACE THROUGHTHE SEAS AT THE SPEED OF SOUND.

IT UTILIZES A PHYSICS PHENOMENON,

A BUBBLE OF GAS OR WATER VAPOR

ENVELOPS THE UNDERWATER VESSEL,

GREATLY REDUCING THE FLOW OF RESISTANCE.

THE RUSSIAN NAVY ALREADY HAS A TORPEDO

WITH THIS TECHNOLOGY IN USE.

IT CAN REACH A SPEED OF MORE THAN A 180 MILES PER HOUR.

AND SO, THE RACE FOR THE MOST DESTRUCTIVE

WEAPON AT SEA CONTINUES.