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When most people think of '70s movies,
they think of Scorsese and Coppola,
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00:00:18,639 --> 00:00:22,565
Spielberg and Lucas,
but beyond the heat shimmer of L.A.
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00:00:22,590 --> 00:00:27,284
and the urban canyons of New York,
a world of exciting new cinema
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00:00:27,310 --> 00:00:29,404
opened up in the '70s.
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00:00:32,283 --> 00:00:38,374
As Willy Brandt became chancellor
in Germany, as Iran got rich,
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00:00:38,399 --> 00:00:42,339
as decolonized Africa worked out
what it wanted to be,
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00:00:42,364 --> 00:00:44,540
as Japan got even more radical.
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Movie makers in Germany, Iran, Britain,
Africa, Asia, and Italy
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00:00:50,792 --> 00:00:56,938
asked big, brilliant questions
about themselves and their countries.
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00:00:57,889 --> 00:01:01,982
German cinema conquered the world
in the 1910s and '20s,
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00:01:02,007 --> 00:01:07,464
and Leni Riefenstahl had been brilliant
but misguided in the '30s and '40s.
32
00:01:07,489 --> 00:01:12,154
After the war, and the division of Germany,
a great studio, DEFA,
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00:01:12,180 --> 00:01:14,497
started making films
in the east.
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00:01:14,522 --> 00:01:17,068
Then the Berlin wall was built.
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00:01:17,094 --> 00:01:21,248
Come the '70s, there was so much
to deplore and rethink
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00:01:21,273 --> 00:01:23,460
that it's no surprise
that German cinema
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00:01:23,485 --> 00:01:26,608
at the time, was about
identity and history.
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00:01:27,492 --> 00:01:32,020
This man, Wim Wenders,
was one of a generation of young filmmakers
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00:01:32,046 --> 00:01:35,711
who wanted
"to create a new German film."
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00:01:35,736 --> 00:01:38,423
They did so
through common cause.
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00:01:38,425 --> 00:01:40,970
The new German cinema
was nothing but that.
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00:01:40,972 --> 00:01:46,101
That sort of solidarity
of 15 powerless people
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00:01:46,127 --> 00:01:48,698
to become a powerful union.
44
00:01:49,756 --> 00:01:54,383
Rainer Werner Fassbinder stated
the aims clearly to interviewers.
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00:01:54,408 --> 00:01:58,346
The basic idea of the new German cinema
is to make films again
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00:01:58,372 --> 00:02:02,171
which are important
and have something to say.
47
00:02:02,196 --> 00:02:06,336
Films born out of our own life
and experience.
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00:02:08,257 --> 00:02:11,926
A massive generation gap
had opened up between baby boomers
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00:02:11,951 --> 00:02:17,013
and their parents who either voted
for Adolf Hitler or endured him.
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00:02:18,865 --> 00:02:22,388
An economic boom in West Germany
had begun to numb
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00:02:22,413 --> 00:02:25,178
the guilt about the holocaust.
52
00:02:25,203 --> 00:02:30,579
New right-wing tabloid newspapers
pasted contentment over everything.
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00:02:31,736 --> 00:02:35,769
The new German filmmakers knew
that they wanted none of this,
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00:02:35,795 --> 00:02:37,105
but what did they want?
55
00:02:37,628 --> 00:02:38,921
Who were they?
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00:02:38,946 --> 00:02:41,646
What made their hearts
beat fast?
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00:02:42,890 --> 00:02:45,502
Here is the most prolific
of them: Fassbinder.
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00:02:45,502 --> 00:02:50,887
Naked in front of his own camera,
displaying his personal life on the big screen.
59
00:02:51,947 --> 00:02:56,675
He said, "the ideal is to make films
as beautiful as America's,
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00:02:56,702 --> 00:03:00,377
but to move the content
to other areas."
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00:03:00,402 --> 00:03:03,860
So he took this beautiful,
romantic American film,
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00:03:03,885 --> 00:03:06,977
with sweet, orchestral music,
All that heaven allows,
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00:03:07,002 --> 00:03:10,161
about this woman who's shunned
because she has a romance
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00:03:10,186 --> 00:03:14,310
with her younger,
working class gardener.
65
00:03:18,853 --> 00:03:26,063
And remade it as this far less glossy,
less beautiful movie, Fear eats the soul
[Angst essen Seele auf].
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00:03:38,794 --> 00:03:42,206
Fassbinder uses
this very Hollywood tracking shot to show
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00:03:42,231 --> 00:03:48,155
the prejudice of the woman's family
and here he plays a part in the film.
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00:03:49,912 --> 00:03:54,193
In the remake, the woman is shunned
by society not because her lover
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00:03:54,218 --> 00:03:57,453
is working class,
but because he's black.
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00:03:59,383 --> 00:04:03,230
Fear eats the soul
was about the darkness of human identity,
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00:04:03,255 --> 00:04:07,712
as was this film that Fassbinder
made two years previously.
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00:04:08,434 --> 00:04:13,038
The bitter tears of Petra Von Kant,
Fassbinder's 13th film,
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00:04:13,063 --> 00:04:18,285
told the story of a famous clothes designer
who lives with her assistant, Marlene,
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00:04:18,310 --> 00:04:19,646
who is really her slave.
75
00:04:19,799 --> 00:04:23,701
Fassbinder has his actors move
slowly, inexpressively,
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00:04:23,726 --> 00:04:26,880
as if they are haunted
or exhausted.
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00:04:27,844 --> 00:04:31,607
The part of Marlene
was partly based on Irm Hermann,
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00:04:31,632 --> 00:04:36,135
who plays her, herself, in the movie,
always in this same black dress.
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00:04:36,160 --> 00:04:41,240
She was Fassbinder's secretary and lover
in real life and he treated her appallingly,
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00:04:41,267 --> 00:04:44,167
sometimes beating her in public.
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00:04:44,203 --> 00:04:47,685
Body language in the film
expresses its tragedy.
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00:04:47,688 --> 00:04:51,692
Wigs and make-up conjure
its cruel artifice.
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00:05:03,912 --> 00:05:08,197
Fassbinder had in mind
this classic American movie: All about Eve.
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00:05:08,203 --> 00:05:11,301
Another film about two women
controlling each other,
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00:05:11,327 --> 00:05:14,264
fueled by alcohol
and all dolled up.
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00:05:14,269 --> 00:05:19,431
Tuck me in, turn off the lights
and tip-toe out.
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00:05:19,432 --> 00:05:22,012
Eve would, wouldn't you Eve?
88
00:05:22,015 --> 00:05:23,062
If you'd like.
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00:05:23,088 --> 00:05:24,865
I wouldn't like.
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00:05:25,904 --> 00:05:31,133
But as he always did, Fassbinder took
the American story much further.
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00:05:31,158 --> 00:05:35,014
Petra falls in love
with this woman in brown, Karin,
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00:05:35,039 --> 00:05:36,709
and becomes her slave.
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00:05:43,796 --> 00:05:47,846
The poussin painting in the background
is also about abjection.
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00:05:48,718 --> 00:05:54,804
Midas begs Bacchus to rid him
of the power to turn things into gold.
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00:05:58,107 --> 00:06:01,813
Eventually, the agonies of love
ruin Petra.
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00:06:08,380 --> 00:06:10,727
Spit drips from her mouth.
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00:06:10,752 --> 00:06:16,252
She's alone in an empty room
waiting for the phone to ring.
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00:06:21,567 --> 00:06:25,091
The new German cinema had stolen
an American story
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00:06:25,116 --> 00:06:27,705
then rubbed
its nose in the dirt.
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00:06:27,731 --> 00:06:34,462
It loved Hollywood but sneered
at its lies about identity and love.
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00:06:39,448 --> 00:06:41,616
Where Fassbinder's films
were often about women
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00:06:41,641 --> 00:06:47,008
in confined spaces, those of Wim Wenders
were about men in open spaces.
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00:06:49,474 --> 00:06:51,956
And where it was the style
of the American films
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00:06:51,981 --> 00:06:55,457
that influenced Fassbinder,
it was America itself,
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00:06:55,482 --> 00:06:59,647
and its utopianism,
that was Wenders' jumping off point.
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00:07:05,496 --> 00:07:08,894
In his unforgettable road movie,
Alice in the cities,
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00:07:08,919 --> 00:07:14,434
the camera cranes down under a boardwalk
to find Rüdiger Vogler, a journalist,
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00:07:14,459 --> 00:07:16,317
who's drifting and numb.
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00:07:19,548 --> 00:07:22,614
Wenders saw himself in him.
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00:07:31,155 --> 00:07:36,666
This is Wenders' notebook
and storyboard for this boardwalk scene.
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00:07:39,834 --> 00:07:42,792
Later, Wenders has Vogler
arrange to meet a woman
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00:07:42,818 --> 00:07:45,768
at the top
of the Empire State building.
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00:07:47,656 --> 00:07:51,173
Again, he's using
an iconic American location.
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00:07:51,175 --> 00:07:56,553
He shoots in natural light.
Vogler's drifting, melancholic music.
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00:07:59,120 --> 00:08:01,798
Seventeen years earlier,
about a world away,
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00:08:01,823 --> 00:08:05,324
Hollywood director Leo Mccarey,
had Cary Grant arrange
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00:08:05,349 --> 00:08:07,154
to meet Deborah Kerr there.
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00:08:10,214 --> 00:08:17,242
This scene was shot in a studio,
visually precise, crisp, colored, controlled.
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00:08:20,278 --> 00:08:23,599
Whereas Wenders eye roams,
long lens.
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00:08:23,624 --> 00:08:26,944
Unsure of what it's looking for.
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00:08:34,451 --> 00:08:39,012
It's as if Wenders is saying:
"Remember what it is like to feel?"
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00:08:43,484 --> 00:08:46,272
Where Wenders defined
modern German identity
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00:08:46,297 --> 00:08:48,318
in relationship
to America,
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00:08:48,343 --> 00:08:51,906
our next director
was more interested in gender.
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00:08:53,131 --> 00:08:56,292
Margarethe Von Trotta
started as an actress.
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00:08:56,318 --> 00:09:02,639
This is her in a Fassbinder film,
insolent, like a German Julie Christie.
127
00:09:08,005 --> 00:09:11,778
Then she made
her solo directorial debut with
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00:09:11,804 --> 00:09:15,165
The second awakening
of Christa Klages.
129
00:09:17,878 --> 00:09:21,068
The title character Christa,
robs a bank,
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00:09:21,093 --> 00:09:26,558
but Von Trotta's robbery is one
of the least tense or macho ever filmed.
131
00:09:26,786 --> 00:09:29,529
There's no shouting
or sync sound.
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00:09:29,554 --> 00:09:31,675
Just mellow music.
133
00:09:31,701 --> 00:09:34,470
Von Trotta focuses instead
on the relationship
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00:09:34,495 --> 00:09:40,340
between Christa and this bank clerk
who Christa, at first, takes hostage.
135
00:09:45,821 --> 00:09:51,924
In the film's climax, Christa is caught
by the police and confronted by the clerk.
136
00:09:58,168 --> 00:10:00,813
The clerk's been hunting
her throughout the movie,
137
00:10:00,838 --> 00:10:02,478
but then this happens.
138
00:10:07,575 --> 00:10:11,942
Von Trotta uses close-ups,
almost direct to camera eye lines.
139
00:10:11,967 --> 00:10:16,793
This creates intimacy
and equality between the two women.
140
00:10:26,277 --> 00:10:30,351
Where Leni Riefenstahl's films
were expressionist and about men,
141
00:10:30,376 --> 00:10:36,766
Von Trotta's were impressionist portraits
of women's intimacy in violent times.
142
00:10:40,903 --> 00:10:46,360
The next German filmmaker of the '70s
went to the end of the earth to find himself.
143
00:10:46,366 --> 00:10:50,789
He's German cinemas' wild man,
its explorer.
144
00:10:50,791 --> 00:10:54,980
At the age of 18, Werner Herzog
ventured across the Sudan.
145
00:10:54,982 --> 00:10:58,868
He walked from Munich to Paris.
146
00:10:58,870 --> 00:11:03,674
In 1982, to make his film Fitzcarraldo,
Herzog and his crew
147
00:11:03,699 --> 00:11:07,292
hauled a full sized ship,
this is a model of it,
148
00:11:07,317 --> 00:11:11,095
up and over a hilly jungle,
Isthmus, in Peru.
149
00:11:11,743 --> 00:11:14,658
A dangerous idea
that people tried to make safer.
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00:11:14,660 --> 00:11:16,673
But as this location filming,
151
00:11:16,699 --> 00:11:20,333
with Herzog
speaking passionately in Spanish, shows,
152
00:11:20,359 --> 00:11:25,701
he saw the haul not only
as a physical feat, but in symbolic terms.
153
00:11:45,285 --> 00:11:47,966
And look at this key moment
in the film.
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00:11:47,991 --> 00:11:52,031
The boat is being hauled.
The crew seems to move it.
155
00:11:52,056 --> 00:11:59,456
The documentary camera is far back
from the action but captures the rejoicing.
156
00:11:59,483 --> 00:12:04,205
But then
one of the ropes breaks.
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00:12:12,673 --> 00:12:19,423
All these dreams are yours as well
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00:12:19,448 --> 00:12:24,448
and the only distinction between
me and you is that I can articulate them.
159
00:12:25,762 --> 00:12:31,433
And that is what poetry, or painting,
or literature, or filmmaking is all about.
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00:12:31,458 --> 00:12:33,274
It's as simple as that.
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00:12:34,286 --> 00:12:38,001
Herzog's eyes in this interview
show his exhaustion.
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00:12:38,026 --> 00:12:41,269
He's talking about universal things
but he's almost crying.
163
00:12:41,295 --> 00:12:44,681
And I know I can do it
to a certain degree.
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00:12:44,706 --> 00:12:47,526
Like Pasolini,
Herzog was a romantic.
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00:12:47,551 --> 00:12:53,652
He wasn't much interested in the feminism
of Von Trotta or the americana of Wenders.
166
00:12:53,677 --> 00:12:57,195
He was far more taken
by primeval life.
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00:12:57,221 --> 00:13:01,040
After John Ford, he is
the most important landscape filmmaker
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00:13:01,065 --> 00:13:04,179
to appear so far in our story.
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00:13:07,428 --> 00:13:12,656
The geographical, historical, class,
gender, sexual, and spiritual diversity
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00:13:12,682 --> 00:13:18,662
of the new German cinema directors,
made their innovative movies wildly different.
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00:13:18,687 --> 00:13:23,181
But one thing's clear,
the films all ask the question:
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00:13:23,206 --> 00:13:27,286
"If I don't want to be
what my parents are, then what am I?"
173
00:13:27,759 --> 00:13:34,310
We definitely changed
the way German's looked at each other.
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00:13:34,312 --> 00:13:38,599
Germans had not looked
at German history any more.
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00:13:38,601 --> 00:13:41,670
Fassbinder, more than any of us,
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00:13:41,695 --> 00:13:46,011
confronted them with their own image,
their own history.
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00:13:55,598 --> 00:14:01,464
Italy in the '70s had industrialized
and was haunted by its fascist past too.
178
00:14:02,869 --> 00:14:07,295
But its great '70s films asked questions
not about identity and history,
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00:14:07,321 --> 00:14:09,677
but identity and sex.
180
00:14:11,196 --> 00:14:14,298
The boldest Italian
depicter of sex in the '70s
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00:14:14,323 --> 00:14:18,296
was that '60s radical:
Pier Paolo Pasolini.
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00:14:19,389 --> 00:14:23,019
Italy had become so commercialized,
said Pasolini, that,
183
00:14:23,044 --> 00:14:30,584
"enjoying life and the body means precisely
enjoying a life that historically no longer exists."
184
00:14:30,610 --> 00:14:34,723
In other words,
you can't be who you are.
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00:14:34,748 --> 00:14:39,694
And so he set his so called
"trilogy of life" films in the past.
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00:14:39,719 --> 00:14:43,825
This is the ending of the last
of the trilogy, the Arabian nights.
187
00:14:44,608 --> 00:14:47,784
Nur Ed Din, a young man,
has been looking everywhere
188
00:14:47,809 --> 00:14:51,259
for his beloved maidservant,
Zummurud.
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00:14:51,284 --> 00:14:55,396
Pasolini filmed
in Iranian mirrored rooms.
190
00:14:55,421 --> 00:15:01,588
Instead, Nur Ed Din finds himself in front
of this king, who wears a golden beard.
191
00:15:10,655 --> 00:15:14,488
The young man reluctantly
submits to sex with the king,
192
00:15:14,513 --> 00:15:18,710
not realizing that the king
is zumurrud in disguise.
193
00:15:18,736 --> 00:15:22,519
Zumurrud can't contain
her giggles.
194
00:15:34,051 --> 00:15:36,537
In contemporary Italy,
said Pasolini,
195
00:15:36,562 --> 00:15:41,903
such fun was not possible,
consumerism had ruined everything.
196
00:15:44,351 --> 00:15:48,692
He was murdered
by a male prostitute in 1975.
197
00:15:53,541 --> 00:15:57,156
Bernardo Bertolucci,
who started as Pasolini's assistant,
198
00:15:57,181 --> 00:16:01,645
became the greatest European filmmaker
of his time.
199
00:16:02,329 --> 00:16:04,990
In 1970, he made this film.
200
00:16:05,205 --> 00:16:10,910
The camera tracks right to reveal
a piazza and a man standing in it.
201
00:16:14,778 --> 00:16:17,427
Then he walks
and we see a statue.
202
00:16:17,452 --> 00:16:18,756
His father.
203
00:16:18,853 --> 00:16:21,693
An anti-fascist hero
in the village.
204
00:16:29,118 --> 00:16:32,534
Then the camera
is again moving right.
205
00:16:32,536 --> 00:16:36,591
This time the man's visiting
an old girlfriend of his father.
206
00:16:36,593 --> 00:16:41,254
She's standing still too
and then she starts to walk also,
207
00:16:41,279 --> 00:16:45,884
as if she's been static for decades
and is suddenly swept into movement
208
00:16:45,909 --> 00:16:47,457
by the camera's tracking.
209
00:16:48,492 --> 00:16:53,615
And as the film sweeps into the past,
the man finds that his father wasn't a hero.
210
00:16:53,621 --> 00:16:56,336
He collaborated
with the fascists.
211
00:16:56,338 --> 00:16:59,565
What sort of identity
does that give the son?
212
00:17:02,404 --> 00:17:03,774
But what made The spider's stratagem
[Strategia del ragno]
213
00:17:03,799 --> 00:17:07,166
different from most '70s films
about identity
214
00:17:07,191 --> 00:17:12,143
was its concern for visual beauty,
as well as it's gliding camera work.
215
00:17:12,168 --> 00:17:16,146
Look at this shot:
blue dusk light in the sky
216
00:17:16,171 --> 00:17:21,436
and the yellow white petroleum light
of the lamp in the same magic moment.
217
00:17:32,998 --> 00:17:36,320
Bertolucci and his cinematographer,
Vittorio Storaro,
218
00:17:36,345 --> 00:17:39,954
loved the haunting dusk lighting
in the surreal paintings
219
00:17:39,979 --> 00:17:43,810
of Rene Magritte
and tried to capture it.
220
00:17:47,794 --> 00:17:51,787
And then, Bertolucci upped
the beauty even further.
221
00:17:51,812 --> 00:17:55,841
In the same year, 1970,
aged just 30,
222
00:17:55,867 --> 00:18:00,528
he released a second masterpiece,
The conformist
[Il conformista].
223
00:18:00,553 --> 00:18:06,904
It was also about fascism and identity
and, it too, was determinedly beautiful.
224
00:18:06,929 --> 00:18:10,494
Look at this bold composition
with its plunging perspective.
225
00:18:15,557 --> 00:18:20,148
And look at this shot,
the camera sweeps and the leaves do too,
226
00:18:20,173 --> 00:18:26,081
as if they're both blown by the same wind,
like a Gene Kelly musical.
227
00:18:35,932 --> 00:18:39,875
In the radical '60s,
visual beauty had been seen
228
00:18:39,900 --> 00:18:42,871
as too Hollywood, too shallow.
229
00:18:42,896 --> 00:18:46,997
But here Bertolucci was bringing
beauty back to Italian cinema.
230
00:18:47,654 --> 00:18:50,975
That most hardcore '60s director,
Jean-Luc Godard,
231
00:18:51,000 --> 00:18:54,800
saw The conformist's beauty
as a betrayal of radicalism.
232
00:18:55,261 --> 00:18:57,612
He met Bertolucci at a café.
233
00:18:58,899 --> 00:19:03,232
I was waiting for Godard
and finally Jean-Luc
234
00:19:03,258 --> 00:19:07,661
appears next to me with
these dark sunglasses.
235
00:19:07,667 --> 00:19:12,050
He doesn't say anything
but he gives me a note.
236
00:19:13,063 --> 00:19:14,679
And then he leaves.
237
00:19:14,704 --> 00:19:19,531
And his comments on
"The conformist":
238
00:19:19,533 --> 00:19:26,387
"One has to fight
against imperialism and capitalism."
239
00:19:26,412 --> 00:19:30,797
All that written on a portrait
of chairman Mao.
240
00:19:32,684 --> 00:19:41,696
I was so upset that I tore it up
in thousands of pieces, that note.
241
00:19:41,722 --> 00:19:43,140
And I am very sorry today.
242
00:19:43,166 --> 00:19:46,243
I would like to see it
and to look at that again.
243
00:19:49,982 --> 00:19:52,352
Godard notwithstanding,
The conformist
244
00:19:52,377 --> 00:19:56,827
was one of the most influential movies
of the '70s, especially in America.
245
00:19:57,388 --> 00:20:03,030
Francis Ford Coppola poached
cinematographer Storaro for Apocalypse now.
246
00:20:03,055 --> 00:20:05,908
And the beauty of this scene,
in Taxi driver,
247
00:20:05,932 --> 00:20:08,311
derives from The conformist.
248
00:20:08,337 --> 00:20:10,461
It would be easy to film
this violent moment
249
00:20:10,486 --> 00:20:12,494
with a wobbly handheld camera.
250
00:20:20,188 --> 00:20:25,763
But Martin Scorsese goes high
and has the shot glide across the ceiling.
251
00:20:25,788 --> 00:20:29,796
An ugly event turned
into gorgeous form.
252
00:20:41,193 --> 00:20:45,496
Innovative British movies in the '70s
were about identity too.
253
00:20:45,521 --> 00:20:49,801
Like Italian films of the time,
sexual identity was a key theme
254
00:20:49,827 --> 00:20:53,901
but so was the idea
that identity is fragmented.
255
00:20:53,926 --> 00:20:57,613
Ken Russell served in the air force,
then became a ballet dancer,
256
00:20:57,638 --> 00:21:02,427
a rare career move, then became
Britain's Federico Fellini.
257
00:21:03,338 --> 00:21:08,386
In this scene in Women in love,
he films a sex scene as a slow motion,
258
00:21:08,412 --> 00:21:11,430
long lens, outdoor dance.
259
00:21:15,394 --> 00:21:20,312
And puts the camera on its side,
making the action vertical.
260
00:21:22,006 --> 00:21:26,436
Defying gravity,
as had hardly ever been done before,
261
00:21:26,461 --> 00:21:31,907
and its strangeness, reminds us
how horizontal cinema normally is.
262
00:21:36,774 --> 00:21:42,937
More daring still was this film Performance,
by Nicolas Roeg and Donald Cammell.
263
00:21:42,962 --> 00:21:46,067
It's about this London gangster:
Chaz.
264
00:21:46,092 --> 00:21:48,056
He keeps checking himself
in the mirror.
265
00:21:48,081 --> 00:21:50,965
His hair, nails, waistline.
266
00:21:52,296 --> 00:21:56,200
This scene in Martin Scorsese's
Mean streets, made 3 years later
267
00:21:56,225 --> 00:21:59,681
is about another narcissist
getting all dolled up.
268
00:22:02,170 --> 00:22:03,928
Again, a mirror scene.
269
00:22:03,954 --> 00:22:07,387
Again, clothes
are the gangsters uniform.
270
00:22:12,580 --> 00:22:16,332
Movie gangsters
have often been about display.
271
00:22:16,334 --> 00:22:20,459
Chaz, in Performance,
comes to this place in London to hide out,
272
00:22:20,484 --> 00:22:24,871
because he's shot another gangster
and the mobsters will be after him.
273
00:22:27,448 --> 00:22:30,849
He holds up in the house
of a fading pop star, Turner,
274
00:22:30,875 --> 00:22:32,453
played by Mick Jagger.
275
00:22:32,458 --> 00:22:35,277
As bohemian
as Chaz is clean cut.
276
00:22:35,303 --> 00:22:36,613
Van Gogh, eh?
277
00:22:36,614 --> 00:22:37,852
Oh no, this is the normal.
278
00:22:37,853 --> 00:22:38,731
The normal?
279
00:22:38,757 --> 00:22:39,494
Yeah.
280
00:22:39,497 --> 00:22:40,593
I was just having a laugh.
281
00:22:40,899 --> 00:22:43,016
And then this happens.
282
00:22:43,018 --> 00:22:45,462
Here, Chaz is talking to Turner.
283
00:22:45,464 --> 00:22:49,387
The camera moves behind Turner's head,
then dissolves through it,
284
00:22:49,412 --> 00:22:54,868
to Chaz, who sounds more echo-y now
and looks straight at us.
285
00:22:57,509 --> 00:23:00,690
The two men's faces dissolve
into each other.
286
00:23:00,714 --> 00:23:02,477
Chaz is changing.
287
00:23:05,090 --> 00:23:07,671
His identity is merging
with Turner's.
288
00:23:07,697 --> 00:23:10,692
An idea taken from
this strikingly similar scene
289
00:23:10,718 --> 00:23:14,535
in one of Ingmar Bergman's
greatest films, Persona.
290
00:23:23,276 --> 00:23:26,607
In the end, the mobsters
come for Chaz.
291
00:23:26,632 --> 00:23:30,645
His last act before he's taken away
is to shoot Turner,
292
00:23:30,670 --> 00:23:33,874
maybe because he's shown him
too much of himself.
293
00:23:38,426 --> 00:23:43,122
His bullet travels through Turner's brain
and a picture of the Argentine writer
294
00:23:43,147 --> 00:23:47,746
about dreams and labyrinths, Borges,
and crashes through a mirror,
295
00:23:47,771 --> 00:23:49,566
then back to London.
296
00:23:52,971 --> 00:23:57,504
The most imaginative shooting
in the story of film
297
00:24:01,071 --> 00:24:04,160
Then Chaz is led away
by the gangsters.
298
00:24:04,185 --> 00:24:06,416
But things are not
what they seem.
299
00:24:06,441 --> 00:24:09,908
A child toddles backwards.
300
00:24:14,081 --> 00:24:23,528
And as Chaz heads off to his likely death,
we glimpse him in close-up and he's Turner.
301
00:24:25,437 --> 00:24:29,706
Performance was not only
the greatest '70s film about identity.
302
00:24:29,731 --> 00:24:32,391
If any movie
in the whole story of film
303
00:24:32,416 --> 00:24:37,526
should be compulsory viewing
for filmmakers, maybe, this is it.
304
00:24:44,191 --> 00:24:47,146
Australian film in the '70s
gathered momentum
305
00:24:47,171 --> 00:24:49,665
and Nicolas Roeg fueled it.
306
00:24:49,690 --> 00:24:51,984
This is Roeg's film,
Walkabout.
307
00:24:52,009 --> 00:24:55,541
A white city-girl and her brother
head out into the outback.
308
00:24:55,592 --> 00:24:59,762
Their father has just shot himself
and tried to shoot them.
309
00:24:59,787 --> 00:25:01,122
They're scared.
310
00:25:01,472 --> 00:25:06,605
Roeg films with a wide angle lenses
to stretch the space before them.
311
00:25:06,630 --> 00:25:11,905
Roeg's film is about the contrast you see
all over Australia between nature and city.
312
00:25:11,930 --> 00:25:14,064
The sea and swimming pools.
313
00:25:14,089 --> 00:25:15,966
Raw and the cooked.
314
00:25:16,548 --> 00:25:19,198
Years later, we're in a white world
of tower blocks
315
00:25:19,223 --> 00:25:21,207
and chlorinated swimming pools.
316
00:25:21,544 --> 00:25:23,439
The girl's married now.
317
00:25:23,464 --> 00:25:26,468
She's in her clean,
middle class kitchen.
318
00:25:26,493 --> 00:25:29,199
She wears make-up, like a mask.
319
00:25:32,682 --> 00:25:37,884
She's with her husband but thinks back
to a half imagined free moment
320
00:25:37,911 --> 00:25:42,161
when she swam naked
in the outback with an aboriginal lad.
321
00:25:42,186 --> 00:25:44,346
A life less ordinary.
322
00:25:46,057 --> 00:25:48,793
...Which means old mayor looks
like being out of a job.
323
00:25:48,819 --> 00:25:52,524
Still, it's his own fault.
If you're going to compete on...
324
00:26:02,024 --> 00:26:06,101
She's like Chaz in Performance,
shedding her clean cut self
325
00:26:06,126 --> 00:26:09,554
when she meets
a more vital human being.
326
00:26:17,737 --> 00:26:22,626
It's like she's remembering
what aboriginals call "the dream time."
327
00:26:22,631 --> 00:26:26,335
Her sense of loss
is overwhelming.
328
00:26:26,361 --> 00:26:29,309
Plus with all this changing around,
there's bound to be good news
329
00:26:29,335 --> 00:26:31,339
as far
as salary's concerned.
330
00:26:31,346 --> 00:26:34,974
I tell you though, in 2 years
we'll be holidaying on the gold coast...
331
00:26:51,056 --> 00:26:55,177
In modern day Australia,
people swim in manmade pools.
332
00:26:55,179 --> 00:26:58,725
The dreams and fears
of Roeg's film are still here.
333
00:26:58,750 --> 00:27:02,594
The raw and the cooked became
a staple of aussie cinema.
334
00:27:04,101 --> 00:27:07,178
The films were about
what sort of person you are.
335
00:27:07,180 --> 00:27:12,008
One who swims in a chlorinated pool
or the open sea.
336
00:27:17,737 --> 00:27:20,252
What sort of person's this girl?
337
00:27:20,255 --> 00:27:23,381
She and her friends are wearing
long, white, victorian dresses
338
00:27:23,407 --> 00:27:26,157
in the sultry heat
of the Australian outback.
339
00:27:26,246 --> 00:27:28,616
I feel awful.
340
00:27:28,642 --> 00:27:31,547
Really awful.
341
00:27:31,549 --> 00:27:33,789
They're fish out of water.
342
00:27:34,346 --> 00:27:36,812
Miranda,
I feel perfectly awful.
343
00:27:36,814 --> 00:27:39,693
The film is
Picnic at Hanging Rock.
344
00:27:39,695 --> 00:27:43,061
Director Peter Weir films the girls
in slight slow motion
345
00:27:43,086 --> 00:27:45,247
to create a sense of mystery.
346
00:27:46,064 --> 00:27:48,829
The girls are about
to disappear.
347
00:27:50,314 --> 00:27:56,588
Miranda?
348
00:27:56,590 --> 00:28:00,673
Miranda?
349
00:28:00,699 --> 00:28:03,242
Miranda!
350
00:28:03,268 --> 00:28:06,679
Miranda, don't go up there!
Come back!
351
00:28:15,780 --> 00:28:20,621
Weir's plan was to explain
this disappearance at the end of the film.
352
00:28:22,078 --> 00:28:25,689
They were to be discovered
and brought home on stretchers,
353
00:28:25,714 --> 00:28:29,821
but his editor, Max Lemon,
instead did this:
354
00:28:29,846 --> 00:28:33,335
he repeated earlier picnic scenes
in step motion,
355
00:28:33,360 --> 00:28:36,345
the camera roaming,
no sync sound.
356
00:28:36,370 --> 00:28:39,284
As if the girls are ghosts.
357
00:28:49,034 --> 00:28:52,876
White Australian identity
evaporating in the heat.
358
00:29:05,568 --> 00:29:10,523
Gillian Armstrong's debut feature
is set in victorian times too.
359
00:29:10,548 --> 00:29:13,325
But My brilliant Career
isn't about a woman's relationship
360
00:29:13,350 --> 00:29:15,132
with nature, but with men.
361
00:29:17,677 --> 00:29:21,903
Her main character here
has theoverview.
362
00:29:27,092 --> 00:29:32,425
Do you, um, need a hand?
No, thank you.
363
00:29:32,450 --> 00:29:37,551
Sam Neill is glamorized
and filmed in dappled light, not her.
364
00:29:37,844 --> 00:29:39,762
Do you work in the kitchen?
365
00:29:39,788 --> 00:29:42,846
I'd be obliged to you sir,
if you'd take yourself out of the way.
366
00:29:42,871 --> 00:29:46,140
Unless you want me foot
in your big fat face.
367
00:29:47,803 --> 00:29:49,778
The female point
of view of the film
368
00:29:49,803 --> 00:29:53,520
hinted at how gendered aussie cinema
would become in the '90s,
369
00:29:53,545 --> 00:29:56,673
with the films of Jane Campion
and Baz Luhrmann.
370
00:29:57,160 --> 00:29:59,740
How about a reward?
Let me go.
371
00:30:00,365 --> 00:30:04,069
Sam Neil was in more women's films
than most actors.
372
00:30:04,094 --> 00:30:09,083
Being in women's films makes as much sense
to me as being in a bloke's film.
373
00:30:09,109 --> 00:30:15,134
And... there's a certain sensibility
that these things...
374
00:30:15,160 --> 00:30:20,232
these films have in common,
I think, that I find agreeable.
375
00:30:20,259 --> 00:30:23,983
Australia and New Zealand
are both post-colonial societies
376
00:30:24,009 --> 00:30:28,117
where it's taken us a while
to wake up to women's issues.
377
00:30:28,143 --> 00:30:31,473
Probably a little bit longer
than elsewhere.
378
00:30:35,928 --> 00:30:39,163
Move from Australia to Japan
in the '70s and you find
379
00:30:39,189 --> 00:30:42,879
some of the most radical
filmmakers of the decade,
380
00:30:42,905 --> 00:30:46,312
who took a hammer
rather than a mirror to the real world
381
00:30:46,337 --> 00:30:51,820
and tried to shape Japanese identity
with ground-breaking documentaries.
382
00:30:53,027 --> 00:30:56,376
This is the climax of one
of the greatest documentaries ever made
383
00:30:56,401 --> 00:30:59,386
which was
filmed over 17 years.
384
00:30:59,674 --> 00:31:04,622
We're at the packed annual general meeting
of Japanese chemical company, Chisso.
385
00:31:05,646 --> 00:31:09,801
Over many years it dumped methyl
Mercury into the fishing waters
386
00:31:09,826 --> 00:31:13,957
causing hundreds of deaths
and bio-deformities.
387
00:31:14,086 --> 00:31:16,798
The company
denied all responsibility.
388
00:31:16,823 --> 00:31:20,802
Its bosses sit
at long tables on the stage.
389
00:31:22,436 --> 00:31:26,292
The families of the dead
and the severely disabled are here.
390
00:31:34,731 --> 00:31:38,290
They bought shares in Chisso
to force its board of directors
391
00:31:38,315 --> 00:31:42,792
to take responsibility
for their appalling actions.
392
00:31:44,290 --> 00:31:47,572
Director Noriaki Tsuchimoto
knew the protestors,
393
00:31:47,597 --> 00:31:49,569
and so, got close to them.
394
00:31:49,947 --> 00:31:52,287
His small 16-millimeter camera
395
00:31:52,312 --> 00:31:55,870
allowed him to be at the center
of such explosive moments.
396
00:31:55,895 --> 00:31:58,397
He uses little sync sound.
397
00:31:58,422 --> 00:32:01,368
The jostled handheld camera
and torrent of words
398
00:32:01,394 --> 00:32:03,834
make fiction film look staid.
399
00:33:37,033 --> 00:33:40,145
In Japan, where identity
is not traditionally asserted,
400
00:33:40,170 --> 00:33:42,457
such scenes were shocking.
401
00:33:43,631 --> 00:33:46,783
Claude Lanzmann, who made
the holocaust documentary, Shoah,
402
00:33:46,808 --> 00:33:51,796
called Tsuchimoto, "a great artist
with a profound vision as a fighter.
403
00:33:51,821 --> 00:33:57,159
A marvelous filmmaker
and a rigorous creator of sublime work."
404
00:34:06,818 --> 00:34:10,274
This man, Kazuo Hara,
made a documentary masterpiece
405
00:34:10,299 --> 00:34:14,037
of the Japanese assertiveness
at its most shocking.
406
00:34:14,062 --> 00:34:17,303
It's about an ex-soldier
called Mr. Okuzaki.
407
00:34:34,349 --> 00:34:36,335
This is Mr. okuzaki.
408
00:34:36,361 --> 00:34:40,473
He's meeting the brother and sister
of a friend of his who disappeared.
409
00:34:40,520 --> 00:34:44,387
A soldier with whom he fought
in World War II.
410
00:34:44,412 --> 00:34:47,196
Hara films with handheld camera.
411
00:34:47,221 --> 00:34:49,894
He follows as they go
to this house.
412
00:34:53,608 --> 00:34:55,885
An old commander lives here.
413
00:34:55,887 --> 00:34:59,894
Together, they want to find out
what happened to the soldier.
414
00:35:03,883 --> 00:35:06,309
But this visit
doesn't dig up the truth
415
00:35:06,334 --> 00:35:09,135
and the two siblings
drop out of the investigation.
416
00:35:09,630 --> 00:35:15,157
And so, astonishingly,
Okuzaki hires these two actors
417
00:35:15,183 --> 00:35:19,981
walking dolefully behind him
to pretend to be the siblings.
418
00:35:19,989 --> 00:35:23,877
He'll tell the next commanders
that the actors are the real siblings,
419
00:35:23,902 --> 00:35:28,000
using emotional blackmail,
to try to get to the truth of what happened.
420
00:35:31,990 --> 00:35:34,997
As the filming continued,
Okuzaki discovered
421
00:35:35,022 --> 00:35:39,294
that his friends were probably
cannibalized by the commanders.
422
00:35:41,384 --> 00:35:46,075
Okuzaki's in this commander's house now,
just to the right of this close-up,
423
00:35:46,101 --> 00:35:50,083
again filmed
by Hara's handheld camera.
424
00:35:50,108 --> 00:35:52,562
Okuzaki's angry now.
425
00:35:52,587 --> 00:35:54,313
We hold our breath.
426
00:36:25,944 --> 00:36:28,584
Okuzaki attacks
the commander.
427
00:36:28,609 --> 00:36:30,688
Hara uses slow motion.
428
00:39:20,465 --> 00:39:22,856
The fraught experience of making
the film,
429
00:39:22,881 --> 00:39:29,815
gave Hara a sense that unpalatable truth
in life is buried under layers of lies.
430
00:40:19,283 --> 00:40:24,285
As we've seen, filmmaking in Germany,
Italy, Britain, Australia, and Japan
431
00:40:24,311 --> 00:40:28,331
in the '70s
was radical and about identity.
432
00:40:30,312 --> 00:40:34,630
Jump to here, Senegal in West Africa
in the '70s, however,
433
00:40:34,655 --> 00:40:38,854
and a whole new world
of radical movie making opens up.
434
00:40:41,274 --> 00:40:47,227
A manifesto called "Towards a third cinema:
Notes and experiences for the development
435
00:40:47,253 --> 00:40:50,848
of a cinema of liberation
in the third world"
436
00:40:50,873 --> 00:40:54,880
by South Americans,
Fernando Solanas and Octavio Getino,
437
00:40:54,906 --> 00:41:00,567
angrily criticized cinema
for always having been a commodity.
438
00:41:01,029 --> 00:41:06,423
They argued that this great collective medium
should fight poverty and oppression.
439
00:41:08,687 --> 00:41:11,766
The manifesto had a huge impact.
440
00:41:11,791 --> 00:41:16,385
This is a cinema in Burkina Faso,
one of the poorest countries in the world.
441
00:41:16,410 --> 00:41:18,746
But painted on it is:
442
00:41:18,771 --> 00:41:21,757
"a cinema can be
the heart of the community "
443
00:41:21,782 --> 00:41:23,819
and "cinema is a dream."
444
00:41:28,166 --> 00:41:31,409
The manifesto said
that there are three types of film.
445
00:41:31,434 --> 00:41:37,683
The first, made mostly in Hollywood,
is the commercial, entertainment: the bauble.
446
00:41:37,708 --> 00:41:41,337
The second type of cinema
is the modernist art movie genre
447
00:41:41,362 --> 00:41:47,229
made by individual directors like Godard,
Antonioni, Bergman, and Fellini.
448
00:41:48,861 --> 00:41:55,892
Third cinema, opposed to both industrial
and autobiographical art cinema, is political.
449
00:41:55,917 --> 00:42:03,725
About post-colonial identity and made
in the non-western world after 1969.
450
00:42:03,750 --> 00:42:08,620
These ideals were the rocket fuel
of '70s cinema here in Africa,
451
00:42:08,646 --> 00:42:11,515
in south America,
and in the middle east.
452
00:42:12,364 --> 00:42:17,705
In Burkina Faso today for example,
these people aren't going to a football match.
453
00:42:17,730 --> 00:42:20,765
They're going
to the opening of a film festival,
454
00:42:20,790 --> 00:42:23,475
in their tens of thousands.
455
00:42:26,990 --> 00:42:31,308
Burkinabe filmmaker, Gaston Kaboré,
believes that making films
456
00:42:31,334 --> 00:42:34,400
is crucial
to people's identities.
457
00:42:34,425 --> 00:42:38,853
If we continue consuming
the images coming from abroad,
458
00:42:38,878 --> 00:42:45,639
telling the stories of other people, it
might be interesting at the beginning, but
459
00:42:45,665 --> 00:42:52,690
slowly we are going to lose
our own way of looking the reality.
460
00:42:54,789 --> 00:42:58,274
As we've seen, there'd been
Arab filmmaking in Egypt since the '30s.
461
00:42:58,299 --> 00:43:01,209
And this famous moment in
The Black Girl,
462
00:43:01,234 --> 00:43:05,424
a boy removes a mask and looks hauntingly
into the eyes of the audience,
463
00:43:05,449 --> 00:43:11,206
was the bold start of black feature
film making in Africa in the '60s.
464
00:43:12,953 --> 00:43:16,178
But scenes like this,
465
00:43:16,203 --> 00:43:22,411
Tarzan's scrubbed clean, white family,
having breakfast in a fantasy jungle,
466
00:43:22,436 --> 00:43:26,316
were, still,
the most popular movie images of Africa.
467
00:43:29,004 --> 00:43:33,224
But here's a more realistic African man.
He's Algerian.
468
00:43:33,202 --> 00:43:36,914
There's no sync sound,
arabic music.
469
00:43:38,490 --> 00:43:42,648
The film's been poorly preserved
but it's dreamlike.
470
00:43:42,673 --> 00:43:45,284
The camera tracks backward.
471
00:43:45,309 --> 00:43:50,063
Director Assia Djebar's main character
sees her man on his horse.
472
00:43:50,087 --> 00:43:51,561
She towers over him.
473
00:43:51,587 --> 00:43:53,034
He falls.
474
00:44:02,686 --> 00:44:05,455
Then he's in a wheelchair.
475
00:44:08,400 --> 00:44:11,304
Djebar's
is no fantasy Africa.
476
00:44:11,306 --> 00:44:14,931
She looks at Algeria
through a feminist lens.
477
00:44:20,163 --> 00:44:22,286
In West Africa in the '70s,
478
00:44:22,312 --> 00:44:25,957
third cinema movies
about identity were on a roll too.
479
00:44:26,507 --> 00:44:28,674
Where Scorsese, and Coppola,
and the rest
480
00:44:28,699 --> 00:44:31,178
were kicking down the doors of Hollywood,
481
00:44:31,203 --> 00:44:35,857
in this city, Dakar, tens of thousands
of miles away from the pool parties
482
00:44:35,883 --> 00:44:38,684
and Oscar ceremonies of Los Angeles,
483
00:44:38,709 --> 00:44:42,476
film was buzzing and cameras
were on the streets.
484
00:44:43,063 --> 00:44:46,102
Ousmane Sembéne
was still leading the way.
485
00:44:46,127 --> 00:44:50,999
His follow up to The black Girl,
Xala, was funny and rude.
486
00:44:51,024 --> 00:44:55,205
It was about the move
from colonial to post-colonial identity.
487
00:44:56,186 --> 00:45:00,008
It starts here, the chamber
of commerce in Dakar.
488
00:45:00,033 --> 00:45:02,615
It's the end of colonial rule.
489
00:45:02,640 --> 00:45:07,042
Senegalese triumphantly kick out
the symbols of the French state,
490
00:45:07,067 --> 00:45:10,261
including Jack Boots
and a gendarme cap.
491
00:45:12,048 --> 00:45:16,165
They look forlorn,
their time has gone.
492
00:45:18,058 --> 00:45:21,093
But in the very next scene
the new businessmen
493
00:45:21,118 --> 00:45:23,722
are aping their colonizers.
494
00:45:23,747 --> 00:45:27,625
Sembéne mocks
their new trophy briefcases.
495
00:45:39,205 --> 00:45:45,632
One of the businessmen has his car
washed in "Evian,"
496
00:45:45,657 --> 00:45:50,588
Sembéne's tart way of showing
the decadence of the new regime.
497
00:45:53,193 --> 00:45:59,771
Sembéne was against religion and wanted
Africa to undergo a radical enlightenment.
498
00:46:01,906 --> 00:46:05,234
This is his house: Calle Ceddo.
499
00:46:05,260 --> 00:46:07,826
Means home of the unbeliever.
500
00:46:07,851 --> 00:46:10,636
From the front,
it's on the left of this image,
501
00:46:10,661 --> 00:46:15,355
you can see
that it's just meters away from a mosque.
502
00:46:17,214 --> 00:46:20,806
Sembéne planted his tripod
on the soil of Senegal
503
00:46:20,831 --> 00:46:26,471
and created a new, radical type
of African cinema: Third cinema.
504
00:46:28,632 --> 00:46:34,805
This man, Djibril Diop Mambéty,
seemed to love cinema even more.
505
00:46:34,830 --> 00:46:40,658
He spoke slowly, in an almost dreamlike way
as this interview shows.
506
00:47:33,342 --> 00:47:36,363
Sembéne's point of view
was ideologically certain,
507
00:47:36,388 --> 00:47:41,510
but Mambéty chopped up
such certainty into fragments.
508
00:47:43,071 --> 00:47:46,770
Mambéty's films helped
create African modernism.
509
00:47:48,200 --> 00:47:53,068
Look at this scene in his caustic,
second short film, Badou Boy.
510
00:47:54,167 --> 00:47:57,479
A man and a boy saddle up a horse.
Very simple.
511
00:47:57,685 --> 00:48:00,533
But the repetition of "ça va?"
512
00:48:00,558 --> 00:48:04,711
and the standing up
and hunkering down of the two people,
513
00:48:04,736 --> 00:48:08,344
gives it an abstract
rhythm and jagginess.
514
00:48:27,752 --> 00:48:32,522
Mambéty said,
"you either engage in stylistic research
515
00:48:32,547 --> 00:48:35,190
or just record reality."
516
00:48:35,665 --> 00:48:37,345
Mambéty lived here.
517
00:48:37,370 --> 00:48:41,208
He struggled
to get financing for his films.
518
00:48:41,233 --> 00:48:44,102
His punkiness
found little favor.
519
00:48:47,609 --> 00:48:51,388
In 1992, he made this masterpiece:
Hyenas.
520
00:48:55,252 --> 00:48:58,090
This woman
is half made of gold.
521
00:48:58,091 --> 00:49:00,685
She's returned to the village
where she fell in love
522
00:49:00,710 --> 00:49:03,826
with this man
who then spurned her.
523
00:49:03,851 --> 00:49:06,800
She's as rich
as the world bank now.
524
00:49:09,973 --> 00:49:14,422
This is director Mambéty
himself on the left.
525
00:49:14,447 --> 00:49:20,232
She treats the villagers
to luxuries, consumer goods.
526
00:49:20,257 --> 00:49:22,336
The villagers love these.
527
00:49:22,361 --> 00:49:23,852
They become greedy.
528
00:49:23,877 --> 00:49:26,056
They want more.
529
00:49:33,799 --> 00:49:36,416
The village becomes
like a shopping channel.
530
00:49:36,442 --> 00:49:40,223
A fun fair to celebrate
the joys of capitalism.
531
00:49:52,629 --> 00:49:57,222
Then, devastatingly, the woman says
that they can have more luxuries,
532
00:49:57,248 --> 00:49:59,214
but there's a price to pay.
533
00:49:59,239 --> 00:50:02,627
They must kill the man
who spurned her.
534
00:50:04,137 --> 00:50:08,087
They're so hooked now on capitalism
that they do kill him.
535
00:50:09,434 --> 00:50:12,985
Mambéty films the lynching
where he himself grew up.
536
00:50:13,010 --> 00:50:15,802
The mob closes in, murmuring.
537
00:50:28,449 --> 00:50:34,244
Mambéty had become as angry
at consumerism, as Pasolini in Italy.
538
00:50:36,649 --> 00:50:39,681
Sembéne and Mambéty
showed that African filmmakers
539
00:50:39,706 --> 00:50:42,807
were making cinema say
what they wanted it to say
540
00:50:42,832 --> 00:50:46,336
about who
modern West Africans were.
541
00:50:48,159 --> 00:50:49,774
The result was exciting.
542
00:50:49,799 --> 00:50:52,137
The joy of discovery.
543
00:50:52,163 --> 00:50:56,939
New types of African symbolism
and storytelling.
544
00:50:56,964 --> 00:51:00,242
And other directors emerged.
545
00:51:00,267 --> 00:51:04,365
Safi Faye, Africa's
first important female director,
546
00:51:04,390 --> 00:51:08,301
made this film,
Peasant Letter, in 1974.
547
00:51:08,327 --> 00:51:12,135
She shows her village at dawn,
the beauty of the smoke,
548
00:51:12,160 --> 00:51:13,852
mid-sized framings.
549
00:51:15,910 --> 00:51:18,237
Everyday scenes.
550
00:51:18,262 --> 00:51:22,456
Off screen and in a gentle voice
she describes what we see.
551
00:51:22,815 --> 00:51:26,468
The film is a show and tell
to the outside world.
552
00:51:26,818 --> 00:51:30,880
An Ethiopian, Haile Gerima,
made this remarkable film,
553
00:51:30,905 --> 00:51:33,778
Harvest: 3,000 years.
[Mirt Sost Shi Amit]
554
00:51:33,803 --> 00:51:37,245
Its story stretches
over 3 millennia.
555
00:51:37,270 --> 00:51:43,139
It starts at dawn, as if all of history
has been just one day.
556
00:51:53,511 --> 00:51:56,117
Low contrast, black and white.
557
00:51:56,142 --> 00:52:00,975
Extremely long lenses
to telescope the land and eternity.
558
00:52:01,000 --> 00:52:05,439
This makes us feel distant,
but Gerima is passionate.
559
00:52:05,464 --> 00:52:10,741
He shows farmers treated like shit
by a trilby hatted armchair tyrant.
560
00:52:25,841 --> 00:52:30,209
Again shot long lens,
barking orders.
561
00:52:30,234 --> 00:52:33,523
Then comes this old, mad man,
Kebebe.
562
00:52:33,548 --> 00:52:36,866
Kebebe tells a story about
the Queen of England.
563
00:53:05,821 --> 00:53:10,862
Colonial power told almost like
a myth to everyone and no one.
564
00:53:17,041 --> 00:53:22,297
Two hours into the film,
Kebebe batters the landlord with a stick.
565
00:53:28,833 --> 00:53:31,764
Voices begin to flood
the sound track.
566
00:53:31,790 --> 00:53:34,277
People are beginning
to talk to each other.
567
00:53:34,302 --> 00:53:37,923
A key idea in third cinema.
568
00:54:07,565 --> 00:54:10,423
The popular radicalism
of third cinema made movies
569
00:54:10,448 --> 00:54:12,384
innovatived across the globe.
570
00:54:12,694 --> 00:54:15,085
In the Middle East,
the great films of the '70s
571
00:54:15,110 --> 00:54:18,311
were about identity and
national liberation.
572
00:54:18,985 --> 00:54:21,950
The most notorious
middle eastern filmmaker of the '70s
573
00:54:21,975 --> 00:54:25,012
was this Kurdish man,
Yilmaz Güney.
574
00:54:25,037 --> 00:54:27,306
This is him acting in the film,
Hope [Umut ].
575
00:54:27,331 --> 00:54:30,342
His ripped clothing
shows how poor he is.
576
00:54:30,368 --> 00:54:34,998
He's a scruffy, masculine hero,
like a Kurdish Sean Connery.
577
00:54:37,158 --> 00:54:41,602
He plays, here, an illiterate man
who's been searching for treasure
578
00:54:41,628 --> 00:54:44,951
to feed his family
and has almost gone mad.
579
00:54:44,976 --> 00:54:49,301
Spinning in space,
let down by life.
580
00:54:51,314 --> 00:54:53,735
Then Güney started directing.
581
00:54:55,212 --> 00:54:58,996
Here's a film he wrote
and co-directed: "Yol."
582
00:54:59,021 --> 00:55:02,293
A man has been released
from prison for five days.
583
00:55:02,318 --> 00:55:06,183
He's happy, free, running
with his dog.
584
00:55:06,208 --> 00:55:11,724
Wide open spaces, long lens filming,
wind in the grass.
585
00:55:15,362 --> 00:55:22,027
He comes to his village and smiles,
looks to camera,
586
00:55:22,053 --> 00:55:24,935
but then
the smile dies on his face.
587
00:55:24,960 --> 00:55:26,835
The village is cowering.
588
00:55:26,861 --> 00:55:28,767
The music dies.
589
00:55:32,445 --> 00:55:34,983
The state military are here.
590
00:55:37,907 --> 00:55:42,334
Still-life shots of confrontation.
591
00:55:51,618 --> 00:55:53,762
No words needed.
592
00:55:53,764 --> 00:55:58,523
People look imprisoned
in their own windows and doorways.
593
00:55:58,525 --> 00:56:03,147
Güney is credited as co-director
of the film with Serif Gören,
594
00:56:03,149 --> 00:56:07,098
because remarkably he was in prison
for the whole shoot
595
00:56:07,124 --> 00:56:10,315
but escaped in time
for the post-production.
596
00:56:10,323 --> 00:56:14,681
He sent out explicit notes
on how shots should be filmed.
597
00:56:14,683 --> 00:56:18,714
He was accused of killing
an anti-communist judge in a restaurant,
598
00:56:18,739 --> 00:56:22,273
though it was probably
Güney's nephew that did it.
599
00:56:25,007 --> 00:56:28,191
This character in Yol
was typical of Güney's men:
600
00:56:28,216 --> 00:56:31,115
Old fashioned, proud
but powerless.
601
00:56:31,141 --> 00:56:35,569
Their hopes dashed, banging
their heads against the wall of life.
602
00:56:36,203 --> 00:56:41,737
Güney was a communist, a spokesperson
for ordinary people, and adored.
603
00:56:41,762 --> 00:56:46,088
Yol won the main prize at the
Cannes film festival.
604
00:56:50,639 --> 00:56:55,349
Back in south America,
where the third cinema ideas were born,
605
00:56:55,376 --> 00:56:59,915
this, one of the most compelling
third cinema films, was made.
606
00:56:59,941 --> 00:57:02,550
It was about identity
and betrayal.
607
00:57:02,575 --> 00:57:06,869
Filmmaking that makes
you feel in the center of the action.
608
00:57:06,894 --> 00:57:14,358
Marxist, Salvador Allende, was democratically
elected president of Chili in 1970.
609
00:57:14,383 --> 00:57:17,266
On September the 11th, 1973,
610
00:57:17,292 --> 00:57:21,341
Allende gives what will be
his last radio broadcast.
611
00:57:35,890 --> 00:57:40,446
Then the military,
led by general Pinochet, moves in.
612
00:57:40,471 --> 00:57:44,411
Director Patrizio Guzman
and his team filmed from rooftops,
613
00:57:44,436 --> 00:57:54,486
with handheld cameras, zoomed in
to see soldiers running like ants.
614
00:57:54,511 --> 00:57:57,650
They'd been shooting for months
before the violent coup,
615
00:57:57,676 --> 00:58:00,676
which was
supported by the CIA.
616
00:58:00,701 --> 00:58:05,122
History dramatically unfolded
in front of them.
617
00:58:05,147 --> 00:58:07,759
They were sometimes hiding,
618
00:58:07,785 --> 00:58:12,697
so walls and railings
would half-obscure their view.
619
00:58:12,722 --> 00:58:15,808
They used direct sound.
620
00:58:15,833 --> 00:58:19,256
No gloss, no distance.
621
00:58:19,281 --> 00:58:20,924
The battle of Chile said:
622
00:58:20,949 --> 00:58:25,744
"Here's what we are.
Here's what we're losing."
623
00:58:36,321 --> 00:58:40,307
And we end our tour of identity movies
around the world in the '70s
624
00:58:40,332 --> 00:58:43,932
with this unforgettable, outrageous film.
625
00:58:43,957 --> 00:58:47,059
It was made by a Chilean born director too,
626
00:58:47,085 --> 00:58:51,868
but it's far more about identity
and psychedelics than betrayal.
627
00:58:51,893 --> 00:58:55,386
A near naked thief
climbs a vast tower.
628
00:58:55,411 --> 00:58:59,850
Below him is a mad world
of fascists and religious obsessives,
629
00:58:59,875 --> 00:59:04,663
who have used his body
as a mold to make images of Christ.
630
00:59:04,688 --> 00:59:07,458
A very third cinema set up.
631
00:59:40,789 --> 00:59:43,530
But when the thief
gets to the top of the tower
632
00:59:43,555 --> 00:59:46,263
the film becomes something
like The wizard of Oz.
633
00:59:46,288 --> 00:59:49,307
A strange corridor,
like a rainbow.
634
00:59:51,171 --> 00:59:52,511
The thief advances.
635
00:59:52,514 --> 00:59:56,418
He meets a man dressed
in white, flanked by goats,
636
00:59:56,443 --> 00:59:58,667
a naked woman and a camel.
637
00:59:59,184 --> 01:00:03,173
It's the director,
Alejandro Jodorowsky.
638
01:00:10,347 --> 01:00:13,362
Jodorowsky studied
mime in Paris.
639
01:00:13,364 --> 01:00:15,640
He believed in zen buddhism.
640
01:00:15,642 --> 01:00:19,826
The idea that people
should dethrone themselves.
641
01:00:19,851 --> 01:00:23,689
And he studied Carl Jung,
so this scene, in a way,
642
01:00:23,715 --> 01:00:26,876
is a man climbing
into the maze of his own mind
643
01:00:26,902 --> 01:00:30,049
where he discovers strange images
and archetypes
644
01:00:30,074 --> 01:00:34,065
that he shares with
all human beings.
645
01:00:40,196 --> 01:00:43,166
Indian music plays.
646
01:00:46,870 --> 01:00:50,284
Jodorowsky's man in white
is an alchemist.
647
01:00:50,309 --> 01:00:53,205
He asks the thief
if he wants gold.
648
01:00:53,230 --> 01:00:55,402
He does, of course.
649
01:00:55,426 --> 01:00:58,923
But the manner
of its making is extraordinary.
650
01:00:58,949 --> 01:01:04,350
The thief must defecate
and give the alchemist his own sweat.
651
01:01:11,254 --> 01:01:14,965
The thief's spiritual
awakening begins.
652
01:01:14,990 --> 01:01:19,344
Eventually, his own excrement
becomes gold.
653
01:01:21,187 --> 01:01:24,565
Jodorowsky certainly
had a sense of humor.
654
01:01:27,235 --> 01:01:31,795
But his journey to the holy mountain
of self-discovery, and self-loss
655
01:01:31,820 --> 01:01:34,675
is only just beginning.
656
01:01:39,217 --> 01:01:48,896
Primary colors, egg shapes, a pelican,
nudity, a very '70s production design.
657
01:02:03,936 --> 01:02:06,129
You are excrement.
658
01:02:06,154 --> 01:02:09,035
You can change yourself
into gold.
659
01:02:10,264 --> 01:02:15,862
The thief's journey of self-discovery
mirrored that of '70s cinema itself.
660
01:02:15,887 --> 01:02:20,768
Its political, innovative filmmakers
had stripped cinema naked,
661
01:02:20,793 --> 01:02:25,750
loaded it with symbolism
about selfhood, and turned it into gold.
662
01:02:26,524 --> 01:02:31,026
And above and beyond these things,
they used movies to ask:
663
01:02:31,051 --> 01:02:38,081
"Who are we, as modern Europeans, Asians,
Africans, South Americans?"
664
01:02:39,831 --> 01:02:42,139
But movies in the '70s
weren't only innovative
665
01:02:42,164 --> 01:02:45,893
when they were political
or about identity.
666
01:02:45,918 --> 01:02:48,722
Mainstream and entertainment directors
667
01:02:48,747 --> 01:02:52,474
in Mumbai, Hong Kong, and
Hollywood in the '70s
668
01:02:52,499 --> 01:02:55,093
were about to change
the story of film.
669
01:02:55,118 --> 01:02:56,466
Forever.
58248
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