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00:00:13,431 --> 00:00:18,200
In Paris, in the '50s and '60s,
movie lovers sat in cafés like these
22
00:00:18,225 --> 00:00:19,996
and rethought cinema.
23
00:00:20,625 --> 00:00:24,231
They felt at the center
of the movie world,
24
00:00:24,257 --> 00:00:25,939
but they weren't.
25
00:00:30,700 --> 00:00:35,212
Film making went global
in the '60s for the first time,
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00:00:35,237 --> 00:00:37,560
its energy was exhilarating.
27
00:00:38,588 --> 00:00:42,499
To tell its story,
we have to travel around the world.
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00:00:48,814 --> 00:00:54,069
Let's start here, in eastern Europe,
behind the Berlin wall.
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00:00:55,547 --> 00:00:59,234
Movie-makers here had far more
about which to be defiant
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00:00:59,259 --> 00:01:01,192
than their Parisian colleagues.
31
00:01:01,942 --> 00:01:05,926
In Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia
and the Soviet Union,
32
00:01:05,952 --> 00:01:09,189
directors bravely made
modern, personal films,
33
00:01:09,214 --> 00:01:13,287
that drove the medium forward
and stood up to their governments.
34
00:01:13,312 --> 00:01:17,980
As a result, some of the movie-makers
were stopped in their tracks, or imprisoned
35
00:01:18,005 --> 00:01:20,597
and many
of the films were banned.
36
00:01:22,182 --> 00:01:25,124
The story starts in Poland.
37
00:01:26,283 --> 00:01:31,503
Take this scene
in Andrzej Wajda's, Ashes and Diamonds
[Popiól i diament]."
38
00:01:31,528 --> 00:01:33,719
A young man and a woman flirt.
39
00:01:47,428 --> 00:01:50,798
It's the first day
of peace after World War II,
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00:01:50,823 --> 00:01:53,746
Poland has been torn apart.
41
00:01:53,771 --> 00:01:57,197
The man, Maciek, has been
in the Warsaw uprising
42
00:01:57,222 --> 00:02:01,061
against the Nazis,
but now the communists are coming
43
00:02:01,086 --> 00:02:02,933
and he hates them too.
44
00:02:04,139 --> 00:02:08,678
He wears dark glasses, not,
like James Dean, because they're cool,
45
00:02:08,703 --> 00:02:13,280
but because he spent ages underground,
in the sewers of Warsaw.
46
00:02:13,305 --> 00:02:16,057
He's a rebel with a cause.
47
00:02:22,791 --> 00:02:27,280
Like the great British film The third man,
partially set in sewers,
48
00:02:27,305 --> 00:02:31,279
Ashes and Diamonds,
is Wellesian, expressionist.
49
00:02:31,304 --> 00:02:35,191
Full of symbols
of the world turned upside down.
50
00:02:37,526 --> 00:02:42,279
Andrzej Wajda's films are distinctive
because, in a very Polish way,
51
00:02:42,304 --> 00:02:46,373
he disguises meaning
by encoding it in symbols.
52
00:02:52,680 --> 00:02:54,365
Wajda was a shrinking violet
53
00:02:54,390 --> 00:02:57,544
compared to this Polish director
Roman Polanski,
54
00:02:57,569 --> 00:03:00,616
who became one of the most
famous filmmakers in the world.
55
00:03:01,726 --> 00:03:05,932
He cuts fast, to the jazzy,
double-bass drumming.
56
00:03:05,957 --> 00:03:10,019
He played a small part in the short
film Two Men and a Wardrobe.
57
00:03:10,045 --> 00:03:14,989
Fresh faced, cocky,
beating up on a decent guy.
58
00:03:15,014 --> 00:03:18,165
Polanski was Jewish.
59
00:03:18,226 --> 00:03:22,926
During the war, he saw Poles
defecate on German soldiers,
60
00:03:22,952 --> 00:03:25,691
his mother was murdered
in Auschwitz-Birkenau.
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00:03:26,353 --> 00:03:30,941
As a child he loved not color films
or escapist musicals,
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00:03:30,966 --> 00:03:34,891
but this British film,
Laurence Olivier's Hamlet.
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00:03:37,416 --> 00:03:39,347
He loved the way
the camera tracked
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00:03:39,372 --> 00:03:44,076
through the mysterious spaces
of the castle, and its claustrophobia.
65
00:03:44,101 --> 00:03:46,833
Castles would recur
in his own work.
66
00:03:49,465 --> 00:03:52,374
Polanski's first feature film,
Knife in the Water
[Nóz w wodzie],
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00:03:52,399 --> 00:03:55,543
is one of the most
claustrophobic ever made.
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00:03:56,092 --> 00:03:59,474
We're on a small boat,
on the right is a husband,
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00:03:59,500 --> 00:04:03,583
who owns the boat,
swimming in the distance is his wife.
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00:04:03,609 --> 00:04:05,817
Very deep focus photography.
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00:04:06,289 --> 00:04:10,109
On the left is a student
they've invited onto their boat,
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00:04:10,136 --> 00:04:13,903
the wife fancies the student,
a love triangle.
73
00:04:13,905 --> 00:04:17,333
The husband's arm
literally forms a triangle.
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00:04:18,032 --> 00:04:21,919
The husband resents the student,
the student knows this
75
00:04:21,944 --> 00:04:27,414
and plays power games,
the humiliation of getting too close.
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00:04:42,254 --> 00:04:45,394
Unlike most Polish films of the time,
Knife in the Water
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00:04:45,419 --> 00:04:49,517
didn't deal with war,
a sign that society and history
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00:04:49,543 --> 00:04:55,464
would be less interesting for Polanski
than, in this case, the human triangle.
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00:04:56,743 --> 00:04:59,533
Knife in the Water
was called "art for art's sake."
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00:04:59,558 --> 00:05:02,181
The very definition of modernism
81
00:05:02,206 --> 00:05:06,493
and was condemned by the authorities
because it wasn't social enough.
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00:05:07,108 --> 00:05:13,061
And so Polanski left social realist Poland
and took his modernism with him.
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00:05:13,086 --> 00:05:20,223
In 1967, Polanski released this gorgeous
spoof horror movie, one of his best films.
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00:05:20,248 --> 00:05:24,337
As you can see, it's set
in a winter wonderland, shot in a studio.
85
00:05:24,363 --> 00:05:26,835
Again, cut off from society.
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00:05:26,860 --> 00:05:31,148
A beautiful widescreen vision
of Jewish, middle Europe.
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00:05:31,173 --> 00:05:36,687
Like a Mark Chagall painting.
Polanski here plays a dopey apprentice.
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00:05:36,712 --> 00:05:42,275
Opposite him, his producer cast
a beautiful young actress, Sharon Tate.
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00:05:42,300 --> 00:05:47,013
She and Polanski took LSD together,
fell in love, and conceived a child.
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00:05:47,038 --> 00:05:51,314
They set up home in Hollywood,
Polanski's dream would soon end.
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00:05:51,339 --> 00:05:56,793
His wife, unborn child, and friends
were murdered by the Manson family.
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00:05:58,564 --> 00:06:00,490
If Polanski had taken a train
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00:06:00,515 --> 00:06:04,502
south from Poland to Czechoslavakia
in the late '50s and '60s,
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00:06:04,527 --> 00:06:08,320
he'd have come across a movie world
not a million miles away from his own.
95
00:06:10,586 --> 00:06:17,138
Czechoslovakian cinema was, in these days,
specializing in animation and puppetry.
96
00:06:17,163 --> 00:06:21,324
Jiri Trnka was its figurehead.
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00:06:21,349 --> 00:06:24,399
Trnka's famous 1965 film,
The Hand [Ruka],
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00:06:24,425 --> 00:06:28,824
is one of the most hauntingly
symbolic movies in the story of film.
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00:06:30,088 --> 00:06:34,242
A fun loving little man
is disturbed in his home by a hand,
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00:06:34,267 --> 00:06:39,126
Trnka uses live action for the hand
but stop motion for the man.
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00:06:39,151 --> 00:06:41,540
The hand sends him a TV set,
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00:06:41,566 --> 00:06:46,083
a reminder of Douglas Sirk's film
All that heaven allows.
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00:06:51,046 --> 00:06:57,038
The TV shows him images of power,
Trnka uses paper cut outs.
104
00:07:05,840 --> 00:07:10,716
The hand indoctrinates the man,
makes him sculpt a giant effigy.
105
00:07:13,920 --> 00:07:16,806
But then he tries
to resist the indoctrination,
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00:07:16,831 --> 00:07:19,584
but his attempts prove fatal.
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00:07:25,310 --> 00:07:29,816
A sound like a bomb and suddenly
we're outside the puppet theatre.
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00:07:36,624 --> 00:07:39,327
Where Trnka's film was
about a haunted life,
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00:07:39,352 --> 00:07:44,750
his fellow Czech, Milos Forman,
saw life as comic, almost absurd.
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00:07:45,291 --> 00:07:49,313
Forman's start in life
was similar to Polanski's.
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00:07:49,338 --> 00:07:53,016
He was Jewish, both parents
were killed by the Nazis,
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00:07:53,041 --> 00:07:54,969
and he was
a film school graduate.
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00:07:55,480 --> 00:07:57,440
Firemen were supposed to be portrayed
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00:07:57,465 --> 00:08:00,655
as heroic public servants
in the communist world,
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00:08:00,680 --> 00:08:03,877
but in Forman's very funny film,
The fireman's Ball,
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00:08:03,902 --> 00:08:09,189
they're incompetent and immature,
clueless like Laurel and Hardy.
117
00:08:09,383 --> 00:08:12,858
They're staging a beauty contest,
but they couldn't organize
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00:08:12,883 --> 00:08:14,470
a piss up in a brewery.
119
00:08:57,094 --> 00:09:01,199
Foreman has his movie filmed without gloss,
almost like a documentary,
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00:09:01,225 --> 00:09:03,050
a Cassavetes film.
121
00:09:07,747 --> 00:09:10,816
The most innovative director in
Czechoslovakia at the time
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00:09:10,841 --> 00:09:12,732
was Vera Chytilová.
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00:09:12,757 --> 00:09:15,684
This is the first scene
in her film Daisies.
[Sedmikrásky]
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00:09:15,709 --> 00:09:20,697
Two women, Marie one and Marie
two, squeak like dolls.
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00:09:33,081 --> 00:09:37,175
It's as if they're puppets being worked
by the hand from Trnka's film.
126
00:09:39,051 --> 00:09:42,076
There are astonishing sequences
like this.
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00:09:45,078 --> 00:09:49,020
Trippy, like the Lumière brothers
on acid.
128
00:09:51,800 --> 00:09:54,716
And then, in a sequence
like this...
129
00:10:01,312 --> 00:10:05,144
We're in the world of pop art,
of Andy Warhol.
130
00:10:06,840 --> 00:10:10,212
The authorities hated
Daisies of course and,
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00:10:10,237 --> 00:10:14,328
after the Soviet Union
clamped down on Czechoslovakia in 1968,
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00:10:14,353 --> 00:10:20,096
Chytilová, because of her modernism,
was banned from working for six years.
133
00:10:22,190 --> 00:10:25,178
In Czechoslovakia's
neighboring country, Hungary,
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00:10:25,203 --> 00:10:29,512
movie making entered its innovative
golden age in the '60s.
135
00:10:31,492 --> 00:10:35,737
Take this early scene in Miklós Jancsó's,
The red and the white.
136
00:10:35,743 --> 00:10:40,665
We're in Russia in 1918,
revolutionaries, reds,
137
00:10:40,691 --> 00:10:43,752
clash with
counter-revolutionaries, whites.
138
00:10:43,760 --> 00:10:46,197
A red soldier hides
behind a bush
139
00:10:46,222 --> 00:10:50,087
as white guards on horseback
capture his friend.
140
00:10:50,303 --> 00:10:55,242
Jancsó shows this in a single,
roving 3-minute shot,
141
00:10:55,268 --> 00:10:58,784
ten camera moves
without a single cut.
142
00:10:58,791 --> 00:11:03,175
Whereas '60s Czech cinema
was interested in lightness and mockery,
143
00:11:03,201 --> 00:11:08,199
Jancsó used the highly planned tracking
shots favored by Mizoguchi in Japan,
144
00:11:08,224 --> 00:11:14,184
or Hitchcock in America, to create tension,
a sense of breath being held.
145
00:11:14,882 --> 00:11:20,026
Like Mizoguchi, he doesn't get close
to his characters' faces.
146
00:11:20,028 --> 00:11:22,449
The detached control
of Jancsó's camera
147
00:11:22,474 --> 00:11:26,793
is like the detached control
of the white infantrymen.
148
00:11:27,237 --> 00:11:31,494
Form echoing content,
a very modern idea.
149
00:11:33,759 --> 00:11:36,646
At the end of the film,
this happens.
150
00:11:36,671 --> 00:11:41,285
Finally, a near close-up,
a soldier looks to camera.
151
00:11:47,666 --> 00:11:54,121
Humanity at last crashes into Jancsó's
icy universe of control and despair.
152
00:11:54,959 --> 00:11:59,477
No one in the story of film used
long takes better to evoke suffering.
153
00:12:00,836 --> 00:12:04,771
The influence of Jancsó
on the '90s Hungarian director,
154
00:12:04,796 --> 00:12:07,452
Bela Tarr, was profound.
155
00:12:11,289 --> 00:12:15,179
And then we get
to the Soviet Union itself in the '60s.
156
00:12:15,181 --> 00:12:19,322
Its socialist dreams
had been calcified or turned to kitsch.
157
00:12:22,015 --> 00:12:25,267
But even here, filmmakers managed
to be highly personal
158
00:12:25,292 --> 00:12:27,463
and push the boundaries
of the medium.
159
00:12:27,488 --> 00:12:31,910
This is the greatest Soviet director
of these times, Andrei Tarkovsky.
160
00:12:33,267 --> 00:12:35,583
Loving the moment
of lining up a shot,
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00:12:35,608 --> 00:12:40,313
filmed with the sort of tracking camera
that he himself often used.
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00:12:43,227 --> 00:12:45,870
He taught this man,
Alexandr Sokurov,
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00:12:45,895 --> 00:12:49,216
the greatest Russian director
of modern times.
164
00:12:52,800 --> 00:12:55,169
The essence of Tarkovsky's innovation
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00:12:55,194 --> 00:12:58,921
is that in a materialist
society like the Soviet Union,
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00:12:58,946 --> 00:13:02,100
he made films
about non-material things.
167
00:13:02,125 --> 00:13:05,906
The elevation of the human soul,
transcendence.
168
00:13:06,741 --> 00:13:12,724
Look at the very opening of his early
film, Andrei Rublev, the year 1400.
169
00:13:12,748 --> 00:13:17,535
We're in a bell tower,
a peasant ties himself to something.
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00:13:17,561 --> 00:13:20,154
Crisp black and white
photography.
171
00:13:26,246 --> 00:13:29,055
A balloon made of skins.
172
00:13:32,434 --> 00:13:35,782
It takes off and we look down.
173
00:13:35,807 --> 00:13:39,494
The wide angle lens makes
the perspective plunge,
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00:13:39,519 --> 00:13:41,474
ballooning space.
175
00:13:43,394 --> 00:13:47,023
Tarkovsky's cinema
has taken off.
176
00:13:51,066 --> 00:13:55,320
The film was banned for 6 years
because it was religious.
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00:13:57,927 --> 00:14:01,597
This is the camera
that Andrei Rublev was shot with.
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00:14:03,141 --> 00:14:07,551
Tarkovsky's movies would be
about the human spirit soaring from now on.
179
00:14:09,122 --> 00:14:14,038
In The Mirror [Zerkalo], as a man dies,
a bird flies from his hand,
180
00:14:14,063 --> 00:14:18,169
like the Christian idea
of the holy ghost.
181
00:14:26,594 --> 00:14:29,790
The astonishing endings
of his films show
182
00:14:29,814 --> 00:14:34,281
that they are what he called:
"Directors of the absolute."
183
00:14:34,307 --> 00:14:36,499
Have you ever seen
anything like this ending
184
00:14:36,524 --> 00:14:38,607
of Tarkovsky's film Stalker?
185
00:14:39,877 --> 00:14:45,714
For more than two hours we've followed
three men to a numinous place: The zone.
186
00:14:45,739 --> 00:14:49,302
Then we meet this girl,
the daughter of one of the men.
187
00:14:50,121 --> 00:14:53,009
There's steam
from hot water in a glass.
188
00:14:54,849 --> 00:14:59,975
The camera creeps backwards,
the colors are muted sepia.
189
00:15:00,000 --> 00:15:03,236
Dandelion seeds float
in the air.
190
00:15:03,261 --> 00:15:09,047
We hear a train...
191
00:15:09,073 --> 00:15:11,170
and then suddenly this.
192
00:15:24,003 --> 00:15:25,777
A kind of miracle.
193
00:15:25,803 --> 00:15:28,325
An off-screen dog yelps
194
00:15:28,350 --> 00:15:31,666
as if it's been scared
by the ghostly event.
195
00:15:44,912 --> 00:15:48,412
Is the girl moving the glass
with her mind?
196
00:15:51,790 --> 00:15:55,813
If so, the train's vibrations
shake the glass too.
197
00:15:55,815 --> 00:16:02,288
So the physical and the metaphysical
combine, an exaltation.
198
00:16:16,246 --> 00:16:20,034
And then there's the ending
of Tarkovsky's film Nostalghia.
199
00:16:20,037 --> 00:16:21,854
We've followed
this man and his dog
200
00:16:21,879 --> 00:16:24,452
throughout the film
and seen his house,
201
00:16:24,477 --> 00:16:26,284
which is in the background.
202
00:16:26,309 --> 00:16:29,294
The camera pulls out
and we see reflections
203
00:16:29,319 --> 00:16:31,157
in the pool in the foreground.
204
00:16:36,657 --> 00:16:40,480
Only gradually do we see
what is reflected.
205
00:16:52,100 --> 00:16:53,892
A ruined cathedral.
206
00:16:53,917 --> 00:16:57,705
The whole world of the story
seems to be contained in it.
207
00:17:26,127 --> 00:17:29,998
And then it snows.
Rapture.
208
00:17:30,561 --> 00:17:36,463
Not so much modern as ancient,
but startlingly new in cinema.
209
00:17:38,947 --> 00:17:41,474
Tarkovsky wrote
that imagery contains
210
00:17:41,499 --> 00:17:46,427
"an awareness of the infinite,
the spiritual within matter."
211
00:17:46,806 --> 00:17:50,835
Carl Theodore Dryer and Robert Bresson
would have agreed,
212
00:17:50,860 --> 00:17:54,606
but neither
produced imagery this remarkable.
213
00:18:02,498 --> 00:18:06,911
Another Soviet director,
even more against his times suffered
214
00:18:06,937 --> 00:18:10,950
more than any other filmmaker
in the story of film so far.
215
00:18:11,255 --> 00:18:14,975
Sergei Parajanov loved the
music, painting, and folklore
216
00:18:15,000 --> 00:18:18,114
of the times
before the Soviet Union.
217
00:18:19,848 --> 00:18:23,555
His sixth film
Shadows of our forgotten Ancestors
[Tini zabutykh predkiv]
218
00:18:23,580 --> 00:18:25,684
shows that Parajanov also adored
219
00:18:25,709 --> 00:18:30,549
the poetic cinema of '20s master
Alexander Dovzhenko.
220
00:18:32,188 --> 00:18:38,393
The film begins with this breathtaking
point of view shot of a falling tree.
221
00:18:47,098 --> 00:18:51,748
Later, there's this shot
from under a Daisy, looking up.
222
00:18:56,930 --> 00:19:00,188
Paradajanov's camera
is seldom at eye level.
223
00:19:04,209 --> 00:19:08,266
No filmmaker since Orson Welles
used foreground more.
224
00:19:09,531 --> 00:19:12,824
The story of the film
is like Romeo and Juliet.
225
00:19:14,187 --> 00:19:17,780
Here Parajanov films
the lovers from under water.
226
00:19:17,805 --> 00:19:21,513
Then we go
to this amazing dream sequence.
227
00:19:25,324 --> 00:19:29,870
The girl seems to have died.
We're in this silver forest.
228
00:19:29,895 --> 00:19:32,948
The lovers are searching
for each other.
229
00:19:32,972 --> 00:19:36,983
They float as if they're mounted
on the camera.
230
00:19:37,010 --> 00:19:43,145
Their faces painted the color of the trees,
like they're spirits of the forest.
231
00:19:48,407 --> 00:19:51,068
Not since Fellini
or even Jean Cocteau
232
00:19:51,093 --> 00:19:56,751
has such a magical and personal visual world
been created in cinema.
233
00:19:58,703 --> 00:20:03,787
"After I made this film,
tragedy struck," said Parajanov.
234
00:20:03,812 --> 00:20:08,797
Shadows of our forgotten Ancestors was
everything the Soviet realists hated.
235
00:20:08,822 --> 00:20:13,276
Personal, sexual, in their word:
decadent.
236
00:20:14,361 --> 00:20:19,118
Parajanov, who's directing on set here
like he's conducting an orchestra,
237
00:20:19,149 --> 00:20:24,198
was imprisoned on charges of incitement
to suicide and homosexuality.
238
00:20:25,789 --> 00:20:30,701
Filmmakers around the world protested
and he was released 4 years later.
239
00:20:36,271 --> 00:20:42,390
It's already clear then that the new waves,
modern cinema in the '60s, took many forms.
240
00:20:42,415 --> 00:20:47,086
Personal, self-aware, comic,
spiritual.
241
00:20:51,286 --> 00:20:56,136
Here in Japan in the '60s,
modernism was in angry mode,
242
00:20:56,161 --> 00:20:58,385
furious, in fact.
243
00:21:00,175 --> 00:21:05,704
Since the defeat in World War II,
Japanese movies had been mostly sociological.
244
00:21:07,053 --> 00:21:10,073
About trauma and humiliation.
245
00:21:14,601 --> 00:21:19,960
But then came this man,
Nagisa Ôshima.
246
00:21:23,358 --> 00:21:26,442
This is Ôshima's film, Boy.
[Shônen]
247
00:21:26,444 --> 00:21:29,797
A composition
using the full widescreen.
248
00:21:29,799 --> 00:21:33,285
On the extreme left
stands a 10-year-old boy.
249
00:21:33,311 --> 00:21:36,649
On the right in blue,
is his stepmother.
250
00:21:38,548 --> 00:21:42,751
She seems worried
that he'll get hurt crossing the road.
251
00:21:42,776 --> 00:21:47,972
But she's not worried,
because they're about to fake an accident.
252
00:22:03,602 --> 00:22:07,092
The boy pretends
to get run over.
253
00:22:07,117 --> 00:22:09,932
His step-mum
blackmails the driver.
254
00:22:12,832 --> 00:22:17,931
Oshima's showing
us the cynicism of modern Japan, its greed.
255
00:22:23,501 --> 00:22:26,552
Despite its bleak view of life,
Boy was a hit,
256
00:22:26,577 --> 00:22:31,008
and the profits funded
another even more bitter Ôshima film,
257
00:22:31,034 --> 00:22:33,985
this one,
In the Realm of the Senses.
[Ai no korîda]
258
00:22:34,447 --> 00:22:37,755
The film, based on a true story,
starts gently,
259
00:22:37,780 --> 00:22:39,919
almost like a Mizoguchi movie.
260
00:22:40,489 --> 00:22:43,717
It's about a geisha
and is set in the 1930s.
261
00:22:43,742 --> 00:22:49,980
But within minutes this happens,
an old man humiliated by kids,
262
00:22:50,005 --> 00:22:54,234
poked at intimately
with the Japanese flag.
263
00:23:05,857 --> 00:23:10,117
A provocation against
Japanese propriety, modesty,
264
00:23:10,142 --> 00:23:14,486
what's left of its nationalism
and respect for elders.
265
00:23:15,023 --> 00:23:22,413
The geisha becomes obsessed by a client,
and, finally, castrates and strangles him.
266
00:23:22,438 --> 00:23:28,341
Blood red imagery and near silence
make the strangulation haunting.
267
00:23:51,677 --> 00:23:56,414
In real life, the woman served
just 5 years for second-degree murder.
268
00:23:56,439 --> 00:24:03,716
This is her, Abe Sade,
nodding respectfully in the Japanese way.
269
00:24:04,881 --> 00:24:07,136
Conservatively dressed.
270
00:24:08,100 --> 00:24:10,961
Oshima saw her
not so much as a feminist martyr
271
00:24:10,986 --> 00:24:14,192
as someone whose unglamorous story
blew apart
272
00:24:14,217 --> 00:24:17,513
the mystique of geishas,
and of Japan.
273
00:24:19,640 --> 00:24:24,400
But this man was even bolder
in his portrayal of women and modern Japan.
274
00:24:24,407 --> 00:24:28,537
Shôhei Imamura worked
with the world's most serene filmmaker,
275
00:24:28,562 --> 00:24:30,932
Yasujiro Ozu,
276
00:24:30,958 --> 00:24:34,599
but came out of that apprenticeship
like a bullet out of a gun.
277
00:24:35,974 --> 00:24:40,181
This documentary frames him,
as he often framed his films,
278
00:24:40,206 --> 00:24:42,766
in a window,
without a focus edges.
279
00:24:42,924 --> 00:24:47,652
A woman cuts his hair,
his films are often about women.
280
00:24:49,011 --> 00:24:52,853
In this opening scene
from one of Imamura's early masterpieces,
281
00:24:52,854 --> 00:24:56,222
The insect woman [Nippon konchûk],
he films this insect
282
00:24:56,248 --> 00:25:02,945
as a no nonsense metaphor for human beings,
struggling over life's rough terrain.
283
00:25:05,488 --> 00:25:11,958
Then he cuts to a woman, Tome,
in Japan in the 1910s, struggling too.
284
00:25:11,983 --> 00:25:17,226
She's raped, and has a daughter,
works on the farm with her father.
285
00:25:17,251 --> 00:25:20,941
Even, in this scene,
suckles the father.
286
00:25:22,307 --> 00:25:26,291
Imamura the rebel
would have loved the shock of this moment.
287
00:25:29,475 --> 00:25:34,090
Tome leaves the child with her father,
then goes to work in a factory.
288
00:25:34,115 --> 00:25:41,038
Imamura and the cameraman, Shinsaku Himeda,
used this widescreen space exquisitely.
289
00:25:41,063 --> 00:25:42,356
Look at this scene.
290
00:25:42,381 --> 00:25:48,957
The foreground out of focus looms,
create a deep space in focus window.
291
00:25:48,982 --> 00:25:56,179
An image as confident, as dynamic, as this
one in Orson Welles's Citizen Kane.
292
00:25:57,907 --> 00:26:02,250
Again a key character
framed in the far distance.
293
00:26:05,651 --> 00:26:08,670
Then, Tome becomes housemaid
for a Japanese woman
294
00:26:08,695 --> 00:26:12,309
who's had a child
with an American GI.
295
00:26:12,334 --> 00:26:15,665
In this scene, the child's
in the background, out of focus,
296
00:26:15,690 --> 00:26:17,491
Tome's in focus.
297
00:26:17,516 --> 00:26:20,829
We hear the woman
and the American making love.
298
00:26:26,071 --> 00:26:28,704
Tome's distracted by this.
299
00:26:28,729 --> 00:26:30,220
But look at the child.
300
00:26:30,249 --> 00:26:33,616
She suddenly spills boiling food
over herself.
301
00:26:34,277 --> 00:26:37,864
Imamura stages the scene
in just two shots.
302
00:26:37,889 --> 00:26:41,182
The second is even better
than the first.
303
00:26:41,207 --> 00:26:43,991
The flame in the foreground,
its heat shimmer.
304
00:26:44,016 --> 00:26:46,136
Parts of the scalded child.
305
00:26:46,560 --> 00:26:50,951
Economic storytelling,
brilliant use of widescreen.
306
00:26:55,510 --> 00:27:01,402
But if you think Tome is tough as old boots,
meet this woman, madame Omboro.
307
00:27:01,427 --> 00:27:03,709
She's a bar hostess.
308
00:27:03,734 --> 00:27:06,990
Imamura made
this brilliant documentary about her.
309
00:27:07,015 --> 00:27:11,177
Here he interviews her in an airport
as she's about to fly to America
310
00:27:11,202 --> 00:27:13,781
with her new GI husband
and child.
311
00:27:14,374 --> 00:27:18,086
She's astonishingly frank.
312
00:27:47,344 --> 00:27:50,594
And then we realize that her
husband's just over her shoulder,
313
00:27:50,619 --> 00:27:52,396
sitting at the bar.
314
00:27:55,014 --> 00:27:57,555
Imamura loved women like Omboro.
315
00:27:57,557 --> 00:28:00,803
He said that the gutsy themes
of his films are,
316
00:28:00,828 --> 00:28:05,984
"the lower part of the human body
and the lower part of the social structure,"
317
00:28:06,011 --> 00:28:08,958
i.e. sex and class.
318
00:28:13,258 --> 00:28:16,477
If madame Omboro had taken
her plane to India in the '60s,
319
00:28:16,479 --> 00:28:20,863
rather than America, she would have found
filmmakers as radical as Ôshima
320
00:28:20,889 --> 00:28:24,514
and Imamura, but even more
modern and determined
321
00:28:24,540 --> 00:28:26,769
to challenge film language.
322
00:28:27,650 --> 00:28:33,382
The greatest Indian director of the late
'50s and '60s was this man, Ritwik Ghatak.
323
00:28:33,388 --> 00:28:37,299
Passionate, drunken,
wildly talented.
324
00:28:37,324 --> 00:28:41,988
He inspired a generation of filmmakers,
including this one, Mani Kaul.
325
00:28:44,122 --> 00:28:49,601
This scene in Ghatak's, Ajantrik, shows
the first thing we notice about his movies.
326
00:28:49,626 --> 00:28:56,394
Their heightened emotions,
a little boy playing with a car horn.
327
00:28:57,903 --> 00:29:00,725
Lovely framing, natural light.
328
00:29:00,750 --> 00:29:02,280
Cut to a man in close up,
329
00:29:02,305 --> 00:29:07,533
moved to tears because the horn
is all that's left of his beloved old car,
330
00:29:07,559 --> 00:29:11,930
his taxi, his income
that he had for decades.
331
00:29:11,955 --> 00:29:14,637
We see the realization
on the man's face
332
00:29:14,662 --> 00:29:18,676
that life goes on and at least
the child is getting pleasure
333
00:29:18,701 --> 00:29:21,327
from the fragment of his car.
334
00:29:23,763 --> 00:29:26,173
A classic Indian melodrama.
335
00:29:26,700 --> 00:29:30,937
Well, I couldn't reconcile
with the melodrama of his work.
336
00:29:30,962 --> 00:29:34,616
Only slowly I understood, you know,
like, at the end of his life
337
00:29:34,642 --> 00:29:36,459
I think I began to understand.
338
00:29:36,484 --> 00:29:39,743
What he did,
and people don't realize that, you know,
339
00:29:39,769 --> 00:29:43,393
I think, is that he opened
that idea of melodrama
340
00:29:43,418 --> 00:29:46,318
to the pain of history, you know?
341
00:29:46,961 --> 00:29:51,341
Kaul means that Ghatak's melodramas
weren't just about personal emotions.
342
00:29:51,367 --> 00:29:53,556
They were about the emotions
of history.
343
00:29:53,581 --> 00:29:56,944
For Ghatak, the great emotion
in recent Indian history
344
00:29:56,969 --> 00:30:01,302
was the partition of the country
in which 1/2 million died
345
00:30:01,327 --> 00:30:04,230
and 15 million
were forced to move.
346
00:30:04,255 --> 00:30:07,077
He called it India's original sin.
347
00:30:08,068 --> 00:30:11,266
This film was
about that original sin.
348
00:30:11,291 --> 00:30:15,253
We start with this splendid shot
of a majestic Avenue of trees,
349
00:30:15,278 --> 00:30:18,632
as old as history,
filmed at dawn.
350
00:30:18,657 --> 00:30:22,906
Our lead character, Nita,
walks from them to us.
351
00:30:22,931 --> 00:30:27,207
She's from a refugee Bengali family,
forced by partition,
352
00:30:27,233 --> 00:30:29,961
to live on the outskirts
of Calcutta.
353
00:30:29,987 --> 00:30:32,384
She tries to hold
her family together.
354
00:30:32,409 --> 00:30:34,042
Cut to this shot.
355
00:30:34,067 --> 00:30:38,283
This is her ineffectual brother
who just sits around and sings.
356
00:30:38,308 --> 00:30:41,880
But in the background
of this brilliant widescreen composition
357
00:30:41,905 --> 00:30:47,688
a train passes, as misty as the tree,
beautiful in its way,
358
00:30:47,714 --> 00:30:51,548
but slicing through
the horizon like a knife.
359
00:30:51,574 --> 00:30:56,204
Ghatak's visionary film showed
the family sliced by history.
360
00:30:58,556 --> 00:31:01,515
And Ghatak wasn't only daring
with the story,
361
00:31:01,540 --> 00:31:05,569
he was wildly experimental
in his use of sound.
362
00:31:05,594 --> 00:31:10,486
Here he acts in Jukti, Takko Aar Gappo,
and distorts the sound
363
00:31:10,511 --> 00:31:13,137
as if the film is
a Sci-Fi movie.
364
00:31:24,586 --> 00:31:29,458
He was very impressed by the statement
on sound made by...
365
00:31:29,484 --> 00:31:30,532
and who's the third one?
366
00:31:30,866 --> 00:31:34,129
...that the counter point...
with sound, you know,
367
00:31:34,154 --> 00:31:35,418
the counter point, you know?
368
00:31:36,393 --> 00:31:41,055
As much as he was, you know,
in calculating a new kind of cinema,
369
00:31:41,080 --> 00:31:46,662
he was also very forcefully condemning,
you know, the commercial work here.
370
00:31:46,687 --> 00:31:51,473
The kind of work which is just
very disinterested and decadent for him.
371
00:31:56,864 --> 00:32:01,437
In the mid-'60s, Mani Kaul himself
became a modernist filmmaker.
372
00:32:03,070 --> 00:32:07,028
This is his great experimental film,
Uski Roti.
373
00:32:07,029 --> 00:32:10,852
The man is about to throw
a stone at a guava in a tree
374
00:32:10,878 --> 00:32:14,411
to make it fall,
so that he can give it to his woman.
375
00:32:14,436 --> 00:32:17,731
But look at the way Mani Kaul
paces the action.
376
00:32:23,712 --> 00:32:25,318
He throws.
377
00:32:25,343 --> 00:32:29,102
One, two, three.
378
00:32:29,127 --> 00:32:33,456
One, two, three, four.
379
00:32:33,481 --> 00:32:37,094
One, two, three, four.
380
00:32:40,406 --> 00:32:44,845
Not exactly the rapid fall
of Isaac Newton's apple.
381
00:32:46,910 --> 00:32:49,430
I always felt like Godard
was making films
382
00:32:49,455 --> 00:32:52,756
that are like faster than I am experiencing
in normal life
383
00:32:52,781 --> 00:32:55,734
and I needed to go slower
than that, you know?
384
00:32:55,759 --> 00:32:58,161
I just needed to go slower.
385
00:32:58,186 --> 00:33:00,256
I suppose I set a static goer
386
00:33:00,282 --> 00:33:02,353
on a static table,
and the camera is static
387
00:33:02,378 --> 00:33:04,773
and the only thing
that is functioning there is time.
388
00:33:05,409 --> 00:33:09,889
The moment there is a movement,
the idea of time is alienated.
389
00:33:09,914 --> 00:33:13,437
So this whole idea of long take,
or evoking time,
390
00:33:13,462 --> 00:33:17,940
disjointed and everything,
coincides with the idea of waiting.
391
00:33:19,198 --> 00:33:23,195
And in waiting, of course,
the whole world is created mentally,
392
00:33:23,221 --> 00:33:26,457
you know, like as you wait,
you create a whole world.
393
00:33:26,482 --> 00:33:29,519
What is known
as self in our philosophy, in a way,
394
00:33:29,544 --> 00:33:32,408
not as self as understood in psychology,
395
00:33:32,433 --> 00:33:36,304
it's something
that the mind cannot perceive, you know.
396
00:33:36,981 --> 00:33:44,515
And the Upanishads in all, ...,
in a different way.
397
00:33:44,521 --> 00:33:52,882
There is... The self is described
as indescribable, unreachable, unknowable.
398
00:33:52,908 --> 00:33:55,151
Unavailable defenses.
399
00:33:55,176 --> 00:33:59,954
So it was never experienced,
but it's always there.
400
00:33:59,979 --> 00:34:04,712
This affects very deeply
the question of art, you know.
401
00:34:04,737 --> 00:34:11,767
That you really cannot make that self
as a subject, you know, of filmmaking.
402
00:34:11,793 --> 00:34:14,941
It is in fact, the one
who's making the film, you know.
403
00:34:16,838 --> 00:34:20,321
And Kaul's Indian idea
that the person making the film
404
00:34:20,346 --> 00:34:25,482
is the subject of the film,
is the very definition of modernism.
405
00:34:28,690 --> 00:34:33,500
And like the turning of the earth,
the modern new waves kept on coming.
406
00:34:34,884 --> 00:34:40,063
In Brazil in the '60s,
film was at its most inventive yet.
407
00:34:42,000 --> 00:34:45,670
The most innovative movie
in what became known as "cinema novo"
408
00:34:45,695 --> 00:34:51,608
was directed by the writer and theoretician,
Glauber Rocha, when he was just 25.
409
00:34:51,633 --> 00:34:54,560
Here's the climax of the film,
410
00:34:54,585 --> 00:34:58,567
this cowboy has killed
his greedy, exploitative boss.
411
00:34:58,592 --> 00:35:01,218
As a result,
he's become an outlaw.
412
00:35:01,243 --> 00:35:04,842
Rocha filmed in the intense heat
of the pure, northeast of Brazil,
413
00:35:04,867 --> 00:35:06,240
where he was born.
414
00:35:06,819 --> 00:35:12,315
This is the cowboy's wife,
she turns in bewilderment and despair.
415
00:35:12,340 --> 00:35:16,824
The opposite of the happy
dancing characters in the musical carnival films
416
00:35:16,849 --> 00:35:20,534
of Brazil's commercial
movie industry.
417
00:35:20,559 --> 00:35:25,057
The cowboy and his woman follow
a strange, black Christian preacher
418
00:35:25,082 --> 00:35:27,772
who preaches revolution.
419
00:35:27,797 --> 00:35:31,715
They follow the preacher,
praising the promised land.
420
00:35:34,694 --> 00:35:37,574
Suddenly, the preacher's
followers are shot.
421
00:35:37,599 --> 00:35:40,416
The scene's edited
like an Eisenstein movie.
422
00:35:46,333 --> 00:35:51,406
The killer is Antonio das Mortes,
a symbol of vengeance.
423
00:35:56,401 --> 00:36:03,626
And at the end, a troubadour sings:
a world badly divided cannot produce good.
424
00:36:03,651 --> 00:36:08,245
The earth belongs to man,
not god or devil.
425
00:36:08,270 --> 00:36:12,790
Rocha wrote that, "violence is normal
when people are starving."
426
00:36:13,929 --> 00:36:17,275
He'd find a way of combining
innovative film style
427
00:36:17,300 --> 00:36:20,279
with fiercely,
anti-colonialist ideas.
428
00:36:20,704 --> 00:36:25,207
Cinema novo inspired filmmakers
throughout the third world.
429
00:36:28,193 --> 00:36:30,927
One of those places
was the island of Cuba.
430
00:36:30,952 --> 00:36:38,896
It had a revolution in 1959, after which,
its films hummed with fervor and form.
431
00:36:38,921 --> 00:36:42,197
This is the film I am Cuba,
and was actually rejected
432
00:36:42,222 --> 00:36:44,173
by many Cuban filmmakers.
433
00:36:44,198 --> 00:36:48,229
A student revolutionary has been
killed by the right-wing authorities.
434
00:36:48,909 --> 00:36:51,319
The camera seems to levitate.
435
00:36:51,344 --> 00:36:56,017
Wide angle lens, handheld,
beautiful exposure, slow motion.
436
00:36:58,870 --> 00:37:01,962
It's a prayer
for the dead student.
437
00:37:01,987 --> 00:37:05,915
The camera climbs a building,
a crane shot so beautiful,
438
00:37:05,940 --> 00:37:10,603
that in the '90s, after years
of I am Cuba being forgotten in America,
439
00:37:10,629 --> 00:37:13,212
it was shown
at the Telluride film festival,
440
00:37:13,237 --> 00:37:16,020
impressed Martin Scorsese
and Francis Coppola,
441
00:37:16,045 --> 00:37:17,549
and was re-released.
442
00:37:18,126 --> 00:37:23,854
But then the camera crosses the street,
still no cut.
443
00:37:33,207 --> 00:37:35,400
It moves to the end
of this room.
444
00:37:35,459 --> 00:37:42,713
A flag's unfurled
and we glimpse two wires in the sky.
445
00:37:42,739 --> 00:37:47,663
The camera is attached to those wires,
then floats out, over the funeral,
446
00:37:47,688 --> 00:37:50,641
down the canyon
of a Havana street.
447
00:37:50,827 --> 00:37:55,121
Where Brazilian films of the '60s
often used pared down minimalism
448
00:37:55,146 --> 00:38:00,078
to express their anger in politics,
this Russian Cuban film believes
449
00:38:00,103 --> 00:38:03,465
that the beauty of a shot like this,
a camera on wings,
450
00:38:03,491 --> 00:38:06,814
the soul of a dead student,
will make the idea
451
00:38:06,839 --> 00:38:09,410
of the revolution, itself,
beautiful.
452
00:38:18,049 --> 00:38:19,958
And if we now move
to the middle east,
453
00:38:19,983 --> 00:38:23,921
we find that '60s modern cinema
became richer still.
454
00:38:25,750 --> 00:38:31,687
In Iran, revolution wouldn't come
until 1979, and then problematically.
455
00:38:31,712 --> 00:38:38,585
But in 1962, its first great film was made,
and its director was a woman.
456
00:38:38,610 --> 00:38:44,464
Iran's the only country in the world where
the founding film-make father is a mother.
457
00:38:47,553 --> 00:38:50,635
We're in a colony
of people with leprosy.
458
00:38:50,660 --> 00:38:54,483
Director Forugh Farrokhzad,
who was 27 when she made the film,
459
00:38:54,508 --> 00:38:56,673
shot in black and white.
460
00:38:58,362 --> 00:39:01,588
What still amazes
is the film's sincerity.
461
00:39:01,588 --> 00:39:05,106
Its attempt to move
beyond simple description.
462
00:39:05,131 --> 00:39:09,117
The people in the film
are thankful for their lives.
463
00:39:18,604 --> 00:39:21,466
And look at Farrokhzad's
filmmaking techniques.
464
00:39:21,491 --> 00:39:25,086
The little girl's wheelbarrow ride
is intercut with scenes
465
00:39:25,112 --> 00:39:26,770
from the lives of the people.
466
00:39:37,127 --> 00:39:41,908
Then the squeak of the wheel
seems to compel the editing to speed up.
467
00:39:45,936 --> 00:39:52,027
This isn't impressionism
or expressionism or Soviet, 1+1=3.
468
00:39:52,052 --> 00:39:57,394
It's a shot as a unit of poetry
rhyming with another shot.
469
00:39:57,419 --> 00:40:00,688
The movement of the wheelbarrow
rhymes with the apparent movement
470
00:40:00,713 --> 00:40:03,484
of the reflection on water.
471
00:40:06,945 --> 00:40:11,577
Farough died in a car accident
aged just 32.
472
00:40:11,602 --> 00:40:16,292
This glimpse of her captures her flare,
how '60s she was.
473
00:40:16,317 --> 00:40:19,267
As we'll see, her film
was a huge influence
474
00:40:19,292 --> 00:40:23,672
on this great Iranian director of the '90s,
Samira Makhmalbaf.
475
00:40:32,279 --> 00:40:34,598
Four years after
The house is black,
476
00:40:34,623 --> 00:40:38,450
another country started
filming itself innovatively.
477
00:40:39,371 --> 00:40:43,854
Senegal in West Africa
had been colonized by the French.
478
00:40:44,505 --> 00:40:50,743
When it became independent in 1960,
its first president, the poet Leopold Senghor,
479
00:40:50,768 --> 00:40:53,022
funded culture heavily.
480
00:40:53,629 --> 00:40:57,683
Out of this moment came black Africa's
first innovative feature film,
481
00:40:57,708 --> 00:40:59,257
the Black Girl.
482
00:40:59,936 --> 00:41:03,902
It's about a young black woman
who works for this white French family,
483
00:41:03,927 --> 00:41:05,602
looking after their kids.
484
00:41:06,477 --> 00:41:10,084
She gives the family
an African mask as a present.
485
00:41:12,651 --> 00:41:16,968
She's impressed by luxuries
like a sprinkler to water the garden.
486
00:41:19,025 --> 00:41:23,440
Sembene filmed in rich parts of Dakar,
Senegal's capital.
487
00:41:25,396 --> 00:41:29,601
Sembene himself had been a bricklayer,
studied film in Moscow,
488
00:41:29,626 --> 00:41:31,511
joined the communist party.
489
00:41:31,588 --> 00:41:34,836
So his film cares about work,
its dignity.
490
00:41:37,644 --> 00:41:41,525
In France with the family,
the girl's work becomes drudgery.
491
00:41:41,550 --> 00:41:44,969
She's treated as a slave.
492
00:41:44,995 --> 00:41:49,214
Finally, unable to cope,
the girl commits suicide.
493
00:41:49,239 --> 00:41:54,500
The scene is starkly black and white,
almost like '60s pop art.
494
00:41:59,035 --> 00:42:02,944
Shaken and guilty,
the French husband returns the mask
495
00:42:02,970 --> 00:42:05,955
to the poor part of Dakar
where the girl lived.
496
00:42:08,420 --> 00:42:11,260
The girl's younger brother
follows the man.
497
00:42:11,285 --> 00:42:15,102
Sembene films simply,
like a John Ford western.
498
00:42:25,081 --> 00:42:27,501
The boy is haunting.
499
00:42:31,831 --> 00:42:37,255
The mask, a gift in the spirit of hope,
has become a death mask,
500
00:42:37,281 --> 00:42:40,570
a guilt mask, a weapon.
501
00:42:45,769 --> 00:42:50,612
Decolonization asked the question:
What sort of films do we,
502
00:42:50,637 --> 00:42:53,058
black Africans, want to make?
503
00:42:53,083 --> 00:42:58,622
Sembene's answer is this:
Contemporary films, about modern society,
504
00:42:58,648 --> 00:43:04,531
in which Marxism and gender are linked,
and which are laced with symbols.
505
00:43:04,556 --> 00:43:07,486
As we'll see, Sembene,
the founding father
506
00:43:07,511 --> 00:43:11,495
of black African cinema,
inspired the great African films
507
00:43:11,495 --> 00:43:14,092
of the '70s and since.
508
00:43:19,025 --> 00:43:24,066
And even in the English speaking world
in the '60s, revolution was in the air.
509
00:43:24,091 --> 00:43:27,016
In Britain, which last
appeared in the story of film
510
00:43:27,041 --> 00:43:29,817
with the movies of David Lean
and Lindsay Anderson,
511
00:43:29,842 --> 00:43:33,345
films were getting
more aware of social class.
512
00:43:35,404 --> 00:43:38,661
Saturday night and Sunday morning
wasn't set here in London,
513
00:43:38,686 --> 00:43:42,477
but here in the working class
Midlands of England.
514
00:43:44,482 --> 00:43:49,371
Shot in black and white,
on real streets, no exterior lights.
515
00:43:50,850 --> 00:43:53,069
It's about this factory worker.
516
00:43:53,094 --> 00:43:56,126
He still lives in an ordinary
two-up-two-down house
517
00:43:56,152 --> 00:43:57,364
with his mom and dad.
518
00:43:57,625 --> 00:43:59,834
A cramped front room.
519
00:43:59,859 --> 00:44:02,219
Dad's haircut's from the '30s.
520
00:44:02,244 --> 00:44:05,517
Son's got a touch
of rock and roll about him.
521
00:44:05,542 --> 00:44:09,177
He gets a girl pregnant,
she has to have an abortion.
522
00:44:09,202 --> 00:44:12,263
All this seemed
new to audiences.
523
00:44:13,742 --> 00:44:18,669
But British director Ken Loach
didn't feel that such films were really new.
524
00:44:18,675 --> 00:44:23,302
They seemed to us
to be an advance,
525
00:44:23,328 --> 00:44:27,727
but they were basically
taking established...
526
00:44:27,753 --> 00:44:31,145
the established film industry
and the established actors
527
00:44:31,154 --> 00:44:36,964
to the north, and saying,
"these people are a fit subject
528
00:44:36,990 --> 00:44:39,209
for films and for drama,"
529
00:44:39,234 --> 00:44:43,327
but imposing a kind
of a west end pattern onto them.
530
00:44:46,162 --> 00:44:51,957
We hadn't had Thatcher. You know?
We hadn't had that calamity of '79.
531
00:44:51,982 --> 00:44:54,918
And, you know, "there was
no such thing as society."
532
00:44:54,943 --> 00:44:56,578
We still had society.
533
00:44:57,633 --> 00:45:03,287
This film, "Kes," about a bullied boy
who finds solace in training a kestrel
534
00:45:03,312 --> 00:45:06,568
shows how Loach turned
his sense of collective experience
535
00:45:06,593 --> 00:45:09,663
into an honest and
direct film style.
536
00:45:11,450 --> 00:45:15,842
We tried to echo the style
of the Czech films,
537
00:45:15,868 --> 00:45:20,344
which was naturalistic light,
a certain range of lenses
538
00:45:20,369 --> 00:45:25,543
which kept the camera away
from the performers,
539
00:45:25,569 --> 00:45:27,717
the people in the film,
so they weren't inhibited
540
00:45:27,742 --> 00:45:30,711
by an overbearing
camera presence.
541
00:45:38,173 --> 00:45:41,821
And editing, not editing
before a person spoke,
542
00:45:41,847 --> 00:45:45,986
but editing when your eye
would naturally go to that person,
543
00:45:46,012 --> 00:45:49,438
which generally follows
when they speak.
544
00:45:49,463 --> 00:45:52,985
And I remember an old editor saying,
no, you've always got to cut
545
00:45:53,011 --> 00:45:55,433
two or three frames before
they speak
546
00:45:55,458 --> 00:45:59,405
and I thought this is ridiculous, no,
if I'm in a room and they are speaking,
547
00:45:59,430 --> 00:46:01,570
I'll hear you and then I'll look.
548
00:46:02,204 --> 00:46:05,428
Such techniques reveal
a key theme in the story of film:
549
00:46:05,452 --> 00:46:09,547
That there's a connection
between film style and politics.
550
00:46:09,573 --> 00:46:13,646
Because it's your... It's knowing
that you are speaking that makes me look.
551
00:46:16,301 --> 00:46:19,076
The kitchen sink dramas
and the Ken Loach films
552
00:46:19,101 --> 00:46:22,036
were naturalist in style,
but then London
553
00:46:22,062 --> 00:46:26,394
and its Soho district
became sexy.
554
00:46:26,666 --> 00:46:29,336
The music and fashion capital
of Europe.
555
00:46:30,491 --> 00:46:34,430
British cinema became
all about this youth buzz.
556
00:46:38,301 --> 00:46:42,536
This film about the Beatles
starts relatively conventionally.
557
00:46:42,561 --> 00:46:44,604
But then speeds up.
558
00:46:46,617 --> 00:46:48,970
We cut to a shot
from a helicopter.
559
00:46:48,995 --> 00:46:51,763
The Beatles run, dance, goof.
560
00:46:51,788 --> 00:46:57,267
Director Richard Lester wanted to show
how joyous the youth rebellion was,
561
00:46:57,292 --> 00:46:59,443
so he kept in camera shake.
562
00:46:59,468 --> 00:47:03,227
Filmed without sound
so that the camera could be thrown around,
563
00:47:03,252 --> 00:47:05,388
improvised with dancing.
564
00:47:06,184 --> 00:47:10,361
It's like the Beatles are wee boys
or on a stag weekend.
565
00:47:10,386 --> 00:47:13,767
The film is like a stag weekend.
566
00:47:15,069 --> 00:47:18,460
This sort of imagery is commonplace
in music videos now,
567
00:47:18,486 --> 00:47:21,965
but then it was liberating,
funny, fresh,
568
00:47:21,991 --> 00:47:25,127
like Truffaut
or Milos Foreman.
569
00:47:28,983 --> 00:47:33,970
We end this tour of world cinema
in the modernist '60s in America.
570
00:47:35,255 --> 00:47:40,749
Just as the radical filmmakers
of Japan, Brazil, Cuba, Senegal, Iran,
571
00:47:40,775 --> 00:47:44,103
and the UK in the '60s
challenged the fact
572
00:47:44,129 --> 00:47:48,025
that movies were made
by rich people or colonizers,
573
00:47:48,038 --> 00:47:52,052
even in America, radical voices
were being heard.
574
00:47:57,465 --> 00:48:01,435
President John Kennedy
was assassinated in 1963.
575
00:48:01,460 --> 00:48:05,538
Malcolm X was gunned down
in '65.
576
00:48:05,563 --> 00:48:11,643
Protests against a war in Vietnam,
where a million civilians died, grew.
577
00:48:13,145 --> 00:48:16,572
And in cinema, box office
continued to tumble.
578
00:48:17,897 --> 00:48:20,709
People stayed at home
to watch TV.
579
00:48:21,859 --> 00:48:26,616
The biggest movie hits of the time
were Ben Hur and The sound of music.
580
00:48:26,641 --> 00:48:31,383
But the fervent, the innovation came
from filmmakers who were again training
581
00:48:31,408 --> 00:48:33,445
their eyes on the real world.
582
00:48:34,864 --> 00:48:40,831
In 1959, a group of filmmakers
made Primary, a new type of documentary.
583
00:48:41,977 --> 00:48:44,364
Primary got very risky.
584
00:48:44,389 --> 00:48:47,405
But my judgement is I never
would have been nominated
585
00:48:47,431 --> 00:48:48,662
if I hadn't run in primary.
586
00:48:48,688 --> 00:48:50,132
So I'm taking the risk. But I would say
587
00:48:50,158 --> 00:48:52,637
you have to keep
coming up sevens.
588
00:48:54,659 --> 00:48:58,074
The filmmakers didn't stage scenes
as Robert Flaherty did
589
00:48:58,099 --> 00:48:59,690
in Nanook of the North.
590
00:49:00,192 --> 00:49:02,947
Theirs wasn't the poetics
of Humphrey Jennings
591
00:49:02,972 --> 00:49:05,728
or the operatics of
Leni Riefenstahl.
592
00:49:06,333 --> 00:49:10,200
They didn't do interviews
or use hidden camera techniques.
593
00:49:10,225 --> 00:49:11,615
So what was left?
594
00:49:12,304 --> 00:49:15,206
What became known as
"fly on the wall."
595
00:49:19,611 --> 00:49:23,178
Here, Robert Drew follows
John Kennedy where he goes,
596
00:49:23,203 --> 00:49:25,917
regardless of focus
or pretty lighting.
597
00:49:27,080 --> 00:49:29,608
How modern, how free!
598
00:49:30,934 --> 00:49:35,586
It would take nearly three decades
and the invention of small video cameras
599
00:49:35,611 --> 00:49:38,714
before documentary
improved on this freedom.
600
00:49:43,892 --> 00:49:46,893
The influence of films
like Primary was immediate.
601
00:49:46,918 --> 00:49:50,542
In his film, Shadows,
New York director John Cassavetes
602
00:49:50,567 --> 00:49:53,546
followed three fictional
African American siblings
603
00:49:53,571 --> 00:49:56,126
just as Drew
had followed Kennedy:
604
00:49:59,096 --> 00:50:01,778
On the streets,
constant movement.
605
00:50:03,015 --> 00:50:06,279
The influence of Italian Neo-realism
came into play too,
606
00:50:06,304 --> 00:50:10,269
and the new acting methods
of Marlon Brando and Montgomery Clift.
607
00:50:10,832 --> 00:50:12,913
Hey Benny, you got the loot?
The boys are waiting.
608
00:50:12,939 --> 00:50:13,480
Yeah, I got the money,...
609
00:50:13,482 --> 00:50:14,517
but you ain't coming...
610
00:50:14,543 --> 00:50:15,235
Ah Billy!
611
00:50:15,261 --> 00:50:17,449
Hey baby, I got the money,
I got the bread.
612
00:50:17,910 --> 00:50:20,471
"Shadows" can now be seen
as one of the first films
613
00:50:20,496 --> 00:50:24,623
in a movement that came to be known
as new American cinema.
614
00:50:30,929 --> 00:50:35,078
The imagery of Primary and Shadows
was so new, so direct,
615
00:50:35,104 --> 00:50:38,794
that it made Hollywood cinema
look stale and conservative.
616
00:50:39,360 --> 00:50:42,327
One of Hollywood's greatest directors,
Alfred Hitchcock,
617
00:50:42,352 --> 00:50:45,720
the master of color and sheen,
realized this.
618
00:50:46,756 --> 00:50:50,254
He wanted his next film,
about an ordinary woman who's stabbed
619
00:50:50,281 --> 00:50:55,771
while having a shower, to be as convincing,
as of the moment, as possible
620
00:50:55,798 --> 00:51:00,263
and so he shot the film
in black and white, TV style.
621
00:51:04,311 --> 00:51:09,743
He had actress Janet Leigh
wear plain clothes from ordinary shops.
622
00:51:09,768 --> 00:51:12,380
He said that the film
was an experiment.
623
00:51:12,405 --> 00:51:14,271
It was called Psycho.
624
00:51:15,556 --> 00:51:20,564
The woman has stolen money
but decides to return it.
625
00:51:20,589 --> 00:51:23,968
Relieved, she takes a shower,
to feel clean again,
626
00:51:23,993 --> 00:51:26,930
to wash away the worries
and the moral dirt.
627
00:51:34,635 --> 00:51:41,024
At this moment, what had been a spare,
almost austere film, splinters into shards.
628
00:51:57,899 --> 00:51:59,495
The cutting of Eisenstein
629
00:51:59,520 --> 00:52:02,416
but, also, Abel Gance in La roue.
630
00:52:03,388 --> 00:52:07,635
A horrific experience felt
in expressionist flashes.
631
00:52:07,660 --> 00:52:13,186
Seventy different camera angles
for just forty-five seconds of film.
632
00:52:28,194 --> 00:52:32,920
Still in America, from New York's
art underworld in the early '60s,
633
00:52:32,945 --> 00:52:35,763
this artist emerged.
634
00:52:35,788 --> 00:52:40,416
Andy Warhol pushed the directness
of modern filmmaking as far as it could go.
635
00:52:40,441 --> 00:52:45,085
Here he just eats a hamburger,
no feeling, no emotion, no expression.
636
00:52:45,110 --> 00:52:47,272
Static shot, flat lighting.
637
00:52:47,503 --> 00:52:50,541
The blankness
of the here and now.
638
00:52:52,502 --> 00:52:55,380
He was fascinated
by things like this...
639
00:53:02,297 --> 00:53:03,738
And this...
640
00:53:09,085 --> 00:53:15,343
When Warhol took to cinema in 1963,
his approach was as radical as Bresson's.
641
00:53:16,254 --> 00:53:20,223
He stripped it
of all of its expressive elements.
642
00:53:20,248 --> 00:53:26,101
His early film, Blow job, for example,
is nothing but the close up of a man's face
643
00:53:26,126 --> 00:53:30,065
as, we presume from the title,
he's receiving oral sex.
644
00:53:30,090 --> 00:53:35,197
No dialogue, no sound of any sort,
no camera moves or story.
645
00:53:36,750 --> 00:53:40,973
Bresson minus
any attempt at spirituality.
646
00:53:44,786 --> 00:53:48,545
Blow job, together with the work
of Jean Cocteau and Kenneth Anger
647
00:53:48,570 --> 00:53:53,949
led the way for what became known
as new queer cinema of the 1990s.
648
00:53:59,113 --> 00:54:01,412
In the '60s, cinematographer
649
00:54:01,437 --> 00:54:05,550
Haskell Wexler helped change
the look of Hollywood studio movies
650
00:54:05,576 --> 00:54:09,124
by filming one of the great stars,
Elizabeth Taylor,
651
00:54:09,149 --> 00:54:15,790
daringly realistically in black and white,
make up smudged, harsh lighting.
652
00:54:19,100 --> 00:54:22,628
When he came to direct,
he made a movie: Medium cool,
653
00:54:22,653 --> 00:54:26,285
which pushed the relationship
between documentary TV
654
00:54:26,310 --> 00:54:30,493
and American fiction cinema,
as far as it could go.
655
00:54:30,519 --> 00:54:32,774
It's about this TV cameraman.
656
00:54:32,799 --> 00:54:35,581
Here he watches
a Martin Luther King speech
657
00:54:35,606 --> 00:54:37,234
and feels fired up.
658
00:54:38,818 --> 00:54:41,341
Jesus, I love to shoot film!
659
00:54:42,504 --> 00:54:50,083
I think he says that because
he has a sensory feeling about images.
660
00:54:50,108 --> 00:54:57,383
But I also think that he says that
because it protects him...
661
00:54:57,408 --> 00:55:04,004
it gives him an idea
of putting things within a frame.
662
00:55:04,029 --> 00:55:10,003
It gives him an idea of being detached,
being an observer.
663
00:55:10,028 --> 00:55:16,560
And then being an observer
absolves him from being a participant.
664
00:55:16,585 --> 00:55:22,463
Those are the...
those are some, some of the gut things,
665
00:55:22,489 --> 00:55:31,142
you may as a camera person been in place
where, say, I have to put the camera down.
666
00:55:31,167 --> 00:55:36,106
Those are critical times
in a person's development
667
00:55:36,132 --> 00:55:40,006
as the relationship
to what we call our "art."
668
00:55:40,205 --> 00:55:43,562
And in trying to analyze
these ethical issues about filming,
669
00:55:43,587 --> 00:55:46,931
Wexler drew on the ideas
of Jean-Luc Godard.
670
00:55:48,139 --> 00:55:52,065
I saw every Goddard film and when...
671
00:55:52,090 --> 00:56:00,344
And I also, when I lived in Hollywood,
he stayed... at my house in Hollywood,
672
00:56:00,345 --> 00:56:08,204
and I don't think he said four words
to me at all, all that time.
673
00:56:08,229 --> 00:56:16,541
In Medium Cool most of the filming ideas
are stolen directly from Godard.
674
00:56:16,701 --> 00:56:19,467
In this ending,
in which the cameraman's killed,
675
00:56:19,492 --> 00:56:24,793
no edit is more than four frames,
inserted black frames.
676
00:56:24,818 --> 00:56:27,382
The camera tossed around.
677
00:56:30,835 --> 00:56:34,038
All along the cameraman has
been the voyeur.
678
00:56:35,325 --> 00:56:38,377
But now he's the center
of the voyeurism.
679
00:56:41,421 --> 00:56:44,865
Wexler turns the camera
directly on the audience.
680
00:56:44,890 --> 00:56:47,207
As if we are being filmed.
681
00:56:47,232 --> 00:56:49,934
To make us think
about how we're represented
682
00:56:49,960 --> 00:56:52,622
and about the politics
of filming itself.
683
00:56:53,850 --> 00:57:02,703
The whole world is watching.
684
00:57:11,346 --> 00:57:16,109
The films made by Wexler and his generation
made old Hollywood look outdated.
685
00:57:16,135 --> 00:57:19,746
And so the studios
were bought or closed.
686
00:57:23,435 --> 00:57:28,166
Warner brothers was bought by a company
that owned car parks and funeral parlors.
687
00:57:29,674 --> 00:57:34,831
This studio, that used to be Columbia,
the studio of Cary Grant and Rita Hayworth,
688
00:57:34,856 --> 00:57:36,816
was bought by Coca Cola.
689
00:57:42,691 --> 00:57:45,850
Amongst all these endings,
new things happened.
690
00:57:46,851 --> 00:57:53,555
No less than 1,500 film courses
were now being taught throughout America.
691
00:57:53,561 --> 00:57:56,290
The film school generation
was on its way.
692
00:57:58,013 --> 00:58:01,457
A lot of the new film people:
Francis Coppola, John Sayles,
693
00:58:01,482 --> 00:58:05,885
Martin Scorsese, Dennis Hopper,
Brian De Palma, Robert De Niro,
694
00:58:05,910 --> 00:58:09,640
Jack Nicholson, Jonathan Demme
and Peter Bogdanovich,
695
00:58:09,665 --> 00:58:14,555
cut their teeth on b-movies
produced here by Roger Corman.
696
00:58:14,580 --> 00:58:18,646
They made horror movies,
prison pictures, and biker flicks
697
00:58:18,671 --> 00:58:21,638
with lots of nudity,
politics, and style.
698
00:58:21,869 --> 00:58:27,220
The mother of all the biker flicks of
the time was this one: Easy Rider.
699
00:58:31,107 --> 00:58:35,129
Writer-director-actor Dennis Hopper,
who'd worked for Corman,
700
00:58:35,154 --> 00:58:38,889
made this road movie
that defined its era.
701
00:58:38,914 --> 00:58:46,223
A rock soundtrack, wind in your hair,
cool sunglasses, the open road, long lenses.
702
00:58:46,248 --> 00:58:49,863
He captured the carefreeness
of the hippy days.
703
00:58:50,682 --> 00:58:54,670
Hopper hurled
modern techniques at his film.
704
00:58:56,225 --> 00:59:00,141
He moved from one scene to the next
by cutting to it, then back,
705
00:59:00,166 --> 00:59:02,525
then, to it, then back again.
706
00:59:03,030 --> 00:59:05,883
No mainstream film
had previously mucked around
707
00:59:05,908 --> 00:59:08,636
with the grammar
of editing as much.
708
00:59:12,293 --> 00:59:14,988
Why was Easy Rider
a box office sensation?
709
00:59:16,419 --> 00:59:20,984
Because young people were impatient
with the old style conformist filmmaking.
710
00:59:21,551 --> 00:59:25,974
Because the movie was about endings:
Peter Fonda foresees
711
00:59:25,999 --> 00:59:28,148
that their journey
won't last forever.
712
00:59:29,475 --> 00:59:33,274
They're killed
by conservative duck-hunters.
713
00:59:33,299 --> 00:59:35,996
Middle America
gets its own back.
714
00:59:42,598 --> 00:59:47,530
Liberal moviegoers somehow
saw Martin Luther King, Bobby Kennedy
715
00:59:47,555 --> 00:59:53,055
and, later, Jimi Hendrix
and Janis Joplin in the tragic ending.
716
01:00:03,779 --> 01:00:08,223
One final film of the '60s was
so astonishing, so ambitious,
717
01:00:08,248 --> 01:00:12,924
that it seemed to try to top
all the stylistic boldness of the age.
718
01:00:15,664 --> 01:00:20,591
2001: A space odyssey was directed
by this man, Stanley Kubrick.
719
01:00:21,605 --> 01:00:24,467
Kubrick started in stills photography,
720
01:00:24,492 --> 01:00:28,393
and as this footage shot
on the set of The shining shows,
721
01:00:28,418 --> 01:00:31,495
camera positioning
was central to his art.
722
01:00:31,520 --> 01:00:34,074
He'd often film from below.
723
01:00:34,099 --> 01:00:39,197
Like Orson Welles and Buster Keaton,
he was an inventive, confident realizer
724
01:00:39,222 --> 01:00:41,975
of physical worlds onscreen.
725
01:00:43,078 --> 01:00:46,438
2001 shows this supremely.
726
01:00:49,220 --> 01:00:52,610
Editing in film usually
cuts out time.
727
01:00:53,361 --> 01:01:00,538
This famous cut from pre-human life
to the time of space travel,
728
01:01:00,563 --> 01:01:05,843
cuts out more time than any other edit
in movie history.
729
01:01:08,690 --> 01:01:14,597
In this scene, Kubrick attached the camera
to the set and moved both simultaneously
730
01:01:14,622 --> 01:01:18,445
in a grand rotation
to give a sense that in space
731
01:01:18,470 --> 01:01:21,645
no particular direction
is upside down.
732
01:01:22,588 --> 01:01:25,061
This is what actually
happened on the set.
733
01:01:28,833 --> 01:01:34,210
The actress walks upright, on the spot,
as everything else turns around her.
734
01:01:39,044 --> 01:01:44,398
A space ship is taking astronauts
to investigate a mysterious black monolith.
735
01:01:44,423 --> 01:01:46,961
In doing so they seem
to travel through time
736
01:01:46,986 --> 01:01:49,979
and have
mind-altering experiences.
737
01:01:53,736 --> 01:01:56,646
Kubrick has
these pictured abstractly.
738
01:01:59,694 --> 01:02:05,740
The hallucinated effect of this sequence
resembled the '20s films of Walter Ruttman.
739
01:02:09,084 --> 01:02:11,509
There was nothing political
about this scene
740
01:02:11,534 --> 01:02:17,374
but if modernism was also about self-loss,
ambiguity, the emptiness of lives,
741
01:02:17,399 --> 01:02:21,269
this sequence seemed to be
its greatest movie moment.
742
01:02:24,254 --> 01:02:28,260
Overall, cinema in the '60s felt
like space travel.
743
01:02:28,285 --> 01:02:32,181
Movies were everywhere,
including Africa and Iran.
744
01:02:33,813 --> 01:02:36,310
Large numbers of directors
accepted that film
745
01:02:36,335 --> 01:02:40,497
wasn't just a window through which
you saw characters and stories.
746
01:02:41,959 --> 01:02:44,905
It was a language
and way of thinking in itself.
747
01:02:46,691 --> 01:02:52,864
Related to space, color, shape,
and this was the biggie, time.
748
01:02:54,038 --> 01:02:56,082
Would this be
a permanent change?
749
01:02:56,084 --> 01:02:58,514
Would directors from now on
always think
750
01:02:58,539 --> 01:03:03,447
in terms of time and abstraction
as well as story and character?
751
01:03:04,236 --> 01:03:09,476
The answer, of course, was no.
The '70s were coming.
752
01:03:09,501 --> 01:03:15,205
Old fashioned entertainment,
romantic cinema would soon be back.
67203
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