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We are a nation
of laws, not of men.
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That's really important
to our future
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and to our independence
and liberty.
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Our whole country,
our whole history
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is about creating
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a system of accountability.
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The goal is to prevent
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the rise of an autocracy
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or a dictatorship.
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That's what we're all about.
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It's very important that
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the FBI be a part
of that system,
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and that they collect
information unbiased.
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They do it no matter
where it leads.
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Chris?
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Mr. President,
you have stated flatly
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that you did not trade weapons
for hostages.
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Just because
you're the president
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doesn't mean
you can violate the law.
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There are a lot
of lessons from Iran-Contra.
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It is possible
to get away with wrongdoing,
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and it's possible
to spin it beyond recognition.
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It's possible to throw enough
mud on the wall that
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nobody knows
what to believe anymore.
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I, Ronald Reagan...
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William Jefferson Clinton...
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Do solemnly swear...
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Do solemnly swear...
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...and will,
to the best of my ability...
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...preserve,
protect, and defend...
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...the Constitution
of the United States.
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Economic growth is here.
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It'll be here.
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The Dow Jones
Industrial Average
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has climbed
more than 400 points.
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My approval rating
stays at 53.
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It is the only time that in
the sixth year of a two-term
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presidency has a president
had that high a rating.
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00:03:06,917 --> 00:03:08,959
Michael Jackson,
with appreciation
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for the outstanding
example you have set
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for the youth of America
and the world.
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00:03:17,542 --> 00:03:19,625
So this is the dining room.
How many does it seat?
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Well, I guess it seats
as many as you want.
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It just--I really
couldn't even tell you.
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Millions of Americans
celebrated Thanksgiving
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with the usual
traditional combination
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of turkey, football,
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and the 58th annual Macy's
Thanksgiving Day Parade.
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Mr. President,
what did you know about
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money going to the Contras?
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Mr. President,
how much trouble are you in
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because of this
Contra revelation?
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Did you know--did you
know about the Contras, sir?
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00:04:03,166 --> 00:04:04,959
Mr. President,
some people might think
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you're stonewalling by
refusing to answer questions.
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It is taking shape
as one of the most
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controversial foreign
policy developments
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00:04:12,500 --> 00:04:14,083
of President Reagan's
years in office.
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Investigations into
the secret double dealing
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00:04:16,583 --> 00:04:19,166
of arms for Iran and
cash for the Contras.
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00:04:19,250 --> 00:04:21,250
Word was put out that
President Reagan himself
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is among those
subjected to questions.
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I am deeply troubled that
the implementation of a policy
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aimed at resolving
a truly tragic situation
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in the Middle East has
resulted in such controversy.
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I'm going to ask Attorney
General Meese to brief you...
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Do you still maintain
you didn't make a mistake,
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- Mr. President?
- Hold it.
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Did you make a mistake
in sending arms to Tehran, sir?
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No, and I'm not taking
any more questions.
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00:04:46,000 --> 00:04:47,875
What about Secretary
Shultz, Mr. President?
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That's what I'm gonna say,
what it's all about.
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Why don't I tell you what--
what is the situation
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and then I'll take
your questions?
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Over the weekend...
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There were two
controversial issues
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when you put them together that
made it an even larger story
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00:05:07,291 --> 00:05:09,792
because of the
potential crime involved.
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00:05:09,875 --> 00:05:13,667
The question was whether
the FBI should be involved.
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00:05:13,750 --> 00:05:16,458
And I had a meeting
with the FBI director.
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At that point,
it was turned over to the FBI.
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00:05:19,500 --> 00:05:22,542
I was approached
by one of my bosses
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the day before Thanksgiving
in 1986.
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I was working at my desk and
he came up to me and he said,
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00:05:29,333 --> 00:05:31,709
"What are you doing
this weekend?"
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And I said,
"I guess I'm working."
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Admiral John Poindexter
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has asked to be relieved
of his assignment
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as assistant to the President
for National Security Affairs.
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The day after Thanksgiving,
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I interviewed
National Security Advisor,
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Admiral Poindexter.
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I was in the FBI for 24 years.
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I was one of
the first 40 women
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hired by the FBI.
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00:06:04,250 --> 00:06:06,333
I brought into this interview
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an immense respect
for Admiral Poindexter.
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I mean, he was
a very accomplished man
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00:06:10,917 --> 00:06:13,917
professionally.
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00:06:14,000 --> 00:06:18,041
John Poindexter
was an admiral in the Navy.
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00:06:18,125 --> 00:06:22,417
He had that military bearing--
very professional, very bright.
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00:06:22,500 --> 00:06:25,250
Every time I've seen him,
he had a pipe.
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The NSC staff
has got to be the catalyst
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00:06:28,834 --> 00:06:32,166
that keeps the president's
decisions moving along.
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Their only loyalty
is to the president.
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Typically,
I take copious notes.
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I made a specific decision
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going to his house that day
that I was not gonna
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take my notepad in with me.
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I wanted him to feel like
we were having a conversation.
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We sat down
in his living room
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at his home in
Rockville, Maryland.
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It was sort of
an awesome power dynamic
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between me as this young,
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female FBI agent
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with the person that
I'm talking to being,
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you know, really educated,
high-level government official.
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We were just reduced to two
people having a conversation
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where I had more power
than that person had.
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00:07:25,417 --> 00:07:27,834
My interview to him was really
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00:07:27,917 --> 00:07:29,333
not about subject matter,
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but was about what had he done
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with respect to covering up
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this covert operation
to support the Contras.
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00:07:40,834 --> 00:07:44,041
I think he felt
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that he needed
to sit down with me.
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People who are guilty will
often talk to the investigator
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because they don't want you
to think they're guilty.
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00:07:53,041 --> 00:07:54,750
This was a really big case.
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00:07:54,834 --> 00:07:56,917
I mean, Admiral Poindexter
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was the conduit
to the president.
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00:08:02,709 --> 00:08:05,166
For those
who've abandoned hope,
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00:08:05,250 --> 00:08:07,250
we'll restore hope
and we'll welcome them into
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00:08:07,333 --> 00:08:11,250
a great national crusade
to make America great again.
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00:08:15,875 --> 00:08:18,542
Ronald Reagan
was beloved by many
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and ridiculed by many.
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00:08:21,000 --> 00:08:23,166
His critics believed
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he had no real grasp
of the facts,
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00:08:26,834 --> 00:08:28,667
no interest in detail.
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00:08:28,750 --> 00:08:30,959
Soviet combat brigade...
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00:08:31,041 --> 00:08:33,125
But when it came to
issues that mattered to him,
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he had deep-seated convictions
about those issues,
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right or wrong.
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00:08:44,166 --> 00:08:45,917
In 1947,
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a Hollywood actor
named Ronald Reagan
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is an informant for the FBI.
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00:08:52,542 --> 00:08:55,875
Reagan is head of
the Screen Actors Guild.
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00:08:55,959 --> 00:08:58,250
Hoover is launching
his attack on Hollywood
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as a hotbed of communism,
150
00:09:00,959 --> 00:09:03,500
and here's
a well-placed informant
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00:09:03,583 --> 00:09:06,041
to keep him up to date.
152
00:09:06,125 --> 00:09:08,458
There were those
like Reagan who thought that,
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00:09:08,542 --> 00:09:11,500
you know, this is one
of darkest periods that
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00:09:11,583 --> 00:09:13,208
we've experienced,
and if we don't act now,
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00:09:13,291 --> 00:09:15,208
we're all going
to be in trouble.
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00:09:15,291 --> 00:09:16,917
We're all gonna
be speaking Russian.
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When he came to office,
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he knew it was
the most dangerous time
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since the Cuban Missile Crisis.
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00:09:26,417 --> 00:09:28,291
This danger will not go away.
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00:09:28,375 --> 00:09:30,458
It will grow worse,
much worse,
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if we fail to take action now.
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I'm speaking of Nicaragua,
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a Soviet ally
on the American mainland
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only two hours flying time
from our own borders.
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Certain monies
were made available
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00:09:48,834 --> 00:09:52,667
to the forces
in Central America,
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00:09:52,750 --> 00:09:57,041
which are opposing the
Sandinista government there.
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There appeared to be
more facts out there.
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One agency was doing one thing.
171
00:10:00,792 --> 00:10:02,583
Another agency was doing
another thing.
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00:10:02,667 --> 00:10:04,500
Certain monies,
a certain amount of monies
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00:10:04,583 --> 00:10:07,291
was then deposited to
the forces in Central America.
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The national security
of all the Americas
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00:10:20,166 --> 00:10:22,667
is at stake
in Central America.
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If we cannot
defend ourselves there,
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00:10:24,917 --> 00:10:27,125
we cannot expect
to prevail elsewhere.
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It was one
of the highest goals
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of the Reagan administration
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to combat communism
in Central America
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through a ragtag
bunch of guerrillas
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who are known as the Contras.
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They were against communism.
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00:10:45,667 --> 00:10:47,750
You know the truth about them.
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00:10:47,834 --> 00:10:50,375
You know who
they're fighting and why.
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They are the moral equal
of our founding fathers.
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We cannot turn away from them.
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It was essential
for the Contras
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to be painted
as freedom fighters.
190
00:11:03,083 --> 00:11:05,792
Whose freedom they were
fighting for was unclear,
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00:11:05,875 --> 00:11:08,750
but they were
fighting nonetheless.
192
00:11:08,834 --> 00:11:10,792
Certain members
of Congress were opposed
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00:11:10,875 --> 00:11:12,750
to support of
the freedom fighters,
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00:11:12,834 --> 00:11:15,792
particularly in the light
of the recent Vietnam war.
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00:11:15,875 --> 00:11:19,583
We simply must not
appropriate one more penny
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00:11:19,667 --> 00:11:23,041
to wage a war that has
caused our allies to wonder
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00:11:23,125 --> 00:11:25,166
at our sense of proportion,
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00:11:25,250 --> 00:11:28,917
that has turned Central America
into an armed camp.
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00:11:29,000 --> 00:11:31,166
Edward Boland
had attached his name
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00:11:31,250 --> 00:11:35,792
to an amendment for banning
American aid to the Contras.
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00:11:35,875 --> 00:11:37,834
It was called
the Boland Amendment.
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00:11:37,917 --> 00:11:39,625
In simple terms,
the Boland amendment
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00:11:39,709 --> 00:11:42,375
was a congressional action
that says you cannot provide
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00:11:42,458 --> 00:11:44,417
military support
to the Contras.
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00:11:44,500 --> 00:11:46,709
If you did provide
weapons to them,
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00:11:46,792 --> 00:11:48,667
it's a violation
of an act of Congress.
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00:11:51,333 --> 00:11:53,583
The reaction of
the Reagan administration
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00:11:53,667 --> 00:11:56,458
to Congress' ban
on aid to the Contras--
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00:11:56,542 --> 00:12:00,291
"Screw the Congress.
We're the White House.
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00:12:00,375 --> 00:12:02,333
We do whatever we want."
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00:12:02,417 --> 00:12:04,625
And no one believed this
more fervently
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00:12:04,709 --> 00:12:06,875
than Lieutenant Colonel North.
213
00:12:06,959 --> 00:12:10,542
This lieutenant colonel is not
gonna challenge a decision
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00:12:10,625 --> 00:12:13,583
of the commander in chief
for whom I still work,
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00:12:13,667 --> 00:12:16,834
and I am proud to work
for that commander in chief.
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00:12:16,917 --> 00:12:19,291
And if the commander in chief
tells this lieutenant colonel
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00:12:19,375 --> 00:12:21,583
to go stand in the corner
and sit on his head,
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00:12:21,667 --> 00:12:25,291
I will do so.
219
00:12:25,375 --> 00:12:27,834
Oliver North was
a Marine Lieutenant Colonel
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00:12:27,917 --> 00:12:29,458
who had been assigned
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00:12:29,542 --> 00:12:32,417
to the National Security
Council staff--
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00:12:32,500 --> 00:12:35,667
a Vietnam veteran,
a decorated soldier.
223
00:12:35,750 --> 00:12:38,750
On the release point,
the assault element deploys
224
00:12:38,834 --> 00:12:41,291
to fit in their positions.
225
00:12:41,375 --> 00:12:43,583
I think he's a patriot.
226
00:12:43,667 --> 00:12:45,959
Very, very
dedicated to country,
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00:12:46,041 --> 00:12:49,625
a decorated Marine,
kind of, um,
228
00:12:49,709 --> 00:12:51,458
off-the-books kind of a guy.
229
00:12:51,542 --> 00:12:53,583
These operations were designed
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00:12:53,667 --> 00:12:56,834
to be secrets from
the American people.
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00:12:56,917 --> 00:12:58,709
Mr. Nields,
I am at a loss as to how
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00:12:58,792 --> 00:13:00,917
we could announce it
to the American people
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00:13:01,000 --> 00:13:03,333
and not have the
Soviets know about it.
234
00:13:03,417 --> 00:13:06,333
North acted like
he had nothing but impatience
235
00:13:06,417 --> 00:13:08,917
and contempt for
rules and regulations.
236
00:13:09,000 --> 00:13:11,166
He took it upon himself
237
00:13:11,250 --> 00:13:14,125
to fulfill the mission
Reagan had given him.
238
00:13:14,208 --> 00:13:17,291
How he went about that was
what got him into trouble.
239
00:13:17,375 --> 00:13:20,083
- Where are these memoranda?
- Which memoranda?
240
00:13:20,166 --> 00:13:22,834
The memoranda
that you sent up
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00:13:22,917 --> 00:13:26,125
to Admiral Poindexter seeking
the president's approval?
242
00:13:26,208 --> 00:13:28,333
But I think
I shredded most of that.
243
00:13:31,208 --> 00:13:33,875
Did I-did I get them all?
244
00:13:43,208 --> 00:13:45,625
These camps
where the Contras lived
245
00:13:45,709 --> 00:13:48,333
were very remote areas.
246
00:13:48,417 --> 00:13:51,709
You had to have an operation
that would deliver weapons,
247
00:13:51,792 --> 00:13:54,208
supplies, airplanes,
fuel for the airplanes,
248
00:13:54,291 --> 00:13:58,125
in this jungle outpost
in the middle of nowhere.
249
00:13:58,208 --> 00:14:00,875
They created back channels
within the Pentagon
250
00:14:00,959 --> 00:14:05,333
and the CIA
so that arms and supplies
251
00:14:05,417 --> 00:14:07,417
could be shipped
to the Contras
252
00:14:07,500 --> 00:14:10,875
using private companies
that were used
253
00:14:10,959 --> 00:14:12,917
to doing missions
for the American government.
254
00:14:13,000 --> 00:14:15,875
Southern Air Transport,
the uncommon carrier.
255
00:14:32,834 --> 00:14:34,709
As a member of the NSC staff,
256
00:14:34,792 --> 00:14:37,125
I knew that I held
a position of responsibility,
257
00:14:37,208 --> 00:14:39,667
but I knew full well
what my position was.
258
00:14:39,750 --> 00:14:42,083
I was simply a staff member
259
00:14:42,166 --> 00:14:44,750
with a demonstrated ability
to get the job done.
260
00:14:44,834 --> 00:14:47,166
My authority to act
always flowed, I believe,
261
00:14:47,250 --> 00:14:49,417
from my superiors.
262
00:14:49,500 --> 00:14:52,208
My military training
inculcated me--in me--
263
00:14:52,291 --> 00:14:55,208
a strong belief in
the chain of command.
264
00:14:55,291 --> 00:14:58,667
I readily admit that
I was action-oriented,
265
00:14:58,750 --> 00:15:01,250
that I took pride in the fact
that I was counted upon
266
00:15:01,333 --> 00:15:03,291
as a man who
got the job done.
267
00:15:07,834 --> 00:15:09,792
When you're about
to make a decision,
268
00:15:09,875 --> 00:15:11,625
ask yourself the question:
269
00:15:11,709 --> 00:15:14,834
how will this look when
it is on the front page
270
00:15:14,917 --> 00:15:17,375
of The Washington Post?
271
00:15:29,917 --> 00:15:32,000
The transport plane,
apparently loaded with
272
00:15:32,083 --> 00:15:35,709
combat gear, was shot down
Sunday in southern Nicaragua.
273
00:15:35,792 --> 00:15:37,709
Three Americans
were reported killed.
274
00:15:37,792 --> 00:15:39,166
One American survived.
275
00:15:39,250 --> 00:15:42,125
My name is Eugene Hasenfus.
276
00:15:42,208 --> 00:15:44,834
I come from
Marinette, Wisconsin.
277
00:15:44,917 --> 00:15:48,667
The objectives of our
flight into Nicaragua
278
00:15:48,750 --> 00:15:51,709
were to resupply the FDN
279
00:15:51,792 --> 00:15:55,000
and the UNO teams
of the Contras.
280
00:15:55,083 --> 00:15:56,917
People in
Washington right now
281
00:15:57,000 --> 00:15:59,625
are trying
to cover their tracks.
282
00:15:59,709 --> 00:16:03,083
The people involved were
not from our military,
283
00:16:03,166 --> 00:16:07,041
not from any
U.S. Government agency.
284
00:16:07,125 --> 00:16:09,333
The Reagan
administration
285
00:16:09,417 --> 00:16:12,208
denies a connection with that
plane shot down in Nicaragua.
286
00:16:12,291 --> 00:16:14,291
Mr. President,
did you personally ask
287
00:16:14,375 --> 00:16:16,667
third countries to contribute
money to the Contras?
288
00:16:16,750 --> 00:16:19,500
Sam, I made
an opening statement,
289
00:16:19,583 --> 00:16:21,542
and I have said that I'm not
gonna answer any questions
290
00:16:21,625 --> 00:16:24,083
on those things
until this is over.
291
00:16:24,166 --> 00:16:27,041
If I were going to answer
any questions, I'd say no.
292
00:16:27,125 --> 00:16:29,125
Right.
293
00:16:29,208 --> 00:16:30,875
Since you didn't answer
that question--
294
00:16:49,083 --> 00:16:50,750
Eugene Hasenfus,
295
00:16:50,834 --> 00:16:54,917
he was released
around Christmas day.
296
00:16:55,000 --> 00:16:59,333
I was the agent detailed
to go interview him.
297
00:16:59,417 --> 00:17:02,834
They sent me
to Marinette, Wisconsin
298
00:17:02,917 --> 00:17:05,291
in the middle of the winter,
299
00:17:05,375 --> 00:17:07,542
and Marinette is in
the middle of nowhere
300
00:17:07,625 --> 00:17:10,083
on the Michigan border
near Canada.
301
00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:16,125
Eugene Hasenfus had
a very modest attorney.
302
00:17:16,208 --> 00:17:19,250
We met in an insurance
agency building.
303
00:17:21,000 --> 00:17:22,792
And during that interview,
304
00:17:22,875 --> 00:17:25,917
he admitted and started
telling us about who else
305
00:17:26,000 --> 00:17:29,333
was involved and
how there were elements
306
00:17:29,417 --> 00:17:31,750
of the U.S. government involved
in that resupply effort
307
00:17:31,834 --> 00:17:34,917
after it was
prohibited by Congress.
308
00:17:37,125 --> 00:17:39,083
The interview
was so important
309
00:17:39,166 --> 00:17:42,917
that they wouldn't
let me spend the night.
310
00:17:43,000 --> 00:17:46,125
I remember sitting on
an airport in Green Bay.
311
00:17:46,208 --> 00:17:48,333
They deiced my plane
three times
312
00:17:48,417 --> 00:17:51,000
so I could fly into Chicago
and get a red-eye
313
00:17:51,083 --> 00:17:53,041
back to Washington
to tell everyone that
314
00:17:53,125 --> 00:17:56,625
this was broader
than first appears.
315
00:18:00,125 --> 00:18:02,500
I'm waiting to hear
as much as anyone else.
316
00:18:02,583 --> 00:18:05,375
Told you over and over again
everything that I know
317
00:18:05,458 --> 00:18:08,417
about all that took place
and I'm waiting for it.
318
00:18:08,500 --> 00:18:10,583
Did you know what
Colonel North was doing?
319
00:18:10,667 --> 00:18:12,500
No.
320
00:18:12,583 --> 00:18:16,417
No.
321
00:18:16,500 --> 00:18:18,291
Can you say whether
you are aware that
322
00:18:18,375 --> 00:18:21,083
anyone who advised your
campaign had contacts
323
00:18:21,166 --> 00:18:23,208
with Russia during
the course of the election?
324
00:18:23,291 --> 00:18:25,208
Well, I told you,
General Flynn obviously
325
00:18:25,291 --> 00:18:27,083
was dealing,
so that's one person,
326
00:18:27,166 --> 00:18:29,041
but he was dealing--
as he should have been--
327
00:18:29,125 --> 00:18:32,750
During the election?
-No--nobody that I know of.
328
00:18:34,291 --> 00:18:37,583
This had to be
known by others.
329
00:18:37,667 --> 00:18:40,625
This could not be
a rogue operation
330
00:18:40,709 --> 00:18:44,083
run by one man bringing
millions of dollars
331
00:18:44,166 --> 00:18:46,125
from all over the world
and arms
332
00:18:46,208 --> 00:18:49,750
into a jungle camp
in the Honduras,
333
00:18:49,834 --> 00:18:52,041
Nicaraguan border.
334
00:18:52,125 --> 00:18:55,250
This was a very elaborate plan
335
00:18:55,333 --> 00:18:57,917
involving many, many agencies
and many, many people
336
00:18:58,041 --> 00:19:00,667
all over the world,
and it had to be funded.
337
00:19:00,750 --> 00:19:02,834
So who was funding
this thing?
338
00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:08,417
There was some monies
339
00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:10,625
being made available
for some other purpose.
340
00:19:10,709 --> 00:19:13,333
A certain amount of money
was negotiated
341
00:19:13,417 --> 00:19:15,500
with Iran for arms.
342
00:19:15,583 --> 00:19:17,625
The United States
providing the arms...
343
00:19:17,709 --> 00:19:20,000
Transferring the arms,
344
00:19:20,083 --> 00:19:21,959
in effect, selling the arms.
345
00:19:22,041 --> 00:19:23,834
One agency was doing one
thing--transferring the arms--
346
00:19:23,917 --> 00:19:25,125
another agency was
doing another thing--
347
00:19:25,208 --> 00:19:27,000
in effect, selling the arms.
348
00:19:27,083 --> 00:19:28,667
There were certain things--
the United States--
349
00:19:28,750 --> 00:19:30,250
providing Iran with arms.
350
00:19:30,333 --> 00:19:31,834
Why wasn't
the president told?
351
00:19:31,917 --> 00:19:33,542
The president knew
nothing about it
352
00:19:33,625 --> 00:19:35,166
until I reported it to him.
353
00:19:35,250 --> 00:19:37,417
I alerted him
yesterday morning.
354
00:19:45,709 --> 00:19:48,291
The car loaded with
bombs exploded this morning
355
00:19:48,375 --> 00:19:50,917
outside the United States
embassy in Beirut, Lebanon.
356
00:19:53,375 --> 00:19:56,041
This is the worst
attack there has ever been
357
00:19:56,125 --> 00:20:00,166
against the United States
in the Middle East.
358
00:20:00,250 --> 00:20:02,125
In the early '80s,
359
00:20:02,208 --> 00:20:05,083
the group Hezbollah started
a series of bombings
360
00:20:05,166 --> 00:20:08,000
in Lebanon,
361
00:20:08,083 --> 00:20:12,375
and then started
taking Western hostages.
362
00:20:12,458 --> 00:20:14,875
The wives of two
Americans kidnapped in Lebanon
363
00:20:14,959 --> 00:20:16,542
made an appeal
to President Reagan,
364
00:20:16,625 --> 00:20:18,750
calling him obstinate
and asking him
365
00:20:18,834 --> 00:20:22,417
to begin negotiations.
366
00:20:22,500 --> 00:20:25,458
These deeds make so evident
367
00:20:25,542 --> 00:20:29,625
the bestial nature of those
who would assume power
368
00:20:29,709 --> 00:20:31,959
if they could have their way
369
00:20:32,041 --> 00:20:35,291
and drive us out of that area,
that we must be...
370
00:20:35,375 --> 00:20:37,542
The hostage crisis was a huge,
371
00:20:37,625 --> 00:20:40,333
emotional deal
for all Americans,
372
00:20:40,417 --> 00:20:44,333
a feeling of--
of utter helplessness.
373
00:20:44,417 --> 00:20:47,250
Reagan took the hostage crisis
very personally.
374
00:20:47,333 --> 00:20:48,792
Thank you.
375
00:20:48,875 --> 00:20:50,792
Those men deserve
to come home
376
00:20:50,875 --> 00:20:52,500
as quickly as possible.
377
00:20:52,583 --> 00:20:54,959
And I know
that you have not rested
378
00:20:55,041 --> 00:20:56,417
nor will you rest
379
00:20:56,500 --> 00:21:00,834
until every American
is home free.
380
00:21:00,917 --> 00:21:03,542
The very uncertainty
of the hostages' condition
381
00:21:03,625 --> 00:21:06,250
looms larger
with each passing day.
382
00:21:06,333 --> 00:21:08,583
The American hostages included
383
00:21:08,667 --> 00:21:11,083
the CIA station chief
in Beirut,
384
00:21:11,166 --> 00:21:14,083
William Buckley.
385
00:21:14,166 --> 00:21:16,792
The president
listened to a tape
386
00:21:16,875 --> 00:21:21,250
of Buckley being tortured
by his captors.
387
00:21:21,333 --> 00:21:23,125
From that day onward,
388
00:21:23,208 --> 00:21:26,959
the president,
daily, implored.
389
00:21:27,041 --> 00:21:30,709
"Can't you do something
to free the Americans?"
390
00:21:30,792 --> 00:21:32,333
We are convinced that Iran
391
00:21:32,417 --> 00:21:34,166
does have
substantial influence
392
00:21:34,250 --> 00:21:36,667
over some of the groups
which hold our hostages.
393
00:21:38,875 --> 00:21:42,792
Buckley died under torture.
394
00:21:42,875 --> 00:21:46,750
The pressure grew
and grew and grew.
395
00:21:46,834 --> 00:21:48,333
"Do something."
396
00:21:48,417 --> 00:21:50,125
The next move is evidently
397
00:21:50,208 --> 00:21:51,834
up to the United States.
398
00:21:57,291 --> 00:21:59,750
I, William H. Webster,
do solemnly swear
399
00:21:59,834 --> 00:22:01,291
that I will support
and defend...
400
00:22:01,375 --> 00:22:03,458
On paper, William Webster
401
00:22:03,542 --> 00:22:06,375
was at the very top
of the chain of command.
402
00:22:08,875 --> 00:22:12,250
But in reality, in the
second half of the 1980s,
403
00:22:12,333 --> 00:22:14,500
nothing happened at the FBI
404
00:22:14,583 --> 00:22:16,709
that Buck Revell,
the number two man,
405
00:22:16,792 --> 00:22:18,709
didn't have a hand in.
406
00:22:21,417 --> 00:22:23,125
Terrorism had been an issue
407
00:22:23,208 --> 00:22:25,500
with the United States
for some time,
408
00:22:25,583 --> 00:22:29,625
but in 1985,
it seemed that we had a--
409
00:22:29,709 --> 00:22:32,375
a heightening of the attacks.
410
00:22:32,458 --> 00:22:34,667
The United States gives
terrorists no rewards
411
00:22:34,750 --> 00:22:36,625
and no guarantees.
412
00:22:36,709 --> 00:22:40,250
We make no concessions.
We make no deals.
413
00:22:40,333 --> 00:22:44,000
President Reagan
decided that he'd had enough
414
00:22:44,083 --> 00:22:47,250
and he wanted to see
what more could be done.
415
00:22:47,333 --> 00:22:50,208
There was
an extraordinary meeting.
416
00:22:50,291 --> 00:22:52,166
President Reagan himself
essentially said,
417
00:22:52,250 --> 00:22:55,250
I am willing to break the law
for the sake of the hostages.
418
00:22:55,333 --> 00:22:57,083
It was the belief
419
00:22:57,166 --> 00:22:59,417
of the President
of the United States
420
00:22:59,500 --> 00:23:01,583
that the way
to free the hostages
421
00:23:01,667 --> 00:23:05,166
was to pay ransom
in the form of lethal,
422
00:23:05,250 --> 00:23:08,000
sophisticated,
American weapons
423
00:23:08,083 --> 00:23:12,083
to the Iranian regime.
424
00:23:12,166 --> 00:23:15,959
Iran had a great deal of
influence with the Hezbollah.
425
00:23:16,041 --> 00:23:19,625
The objective was
to try to get Iran
426
00:23:19,709 --> 00:23:21,917
to use its influence
with the Hezbollah
427
00:23:22,000 --> 00:23:26,166
to return the hostages
that had been taken.
428
00:23:26,250 --> 00:23:27,792
If they would
use their influence
429
00:23:27,875 --> 00:23:30,583
to try to help us
get the hostages back,
430
00:23:30,667 --> 00:23:34,208
we would provide them
with weapons.
431
00:23:34,291 --> 00:23:37,291
I was seriously concerned.
432
00:23:37,375 --> 00:23:39,875
I discussed it
with Director Webster.
433
00:23:39,959 --> 00:23:42,917
Webster asked
Attorney General Ed Meese.
434
00:23:43,000 --> 00:23:45,875
Of course it's legal.
435
00:23:45,959 --> 00:23:48,750
Webster takes this
back to Revell and says,
436
00:23:48,834 --> 00:23:52,542
"Ed Meese doesn't seem
to have a problem with it."
437
00:23:52,625 --> 00:23:54,917
It went completely
against everything that
438
00:23:55,000 --> 00:23:57,166
Ronald Reagan had
ever said in public about
439
00:23:57,250 --> 00:23:59,792
how to deal with terrorism.
440
00:23:59,875 --> 00:24:02,875
Reagan's top advisors
were their most vocal
441
00:24:02,959 --> 00:24:06,667
about telling the president
that he couldn't do this.
442
00:24:06,750 --> 00:24:10,542
"This is illegal and
it's bad politics,
443
00:24:10,625 --> 00:24:13,208
and you can't
just wash it away.
444
00:24:13,291 --> 00:24:16,000
It's just a bad idea
and you shouldn't do it."
445
00:24:16,083 --> 00:24:17,917
And Reagan's response was,
446
00:24:18,000 --> 00:24:20,417
"I know, but..."
447
00:24:20,500 --> 00:24:23,667
Reagan was intent on doing
whatever it would take.
448
00:24:25,709 --> 00:24:28,625
Members of the
Reagan administration--
449
00:24:28,709 --> 00:24:30,834
these are men
from another generation
450
00:24:30,917 --> 00:24:32,709
who are note takers.
451
00:24:39,250 --> 00:24:42,041
What seems clear is that
the other American hostages
452
00:24:42,125 --> 00:24:44,709
in Lebanon are not likely
to be released this week.
453
00:24:46,500 --> 00:24:48,709
The notes did show
that President Reagan
454
00:24:48,792 --> 00:24:51,041
had knowledge
of what was going on.
455
00:25:02,750 --> 00:25:05,792
After the crash in
the jungles of Nicaragua
456
00:25:05,875 --> 00:25:08,583
exposes the fact that
457
00:25:08,667 --> 00:25:12,250
the United States is
illegally backing the Contras,
458
00:25:12,333 --> 00:25:15,250
a little newspaper in Beirut
459
00:25:15,333 --> 00:25:18,709
reveals that Oliver North
460
00:25:18,792 --> 00:25:21,709
has been shipping weapons
461
00:25:21,792 --> 00:25:24,250
to the Iranian
Revolutionary Guard.
462
00:25:24,333 --> 00:25:26,542
There are a number
of reports tonight that
463
00:25:26,625 --> 00:25:28,500
the United States
arranged for the shipment
464
00:25:28,583 --> 00:25:31,291
of military parts to Iran
as part of a deal
465
00:25:31,375 --> 00:25:33,041
for the release
of American hostages.
466
00:25:33,125 --> 00:25:35,959
Mr. President, do we
have a deal going with Iran
467
00:25:36,041 --> 00:25:39,000
of some sort?
468
00:25:39,083 --> 00:25:42,875
No comment, but could I suggest
an appeal to all of you
469
00:25:42,959 --> 00:25:44,750
with regard to this
that the speculation,
470
00:25:44,834 --> 00:25:46,542
the commenting and all,
471
00:25:46,625 --> 00:25:49,500
on a story that came out
of the Middle East
472
00:25:49,583 --> 00:25:51,917
and that--one that
has no foundation.
473
00:25:56,333 --> 00:25:57,709
Mr. President,
474
00:25:57,792 --> 00:26:00,625
how can you justify
this duplicity?
475
00:26:00,709 --> 00:26:02,792
The president
became more and more concerned
476
00:26:02,875 --> 00:26:05,625
about the allegations.
477
00:26:05,709 --> 00:26:08,625
The president decided
to give a speech.
478
00:26:08,709 --> 00:26:11,083
A charge has been made
that the United States
479
00:26:11,166 --> 00:26:14,291
has shipped weapons to Iran
as ransom payment
480
00:26:14,375 --> 00:26:17,458
for the release of
American hostages in Lebanon,
481
00:26:17,542 --> 00:26:19,375
that the United States
undercut its allies
482
00:26:19,458 --> 00:26:22,291
and secretly violated
American policy
483
00:26:22,375 --> 00:26:24,458
against trafficking
with terrorists.
484
00:26:24,542 --> 00:26:27,041
Those charges
are utterly false.
485
00:26:27,125 --> 00:26:30,041
"We have not traded
weapons for hostages."
486
00:26:30,125 --> 00:26:32,500
That was the essence
of the entire speech.
487
00:26:32,583 --> 00:26:35,375
To my mind,
that was not accurate.
488
00:26:35,458 --> 00:26:39,041
I raised it with Director
Webster, and he said,
489
00:26:39,125 --> 00:26:40,667
"It's not an issue of which
490
00:26:40,750 --> 00:26:42,542
we have jurisdiction
or responsibility."
491
00:26:42,625 --> 00:26:44,875
That concern was waved off,
and of course,
492
00:26:44,959 --> 00:26:46,917
the president went ahead
and made that statement.
493
00:26:47,000 --> 00:26:48,750
The United States
has not swapped
494
00:26:48,834 --> 00:26:51,083
boatloads and planeloads
of American weapons
495
00:26:51,166 --> 00:26:55,208
for the return
of American hostages,
496
00:26:55,291 --> 00:26:57,750
and we will not.
497
00:26:59,667 --> 00:27:02,041
If there is a crime
that's been committed
498
00:27:02,125 --> 00:27:03,667
by a president,
499
00:27:03,750 --> 00:27:05,625
is it the FBI's job
500
00:27:05,709 --> 00:27:08,083
to make sure the president's
not above the law?
501
00:27:08,166 --> 00:27:09,500
If there's an allegation,
502
00:27:09,583 --> 00:27:13,375
if there's a predication
for a case,
503
00:27:13,458 --> 00:27:16,500
hell yeah the FBI
is gonna investigate that.
504
00:27:20,834 --> 00:27:23,000
There was a key
meeting the week after
505
00:27:23,083 --> 00:27:26,000
the Iran revelation.
506
00:27:26,083 --> 00:27:28,750
Attorney General Ed Meese
decided to take over
507
00:27:28,834 --> 00:27:30,959
to make sure this crisis
508
00:27:31,041 --> 00:27:33,542
didn't end up
destroying the presidency.
509
00:27:35,208 --> 00:27:37,375
Meese was
the attorney general,
510
00:27:37,458 --> 00:27:38,917
but he also
considered himself
511
00:27:39,000 --> 00:27:41,917
a close colleague
and friend of Reagan's.
512
00:27:43,250 --> 00:27:47,667
His responsibility is to see
that justice is served.
513
00:27:47,750 --> 00:27:50,250
It's not a hat you can just
take off when you want to.
514
00:27:51,959 --> 00:27:54,625
But he decided that
his chief responsibility
515
00:27:54,709 --> 00:27:58,208
was to serve the president
as an advisor.
516
00:27:58,291 --> 00:28:00,917
Why don't I tell you what--
what is the situation
517
00:28:01,041 --> 00:28:03,041
and then I'll take
your questions?
518
00:28:03,125 --> 00:28:05,834
Meese had sent
his own top advisors
519
00:28:05,917 --> 00:28:09,375
to go and look through
North's files.
520
00:28:10,959 --> 00:28:13,792
One of them discovered
what came to be known as
521
00:28:13,875 --> 00:28:16,792
the diversion memo.
522
00:28:16,875 --> 00:28:19,041
The diversion memo is probably
523
00:28:19,125 --> 00:28:22,542
the most important single
document in the whole scandal.
524
00:28:26,834 --> 00:28:28,917
The diversion memo
is discovered
525
00:28:29,000 --> 00:28:32,041
by two senior Justice
Department officials.
526
00:28:32,125 --> 00:28:35,542
They called Ed Meese,
went and had lunch with him,
527
00:28:35,625 --> 00:28:39,709
and told him about the memo.
528
00:28:39,792 --> 00:28:43,667
Finding the memo was
like a nuclear explosion.
529
00:28:45,041 --> 00:28:48,625
Meese acted like
he was shocked and, you know,
530
00:28:48,709 --> 00:28:51,417
muttered some sort of an oath.
531
00:28:51,500 --> 00:28:53,834
"I'm gonna figure out
what happened
532
00:28:53,917 --> 00:28:55,792
and how we're gonna
deal with it."
533
00:28:59,125 --> 00:29:00,792
What is involved is that
534
00:29:00,875 --> 00:29:03,792
in the course
of the arms transfers,
535
00:29:03,875 --> 00:29:07,834
certain monies
were made available
536
00:29:07,917 --> 00:29:11,542
to the forces
in Central America,
537
00:29:11,625 --> 00:29:13,709
which are opposing
538
00:29:13,792 --> 00:29:16,375
the Sandinista
government there.
539
00:29:18,667 --> 00:29:21,083
Oliver North
came up with the idea
540
00:29:21,166 --> 00:29:25,125
to jack up the prices
from the Iran arms sales,
541
00:29:25,208 --> 00:29:28,417
take the profits,
and use those to supply
542
00:29:28,500 --> 00:29:31,333
the Contras with weapons that
he couldn't get officially.
543
00:29:32,875 --> 00:29:37,041
To combine two totally
separate covert operations.
544
00:29:37,125 --> 00:29:40,458
To link them together with
this diversion of funds
545
00:29:40,542 --> 00:29:43,834
was really what brought
the whole house of cards down.
546
00:29:46,000 --> 00:29:47,917
The Reagan
administration on this issue
547
00:29:48,000 --> 00:29:50,709
of arms shipments to Iran
is a portrait of confusion
548
00:29:50,792 --> 00:29:52,917
and disarray on policy.
549
00:29:53,000 --> 00:29:54,542
The arrangement,
apparently,
550
00:29:54,625 --> 00:29:56,583
was a violation of
administration policy.
551
00:29:59,291 --> 00:30:02,208
After a couple
of days of his own inquiry,
552
00:30:02,291 --> 00:30:05,291
he realized that he could say
553
00:30:05,375 --> 00:30:08,709
the only people who knew
about it were Oliver North
554
00:30:08,792 --> 00:30:11,792
and John Poindexter,
and neither of them
555
00:30:11,875 --> 00:30:14,709
would choose to say that the
president specifically knew
556
00:30:14,792 --> 00:30:16,959
about this diversion.
557
00:30:17,041 --> 00:30:19,917
I was not fully informed on the
nature of one of the activities
558
00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:22,583
undertaken in connection
with this initiative.
559
00:30:22,667 --> 00:30:24,542
The president knew
nothing about it
560
00:30:24,625 --> 00:30:26,208
until I reported it to him.
561
00:30:26,291 --> 00:30:27,959
I alerted him
yesterday morning.
562
00:30:28,041 --> 00:30:29,959
But what Ed Meese,
in particular,
563
00:30:30,041 --> 00:30:33,583
managed to do here was
to make that diversion
564
00:30:33,667 --> 00:30:35,417
the center of the story.
565
00:30:35,500 --> 00:30:38,583
It played on the famous
Watergate formulation of,
566
00:30:38,667 --> 00:30:41,750
what did the president know
and when did he know it?
567
00:30:41,834 --> 00:30:43,709
I had no prior knowledge
568
00:30:43,792 --> 00:30:46,083
of the Watergate break-in.
569
00:30:46,166 --> 00:30:48,792
The diversion became
the core of the story.
570
00:30:48,875 --> 00:30:50,792
A whole series
of other activities
571
00:30:50,875 --> 00:30:53,166
that Reagan was
very well aware of
572
00:30:53,250 --> 00:30:56,959
and that he, himself,
believed violated the law
573
00:30:57,041 --> 00:30:58,667
were swept aside.
574
00:30:58,750 --> 00:31:01,000
So the question became,
575
00:31:01,083 --> 00:31:03,792
did the president actually
not know about it?
576
00:31:03,875 --> 00:31:07,083
Let's dig into that and let's
figure out that side of things.
577
00:31:09,291 --> 00:31:12,125
This was what provided Meese
and the administration
578
00:31:12,208 --> 00:31:13,750
with an out.
579
00:31:26,667 --> 00:31:29,166
They could say
the crux of the matter
580
00:31:29,250 --> 00:31:31,583
was this diversion.
581
00:31:31,667 --> 00:31:34,250
"We have done
our investigation
582
00:31:34,333 --> 00:31:38,250
and we have uncovered
this momentous development.
583
00:31:38,333 --> 00:31:40,041
We can say for a certainty
584
00:31:40,125 --> 00:31:41,834
that the president
never knew about it.
585
00:31:41,917 --> 00:31:44,625
Having discovered it,
the president acted
586
00:31:44,709 --> 00:31:46,875
firmly and quickly."
587
00:31:58,750 --> 00:32:00,542
Thank you so very, very much.
588
00:32:05,250 --> 00:32:06,875
Lieutenant Colonel
Oliver North
589
00:32:06,959 --> 00:32:08,333
has been relieved
of his duties
590
00:32:08,417 --> 00:32:10,834
on the National Security
Council staff.
591
00:32:10,917 --> 00:32:12,875
Although not
directly involved,
592
00:32:12,959 --> 00:32:15,041
Vice Admiral John Poindexter
593
00:32:15,125 --> 00:32:17,333
has asked to be relieved
of his assignment
594
00:32:17,417 --> 00:32:20,917
as Assistant to the President
for National Security Affairs.
595
00:32:21,000 --> 00:32:23,583
Not directly involved...
596
00:32:23,667 --> 00:32:26,250
Not directly involved...
597
00:32:26,333 --> 00:32:28,083
The day after Thanksgiving,
598
00:32:28,166 --> 00:32:30,375
I interviewed
National Security Advisor
599
00:32:30,458 --> 00:32:33,625
Admiral Poindexter.
600
00:32:33,709 --> 00:32:37,125
To call my meeting with
Admiral Poindexter pleasant
601
00:32:37,208 --> 00:32:40,250
is really a superficial
characterization,
602
00:32:40,333 --> 00:32:43,125
so I'm sure for him,
it was very unpleasant.
603
00:32:46,000 --> 00:32:48,667
The questions
were really about,
604
00:32:48,750 --> 00:32:52,583
did he know what
Oliver North was doing?
605
00:32:52,667 --> 00:32:56,208
He made it clear that he did
not have detailed knowledge
606
00:32:56,291 --> 00:32:59,917
of what Oliver North
was doing.
607
00:33:00,000 --> 00:33:03,709
I wanted to know whether
he had destroyed any records.
608
00:33:05,375 --> 00:33:08,041
When I interview someone
in terms of looking
609
00:33:08,125 --> 00:33:11,125
at different cues to see
if they might be
610
00:33:11,208 --> 00:33:14,000
telling a lie,
611
00:33:14,083 --> 00:33:17,291
most of the time,
I just rely on
612
00:33:17,375 --> 00:33:19,667
inconsistencies.
613
00:33:19,750 --> 00:33:21,333
When Admiral Poindexter
told me that
614
00:33:21,417 --> 00:33:23,375
he could have stopped Ollie,
615
00:33:23,458 --> 00:33:27,166
I have to say that maybe the
hair on the back of my neck
616
00:33:27,250 --> 00:33:29,375
kinda stood up
a little bit because
617
00:33:29,458 --> 00:33:31,917
I do look for inconsistencies
618
00:33:32,000 --> 00:33:34,291
and, you know, I thought, well,
619
00:33:34,375 --> 00:33:36,458
why would he say that?
620
00:33:36,542 --> 00:33:38,709
Why would he volunteer that
he could've stopped Ollie?
621
00:33:38,792 --> 00:33:40,375
Stopped him from what?
622
00:33:54,542 --> 00:33:57,458
You're accused by other
administration officials.
623
00:33:57,542 --> 00:34:00,083
They're saying you shredded
documents earlier in the week
624
00:34:00,166 --> 00:34:01,709
that possibly
could've concealed
625
00:34:01,792 --> 00:34:03,083
some of the Iran dealings.
626
00:34:03,166 --> 00:34:05,041
Can you comment on that?
627
00:34:05,125 --> 00:34:07,041
I would refer those questions
to my attorney upstairs.
628
00:34:10,208 --> 00:34:12,542
The FBI's
involvement in this case
629
00:34:12,625 --> 00:34:17,083
came after some
destruction of documents,
630
00:34:17,166 --> 00:34:20,125
after Attorney General
Edwin Meese
631
00:34:20,208 --> 00:34:22,917
had done
a fact-finding inquiry
632
00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:26,792
and that in and of itself,
was rather unusual.
633
00:34:26,875 --> 00:34:28,625
Some critics have said
634
00:34:28,709 --> 00:34:30,875
that when you did
a fact-finding mission,
635
00:34:30,959 --> 00:34:33,625
it enabled Admiral Poindexter
and Colonel North
636
00:34:33,709 --> 00:34:37,208
to destroy National
Security Council documents.
637
00:34:37,291 --> 00:34:39,959
No, that is certainly
not a valid criticism
638
00:34:40,041 --> 00:34:41,375
because we were never looking--
639
00:34:41,458 --> 00:34:43,542
we were never conducting
an investigation.
640
00:34:43,625 --> 00:34:46,291
We were never conducting
even a fact-finding mission.
641
00:34:46,375 --> 00:34:49,834
We were trying simply to pull
all the information together
642
00:34:49,917 --> 00:34:53,000
for a presentation to Congress.
643
00:34:53,083 --> 00:34:54,792
You had mentioned
the investigation
644
00:34:54,875 --> 00:34:56,709
started a little late.
645
00:34:56,792 --> 00:34:59,208
Do you think that the
attorney general was delaying?
646
00:34:59,291 --> 00:35:01,583
I can't--you know,
I do, but I can't.
647
00:35:01,667 --> 00:35:05,000
I mean, absolutely do,
but I can't--
648
00:35:05,083 --> 00:35:08,709
I didn't ever interview him.
649
00:35:08,792 --> 00:35:12,375
I think it's
a natural tendency
650
00:35:12,458 --> 00:35:15,917
when you have a president
that you love and admire
651
00:35:16,000 --> 00:35:18,750
to wanna think the best of him,
652
00:35:18,834 --> 00:35:22,667
to protect him.
653
00:35:22,750 --> 00:35:25,834
I think Admiral Poindexter
and Edwin Meese both did that.
654
00:35:27,667 --> 00:35:30,959
Now, Poindexter is
a very technically savvy guy,
655
00:35:31,041 --> 00:35:32,750
very, very bright guy.
656
00:35:39,333 --> 00:35:41,250
Admiral Poindexter
established
657
00:35:41,333 --> 00:35:43,625
a secret back channel
658
00:35:43,709 --> 00:35:46,709
that he and Lieutenant
Colonel North would use
659
00:35:46,792 --> 00:35:49,166
as they schemed.
660
00:35:49,250 --> 00:35:52,959
It was an early form of email
known as PROFS.
661
00:35:53,041 --> 00:35:56,000
This was '85.
Nobody had email systems.
662
00:35:56,083 --> 00:35:58,500
This computer system
is another example
663
00:35:58,583 --> 00:36:00,375
of innovation at IBM.
664
00:36:00,458 --> 00:36:02,750
We could sit
at our computer
665
00:36:02,834 --> 00:36:05,834
and type out a message to the
National Security Advisor.
666
00:36:05,917 --> 00:36:07,834
That's when I learned,
by the way,
667
00:36:07,917 --> 00:36:10,041
that typing
in all caps is yelling.
668
00:36:11,917 --> 00:36:15,917
We realized that
there were deleted messages
669
00:36:16,000 --> 00:36:18,333
from Admiral Poindexter.
670
00:36:18,417 --> 00:36:20,792
In the days just
before the press conference,
671
00:36:20,875 --> 00:36:25,375
his file consisted of more
than 5,000 email messages.
672
00:36:25,458 --> 00:36:28,208
The next day,
after the press conference,
673
00:36:28,291 --> 00:36:31,917
his file contained
zero emails.
674
00:36:37,083 --> 00:36:39,750
It sort of went
to his state of mind
675
00:36:39,834 --> 00:36:42,250
that he was
destroying information.
676
00:36:43,959 --> 00:36:46,291
Poindexter and Oliver North
677
00:36:46,375 --> 00:36:48,750
were not understanding why,
678
00:36:48,834 --> 00:36:50,875
when they pushed
that delete button,
679
00:36:50,959 --> 00:36:52,875
it really didn't get deleted.
680
00:36:54,792 --> 00:36:56,792
The problem was
the backup tape.
681
00:36:56,875 --> 00:37:00,125
The FBI was able
to get access to that tape
682
00:37:00,208 --> 00:37:02,583
and reconstruct
the entire record
683
00:37:02,667 --> 00:37:04,709
of Poindexter's and everybody
else's communications
684
00:37:04,792 --> 00:37:06,542
relating to Iran-Contra.
685
00:37:06,625 --> 00:37:08,750
I believe it's
mentioned in your PROF message,
686
00:37:08,834 --> 00:37:11,375
which was not deleted.
687
00:37:11,458 --> 00:37:13,333
That old delete button.
688
00:37:13,417 --> 00:37:16,750
And we were able
to retrieve those messages,
689
00:37:16,834 --> 00:37:19,917
that certainly illustrated
that Poindexter
690
00:37:20,000 --> 00:37:22,959
knew what North was doing.
691
00:37:23,041 --> 00:37:25,583
And as--as North's boss,
692
00:37:25,667 --> 00:37:28,875
was approving it.
693
00:37:28,959 --> 00:37:32,750
It shows you what people knew,
who else knew it,
694
00:37:32,834 --> 00:37:34,917
the level of knowledge
by other people.
695
00:37:35,000 --> 00:37:37,208
The White House's
National Security Advisor,
696
00:37:37,291 --> 00:37:40,333
John Poindexter, has been
secretly masterminding
697
00:37:40,417 --> 00:37:42,792
the shipment of spare parts
and arms to Iran.
698
00:37:42,875 --> 00:37:46,583
Top officials around President
Reagan plotted a cover-up.
699
00:37:46,667 --> 00:37:48,583
The emails that we recovered
700
00:37:48,667 --> 00:37:52,000
actually solidified what
we thought we knew.
701
00:37:52,083 --> 00:37:54,417
Oliver North was
running a very large
702
00:37:54,500 --> 00:37:59,041
and illegal operation.
703
00:37:59,125 --> 00:38:00,542
President Reagan was clearly
704
00:38:00,625 --> 00:38:03,375
the senior official.
705
00:38:03,458 --> 00:38:06,250
He had knowledge
of what was going on.
706
00:38:06,333 --> 00:38:08,542
Stop the killing!
Stop the lies.
707
00:38:08,625 --> 00:38:11,041
In secretly sending
weapons to Iran
708
00:38:11,125 --> 00:38:12,583
and looking after
taxpayer money,
709
00:38:12,667 --> 00:38:14,250
President Reagan failed to do
710
00:38:14,333 --> 00:38:16,041
what the Constitution
required.
711
00:38:16,125 --> 00:38:19,917
This is human blood upon
the pillars of the White House.
712
00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:22,542
Selling arms to the
Iranians after they blew up
713
00:38:22,625 --> 00:38:24,166
the Beirut barracks,
after they blew up
714
00:38:24,250 --> 00:38:26,375
the Beirut embassy
is the most immoral thing.
715
00:38:26,458 --> 00:38:28,583
That's like selling
Zyklon B to the Germans
716
00:38:28,667 --> 00:38:30,875
after we found out
the Holocaust was underway.
717
00:38:30,959 --> 00:38:33,667
Mr. Reagan is ultimately
responsible for what happened.
718
00:38:33,750 --> 00:38:35,625
When you have
a prisoner of war,
719
00:38:35,709 --> 00:38:38,625
you don't endanger the lives
of the whole country
720
00:38:38,709 --> 00:38:42,500
to get one man out of prison,
but if he did it,
721
00:38:42,583 --> 00:38:44,208
it's the biggest mistake
that's been made
722
00:38:44,291 --> 00:38:45,709
by a president in a long time.
723
00:38:47,542 --> 00:38:51,709
I was horrified that, um,
724
00:38:51,792 --> 00:38:54,000
that the Reagan administration
725
00:38:54,083 --> 00:38:57,709
knew that Congress
726
00:38:57,792 --> 00:39:01,250
did not support the funding
of the Contras.
727
00:39:01,333 --> 00:39:03,750
We had a law in place,
the Arms Export Control Act,
728
00:39:03,834 --> 00:39:06,500
which we knew
729
00:39:06,583 --> 00:39:09,750
we shouldn't be
shipping arms to Iran.
730
00:39:09,834 --> 00:39:13,166
The administration
ignored that,
731
00:39:13,250 --> 00:39:15,333
and not only ignored it,
732
00:39:15,417 --> 00:39:17,709
but conducted those activities
733
00:39:17,792 --> 00:39:19,750
behind the front door
of the White House.
734
00:39:25,542 --> 00:39:28,041
We think that
we have a statutory basis
735
00:39:28,125 --> 00:39:31,417
to believe that a federal law
may have been violated.
736
00:39:31,500 --> 00:39:33,792
If there is any
criminality whatsoever,
737
00:39:33,875 --> 00:39:36,375
all of that matter will be
investigated thoroughly
738
00:39:36,458 --> 00:39:38,166
by an independent counsel,
739
00:39:38,250 --> 00:39:40,166
as I found a statutory basis
740
00:39:40,250 --> 00:39:42,625
to believe that it was
appropriate under the law
741
00:39:42,709 --> 00:39:45,417
for an independent counsel
to proceed.
742
00:39:45,500 --> 00:39:47,083
Good afternoon.
743
00:39:47,166 --> 00:39:52,083
The grand jury
indicted four defendants:
744
00:39:52,166 --> 00:39:55,583
John M. Poindexter,
Oliver L. North,
745
00:39:55,667 --> 00:39:59,417
Richard V. Secord,
and Albert Hakim.
746
00:39:59,500 --> 00:40:02,166
Judge Lawrence Walsh
built an organization
747
00:40:02,250 --> 00:40:05,291
of FBI agents and attorneys,
748
00:40:05,375 --> 00:40:09,125
which was quite remarkable.
749
00:40:09,208 --> 00:40:13,333
I was privileged
to work with him.
750
00:40:13,417 --> 00:40:15,667
The FBI and
the independent counsel
751
00:40:15,750 --> 00:40:18,750
was looking at the
president's culpability.
752
00:40:18,834 --> 00:40:21,709
These things don't happen
in a vacuum.
753
00:40:21,792 --> 00:40:25,083
It was important to find out
how much everyone knew,
754
00:40:25,166 --> 00:40:26,667
including the president.
755
00:40:26,750 --> 00:40:29,709
Without that
independent FBI,
756
00:40:29,792 --> 00:40:31,750
we don't have
a criminal justice system.
757
00:40:31,834 --> 00:40:35,125
If there's not a federal
agency that follows the law
758
00:40:35,208 --> 00:40:38,709
and is unbiased,
and unimpeded,
759
00:40:38,792 --> 00:40:41,667
there's no justice
in our country.
760
00:40:41,750 --> 00:40:43,166
The independent
counsel really
761
00:40:43,250 --> 00:40:45,625
doesn't report to anyone.
762
00:40:45,709 --> 00:40:48,041
Our case was criticized
for the amount of money
763
00:40:48,125 --> 00:40:50,750
that was spent
on the investigation
764
00:40:50,834 --> 00:40:53,417
and for how long it went on.
765
00:40:53,500 --> 00:40:55,417
And I have this witch-hunt
766
00:40:55,500 --> 00:40:57,750
constantly going on
767
00:40:57,834 --> 00:41:00,792
for over 12 months now.
768
00:41:00,875 --> 00:41:02,667
The independent
counsel is really important
769
00:41:02,750 --> 00:41:05,959
in our system that
drives the investigation.
770
00:41:06,041 --> 00:41:09,625
You need to be able to have
sort of an independent review
771
00:41:09,709 --> 00:41:11,625
of this kind of
potential misconduct.
772
00:41:11,709 --> 00:41:13,875
The president today
tweeting, "The appointment
773
00:41:13,959 --> 00:41:16,166
of the Special Counsel
is totally unconstitutional."
774
00:41:16,250 --> 00:41:18,417
One of the biggest
political witch-hunts
775
00:41:18,500 --> 00:41:20,375
in the history
of this country.
776
00:41:29,250 --> 00:41:31,792
The congressional
hearings into Iran-Contra
777
00:41:31,875 --> 00:41:36,041
in the summer of 1987 were
an absolute spectacle.
778
00:41:36,125 --> 00:41:38,959
This was, I think
in many people's minds,
779
00:41:39,041 --> 00:41:41,000
going to be Watergate two.
780
00:41:43,792 --> 00:41:45,375
The question was,
781
00:41:45,458 --> 00:41:47,542
would North and Poindexter
be loyal,
782
00:41:47,625 --> 00:41:50,333
or would they give
the president up?
783
00:41:50,417 --> 00:41:52,625
All I know is what
I've read in the papers
784
00:41:52,709 --> 00:41:55,000
and I don't believe
most of that.
785
00:41:55,083 --> 00:41:58,709
I mean, yesterday, I was
offered capital punishment.
786
00:41:58,792 --> 00:42:00,709
Yes.
-The death penalty, yeah.
787
00:42:00,792 --> 00:42:04,417
I think that's
a little extreme, don't you?
788
00:42:06,125 --> 00:42:09,291
Do you solemnly swear...
789
00:42:09,375 --> 00:42:12,208
In the FBI,
we have a saying.
790
00:42:12,291 --> 00:42:13,834
"Everyone talks."
791
00:42:13,917 --> 00:42:16,458
Eventually,
everyone will talk.
792
00:42:16,542 --> 00:42:18,834
- I do.
- Please be seated.
793
00:42:18,917 --> 00:42:22,041
You've talked here
often and eloquently
794
00:42:22,125 --> 00:42:26,250
about the need for a democratic
outcome in Nicaragua.
795
00:42:26,333 --> 00:42:29,041
There's no disagreement
on that.
796
00:42:29,125 --> 00:42:32,542
There is disagreement over how
best to achieve that objective.
797
00:42:32,625 --> 00:42:34,625
It's hard to imagine anything
798
00:42:34,709 --> 00:42:37,208
that would give
our allies more cause
799
00:42:37,291 --> 00:42:39,875
to consider us unreliable
800
00:42:39,959 --> 00:42:43,000
than that we say
one thing in public
801
00:42:43,083 --> 00:42:46,458
and secretly do the opposite,
802
00:42:46,542 --> 00:42:48,291
and that's exactly
what was done
803
00:42:48,375 --> 00:42:50,875
when arms were sold to Iran
804
00:42:50,959 --> 00:42:54,166
and arms were swapped
for hostages.
805
00:42:54,250 --> 00:42:57,041
We do live in
a democracy, don't we?
806
00:42:57,125 --> 00:42:58,625
We do, sir.
Thank God.
807
00:42:58,709 --> 00:43:00,834
In which it is the people,
808
00:43:00,917 --> 00:43:03,792
not one Marine
Lieutenant Colonel,
809
00:43:03,875 --> 00:43:06,875
that get to decide
the important policy decisions
810
00:43:06,959 --> 00:43:09,625
for the nation.
811
00:43:09,709 --> 00:43:12,875
Ollie North
was at the heart
812
00:43:12,959 --> 00:43:17,083
of turning the whole scenario
upside down,
813
00:43:17,166 --> 00:43:20,750
and North proceeded
for the next several days
814
00:43:20,834 --> 00:43:24,417
to put the committees
entirely on the defensive
815
00:43:24,500 --> 00:43:27,083
and to make himself out,
at least to his supporters,
816
00:43:27,166 --> 00:43:29,250
as the hero.
817
00:43:29,333 --> 00:43:31,667
For him, the mission
was what was critical.
818
00:43:31,750 --> 00:43:36,458
How you accomplished it
was almost unimportant.
819
00:43:39,000 --> 00:43:42,125
Like with so much
on this scandal,
820
00:43:42,208 --> 00:43:45,875
half of the country
was repelled by that,
821
00:43:45,959 --> 00:43:48,250
and half of the country
just thought this was
822
00:43:48,333 --> 00:43:49,917
the greatest thing ever.
823
00:43:50,000 --> 00:43:53,291
Ollie had done
the Lord's work
824
00:43:53,375 --> 00:43:55,583
and done
the president's bidding.
825
00:43:55,667 --> 00:44:00,166
And why is he being held up
as accountable for all this?
826
00:44:00,250 --> 00:44:03,917
I still to this day, counsel,
don't see anything wrong
827
00:44:04,000 --> 00:44:06,250
with taking
the ayatollah's money
828
00:44:06,333 --> 00:44:09,417
and sending it to support the
Nicaraguan freedom fighters.
829
00:44:09,500 --> 00:44:11,375
North, American hero!
830
00:44:11,458 --> 00:44:13,417
North, American hero!
831
00:44:13,500 --> 00:44:17,000
Olliemania was
what resulted from this.
832
00:44:17,083 --> 00:44:19,750
Ollie, Ollie, he's our man!
He's the hero of our land!
833
00:44:19,834 --> 00:44:21,208
He has served
on Ronald Reagan's
834
00:44:21,291 --> 00:44:23,291
National Security Council,
835
00:44:23,375 --> 00:44:25,542
the host of The Oliver North
Radio Show, Oliver North.
836
00:44:27,000 --> 00:44:29,709
There's the Colonel.
837
00:44:29,792 --> 00:44:33,125
So you--you really are
Oliver North.
838
00:44:33,208 --> 00:44:35,625
To the best of
my recollection, yes.
839
00:44:35,709 --> 00:44:37,125
I'm running for Senate
840
00:44:37,208 --> 00:44:39,000
because Washington's
out of control,
841
00:44:39,083 --> 00:44:42,542
and we need
to make some changes.
842
00:44:42,625 --> 00:44:44,000
His prosecutors
said he was a cross
843
00:44:44,083 --> 00:44:45,834
between Hitler and Joe Isuzu.
844
00:44:45,917 --> 00:44:48,125
A clumsy fanatic.
If you agree, vote no.
845
00:44:48,208 --> 00:44:50,125
His supporters see a loyal
and dedicated Marine
846
00:44:50,208 --> 00:44:52,583
sacrificing himself for
his president and his country.
847
00:44:52,667 --> 00:44:54,417
If you agree,
vote yes for "Pardon."
848
00:44:54,500 --> 00:44:57,250
Oliver North, hero, villain,
criminal or patriot?
849
00:44:57,333 --> 00:44:58,583
What do you think?
850
00:44:58,667 --> 00:45:01,709
North was a dangerous fool,
851
00:45:01,792 --> 00:45:06,208
who was given a dangerous
amount of power.
852
00:45:06,291 --> 00:45:09,542
He was a zealot,
853
00:45:09,625 --> 00:45:11,792
and such men are dangerous.
854
00:45:13,542 --> 00:45:15,625
Do you remember
shredding documents
855
00:45:15,709 --> 00:45:18,959
when the representatives of
the Attorney General's office
856
00:45:19,041 --> 00:45:22,083
had left for their lunch?
857
00:45:22,166 --> 00:45:23,834
I remember shredding documents
858
00:45:23,917 --> 00:45:26,250
while they were in there
reading documents.
859
00:45:26,333 --> 00:45:28,250
Shredding them
in their presence?
860
00:45:28,333 --> 00:45:30,166
Well, I mean,
they were sitting in my office,
861
00:45:30,250 --> 00:45:32,208
and the shredder
was right outside,
862
00:45:32,291 --> 00:45:34,250
and I walked out
and shredded documents.
863
00:45:34,333 --> 00:45:39,250
He was known as
a serial exaggerator.
864
00:45:39,333 --> 00:45:43,625
He lied routinely
to colleagues, to supervisors.
865
00:45:43,709 --> 00:45:46,458
He certainly lied to Congress.
866
00:45:46,542 --> 00:45:49,000
I will tell you right now,
counsel,
867
00:45:49,083 --> 00:45:51,458
and all the members
here gathered
868
00:45:51,542 --> 00:45:54,375
that I misled the Congress.
869
00:45:54,458 --> 00:45:57,667
As soon
as North realized
870
00:45:57,750 --> 00:46:00,125
that he might face jail time,
871
00:46:00,208 --> 00:46:01,875
that there might be actual
872
00:46:01,959 --> 00:46:04,333
criminal consequences
for what he did,
873
00:46:04,417 --> 00:46:07,667
he made sure to portray
what he did
874
00:46:07,750 --> 00:46:11,417
as being on orders
of Ronald Reagan.
875
00:46:11,500 --> 00:46:14,083
I did a lot of things
and wanted to stand up and say
876
00:46:14,166 --> 00:46:15,709
that I'm proud of them.
877
00:46:15,792 --> 00:46:18,375
I don't want you to think,
counsel,
878
00:46:18,458 --> 00:46:21,166
that I went about this
all on my own.
879
00:46:27,583 --> 00:46:29,667
A lot of questions
unresolved
880
00:46:29,750 --> 00:46:33,125
and not yet even posed.
881
00:46:33,208 --> 00:46:35,917
We will want to know a lot
more about the question of:
882
00:46:36,000 --> 00:46:37,792
on what authority did he act?
883
00:46:42,875 --> 00:46:47,083
The hearing will please
come to order.
884
00:46:47,166 --> 00:46:48,875
Everybody was
anxiously waiting
885
00:46:48,959 --> 00:46:50,542
during the congressional
hearings
886
00:46:50,625 --> 00:46:52,583
for Poindexter to say
887
00:46:52,667 --> 00:46:54,417
whether or not he had
ever told the president
888
00:46:54,500 --> 00:46:56,667
about the diversion.
889
00:46:59,083 --> 00:47:02,166
He was the guy who saw
the president the most often
890
00:47:02,250 --> 00:47:06,542
and dealt with him most
directly on Iran-Contra.
891
00:47:06,625 --> 00:47:08,709
I think it's--you know,
an important point here
892
00:47:08,792 --> 00:47:13,375
is that on this whole issue,
893
00:47:13,458 --> 00:47:15,542
you know, the buck stops
here with me.
894
00:47:15,625 --> 00:47:17,792
I made the decision.
895
00:47:17,875 --> 00:47:19,917
I--I felt that I had
the authority to do it.
896
00:47:20,000 --> 00:47:22,166
I thought it was a good idea.
897
00:47:22,250 --> 00:47:25,583
I was convinced that
the president would,
898
00:47:25,667 --> 00:47:29,291
in the end,
think it was a good idea,
899
00:47:29,375 --> 00:47:34,000
but I did not want him to be
associated with the decision.
900
00:47:34,083 --> 00:47:38,417
Poindexter was someone
who unhesitatingly
901
00:47:38,500 --> 00:47:42,375
took responsibility
for his actions onto himself
902
00:47:42,458 --> 00:47:46,500
and in fact took the burden
of the potential guilt
903
00:47:46,583 --> 00:47:48,959
of Ronald Reagan
on himself as well.
904
00:47:49,041 --> 00:47:51,417
And so the answer is
you did not tell
905
00:47:51,500 --> 00:47:53,125
the President
of the United States?
906
00:47:53,208 --> 00:47:56,417
I did not.
907
00:47:56,500 --> 00:47:58,750
Poindexter turned out
to be a lot more loyal
908
00:47:58,834 --> 00:48:02,542
to Ronald Reagan
than Oliver North was.
909
00:48:02,625 --> 00:48:07,125
Loyalty designed
to protect the president
910
00:48:07,208 --> 00:48:09,625
from serious
political fallout.
911
00:48:13,750 --> 00:48:16,959
In Watergate,
people gave up the president.
912
00:48:17,041 --> 00:48:19,041
The people that were there
913
00:48:19,125 --> 00:48:21,709
basically had no intention
to protect Nixon.
914
00:48:21,792 --> 00:48:24,125
Daughter.
-Hi, nice to meet you.
915
00:48:24,208 --> 00:48:25,834
It's nice to meet you.
916
00:48:25,917 --> 00:48:27,250
The difference
between Watergate
917
00:48:27,333 --> 00:48:31,125
and Iran-Contra--
we never got to Reagan.
918
00:48:32,834 --> 00:48:34,333
And finally, Mr. President,
919
00:48:34,417 --> 00:48:36,542
about the Iran-Nicaraguan
connection,
920
00:48:36,625 --> 00:48:38,208
some may wonder
which was worse,
921
00:48:38,291 --> 00:48:40,792
your knowing
or your not knowing.
922
00:48:40,875 --> 00:48:45,333
Well, all I can say is
I didn't know.
923
00:48:45,417 --> 00:48:48,250
And, well, we're trying
to find out what happened,
924
00:48:48,333 --> 00:48:51,250
because none of us know.
925
00:48:53,125 --> 00:48:56,166
To a certain degree,
Reagan benefitted
926
00:48:56,250 --> 00:48:59,250
from the image that
many people had of him
927
00:48:59,333 --> 00:49:01,542
as kind of the amiable dunce.
928
00:49:01,625 --> 00:49:02,917
Back to work!
929
00:49:05,917 --> 00:49:08,333
That actually played
to his advantage
930
00:49:08,417 --> 00:49:11,792
when it came to the
plausibility of his denials.
931
00:49:13,750 --> 00:49:15,625
I think about this
and I think,
932
00:49:15,709 --> 00:49:18,917
is this the way we want
our government to run?
933
00:49:19,000 --> 00:49:21,834
It should be transparent.
It should be accountable.
934
00:49:21,917 --> 00:49:25,083
When there's
a special operation,
935
00:49:25,166 --> 00:49:28,000
you can do that, but you
need to advise Congress.
936
00:49:28,083 --> 00:49:29,458
You can't just do it
in a vacuum.
937
00:49:29,542 --> 00:49:31,625
We have a process.
938
00:49:31,709 --> 00:49:34,250
Our institutions have survived
939
00:49:34,333 --> 00:49:36,834
this long for a reason.
940
00:49:36,917 --> 00:49:39,375
We can't just, like,
be fast and loose
941
00:49:39,458 --> 00:49:42,417
with the rules here.
942
00:49:42,500 --> 00:49:45,333
I want my government to be
at least as good as me.
943
00:49:50,000 --> 00:49:53,291
Dick Cheney, then
a congressman from Wyoming,
944
00:49:53,375 --> 00:49:57,959
held the point of view that
in matters of foreign policy
945
00:49:58,041 --> 00:50:01,709
and any time of crisis,
946
00:50:01,792 --> 00:50:04,417
the powers of the presidency
947
00:50:04,500 --> 00:50:08,750
are above and beyond
what any of us might think
948
00:50:08,834 --> 00:50:11,333
would be a limit.
949
00:50:11,417 --> 00:50:16,083
He was more like a king than
the president we think of.
950
00:50:16,166 --> 00:50:19,709
If you don't obey the laws
that are put in place
951
00:50:19,792 --> 00:50:22,917
to keep all of us
on the up and up,
952
00:50:23,000 --> 00:50:25,000
then where are you?
953
00:50:25,083 --> 00:50:27,083
A few months ago,
I told the American people
954
00:50:27,166 --> 00:50:30,208
I did not trade arms
for hostages.
955
00:50:30,291 --> 00:50:33,834
My heart and my best intentions
still tell me that's true,
956
00:50:33,917 --> 00:50:36,542
but the facts and the evidence
tell me it is not.
957
00:50:40,166 --> 00:50:42,709
What began as a strategic
opening to Iran
958
00:50:42,792 --> 00:50:45,083
deteriorated
in its implementation
959
00:50:45,166 --> 00:50:49,875
into trading arms
for hostages.
960
00:50:49,959 --> 00:50:52,583
The president suffered
some temporary drops
961
00:50:52,667 --> 00:50:54,542
in his approval rankings,
962
00:50:54,625 --> 00:50:59,000
and he left office
on a high note.
963
00:50:59,083 --> 00:51:02,917
The vice president
was seriously implicated
964
00:51:03,000 --> 00:51:04,959
on both sides of the scandal
965
00:51:05,041 --> 00:51:06,834
but went on to be elected
president.
966
00:51:06,917 --> 00:51:09,625
For an endless,
enduring dream
967
00:51:09,709 --> 00:51:11,875
and a thousand
points of light.
968
00:51:11,959 --> 00:51:14,709
Poindexter
was found guilty.
969
00:51:14,792 --> 00:51:16,750
His case was appealed,
970
00:51:16,834 --> 00:51:20,625
and the court dropped
any further proceedings.
971
00:51:20,709 --> 00:51:23,333
The same thing more or less
happened to Oliver North.
972
00:51:23,417 --> 00:51:25,834
North was convicted
on several counts in 1989,
973
00:51:25,917 --> 00:51:29,667
but those convictions were
overturned two years later.
974
00:51:29,750 --> 00:51:34,125
Six individuals were
about to be put on trial,
975
00:51:34,208 --> 00:51:37,875
but were pardoned
by President Bush
976
00:51:37,959 --> 00:51:40,417
on Christmas Eve, 1992.
977
00:51:43,333 --> 00:51:46,667
President Bush's pardon
of Iran-Contra defendants
978
00:51:46,750 --> 00:51:48,709
undermines the principle
979
00:51:48,792 --> 00:51:52,250
that no man is above the law.
980
00:51:52,333 --> 00:51:56,208
It demonstrates
that powerful people
981
00:51:56,291 --> 00:52:00,083
with powerful allies
can commit serious crimes
982
00:52:00,166 --> 00:52:01,792
in high office.
983
00:52:06,750 --> 00:52:10,458
If you are popular
enough as a president
984
00:52:10,542 --> 00:52:15,458
or if you can command
a base effectively,
985
00:52:15,542 --> 00:52:17,500
you can get away with a lot.
986
00:52:17,583 --> 00:52:20,125
The people,
my people are so smart.
987
00:52:20,208 --> 00:52:21,875
And you know what else
they say about my people?
988
00:52:21,959 --> 00:52:24,000
The polls, they say I have
the most loyal people.
989
00:52:24,083 --> 00:52:25,834
Did you ever see that?
990
00:52:25,917 --> 00:52:27,667
Where I could stand
in the middle of 5th Avenue
991
00:52:27,750 --> 00:52:29,875
and shoot somebody, and I
wouldn't lose any voters, okay?
992
00:52:29,959 --> 00:52:32,041
It's, like, incredible.
993
00:52:32,125 --> 00:52:33,917
From President Trump,
994
00:52:34,000 --> 00:52:36,208
a vision of unlimited
presidential power,
995
00:52:36,291 --> 00:52:38,375
tweeting about
the Russia investigation.
996
00:52:38,458 --> 00:52:41,291
"I have the absolute right
to pardon myself."
997
00:52:45,291 --> 00:52:47,083
The lesson
from Watergate
998
00:52:47,166 --> 00:52:49,667
that we came away with was,
999
00:52:49,750 --> 00:52:53,625
yes, our highest officials
had broken the law,
1000
00:52:53,709 --> 00:52:56,375
but they had been brought
to account.
1001
00:52:56,458 --> 00:53:00,000
The good guys had won,
the cavalry had come.
1002
00:53:00,083 --> 00:53:02,458
But I think after Iran-Contra,
1003
00:53:02,542 --> 00:53:05,375
you--you had
a very different outcome.
1004
00:53:05,458 --> 00:53:08,250
It is possible to get away
with wrongdoing.
1005
00:53:10,709 --> 00:53:12,417
What's to stop any president
1006
00:53:12,500 --> 00:53:15,250
from doing whatever
they want to do?
77600
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