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(upbeat music)
(birds chirping)
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There are not many places in
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the world with mangroves.
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We tend to view them as hard to navigate.
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Full of tangled roots, mosquitoes, and mud.
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But they are so much more.
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Mangroves are one of the most important habitats on Earth.
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The safeguard and the wellbeing of humans.
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Not to mention being vital to many of
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the planet's most extraordinary, wonderful,
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and endangered species.
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Everything from shorebirds to sharks,
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and monkeys to manatees.
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Once we explore this unique landscape,
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it's not just wildlife,
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but us who are drawn
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to the magic of mangroves.
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(bugs trilling)
(birds chirping)
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(light dramatic music)
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(wings flapping)
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In the dense, dark, intimidating tangle of a mangrove
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a killer is on the move.
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This is a Burmese python,
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a formidable reptile.
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(dramatic music)
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(leaves rustling)
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One of the longest snakes on Earth.
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(light dramatic music)
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Seven meters of muscle.
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(dramatic music)
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(leaves rustling)
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(water trickling)
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Expert in climbing and swimming,
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and able to stay submerged for up to 30 minutes.
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It's very much at home in native mangrove forest.
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(light dramatic music)
(birds chirping)
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But this isn't Burma.
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Thanks to the exotic pet trade
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and some careless or thoughtless owners,
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this snake is on the other side of the world from its home.
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(dramatic music)
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These of the Florida Everglades.
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But since the 1970s, pythons have set up shop here.
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It's warm and wet, a home from home.
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Ideal habitat that's packed with food.
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A multitude of species that have never met a python before
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and have no adaptations to deal with such a predator.
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(light dramatic music)
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Small furry mammals, like the raccoon,
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have declined by 99%.
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And foxes and rabbits have all but gone
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thanks to this exotic invasion.
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(light dramatic music)
(leaves rustling)
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There might be 150,000 or more pythons in the Everglades
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munching their way through everything from birds,
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(wings flapping)
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to deer,
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(light dramatic music)
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and even alligators.
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(dramatic music)
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(water trickling)
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They're having a massive impact on the entire ecosystem.
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A reminder of how finely balanced nature is.
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The giant snakes have knocked this ecosystem out of kilter,
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and some ecosystems are more important than others.
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(light dramatic music)
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(light guitar music)
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Though mangroves are found in more than 100 countries
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across the tropical and subtropical regions of the world,
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they cover just 137,000 square kilometers.
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About the size of Greece.
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And yet, as we'll see, perhaps more than
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any other landscape, they're vital to human health,
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as well as a unique animal and plant community.
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(birds squawking)
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Here, plant life from land dips its toes in the water,
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creating a magical in between place that
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has massive benefits for the surrounding ocean
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and the habitats inland.
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Mangroves are among the most productive
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and complex ecosystems on Earth.
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They're comprised of a unique family of trees,
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about 60 species in all.
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United by incredible adaptations to their surroundings.
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(light dramatic music)
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They will have networks of roots that spread out
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to anchor them in the soft sediment of the coast,
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and aerial roots that can rise above the soggy ground
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to absorb oxygen.
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(light music)
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And special salt glands in their leaves
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which can extract and expel the salt
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taken in from the seawater.
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(birds squawking)
(water trickling)
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The biggest area of mangrove on Earth
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is along the coastline of Indonesia.
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A lush coastal forest area twice the size of Jamaica
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and home to one of the most bizarre faces on the planet.
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Female and young proboscis monkeys look a little odd,
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but it's the male, with his fist-sized schnoz
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that draws the eye.
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The primates live in small family groups
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with one adult male.
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Therein lies the key to his distinctive profile.
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Apparently, for proboscis monkeys, size does matter.
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The bigger his nose, the more girlfriends
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a monkey is likely to have.
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The supersize snout not only has visual appeal,
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but also amplifies his voice.
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The bigger his nose, the better his barking.
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The quality of the sound warns other males
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in the area that a big boy's in residence
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and seems to be a major turn on for the females.
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(monkeys squawking)
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This troop lives high in the canopy of the mangroves
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but makes a daily downhill migration.
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(upbeat music)
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(leaves rustling)
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Mangroves undergo radical changes during the day
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as the tide rises and falls.
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(monkeys squawking)
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With the water levels lower, the monkeys descend.
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The male stands guard as his dozen lady friends
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and their young make their way down.
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(leaves rustling)
(upbeat music)
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He brings up the rear.
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They are totally suited to life in the trees
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and hardly ever go to the ground.
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All they're after are the lower branches
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that can be out of reach at high tide.
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(light music)
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There are plenty of mangrove leaves here for them to eat.
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But even the freshest young chutes they gather
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are tough to digest.
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Which is why proboscis monkeys
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are unlikely to win bathing suit competitions.
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Their rather portly stomachs are basically
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big fermentation chambers to break down the tough foliage.
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They waste no time in bingeing before the tide turns.
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(light dramatic music)
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Proboscis monkeys are good swimmers.
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They even have partially webbed feet.
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But they still prefer to avoid the deeper
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water below the trees.
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You never know what might be lurking there.
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(monkeys screeching)
(light dramatic music)
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Crocodiles have learned to wait under the monkey's
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favorite feeding spots.
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(light dramatic music)
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And the crocs of Australasia are the biggest in the world.
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Salt water crocodiles.
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The great reptiles get their name
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because they can tolerate seawater
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and move freely between rivers and the coast.
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(birds chirping)
(water bubbling)
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The mangrove in between is an excellent place to hunt.
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Ambush predators.
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They try to get as close as possible,
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ready to launch their attack.
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A large family means many eyes to spot danger,
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(dramatic music)
(water splashing)
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but this time the alarm call came too late.
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(dramatic music)
(water splashing)
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The rest of the troop watches in horror from a safe height.
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(somber music)
(water splashing)
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Time to go.
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(monkeys squawking)
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They need some downtime after breakfast anyway,
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to let their big bloated bellies do their thing.
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(light music)
(birds chirping)
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(water splashing)
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The rise and fall of the tide
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can transform coastal mangroves.
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Asian mangroves, like these in Japan,
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can see big shifts in water level.
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As the tide retreats,
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(light dramatic music)
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tiny armies march into action.
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Soldier crab maneuvers have military precision
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as they invade the mud.
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(light music)
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Moving in squads, they're less likely
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to be picked off by predators.
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With safety in numbers, they scan the sand,
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snatching up any edible detritus left by the sea.
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Fiddler crabs, on the other hand, don't like company.
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(playful music)
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They prefer to dine alone.
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But space on the mudflats is in short supply.
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With a single enlarged claw, they beckon
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like traffic wardens giving directions
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for the neighbors to back up.
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Anyone ignoring the message might resort to an arm wrestle
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to settle the score.
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The beach cleanup crew don't have time to argue.
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In just a few short hours the tide seeps back
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into the mangroves and the crabs must return to the mud.
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(birds squawking)
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The reason the crabs have adopted this lifestyle
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is because the mud beneath the mangroves
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offers a good living.
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(water bubbling)
(light dramatic music)
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With food both washed out from the land
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and washed in from the sea.
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(light dramatic music)
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But they make sure they're safely tucked away
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ahead of the returning tide
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because it's not only food that the sea can bring in.
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(dramatic music)
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Lemon sharks.
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This time cruising in the waters of Florida's mangroves.
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(water bubbling)
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The deeper water allowing them to get
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right in under the trees.
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(light dramatic music)
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They forage by nuzzling under rocks looking for shellfish.
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(dramatic music)
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Horseshoe crabs draw their eye.
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(light dramatic music)
(water bubbling)
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But they're too big.
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(light music)
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These sharks are tiddlers, baby sharks,
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using the mangrove as daycare.
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Sharks don't look after their babies,
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but their mother was careful to give birth in the mangroves.
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So that from the word go, the pups could take shelter
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in the tangle of roots.
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(light music)
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As sharks go, they're pretty cute and friendly,
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and have allowed researchers to study them closely.
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Revealing that they have individual personalities,
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make friends with each other, and can even be taught tricks.
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(light music)
(water bubbling)
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They'll hang out here, learning the ropes,
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until they're 10 to 15 years old.
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Big enough to head offshore and stand up for themselves.
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Sharks are not the only fish to cash in
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on the protective root systems of mangroves.
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Warm and sheltered, the waters are ideal
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places for young life.
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(birds chirping)
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The roots make fantastic playpens for a myriad of baby fish.
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(water bubbling)
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Some fish species spawn in the mangroves,
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laying eggs so the young hatch here.
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While others spawn at sea, but their planktonic babies know
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to make their way here for safety.
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(water bubbling)
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(birds chirping)
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Many commercially important marine fish begin
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their days here in the mangroves.
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And the colorful fish life on coral reefs,
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so loved by human divers, is dependent on
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the mangroves for child rearing as well.
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(light music)
(water bubbling)
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Coral reefs that are close to mangroves
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have 25% more fish on them than those that are not.
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That's the quality of childcare the forests offer,
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sheltering and feeding the little ones
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and keeping them out of the reach
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of the bigger predators of open water.
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But there are hunters that have learned to cash in.
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A lava heron uses the aerial roots as a handrail
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to lower itself carefully into place.
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(upbeat music)
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It's a spear fishermen.
267
00:20:00,873 --> 00:20:03,623
(water bubbling)
268
00:20:12,650 --> 00:20:15,223
But here in the mangroves of the Galapagos Islands,
269
00:20:16,390 --> 00:20:17,803
it's got competition.
270
00:20:18,905 --> 00:20:22,155
(light dramatic music)
271
00:20:23,460 --> 00:20:25,760
These fish face attack from both above
272
00:20:25,760 --> 00:20:27,471
and below the surface.
273
00:20:27,471 --> 00:20:32,471
(suspenseful music)
(water trickling)
274
00:20:33,290 --> 00:20:35,653
In both cases, from birds,
275
00:20:36,702 --> 00:20:38,920
(light dramatic music)
276
00:20:38,920 --> 00:20:40,847
Galapagos penguins.
277
00:20:40,847 --> 00:20:44,097
(light dramatic music)
278
00:20:50,230 --> 00:20:52,420
The birds are critically endangered
279
00:20:52,420 --> 00:20:54,870
and depend on the rich pickings in the mangroves.
280
00:20:56,188 --> 00:20:58,688
(light music)
281
00:21:02,290 --> 00:21:05,793
Small and maneuverable torpedoes in tuxedos.
282
00:21:07,023 --> 00:21:12,023
(light music)
(water splashing)
283
00:21:15,320 --> 00:21:17,528
They can dash in around the tree roots.
284
00:21:17,528 --> 00:21:22,528
(water bubbling)
(light music)
285
00:21:34,740 --> 00:21:37,913
The fleeing fish reward the herons' patience as well.
286
00:21:42,251 --> 00:21:47,251
(water bubbling)
(light music)
287
00:21:51,650 --> 00:21:54,670
Despite the occasional avian invasion,
288
00:21:54,670 --> 00:21:57,063
mangroves remain a safe haven for many.
289
00:22:04,860 --> 00:22:07,663
Green turtles are long distance travelers.
290
00:22:14,370 --> 00:22:16,920
After months of ocean crossing journeys,
291
00:22:16,920 --> 00:22:19,810
many seek the chance to rest and warm up,
292
00:22:19,810 --> 00:22:22,086
preparing themselves for the breeding season.
293
00:22:22,086 --> 00:22:24,836
(water bubbling)
294
00:22:26,560 --> 00:22:29,010
The mangrove trees absorb the impact of waves
295
00:22:29,010 --> 00:22:33,400
on the coastal side, but further into the forest,
296
00:22:33,400 --> 00:22:36,543
create lagoons where the water is still and safe.
297
00:22:42,300 --> 00:22:46,083
Shallow and protected, the water is warmed by the sun.
298
00:22:47,230 --> 00:22:49,393
A hot bath for chilly turtles.
299
00:22:50,913 --> 00:22:53,550
(light music)
300
00:22:53,550 --> 00:22:56,600
These warm water spas are a vital stopoff
301
00:22:56,600 --> 00:22:58,810
for many marine species.
302
00:22:58,810 --> 00:23:01,713
Especially important here in the Florida Everglades,
303
00:23:04,610 --> 00:23:08,173
manatees are three meter long gentle giants.
304
00:23:10,960 --> 00:23:13,253
The only vegetarian marine mammals,
305
00:23:16,500 --> 00:23:18,060
they have to munch through 10%
306
00:23:18,060 --> 00:23:20,023
of their body weight every day.
307
00:23:23,230 --> 00:23:25,833
And the mangroves supply a smorgasbord.
308
00:23:29,740 --> 00:23:32,393
But it's more important than just a snack bar.
309
00:23:33,490 --> 00:23:36,983
Truly marine, manatees can roam out to sea,
310
00:23:38,840 --> 00:23:41,410
ranging from the north coast of South America
311
00:23:41,410 --> 00:23:44,940
across the Caribbean islands and Central America
312
00:23:44,940 --> 00:23:47,683
and along the Southern Atlantic coast of the USA.
313
00:23:49,610 --> 00:23:51,613
But this marks the end of their habitat.
314
00:23:53,930 --> 00:23:56,773
The limiting factor: cold.
315
00:24:02,830 --> 00:24:05,790
During winter, North America's manatees
316
00:24:05,790 --> 00:24:08,470
can suffer from hypothermia if they don't seek
317
00:24:08,470 --> 00:24:09,893
warm water sanctuaries.
318
00:24:10,763 --> 00:24:13,263
(light music)
319
00:24:17,470 --> 00:24:19,620
As the salinity changes,
320
00:24:19,620 --> 00:24:23,250
barnacles and other pests acquired at sea fall off,
321
00:24:23,250 --> 00:24:25,623
and over time, algae grows.
322
00:24:29,140 --> 00:24:31,340
The mangrove fish are more than happy
323
00:24:31,340 --> 00:24:33,381
to give them a body wash.
324
00:24:33,381 --> 00:24:38,381
(light music)
(water bubbling)
325
00:25:06,380 --> 00:25:08,390
With solid bones as ballast,
326
00:25:08,390 --> 00:25:10,410
manatees can spend hours resting in
327
00:25:10,410 --> 00:25:12,895
the shallows enjoying the warm.
328
00:25:12,895 --> 00:25:15,645
(birds chirping)
329
00:25:21,515 --> 00:25:24,265
(water bubbling)
330
00:25:25,660 --> 00:25:28,480
It's even more important to this mother,
331
00:25:28,480 --> 00:25:30,843
giving her a place to raise her young calf.
332
00:25:35,375 --> 00:25:38,125
(calf squeaking)
333
00:25:45,280 --> 00:25:48,593
In deep waters it might be at risk of shark attack,
334
00:25:49,520 --> 00:25:52,670
but here it can safely follow her around
335
00:25:52,670 --> 00:25:54,193
and enjoy her rich milk.
336
00:25:58,950 --> 00:26:00,720
(light music)
337
00:26:00,720 --> 00:26:03,540
The mother will look after this little one for two years
338
00:26:03,540 --> 00:26:05,443
safely in the mangrove's custody.
339
00:26:09,740 --> 00:26:12,733
It's not just marine creatures that depend on mangroves,
340
00:26:16,310 --> 00:26:17,860
everything from monitor lizards
341
00:26:22,950 --> 00:26:23,783
to monkeys
342
00:26:27,600 --> 00:26:29,413
and even cassowaries.
343
00:26:33,744 --> 00:26:38,744
(light music)
(ground rustling)
344
00:26:39,320 --> 00:26:42,340
The huge flightless birds live in the tropical forests
345
00:26:42,340 --> 00:26:45,130
of Australasia and wade into the mangroves
346
00:26:45,130 --> 00:26:46,483
to look for fallen fruit.
347
00:26:48,469 --> 00:26:52,130
(water splashing)
348
00:26:52,130 --> 00:26:55,543
Their sensitive hearing picks up on every splash.
349
00:26:57,055 --> 00:26:59,888
(water splashing)
350
00:27:01,203 --> 00:27:04,350
And their eyes are drawn to bright colorful objects,
351
00:27:05,850 --> 00:27:08,163
helping them locate the ripest fruits.
352
00:27:09,300 --> 00:27:12,133
(water splashing)
353
00:27:13,259 --> 00:27:15,759
(light music)
354
00:27:30,886 --> 00:27:33,136
(gargling)
355
00:27:34,490 --> 00:27:37,030
The birds prefer to forage alone.
356
00:27:37,030 --> 00:27:39,890
Females might rendezvous with males briefly,
357
00:27:39,890 --> 00:27:41,581
but they don't stick around.
358
00:27:41,581 --> 00:27:46,581
(ground rustling)
(birds chirping)
359
00:27:48,220 --> 00:27:52,000
Cassowaries are always raised in single parent families
360
00:27:52,000 --> 00:27:54,330
with a protective dad who shows them how
361
00:27:54,330 --> 00:27:56,543
to find their way around the mangroves.
362
00:27:58,926 --> 00:28:02,176
(light dramatic music)
363
00:28:14,780 --> 00:28:17,493
Many birds thrive in these unique forests.
364
00:28:18,489 --> 00:28:23,489
(suspenseful music)
(birds chirping)
365
00:28:26,000 --> 00:28:28,610
Ospreys are widespread and often feed
366
00:28:28,610 --> 00:28:30,213
and breed in mangroves.
367
00:28:35,120 --> 00:28:37,850
In many regions, they're migratory,
368
00:28:37,850 --> 00:28:40,820
but the warm, rich mangroves can provide
369
00:28:40,820 --> 00:28:42,053
for them year round.
370
00:28:44,452 --> 00:28:47,940
(birds squawking)
371
00:28:47,940 --> 00:28:50,623
Pairs often use the same nest year after year.
372
00:28:53,260 --> 00:28:57,143
Adding branches with each use, building huge platforms.
373
00:29:00,280 --> 00:29:03,555
They're among the most accomplished fish catchers.
374
00:29:03,555 --> 00:29:06,305
(bird squawking)
375
00:29:10,910 --> 00:29:12,640
Which is just as well.
376
00:29:12,640 --> 00:29:14,993
The appetite of their chicks is unending.
377
00:29:23,300 --> 00:29:26,630
The secretive, skulking, yellow crowned night heron
378
00:29:29,300 --> 00:29:30,350
waits patiently
379
00:29:35,020 --> 00:29:37,042
for the tide to retreat.
380
00:29:37,042 --> 00:29:39,542
(light music)
381
00:29:43,980 --> 00:29:46,143
At first the mud banks look barren,
382
00:29:48,420 --> 00:29:50,523
but all it takes is a falling leaf.
383
00:29:54,340 --> 00:29:59,340
A knock on the door, home delivery.
384
00:30:02,460 --> 00:30:06,400
(light music)
(rustling)
385
00:30:06,400 --> 00:30:09,333
It's enough to tempt a blue land crab from its burrow.
386
00:30:28,280 --> 00:30:30,750
But the wary crustacean isn't going to give
387
00:30:30,750 --> 00:30:32,192
up without a fight.
388
00:30:32,192 --> 00:30:36,030
(light country music)
389
00:30:36,030 --> 00:30:38,863
(ground rustling)
390
00:30:49,719 --> 00:30:52,469
(bird squawking)
391
00:30:57,735 --> 00:31:01,210
(water splashing)
392
00:31:01,210 --> 00:31:03,840
During the summer, fish can be concentrated
393
00:31:03,840 --> 00:31:06,120
in shrinking pools in the Everglades
394
00:31:06,120 --> 00:31:08,100
at the back of the mangrove,
395
00:31:08,100 --> 00:31:10,493
making them easy for white ibis to pick off.
396
00:31:13,289 --> 00:31:16,122
(water splashing)
397
00:31:26,440 --> 00:31:29,210
Pelicans don't mind hunting in the more open water
398
00:31:29,210 --> 00:31:30,913
on the front side of the forests.
399
00:31:32,718 --> 00:31:35,551
(water splashing)
400
00:31:38,970 --> 00:31:41,453
Scooping with their big beaks to snag fish,
401
00:31:45,230 --> 00:31:47,260
though they don't mind taking advantage
402
00:31:47,260 --> 00:31:48,743
of a visitor from the coast.
403
00:31:52,674 --> 00:31:56,750
(water bubbling)
(dolphins screeching)
404
00:31:56,750 --> 00:31:59,820
Bottle nosed dolphins frequent the edge of the mangrove,
405
00:31:59,820 --> 00:32:02,283
knowing the treasure trove of fish it attracts.
406
00:32:05,840 --> 00:32:08,910
They can work together to drive fish into tight balls
407
00:32:08,910 --> 00:32:11,391
and chase them into each other's mouths.
408
00:32:11,391 --> 00:32:14,224
(water splashing)
409
00:32:18,490 --> 00:32:20,450
They can even force them to the shore,
410
00:32:20,450 --> 00:32:22,000
trapping them against the bank.
411
00:32:24,630 --> 00:32:26,890
The pelican can make sure it's in the right place
412
00:32:26,890 --> 00:32:27,833
at the right time.
413
00:32:32,123 --> 00:32:35,206
(dolphin chittering)
414
00:32:40,430 --> 00:32:42,683
Mangroves don't just provide food,
415
00:32:43,970 --> 00:32:46,223
but safe nesting places for birds.
416
00:32:49,780 --> 00:32:52,123
Different species cram close together.
417
00:32:53,760 --> 00:32:55,860
They are safer in a busy community
418
00:32:55,860 --> 00:32:57,993
with many pairs of eyes to spot danger.
419
00:33:06,450 --> 00:33:08,880
Though the best spots are in short supply,
420
00:33:08,880 --> 00:33:11,680
so neighborly disputes compete with the racket
421
00:33:11,680 --> 00:33:13,163
from chicks begging for food.
422
00:33:15,215 --> 00:33:20,215
(leaves rustling)
(birds squawking)
423
00:33:34,020 --> 00:33:35,550
Though they live together,
424
00:33:35,550 --> 00:33:38,440
each of the birds has its own niche,
425
00:33:38,440 --> 00:33:41,773
so they might compete for space, but not food.
426
00:33:43,568 --> 00:33:47,400
(light dramatic music)
(birds squawking)
427
00:33:47,400 --> 00:33:49,750
The lightening fast dagger beaks of egrets
428
00:33:49,750 --> 00:33:51,873
and herons snatch small fish.
429
00:33:52,762 --> 00:33:55,262
(light music)
430
00:33:58,440 --> 00:34:00,203
Woodstocks go for larger fish.
431
00:34:01,720 --> 00:34:04,270
The biggest birds, lords of the colony,
432
00:34:04,270 --> 00:34:07,583
they tend to snatch the best spots high up in the branches.
433
00:34:12,900 --> 00:34:16,570
It's mostly the male birds that build the meter-wide nests,
434
00:34:16,570 --> 00:34:19,300
both parents brood eggs and young.
435
00:34:19,300 --> 00:34:20,430
The chicks are never alone
436
00:34:20,430 --> 00:34:22,874
for their first three weeks of life.
437
00:34:22,874 --> 00:34:26,207
(light dramatic music)
438
00:34:30,600 --> 00:34:34,053
White ibis tweeze smaller prey with delicate jaws.
439
00:34:35,530 --> 00:34:37,460
Their scowled heads contrasting
440
00:34:37,460 --> 00:34:39,010
with their snow white feathers.
441
00:34:42,700 --> 00:34:45,683
Though it's the rosy spoonbills who steal the show.
442
00:34:47,500 --> 00:34:50,630
A lot of the stunning pink comes from their food.
443
00:34:50,630 --> 00:34:52,593
Like the rosy turns of flamingos.
444
00:34:54,600 --> 00:34:57,900
The spoon bill enables it to sift little shrimps
445
00:34:57,900 --> 00:35:00,050
and other invertebrates that are abundant
446
00:35:00,050 --> 00:35:01,550
in the waters of the mangrove.
447
00:35:04,730 --> 00:35:07,890
The broad spoon is covered in tiny receptors
448
00:35:07,890 --> 00:35:10,080
that can detect the movement of prey
449
00:35:10,080 --> 00:35:13,033
that would be impossible to see in mud and murky water.
450
00:35:14,104 --> 00:35:19,104
(wings flapping)
(birds squawking)
451
00:35:19,306 --> 00:35:20,930
(upbeat music)
452
00:35:20,930 --> 00:35:25,100
All of the birds tirelessly ferry food to their hungry young
453
00:35:25,100 --> 00:35:27,953
creating an endlessly moving noisy throng.
454
00:35:33,480 --> 00:35:35,590
By building their colonies in trees over
455
00:35:35,590 --> 00:35:38,270
hanging waterways, they're out of the reach
456
00:35:38,270 --> 00:35:41,583
of land predators and the creatures of the water.
457
00:35:44,350 --> 00:35:45,183
Mostly.
458
00:35:48,813 --> 00:35:51,550
(light dramatic music)
(birds squawking)
459
00:35:51,550 --> 00:35:53,950
There's one hunter here that has developed
460
00:35:53,950 --> 00:35:55,433
a rather clever skill.
461
00:36:01,566 --> 00:36:04,580
Alligators are rare in the mangroves.
462
00:36:04,580 --> 00:36:08,600
Unlike all other crocodiles, they lack salt glands,
463
00:36:08,600 --> 00:36:11,633
and so only occasionally come into the brackish water.
464
00:36:13,170 --> 00:36:14,670
But this one's brought a tool.
465
00:36:20,250 --> 00:36:23,350
Everglades alligators have been observed waiting patiently
466
00:36:23,350 --> 00:36:26,341
with sticks on their heads under the bird colonies.
467
00:36:26,341 --> 00:36:29,430
(light dramatic music)
468
00:36:29,430 --> 00:36:30,263
It's bait.
469
00:36:33,260 --> 00:36:35,510
The gator can simply wait for an egret
470
00:36:35,510 --> 00:36:39,413
to spot the stake, perfect for completing its nest.
471
00:36:42,533 --> 00:36:47,533
(water splashing)
(dramatic music)
472
00:36:49,389 --> 00:36:54,389
(light dramatic music)
(water splashing)
473
00:37:00,841 --> 00:37:03,690
The creatures of this unique landscape exhibit skills
474
00:37:03,690 --> 00:37:07,053
and adaptations as special as the mangroves themselves.
475
00:37:09,022 --> 00:37:11,522
(light music)
476
00:37:13,810 --> 00:37:17,740
Just as mangrove bridges the gap between water and land,
477
00:37:17,740 --> 00:37:20,590
so does one of its liveliest inhabitants.
478
00:37:20,590 --> 00:37:23,423
(water splashing)
479
00:37:28,210 --> 00:37:30,293
Fish with lofty ambitions.
480
00:37:31,230 --> 00:37:33,647
(bell dings)
481
00:37:37,910 --> 00:37:39,810
Like our ancestors that crawled from
482
00:37:39,810 --> 00:37:42,363
the water nearly 400 million years ago,
483
00:37:43,600 --> 00:37:46,350
here are fish that prefer to feel terra firma
484
00:37:46,350 --> 00:37:50,663
beneath their feet, or at least beneath their fins.
485
00:37:55,160 --> 00:37:55,993
Mudskippers.
486
00:37:58,320 --> 00:38:01,153
(water splashing)
487
00:38:06,330 --> 00:38:09,240
Several dozen species of these specialist gobies
488
00:38:09,240 --> 00:38:12,723
make a living in mangroves, seeking the best of both worlds.
489
00:38:19,250 --> 00:38:22,333
Humans take a mouthful of air before diving into water.
490
00:38:23,230 --> 00:38:25,073
Mudskippers do the opposite.
491
00:38:26,750 --> 00:38:29,780
A mouthful of water that will sit in their gills,
492
00:38:29,780 --> 00:38:32,543
a mini oxygen tank allowing them to breathe.
493
00:38:37,200 --> 00:38:40,540
They're actually happier out of the water than in it,
494
00:38:40,540 --> 00:38:43,943
but must find puddles from time to time to dunk their gills.
495
00:38:47,960 --> 00:38:52,000
Strong fins enable crawling and even some impressive hops,
496
00:38:52,000 --> 00:38:54,360
helping them to navigate the mud.
497
00:38:54,360 --> 00:38:57,277
(water splashing)
498
00:38:58,680 --> 00:39:02,580
During high tide, they hide in their burrows on the sea bed
499
00:39:02,580 --> 00:39:04,703
safe from marine predators.
500
00:39:07,760 --> 00:39:11,393
But when the water retreats, they rule the beaches.
501
00:39:12,273 --> 00:39:14,600
(light dramatic music)
502
00:39:14,600 --> 00:39:17,050
Marching across the mud to nibble on algae
503
00:39:17,050 --> 00:39:19,223
and invertebrates the sea left behind.
504
00:39:23,972 --> 00:39:25,622
They're not the friendliest fish.
505
00:39:29,420 --> 00:39:31,833
Each ready and willing to defend its patch.
506
00:39:33,980 --> 00:39:38,203
Flying their flags, ready to wage war.
507
00:39:40,208 --> 00:39:43,541
(light dramatic music)
508
00:39:50,618 --> 00:39:52,600
Fights can't go on for too long,
509
00:39:52,600 --> 00:39:56,200
because sooner or later, the water will seep back in
510
00:39:56,200 --> 00:39:58,660
and the free roaming fish of the land
511
00:39:58,660 --> 00:40:00,233
will need to hide away.
512
00:40:02,748 --> 00:40:05,998
(light dramatic music)
513
00:40:11,330 --> 00:40:13,460
Mangroves have some of the most diverse
514
00:40:13,460 --> 00:40:15,343
animal communities on the planet.
515
00:40:16,640 --> 00:40:20,103
They have virtually everything, even their own deer.
516
00:40:27,759 --> 00:40:32,759
(grass rustling)
(bugs chirping)
517
00:40:35,900 --> 00:40:38,240
The key deer of the Everglades
518
00:40:38,240 --> 00:40:40,880
is a miniature version of the white tailed deer
519
00:40:40,880 --> 00:40:43,163
more familiar across the United States.
520
00:40:49,710 --> 00:40:52,590
Thousands of years ago, a small population of deer
521
00:40:52,590 --> 00:40:55,280
were cut off by the rising sea levels
522
00:40:55,280 --> 00:40:57,655
and evolved in isolation.
523
00:40:57,655 --> 00:41:02,655
(water trickling)
(birds squawking)
524
00:41:05,010 --> 00:41:08,060
Land bridges reformed along the Florida peninsula,
525
00:41:08,060 --> 00:41:09,483
rejoining the mainland.
526
00:41:10,914 --> 00:41:13,680
(baby deer squawking)
527
00:41:13,680 --> 00:41:16,693
But the little dog-sized deer remained unique.
528
00:41:18,410 --> 00:41:22,130
They only live on the little islands of the Florida Keys
529
00:41:22,130 --> 00:41:25,253
and have many adaptations to their unusual lives.
530
00:41:28,910 --> 00:41:30,333
They are excellent swimmers.
531
00:41:33,184 --> 00:41:35,934
(water bubbling)
532
00:41:37,610 --> 00:41:39,360
Useful for a bit of island hopping.
533
00:41:43,890 --> 00:41:45,763
They love to eat the mangrove leaves,
534
00:41:50,590 --> 00:41:53,263
and can even tolerate the odd sip of salt water.
535
00:41:57,810 --> 00:42:02,810
But despite their adaptations, the key deer is endangered.
536
00:42:02,883 --> 00:42:04,430
(light dramatic music)
537
00:42:04,430 --> 00:42:09,080
In the 1950s, only about 25 deer remained.
538
00:42:09,080 --> 00:42:12,410
(ground rustling)
539
00:42:12,410 --> 00:42:15,760
They became one of the first animals ever protected
540
00:42:15,760 --> 00:42:17,593
by the Endangered Species Act.
541
00:42:19,280 --> 00:42:23,150
But even today, hunting, human disturbance,
542
00:42:23,150 --> 00:42:26,080
and loss of habitat keep the deer's population
543
00:42:26,080 --> 00:42:28,473
down below 1,000 individuals.
544
00:42:34,220 --> 00:42:38,533
The deer remain vulnerable, and so do mangroves themselves.
545
00:42:40,712 --> 00:42:43,657
(dramatic music)
546
00:42:43,657 --> 00:42:48,657
(bugs chirping)
(birds chirping)
547
00:42:50,770 --> 00:42:53,800
Threats include dredging, filling in,
548
00:42:53,800 --> 00:42:57,650
pollution from farming, increasing boat traffic,
549
00:42:57,650 --> 00:43:00,143
and the development for waterfront homes.
550
00:43:02,270 --> 00:43:07,020
(light dramatic music)
(water trickling)
551
00:43:07,020 --> 00:43:08,970
When mangroves are destroyed
552
00:43:08,970 --> 00:43:11,503
they release a lot of carbon dioxide.
553
00:43:13,540 --> 00:43:16,433
This adds to the impact of greenhouse gases.
554
00:43:20,570 --> 00:43:22,853
Changing global climate conditions.
555
00:43:26,420 --> 00:43:30,483
Mangrove destruction is madness.
556
00:43:32,582 --> 00:43:34,180
(flies buzzing)
(light dramatic music)
557
00:43:34,180 --> 00:43:38,390
Mangroves are vital, not just to the animals that live
558
00:43:38,390 --> 00:43:42,393
in them, but to human populations all over the world.
559
00:43:47,549 --> 00:43:49,700
(wind whistling)
560
00:43:49,700 --> 00:43:53,400
During major storm events, like hurricanes and tsunamis,
561
00:43:53,400 --> 00:43:55,993
that are ever more severe thanks to climate change,
562
00:43:57,090 --> 00:44:00,190
they have proven to directly prevent billions of dollars
563
00:44:00,190 --> 00:44:03,753
of flood damage and have protected millions of human lives.
564
00:44:04,684 --> 00:44:09,203
(water bubbling)
(light dramatic music)
565
00:44:09,203 --> 00:44:11,710
Their dense tangles of branches along the coast
566
00:44:11,710 --> 00:44:13,980
take the power out of storm surges
567
00:44:13,980 --> 00:44:15,973
and absorb the impact of waves.
568
00:44:16,897 --> 00:44:19,480
(light music)
569
00:44:20,610 --> 00:44:22,800
They stopped coastal erosion,
570
00:44:22,800 --> 00:44:26,320
and thanks to their roots that bind and collect silt,
571
00:44:26,320 --> 00:44:29,223
they can actually build up and repair the coast.
572
00:44:33,970 --> 00:44:36,920
Their roots filter out nitrates, phosphates,
573
00:44:36,920 --> 00:44:39,993
and other pollutants, improving water quality.
574
00:44:45,400 --> 00:44:48,030
The plants capture huge amounts of carbon dioxide
575
00:44:48,030 --> 00:44:50,100
and greenhouse gases from the air
576
00:44:50,100 --> 00:44:53,143
and lock them into their carbon-rich soils for millennia.
577
00:44:56,591 --> 00:44:59,540
(water bubbling)
(light music)
578
00:44:59,540 --> 00:45:01,300
Therefore they're critically important
579
00:45:01,300 --> 00:45:02,923
in climate stabilization.
580
00:45:07,030 --> 00:45:09,373
Probably moreso than rainforests.
581
00:45:11,050 --> 00:45:13,770
In some regions they're four times more effective
582
00:45:13,770 --> 00:45:16,063
in removing carbon than jungles.
583
00:45:25,520 --> 00:45:29,200
The mangroves also create nurseries for wildlife,
584
00:45:29,200 --> 00:45:31,840
including many species of fish that are vital
585
00:45:31,840 --> 00:45:34,753
to fishing economies and that feed local communities.
586
00:45:40,430 --> 00:45:43,190
Especially in countries with mangroves where half
587
00:45:43,190 --> 00:45:46,720
of the fish harvest is dependent on the forest.
588
00:45:46,720 --> 00:45:50,210
(light music)
(birds chirping)
589
00:45:50,210 --> 00:45:52,113
They also provide livelihoods.
590
00:45:53,200 --> 00:45:56,550
The timber from mangrove trees is water resistant,
591
00:45:56,550 --> 00:46:00,223
ideal for houses, boats, pilings, and furniture.
592
00:46:02,068 --> 00:46:04,410
(light music)
593
00:46:04,410 --> 00:46:07,573
It's also burned for fuel and used to make charcoal.
594
00:46:09,260 --> 00:46:11,250
Tannins for making leather and dyes
595
00:46:11,250 --> 00:46:12,963
can be extracted from its bark.
596
00:46:17,550 --> 00:46:21,100
The leaves are used to make teas, medicines,
597
00:46:21,100 --> 00:46:24,003
livestock feed, and a tobacco substitute.
598
00:46:27,290 --> 00:46:29,240
And that's not to mention the good they do us
599
00:46:29,240 --> 00:46:30,943
by creating green spaces.
600
00:46:36,460 --> 00:46:40,540
Where we can go snorkeling, kayaking, paddleboarding,
601
00:46:40,540 --> 00:46:43,750
and get some free relaxation therapy from nature.
602
00:46:43,750 --> 00:46:46,250
(light music)
603
00:46:55,803 --> 00:46:56,820
(dramatic music)
604
00:46:56,820 --> 00:46:59,300
35% of the world's mangroves have been lost
605
00:46:59,300 --> 00:47:00,823
in the past 40 years.
606
00:47:03,664 --> 00:47:07,410
(engine rumbling)
607
00:47:07,410 --> 00:47:10,923
And still, 1% is lost every year.
608
00:47:12,390 --> 00:47:16,113
One in six mangrove species is threatened with extinction.
609
00:47:17,677 --> 00:47:20,680
(light dramatic music)
610
00:47:20,680 --> 00:47:22,953
Without them, coasts are barren.
611
00:47:31,980 --> 00:47:34,610
The productivity held there by mangrove roots
612
00:47:34,610 --> 00:47:38,520
is washed away, fisheries collapse,
613
00:47:38,520 --> 00:47:40,033
water becomes polluted,
614
00:47:42,205 --> 00:47:43,600
(thunder rumbling)
(rain pattering)
615
00:47:43,600 --> 00:47:46,743
and communities are vulnerable to storm damage and flooding.
616
00:47:52,540 --> 00:47:55,470
With sea levels rising, more than one billion people
617
00:47:55,470 --> 00:47:57,443
in lowland areas are at risk.
618
00:48:00,810 --> 00:48:04,180
It's thought mangroves could provide one trillion dollars
619
00:48:04,180 --> 00:48:08,063
worth of sea defense if properly managed and protected.
620
00:48:09,210 --> 00:48:12,150
(light music)
621
00:48:12,150 --> 00:48:15,050
Mangroves have an estimated value to a nation
622
00:48:15,050 --> 00:48:17,813
of 30 to $60,000 per hectare.
623
00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:22,453
Surely worth protecting.
624
00:48:26,630 --> 00:48:28,770
But if current trends continue,
625
00:48:28,770 --> 00:48:30,870
they'll be gone by the end of the century.
626
00:48:37,695 --> 00:48:40,560
We need this beautiful bio shield.
627
00:48:40,560 --> 00:48:44,190
It's much more effective than any human-built sea defense
628
00:48:44,190 --> 00:48:46,748
and does so much more besides.
629
00:48:46,748 --> 00:48:51,748
(wings flapping)
(light music)
630
00:48:53,110 --> 00:48:58,000
Given a chance, mangroves grow fast and spread like weeds.
631
00:48:58,000 --> 00:49:01,110
They can rebuild even around cities and protect us.
632
00:49:01,110 --> 00:49:04,027
(engine rumbling)
633
00:49:09,720 --> 00:49:11,803
Their rich animal communities can thrive,
634
00:49:14,850 --> 00:49:18,890
and we'll be able to enjoy the benefits and the magic
635
00:49:18,890 --> 00:49:21,413
of mangroves for many years to come.
636
00:49:23,330 --> 00:49:27,068
(light dramatic music)
637
00:49:27,068 --> 00:49:29,818
(water bubbling)
48308
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