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All across the world,
our ancient ancestors
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left behind towering mysteries
and enchanting myths.
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That looks like a magic wand.
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As an actress,
I've been lucky enough
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to peek behind the curtain
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at some of these ancient sites.
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I've never been
in a crypt before.
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And it's ignited
an insatiable curiosity in me
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to know more about
these lost worlds...
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It's amazing that under our feet
there's so much history.
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...some of which are still
buried deep in our distant past.
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That is amazing!
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I'm from Tennessee,
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so this is what it looks like
where I'm from.
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It's overgrown.
I mean, it's woodsy.
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This is how I grew up.
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I'm deep in the backcountry
of southeastern Pennsylvania,
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and although parts of these
never-ending forests
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and freshwater streams
might feel untouched,
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over 10,000 years ago,
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they were home to some of
the first humans
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to ever live in America.
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So, when I was in school,
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the theory that
I was being taught
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was that people migrated
into the Americas
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about 13,000 years ago from Asia
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and across the Bering Strait
into Alaska,
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and that's how
the first people came here.
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In nearly every history book
taught in nearly every school
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is the theory that humans
first came to North America
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13,000 years ago
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by crossing a land bridge
connecting Siberia and Alaska
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and then settled
throughout the continent.
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As a kid, I didn't question it,
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but now the door has sort of
been pushed open
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for people to start asking
that question again...
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"When were people here
in America?"
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In recent years, groundbreaking
new scientific discoveries
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are challenging our concept
of early American man,
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and our history books
might not just be wrong,
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but really, really wrong.
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I've come to an extraordinary
archaeological site
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outside the small town
of Avella, Pennsylvania...
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...and I'm here to meet leading
archaeologist Jim Adovasio.
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His findings from this site
are challenging
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the established history
of man's origin in America.
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How are you?
Megan.
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Jim.
Nice to meet you.
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Same here.
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What is in here?
I can see through.
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It looks interesting.
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Essentially, that's where
the main excavations occurred
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or began in 1973.
Okay.
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Jim has overseen archaeological
digs at this site
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for over four decades,
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but it's only recently
that his discoveries here
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have set the archaeological
community ablaze.
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It might look like a set from
an apocalyptic sci-fi movie,
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but the truth is,
our origins are buried
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deep within this rubble.
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All of these tags that you see...
Yeah.
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...are devices
for the excavators
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to mark the layers of the site,
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the various layers of sediment.
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Some of these moments in time
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are equivalent
to literal pages in a book.
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The layers
are like chapters in a book,
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and then all of these layers
together are the book... Yeah.
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...of human utilization
of this location.
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The freshwater
of the nearby Ohio River
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and an ample supply of flint
for making tools
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made this area an optimal spot
for prehistoric man to settle,
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and evidence is everywhere.
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This whole thing here
is one layer of the site,
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but it consists of micro layers.
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Some of them,
when you rehydrate them
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with this sprayer,
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come out quite dark,
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and this is ash and charcoal
from the succession of fires.
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One, two, three,
four different fires
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were built there by people
in subsequent visits
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4,000 or 5,000 years ago.
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Up here... Is that also...
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The red down there,
is that another?
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Yes, that's another fire.
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Yeah. There's a whole series
of even earlier ones.
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This down here is about
8,000, 9,000 years ago.
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Using the layers
of this sandstone,
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each layer representing
nearly 200 years,
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Jim and his team
have precisely mapped
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when and how humans
were using this area.
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Evidence of fires
prove humans were living here
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9,000 years ago,
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but what's buried even deeper
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is the real key
to Jim's findings.
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As we excavated deeper
and deeper and deeper,
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going back further
and further in time,
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we finally got
to this little step,
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which is of Clovis Age.
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The Clovis Age is
widely accepted
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as the period of time
13,000 years ago
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when humans first arrived
and settled in America.
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There ought not to have been
anything deeper than this
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that was associated with humans,
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but as we continued to dig,
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we continued to find indications
of a human presence.
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There should not
have been people,
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but there was stuff deeper,
and it was older.
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Over here, we found material
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that's about 16,000
radiocarbon years old.
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Wow.
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According to Jim's findings,
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humans were in this area
of Pennsylvania
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as far back as 16,000 years ago.
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That's 3,000 years earlier
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than our history books
say is possible.
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None of us could have
ever imagined
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that sort of thing at the time.
Yeah.
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We had no idea
it would be this old,
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and it included
a series of pits like this one
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along with the associated debris
of a camping event...
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The stone tools,
bits and pieces of bone,
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the charcoal, the ash
that would have been present
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as campfire-related trash.
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So 16,000 years ago, not 13,000,
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humans were here,
35 miles outside of
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modern-day Pittsburgh,
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living, settling, and warming
themselves by campfires.
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A 3,000-year discrepancy
might not sound like a lot,
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but think about what life
was like for humans
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just 3,000 years ago.
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David was king of
the ancient Israelites,
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India first started
using metal tools,
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and in the Middle East,
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the world's first alphabet
was just emerging.
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We were very surprised
at this development.
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Personally, I didn't believe
what I was seeing.
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Were the dates we were getting
back from the laboratories
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somehow an error,
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or were there really people here
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thousands of years
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before they were
supposed to be here?
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And so the excitement
didn't come until later,
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until we'd exhausted
all the what-if scenarios,
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00:07:01,600 --> 00:07:04,470
and then suddenly,
there were no more what-ifs.
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What's that like
to disprove yourself?
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- To find out that you're wrong?
- Yeah.
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We, of course, rushed into town
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and sucked down as much beer
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as humans can drink
in a 24-hour period.
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Was there resistance
when you put this forward?
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Oh, huge, huge.
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The majority of the field
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did not believe
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that anyone had been here
before Clovis,
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and so they resisted
even the implication
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that that was possible.
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That was so threatening
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to what the received wisdom was,
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but now as a result,
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I look at the past
through a different lens.
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There had to have been
people here earlier.
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Our time line
of human history in America
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is off by 3,000 years...
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We're dead wrong about
the spread of humankind,
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I mean, dead wrong.
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...which begs the question,
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what are we missing
in this massive blind spot
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of human history?
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My fifth-grade history book
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told me that the first humans
came to America
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13,000 years ago,
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but what if
that widely accepted belief
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is dead wrong?
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New science suggests that
our time line of human history
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may be off by 3,000 years,
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and the first man arrived
in America 16,000 years ago,
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so what could we be missing
in this massive blind spot
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of human history?
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- Nice to meet you.
- Nice to meet you.
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How are you?
Yeah.
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Well, welcome
to Qualcomm Institute.
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Attempting to shed light
on this blind spot
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is Dominique Rissolo,
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a veteran archaeologist
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at the University of California,
San Diego.
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Using state-of-the-art
technology
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and the latest techniques,
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he's searching the continent
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for North America's
earliest human remains.
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Is this your lab we're going to?
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This is our lab
off to the right here.
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Wow, that's cool.
Yeah, well, welcome.
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It's like being in
a "Mission Impossible" movie.
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Yeah.
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You know, part of the reason
it's been so difficult for us
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to really understand
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the story of
the peopling of the Americas
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is because we find it
so difficult
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to locate those humans.
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The human remains, they're rare.
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For a variety of reasons,
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these sites were
very difficult to find.
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They didn't preserve very well,
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and so what we're learning
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is that one of the most
promising frontiers
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for Paleo-American studies
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are in the caves and cenotes
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of the Yucatan Peninsula.
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Due to thousands of years
of weather erosion
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and human destruction,
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most of the evidence
of early man in America
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has been lost to time,
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which led Dominique and his team
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to look in an unlikely place...
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Underwater,
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00:10:09,890 --> 00:10:11,330
where archaeological remains
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00:10:11,330 --> 00:10:14,500
are sheltered from
the destructive powers of time.
219
00:10:14,500 --> 00:10:18,700
In 2007, divers were exploring
a massive underwater cave system
220
00:10:18,700 --> 00:10:22,200
off the coast
of the Yucatan Peninsula
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when they made
a shocking discovery.
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We're working at a site
called Hoyo Negro
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where divers came
upon a huge pit,
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and they dive down
to the bottom,
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00:10:33,150 --> 00:10:35,350
and the first thing
that they noticed
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were the bones of extinct
Ice Age animals
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00:10:37,720 --> 00:10:39,390
at the bottom of this pit,
228
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and one of the lead divers
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comes across
a set of human remains
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of a young woman
who we call Naia.
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Wow. And this is
all underwater?
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00:10:48,430 --> 00:10:51,830
All underwater.
But I was completely blown away,
233
00:10:51,830 --> 00:10:53,900
and I knew immediately
that we were dealing with
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a very early individual
and a very, very important find.
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00:10:57,870 --> 00:11:01,280
Naia is believed to be
13,000 years old,
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00:11:01,280 --> 00:11:05,580
making her the oldest skeleton
ever discovered in the Americas,
237
00:11:05,580 --> 00:11:08,120
and although she was found
deep underwater,
238
00:11:08,120 --> 00:11:11,120
that would not have been
the case thousands of years ago.
239
00:11:11,120 --> 00:11:13,590
That used to be above
sea level at some point.
240
00:11:13,590 --> 00:11:16,720
It did, so at one time,
elephant-like animals
241
00:11:16,730 --> 00:11:17,830
were walking through here...
242
00:11:17,830 --> 00:11:19,830
Saber-toothed cats, cave bears,
243
00:11:19,830 --> 00:11:23,130
giant ground sloths, and people.
244
00:11:23,130 --> 00:11:24,770
Where are the bones?
Are they here?
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00:11:24,770 --> 00:11:26,233
Are they somewhere else?
They're not here.
246
00:11:26,240 --> 00:11:28,470
The bones we recovered in 2016,
247
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and they're at the
National Museum of Anthropology
248
00:11:31,410 --> 00:11:33,810
in Mexico City.
249
00:11:33,810 --> 00:11:36,480
With Naia's bones
preserved in Mexico,
250
00:11:36,480 --> 00:11:38,910
Dominique is using
3-D printing technology
251
00:11:38,920 --> 00:11:42,620
to explore every aspect
of her anatomy
252
00:11:42,620 --> 00:11:46,290
to try and figure out
who this mysterious woman was
253
00:11:46,290 --> 00:11:49,390
and what she can tell us
about who was here before her.
254
00:11:49,390 --> 00:11:52,860
There's so much information
in the skeleton... Yeah.
255
00:11:52,860 --> 00:11:55,360
...that tells us
about who Naia was.
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Was she small?
257
00:11:56,400 --> 00:11:57,870
That seems small and delicate.
258
00:11:57,870 --> 00:12:01,370
She was small,
and she stood at about 5 feet,
259
00:12:01,370 --> 00:12:04,540
was maybe around
100 to 105 pounds,
260
00:12:04,540 --> 00:12:06,810
and we also know
from her skeleton
261
00:12:06,810 --> 00:12:08,710
that she had given birth. Mm.
262
00:12:08,710 --> 00:12:12,780
We can tell that she was
about 15 to 16 years of age
263
00:12:12,780 --> 00:12:13,750
when she died...
Oh, God.
264
00:12:13,750 --> 00:12:15,920
...and led
a really hard life.
265
00:12:15,920 --> 00:12:19,090
Using advanced point-based
image technology,
266
00:12:19,090 --> 00:12:22,220
Dominique and his team have
created a visual representation
267
00:12:22,230 --> 00:12:24,260
of what Naia
would have looked like.
268
00:12:24,260 --> 00:12:26,360
Wow.
It's pretty crazy.
269
00:12:26,360 --> 00:12:29,500
For us, it gives a face
to someone
270
00:12:29,500 --> 00:12:32,900
who has been so important
to us as researchers.
271
00:12:32,900 --> 00:12:35,040
Look at her, and you see her,
272
00:12:35,040 --> 00:12:39,070
and that all of a sudden
becomes a very real person
273
00:12:39,080 --> 00:12:40,570
because you gave someone a face.
274
00:12:40,580 --> 00:12:42,410
Now there's a face to this...
Indeed.
275
00:12:42,410 --> 00:12:45,410
...mystery that creates
instant empathy...
276
00:12:45,410 --> 00:12:47,410
Mm-hmm... for whatever
she went through.
277
00:12:47,420 --> 00:12:50,450
We don't often think
of what life was like
278
00:12:50,450 --> 00:12:53,350
for these individuals.
279
00:12:53,360 --> 00:12:54,920
Although there are still
many questions
280
00:12:54,920 --> 00:12:58,190
swirling around
who early American man was,
281
00:12:58,190 --> 00:12:59,860
the key to why
these early humans
282
00:12:59,860 --> 00:13:03,130
would have been in America
16,000 years ago
283
00:13:03,130 --> 00:13:06,970
could still be
buried underwater.
284
00:13:06,970 --> 00:13:09,040
So, Dominique has
a powerful tool
285
00:13:09,040 --> 00:13:13,010
to search for the answers
without leaving this building.
286
00:13:15,380 --> 00:13:16,540
After you.
287
00:13:16,550 --> 00:13:18,480
And welcome to the sun cave.
288
00:13:20,750 --> 00:13:23,280
This lab is equipped
with one of the most advanced
289
00:13:23,290 --> 00:13:27,090
and powerful virtual-reality
systems in the world.
290
00:13:29,260 --> 00:13:30,420
Wow.
291
00:13:30,430 --> 00:13:31,830
It's pretty crazy.
Yeah.
292
00:13:31,830 --> 00:13:35,200
So, we are now in Hoyo Negro.
293
00:13:45,740 --> 00:13:48,140
New archaeology suggests
that humans may have
294
00:13:48,140 --> 00:13:50,810
arrived in the Americas
3,000 years earlier
295
00:13:50,810 --> 00:13:53,180
than science previously thought,
296
00:13:53,180 --> 00:13:55,520
so what lost people
could have existed
297
00:13:55,520 --> 00:13:58,550
in that massive blind spot
in American history?
298
00:13:58,550 --> 00:13:59,890
And we'll head downstairs,
299
00:13:59,890 --> 00:14:02,760
and we can virtually enter
one of these caves.
300
00:14:02,760 --> 00:14:05,260
After archaeologist
Dominique Rissolo and his team
301
00:14:05,260 --> 00:14:09,030
discovered the oldest
human remains in North America,
302
00:14:09,030 --> 00:14:13,270
a 15-year-old girl named Naia
buried in an underwater cave,
303
00:14:13,270 --> 00:14:15,300
they've been using
state-of-the-art technology
304
00:14:15,300 --> 00:14:17,840
to virtually recreate
this cave system
305
00:14:17,840 --> 00:14:21,180
to search for more evidence
of early American humans.
306
00:14:21,180 --> 00:14:22,480
It's pretty crazy.
Yeah.
307
00:14:22,480 --> 00:14:25,850
So, we are now in Hoyo Negro.
308
00:14:25,850 --> 00:14:27,750
Wow. It's amazing.
309
00:14:31,320 --> 00:14:32,820
So, I wanted to introduce you...
Super cool.
310
00:14:32,820 --> 00:14:35,160
...to Megan.
Hi. Oh, hi.
311
00:14:35,160 --> 00:14:37,630
How are you? This is Vid
Petrovic, a colleague.
312
00:14:37,630 --> 00:14:40,730
Vid's developed the point-based
visual analytics engine
313
00:14:40,730 --> 00:14:43,000
that drives our research.
314
00:14:43,000 --> 00:14:46,330
Vid Petrovic and his team
have spent thousands of hours
315
00:14:46,340 --> 00:14:49,140
diving and capturing
high-resolution images
316
00:14:49,140 --> 00:14:51,410
of every inch
of the Hoyo Negro cave system
317
00:14:51,410 --> 00:14:54,840
where Naia was found.
318
00:14:54,840 --> 00:14:57,580
Using advanced AI, they
pieced those images together
319
00:14:57,580 --> 00:14:59,710
to create
a three-dimensional space
320
00:14:59,720 --> 00:15:03,250
that scientists
can swim through.
321
00:15:03,250 --> 00:15:04,650
Imagine the cave divers.
322
00:15:04,650 --> 00:15:06,520
I mean, they are sort of
our astronauts
323
00:15:06,520 --> 00:15:09,220
going off to these remote
and hostile environments,
324
00:15:09,230 --> 00:15:11,530
collecting these data in
the form of images. Yeah.
325
00:15:11,530 --> 00:15:15,030
So these data become the means
by which the scientists,
326
00:15:15,030 --> 00:15:17,060
who may never dive
to the bottom of the pit,
327
00:15:17,070 --> 00:15:20,100
can go there virtually.
328
00:15:20,100 --> 00:15:22,940
When they're diving,
the guys that actually go down,
329
00:15:22,940 --> 00:15:25,070
it's obviously
very dark down there,
330
00:15:25,070 --> 00:15:26,170
so they're not seeing much.
331
00:15:26,180 --> 00:15:28,080
They're not seeing this,
332
00:15:28,080 --> 00:15:30,280
and so this is a totally
different version
333
00:15:30,280 --> 00:15:32,750
of that world
they already explored.
334
00:15:35,250 --> 00:15:36,620
We're inside the pit.
335
00:15:36,620 --> 00:15:38,420
We're actually at
the bottom of the pit.
336
00:15:38,420 --> 00:15:39,590
Is that the edge?
337
00:15:39,590 --> 00:15:41,090
That's the edge
of the pit, yeah.
338
00:15:41,090 --> 00:15:43,320
So, again, it would have been
completely dark for them,
339
00:15:43,330 --> 00:15:45,730
so for us,
we can turn on the lights,
340
00:15:45,730 --> 00:15:50,330
go inside, and kind of see
where Naia came to rest.
341
00:15:56,440 --> 00:15:59,440
We see her skeleton
in two separate places,
342
00:15:59,440 --> 00:16:00,570
so in other words,
343
00:16:00,580 --> 00:16:03,280
when she was decomposing
and floating around,
344
00:16:03,280 --> 00:16:05,610
she came apart about midsection,
345
00:16:05,610 --> 00:16:10,050
so the lower portion of
her skeleton is in one area,
346
00:16:10,050 --> 00:16:11,490
and the upper portion
is another.
347
00:16:11,490 --> 00:16:13,353
So, if we look over here,
this is the lower portion
348
00:16:13,360 --> 00:16:14,760
of Naia's body.
349
00:16:14,760 --> 00:16:17,420
As we move in,
you can see the femura,
350
00:16:17,430 --> 00:16:19,790
both the right and left femur.
351
00:16:22,400 --> 00:16:25,870
And over here, you can see
her pelvis, the sacrum,
352
00:16:25,870 --> 00:16:29,800
and they're sort of
tucked in over here.
353
00:16:29,810 --> 00:16:33,410
And then as Vid sort of
takes us to the upper half
354
00:16:33,410 --> 00:16:35,140
of her skeleton,
355
00:16:35,140 --> 00:16:38,450
you can see her mandible here.
356
00:16:38,450 --> 00:16:39,813
- Yeah.
- I mean, the fact that, I mean,
357
00:16:39,820 --> 00:16:42,820
this is such detail
that you could actually see...
358
00:16:42,820 --> 00:16:44,520
- Yeah.
- ...the crags in her teeth.
359
00:16:44,520 --> 00:16:46,450
I mean, it's just remarkable.
360
00:16:46,460 --> 00:16:50,390
So, there's a story here,
and there are, of course,
361
00:16:50,390 --> 00:16:53,330
so much of these
submerged cave systems
362
00:16:53,330 --> 00:16:55,230
that has yet to be explored,
363
00:16:55,230 --> 00:16:57,900
and there are potentially
other skeletons
364
00:16:57,900 --> 00:16:59,830
not unlike Naia that may reside
365
00:16:59,840 --> 00:17:02,770
deep inside these cave systems.
366
00:17:02,770 --> 00:17:05,670
Now that the technology is here,
367
00:17:05,670 --> 00:17:08,840
archaeology is ultimately
headed underwater,
368
00:17:08,840 --> 00:17:10,740
and there's so much to find
369
00:17:10,750 --> 00:17:13,380
beneath of the surface
of the water at this point.
370
00:17:13,380 --> 00:17:17,650
So, I'm heading out
on the open water
371
00:17:17,650 --> 00:17:19,090
off the coast of California
372
00:17:19,090 --> 00:17:21,990
to find answers that are
locked deep below the sea.
373
00:17:27,900 --> 00:17:29,660
How long have you guys
been doing this?
374
00:17:29,670 --> 00:17:31,330
Well, the project
that we're working on now,
375
00:17:31,330 --> 00:17:33,670
it's in our fourth year.
376
00:17:33,670 --> 00:17:37,840
I'm meeting with Amy Gusick
and Jillian Maloney,
377
00:17:37,840 --> 00:17:39,540
scientists who are searching
the waters
378
00:17:39,540 --> 00:17:42,140
off the Pacific Ocean
2,200 miles
379
00:17:42,140 --> 00:17:45,050
from where Naia was discovered
380
00:17:45,050 --> 00:17:47,110
to hopefully uncover hard,
physical evidence
381
00:17:47,120 --> 00:17:48,980
of early humans.
382
00:17:48,980 --> 00:17:52,090
All of the area that we're
interested in looking at is,
383
00:17:52,090 --> 00:17:54,860
I mean, it's under us
right now on this boat.
384
00:17:54,860 --> 00:17:57,520
So, we know that there is
a lot of landscape here
385
00:17:57,530 --> 00:17:59,960
that's been submerged
that was available
386
00:17:59,960 --> 00:18:03,330
when you had the earliest
occupation in the New World.
387
00:18:03,330 --> 00:18:06,830
During the last ice age
about 20,000 years ago,
388
00:18:06,840 --> 00:18:10,140
ocean water was being sucked up
to form the ice shelf,
389
00:18:10,140 --> 00:18:11,340
which lowered the sea level
390
00:18:11,340 --> 00:18:13,210
and exposed thousands
of square miles
391
00:18:13,210 --> 00:18:16,980
of livable coast
along California.
392
00:18:16,980 --> 00:18:19,880
This was the ideal place
for early man to live
393
00:18:19,880 --> 00:18:22,720
because they could fish
and build shelters.
394
00:18:22,720 --> 00:18:25,120
When the ice age ended,
the shelf melted,
395
00:18:25,120 --> 00:18:27,550
submerging what was once
livable coastline,
396
00:18:27,560 --> 00:18:29,960
making the search
for early man in this area
397
00:18:29,960 --> 00:18:32,560
an underwater one.
398
00:18:32,560 --> 00:18:34,530
So, this is our map
of the sea floor
399
00:18:34,530 --> 00:18:36,900
off southern California.
400
00:18:36,900 --> 00:18:38,370
During the last glacial period,
401
00:18:38,370 --> 00:18:40,300
the coastline
would have been out
402
00:18:40,300 --> 00:18:43,600
at the edge of
that wide, flat area,
403
00:18:43,610 --> 00:18:45,610
and the area that
we're searching for
404
00:18:45,610 --> 00:18:48,840
is sort of this red area
around the coastline
405
00:18:48,840 --> 00:18:50,740
because that
would have been land,
406
00:18:50,750 --> 00:18:54,350
and so people could have used
that whole area to inhabit.
407
00:18:58,290 --> 00:19:01,160
People were living
along the coastline,
408
00:19:01,160 --> 00:19:02,890
and that coastline has changed,
409
00:19:02,890 --> 00:19:04,260
and a lot of it is underwater,
410
00:19:04,260 --> 00:19:07,760
which now means that archaeology
has to go aquatic.
411
00:19:07,760 --> 00:19:10,000
They have to go under
and start looking for things,
412
00:19:10,000 --> 00:19:11,270
which is challenging,
413
00:19:11,270 --> 00:19:14,600
but also, that's just
a whole new universe.
414
00:19:14,600 --> 00:19:16,540
How do you go about
looking for the things
415
00:19:16,540 --> 00:19:18,370
that you're looking for?
416
00:19:18,370 --> 00:19:20,170
I'll take a long tube,
417
00:19:20,180 --> 00:19:23,480
and we'll just plunge that
down into the sea floor,
418
00:19:23,480 --> 00:19:25,850
and as it plunges down
into the sea floor,
419
00:19:25,850 --> 00:19:27,920
the sediment fills up
in the tube,
420
00:19:27,920 --> 00:19:30,880
and within there,
we're preserving
421
00:19:30,890 --> 00:19:33,220
the different
layers of sediment.
422
00:19:33,220 --> 00:19:35,760
So, ideally,
we're going to find evidence
423
00:19:35,760 --> 00:19:38,260
that there were indeed people
in these submerged environments
424
00:19:38,260 --> 00:19:40,190
that date back
at least 16,000, 17,000,
425
00:19:40,200 --> 00:19:43,800
possibly even 18,000 years old.
426
00:19:43,800 --> 00:19:45,600
And we have evidence of people
427
00:19:45,600 --> 00:19:48,170
populating the Americas
13,000 years ago,
428
00:19:48,170 --> 00:19:50,000
but let's say that she's right,
429
00:19:50,010 --> 00:19:52,670
and it could go back
18,000 years ago.
430
00:19:52,680 --> 00:19:54,880
Between 13,000 and 18,000,
431
00:19:54,880 --> 00:19:57,440
that's a huge gap
which will rewrite history
432
00:19:57,450 --> 00:19:59,950
if they find what they think
that they're going to find,
433
00:19:59,950 --> 00:20:03,080
and that's mind-blowing.
434
00:20:05,690 --> 00:20:07,750
How long do you think
it'll take?
435
00:20:07,760 --> 00:20:09,920
Much more complex,
I think, than,
436
00:20:09,930 --> 00:20:11,160
you know, people really realize.
437
00:20:11,160 --> 00:20:14,160
There has got to be
burials somewhere.
438
00:20:14,160 --> 00:20:15,860
There has to be!
439
00:20:17,730 --> 00:20:19,470
Amy and Jillian's
search for answers
440
00:20:19,470 --> 00:20:22,270
may take over a decade,
441
00:20:22,270 --> 00:20:24,740
but could the key to
understanding our lost history
442
00:20:24,740 --> 00:20:26,740
lie not in the future,
443
00:20:26,740 --> 00:20:29,780
but rather in the ancient
traditions of our past?
444
00:20:38,650 --> 00:20:39,920
Ugh.
445
00:20:49,470 --> 00:20:50,900
I've uncovered new science
446
00:20:50,900 --> 00:20:53,130
suggesting that humans may have
arrived in the Americas
447
00:20:53,140 --> 00:20:57,670
nearly 5,000 years earlier
than previously thought,
448
00:20:57,670 --> 00:20:59,070
but with much
of the key evidence
449
00:20:59,070 --> 00:21:02,280
buried beneath rising waters,
450
00:21:02,280 --> 00:21:04,580
I'm turning to legends
and oral histories
451
00:21:04,580 --> 00:21:07,080
to try and piece together
this lost time.
452
00:21:07,080 --> 00:21:08,850
This smells of sage, lavender.
453
00:21:08,850 --> 00:21:10,380
I do smell something.
454
00:21:21,700 --> 00:21:24,670
Chief Joseph Riverwind
is from the Arawak Tribe
455
00:21:24,670 --> 00:21:29,470
and is an author and expert
on Native American oral history.
456
00:21:29,470 --> 00:21:32,270
His wife, Laralyn,
is a doctor of natural medicine
457
00:21:32,270 --> 00:21:34,010
from the Cherokee people.
458
00:21:36,650 --> 00:21:39,480
We've been looking into
the whole idea of
459
00:21:39,480 --> 00:21:42,980
when did people start
to populate the Americas.
460
00:21:42,990 --> 00:21:45,720
When did that happen,
and who were those people?
461
00:21:45,720 --> 00:21:48,090
And I know if someone had
a oral tradition
462
00:21:48,090 --> 00:21:50,220
that there was treasure buried
in the backyard
463
00:21:50,230 --> 00:21:51,730
of a house that I built,
464
00:21:51,730 --> 00:21:54,930
I would go dig up exactly
where the tradition says it is.
465
00:21:54,930 --> 00:21:56,530
Like, why wouldn't I do that?
Right.
466
00:21:56,530 --> 00:21:58,700
And I feel like there's,
you know,
467
00:21:58,700 --> 00:22:02,240
there's so much there
to explore.
468
00:22:02,240 --> 00:22:06,540
Native Americans populated
this area over 3,000 years ago
469
00:22:06,540 --> 00:22:09,480
and have recently been proven
to have direct DNA connections
470
00:22:09,480 --> 00:22:12,980
to some of the earliest humans
in America,
471
00:22:12,980 --> 00:22:15,380
but the legends and stories
of Native Americans
472
00:22:15,380 --> 00:22:18,920
might tell us more than
modern science ever can.
473
00:22:18,920 --> 00:22:20,750
Well, the understanding
474
00:22:20,760 --> 00:22:22,520
of how oral tradition
is passed down...
475
00:22:22,520 --> 00:22:25,090
It isn't just telling
the story around a campfire,
476
00:22:25,090 --> 00:22:26,760
which obviously would change
with each person
477
00:22:26,760 --> 00:22:27,930
that hears the story.
478
00:22:27,930 --> 00:22:30,660
The stories are learned
word for word,
479
00:22:30,670 --> 00:22:32,970
so when we hear
a traditional story,
480
00:22:32,970 --> 00:22:34,970
it's the same as we heard it
500 years ago
481
00:22:34,970 --> 00:22:37,240
or 1,000 years ago
or 2,000 years ago.
482
00:22:37,240 --> 00:22:39,270
There's an integrity
that's kept to it.
483
00:22:39,270 --> 00:22:41,780
So, what is the truth
in your oral traditions?
484
00:22:41,780 --> 00:22:44,180
When did people
come into the Americas?
485
00:22:44,180 --> 00:22:45,510
So, in oral tradition,
486
00:22:45,510 --> 00:22:48,080
our stories say that the land
was all one piece,
487
00:22:48,080 --> 00:22:50,280
one solid land mass,
and we were all one tribe.
488
00:22:50,290 --> 00:22:51,690
We were all one people.
489
00:22:51,690 --> 00:22:53,020
But then our people
tried to build
490
00:22:53,020 --> 00:22:55,020
what we called a sky tower
to the creator,
491
00:22:55,020 --> 00:22:57,320
and Creator became angry
with the people.
492
00:22:57,330 --> 00:22:58,590
And there's flood stories.
493
00:22:58,590 --> 00:23:01,960
You find the Choctaw
talk about Creator
494
00:23:01,960 --> 00:23:03,460
speaking to a man
495
00:23:03,470 --> 00:23:05,570
and telling him
to build a great canoe
496
00:23:05,570 --> 00:23:07,770
and put two of every animal in it...
Mm, mm-hmm.
497
00:23:07,770 --> 00:23:10,370
...because he would be
flooding the Earth.
498
00:23:10,370 --> 00:23:12,370
These various
Native American stories
499
00:23:12,370 --> 00:23:14,670
all seem to line up
with what science tells us
500
00:23:14,680 --> 00:23:17,310
about Earth's history.
501
00:23:17,310 --> 00:23:20,580
There was an ice age
where the lands were connected.
502
00:23:20,580 --> 00:23:22,080
This ice melted.
503
00:23:22,080 --> 00:23:23,320
Sea levels rose,
504
00:23:23,320 --> 00:23:26,850
and massive floods
spread across the world.
505
00:23:26,860 --> 00:23:29,860
Although these oral traditions
credit the gods,
506
00:23:29,860 --> 00:23:33,290
they're reporting on
the same events.
507
00:23:33,300 --> 00:23:34,760
Well, you've got native tribes
508
00:23:34,760 --> 00:23:36,400
who say we've been here
for thousands of years,
509
00:23:36,400 --> 00:23:40,770
so I think that more and more
people are beginning to listen
510
00:23:40,770 --> 00:23:43,540
and to hear what
our people have to say.
511
00:23:43,540 --> 00:23:47,270
So, what does oral tradition
say about who those people were
512
00:23:47,280 --> 00:23:48,380
that were here?
513
00:23:48,380 --> 00:23:51,410
There's a heavy oral tradition
514
00:23:51,410 --> 00:23:57,580
of "other" beings
within native storytelling,
515
00:23:57,590 --> 00:23:58,820
and I don't even want to
call them a race.
516
00:23:58,820 --> 00:24:02,290
It's a species because
they're not just human.
517
00:24:02,290 --> 00:24:03,920
They're hybrid.
518
00:24:03,930 --> 00:24:05,930
And these stories were found,
you know, the
519
00:24:05,930 --> 00:24:07,960
Shawnee, the Iroquois,
the Cherokee,
520
00:24:07,960 --> 00:24:10,200
the Navajo, the Lakota,
521
00:24:10,200 --> 00:24:11,630
but you have
this whole race of giants
522
00:24:11,630 --> 00:24:14,870
that populated the land,
and they were not good.
523
00:24:14,870 --> 00:24:17,070
They were very sadistic.
They were very evil.
524
00:24:17,070 --> 00:24:20,570
Muskogee called the giants
isti papa,
525
00:24:20,580 --> 00:24:22,580
which means "man-eater"...
Mm.
526
00:24:22,580 --> 00:24:26,210
...and they were notorious
for taking children and...
527
00:24:26,220 --> 00:24:27,650
- Mm.
- ...making meals of them.
528
00:24:27,650 --> 00:24:30,050
They would grab a warrior
and just bite his head off
529
00:24:30,050 --> 00:24:31,520
and drink the blood.
Ugh.
530
00:24:31,520 --> 00:24:33,220
I mean, these guys were,
like, 9 foot, 10 foot tall.
531
00:24:33,220 --> 00:24:34,520
- Yeah.
- It was just...
532
00:24:34,520 --> 00:24:36,260
- Sometimes bigger.
- Yeah, sometimes bigger.
533
00:24:36,260 --> 00:24:39,260
And they're in almost
all of the Native stories.
534
00:24:39,260 --> 00:24:41,230
You ask a Native person,
"Who built this big mound
535
00:24:41,230 --> 00:24:42,760
or this Indian mound
over here?"
536
00:24:42,760 --> 00:24:44,400
And it's always,
"The giants built them."
537
00:24:44,400 --> 00:24:45,600
Mm-hmm.
538
00:24:45,600 --> 00:24:47,200
According to the Riverwinds,
539
00:24:47,200 --> 00:24:49,040
giants are all over
the oral histories
540
00:24:49,040 --> 00:24:51,240
of dozens of Native tribes
541
00:24:51,240 --> 00:24:53,640
from the Iroquois
in the northeast
542
00:24:53,640 --> 00:24:56,040
to the Comanches
in the Great Plains
543
00:24:56,040 --> 00:24:59,250
to the Navajo in the southwest.
544
00:24:59,250 --> 00:25:02,220
These tribes were
hundreds of miles apart,
545
00:25:02,220 --> 00:25:04,580
but all shared a common story
546
00:25:04,590 --> 00:25:09,120
that early man
mingled with giants.
547
00:25:09,120 --> 00:25:12,490
What happens when
you present these ideas
548
00:25:12,490 --> 00:25:14,860
to other people who are
maybe more mainstream,
549
00:25:14,860 --> 00:25:17,300
like, coming from
a scientific background?
550
00:25:17,300 --> 00:25:21,100
I think there's some hesitancy
in the scientific community
551
00:25:21,100 --> 00:25:24,000
of believing oral tradition.
552
00:25:24,010 --> 00:25:28,240
We understand
how fantastic this sounds,
553
00:25:28,240 --> 00:25:35,050
but in order to truly have
a scientific approach to it,
554
00:25:35,050 --> 00:25:37,550
you have to look at everything.
I'm with you.
555
00:25:37,550 --> 00:25:40,220
I don't understand why
it's so hard for people
556
00:25:40,220 --> 00:25:41,860
to want to be open.
557
00:25:41,860 --> 00:25:43,920
How can you say that
you're right and that's a fact,
558
00:25:43,930 --> 00:25:45,090
and that's the end
559
00:25:45,090 --> 00:25:47,530
if you left half
of the things unexamined?
560
00:25:47,530 --> 00:25:50,660
It doesn't make any sense.
561
00:25:50,670 --> 00:25:52,670
So, have we not only missed
thousands of years
562
00:25:52,670 --> 00:25:54,830
of human history,
563
00:25:54,840 --> 00:25:56,740
but also
a lost species of giants
564
00:25:56,740 --> 00:25:59,170
that roamed these lands?
565
00:25:59,170 --> 00:26:02,940
1899, an 8-foot-1-1/2-inch
giant skeleton...
566
00:26:02,950 --> 00:26:05,880
1933, 7-foot-5 skeleton...
567
00:26:05,880 --> 00:26:07,210
It's in the Smithsonian records.
568
00:26:07,220 --> 00:26:08,720
It's in
the "New York Times."
569
00:26:08,720 --> 00:26:11,650
There's over 1,500 accounts
in the historical record
570
00:26:11,650 --> 00:26:13,390
talking about giant skeletons.
571
00:26:26,470 --> 00:26:27,900
I've uncovered new science
572
00:26:27,900 --> 00:26:30,200
suggesting that humans
arrived in the Americas
573
00:26:30,210 --> 00:26:34,670
thousands of years earlier
than previously thought.
574
00:26:34,680 --> 00:26:36,640
So, what lost people
could have existed
575
00:26:36,650 --> 00:26:39,410
in that massive blind spot?
576
00:26:39,410 --> 00:26:42,120
According to Native American
oral traditions,
577
00:26:42,120 --> 00:26:44,020
the answer is shocking.
578
00:26:44,020 --> 00:26:45,890
There's a heavy oral tradition
579
00:26:45,890 --> 00:26:47,990
of giant people.
580
00:26:47,990 --> 00:26:50,760
Could there really have been
a mysterious breed of giants
581
00:26:50,760 --> 00:26:52,460
roaming the Americas?
582
00:26:54,160 --> 00:26:56,360
Nice to meet you.
How are you?
583
00:26:56,370 --> 00:26:57,560
Have a seat.
584
00:26:59,400 --> 00:27:01,330
To explore this
controversial theory,
585
00:27:01,340 --> 00:27:03,540
I'm meeting
with historian Jim Vieira,
586
00:27:03,540 --> 00:27:05,570
who has spent over
two decades investigating
587
00:27:05,570 --> 00:27:07,510
the evidence
of giants in America
588
00:27:07,510 --> 00:27:11,440
and pioneering
the science of giantology.
589
00:27:11,450 --> 00:27:15,020
So, what is giantology,
and is that a real thing?
590
00:27:15,020 --> 00:27:17,480
It's funny. It's kind of,
like, tongue-in-cheek
591
00:27:17,490 --> 00:27:18,490
because I'm an expert
in something
592
00:27:18,490 --> 00:27:20,890
that's not supposed to exist.
593
00:27:20,890 --> 00:27:22,560
But there were a lot
of researchers
594
00:27:22,560 --> 00:27:24,360
that are looking into
the possibility
595
00:27:24,360 --> 00:27:26,460
that giants existed in the past,
596
00:27:26,460 --> 00:27:29,700
and they look into Biblical lore
and historical documents
597
00:27:29,700 --> 00:27:32,830
and, you know, try to weave
the story with new science
598
00:27:32,830 --> 00:27:34,870
and see if it was a reality.
Mm-hmm.
599
00:27:34,870 --> 00:27:36,070
I don't want to try to
convert you
600
00:27:36,070 --> 00:27:37,640
to the church
of giantology, but...
601
00:27:37,640 --> 00:27:39,670
I'm already...
I'm a pre-convert.
602
00:27:39,680 --> 00:27:40,640
Oh, nice.
That's cool.
603
00:27:40,640 --> 00:27:42,080
So you don't have to convert me.
604
00:27:42,080 --> 00:27:43,480
Well, I mean, it's in a lot
of ancient literature.
605
00:27:43,480 --> 00:27:45,080
They reference giants.
It's everywhere.
606
00:27:45,080 --> 00:27:46,780
It's ridiculous.
607
00:27:46,780 --> 00:27:49,320
Ever since Sunday school
when I learned about Goliath
608
00:27:49,320 --> 00:27:52,020
towering over the Israelites
609
00:27:52,020 --> 00:27:52,950
or Nephilim,
610
00:27:52,950 --> 00:27:54,290
an angel mixed with a human
611
00:27:54,290 --> 00:27:56,690
to create giant offspring,
612
00:27:56,690 --> 00:27:58,830
I've been obsessed
with the idea of other beings
613
00:27:58,830 --> 00:28:00,860
roaming this Earth,
614
00:28:00,860 --> 00:28:03,000
and it doesn't end at the Bible.
615
00:28:03,000 --> 00:28:06,770
There are also legends of giants
in the "Epic of Gilgamesh"
616
00:28:06,770 --> 00:28:09,540
and in the ancient writings
of Homer and Virgil.
617
00:28:11,610 --> 00:28:15,010
But is there any hard evidence
to support these legends?
618
00:28:15,010 --> 00:28:17,880
The reality is
there's over 1,500 accounts
619
00:28:17,880 --> 00:28:19,310
in the historical record
620
00:28:19,310 --> 00:28:22,080
in archaeological and
anthropological bulletins,
621
00:28:22,080 --> 00:28:24,120
the Smithsonian
ethnology reports,
622
00:28:24,120 --> 00:28:26,150
littered throughout newspapers,
623
00:28:26,150 --> 00:28:28,690
buried obscurely
in town and county histories.
624
00:28:28,690 --> 00:28:30,390
There's a lot here.
Yeah.
625
00:28:30,390 --> 00:28:31,760
Check this out.
626
00:28:31,760 --> 00:28:33,790
Right here is
a historical marker in Kansas,
627
00:28:33,800 --> 00:28:35,930
and there were
seven-foot warriors here.
628
00:28:35,930 --> 00:28:38,500
"Monster skulls and bones",
"New York Times".
629
00:28:38,500 --> 00:28:40,900
It's talking about
a Georgia burial mound,
630
00:28:40,900 --> 00:28:44,470
giant skeletons that
were found in the mounds.
631
00:28:44,470 --> 00:28:47,710
Wow.
It's pretty crazy.
632
00:28:47,710 --> 00:28:48,980
From a massive skeleton
633
00:28:48,980 --> 00:28:51,140
allegedly found
on Catalina Island,
634
00:28:51,150 --> 00:28:53,610
which was once owned
by the Wrigley family,
635
00:28:53,620 --> 00:28:56,980
to Carnegie Museum
verifying giant remains,
636
00:28:56,990 --> 00:28:58,520
there are hundreds
of these accounts
637
00:28:58,520 --> 00:29:01,590
associated with some of the most
well-respected institutions
638
00:29:01,590 --> 00:29:02,960
in America,
639
00:29:02,960 --> 00:29:05,890
including the most
of respected of them all.
640
00:29:05,890 --> 00:29:07,530
Colonel Norris
from the Smithsonian
641
00:29:07,530 --> 00:29:09,530
unearthed a 7'6 skeleton.
642
00:29:09,530 --> 00:29:10,830
It's in the Smithsonian records.
643
00:29:10,830 --> 00:29:12,100
It's in
the "New York Times."
644
00:29:12,100 --> 00:29:15,440
It's verified,
all of the measurements.
645
00:29:15,440 --> 00:29:17,970
Okay. So, the ones
that we've come across so far
646
00:29:17,970 --> 00:29:19,640
have all been seven feet.
647
00:29:19,640 --> 00:29:21,740
The tallest one was eight feet.
648
00:29:21,740 --> 00:29:24,610
To play devil's advocate,
there's a lot of NBA players
649
00:29:24,610 --> 00:29:27,550
and athletes that are
in the seven-foot range,
650
00:29:27,550 --> 00:29:29,880
and they don't have
the gigantism,
651
00:29:29,890 --> 00:29:31,850
so are these really giants,
652
00:29:31,850 --> 00:29:34,150
or are these just larger people
653
00:29:34,160 --> 00:29:36,690
like the ones
we have walking around today?
654
00:29:36,690 --> 00:29:39,130
The incidents of seven-foot
and taller people
655
00:29:39,130 --> 00:29:40,790
that were found
in the burial mounds
656
00:29:40,800 --> 00:29:42,560
is a much higher proportion
657
00:29:42,560 --> 00:29:45,000
than the smaller slice
of seven-foot and taller people
658
00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:46,330
you see today.
Yeah.
659
00:29:46,330 --> 00:29:47,800
And a lot of them were described
660
00:29:47,800 --> 00:29:49,970
as enormous with massive jaws,
661
00:29:49,970 --> 00:29:53,240
massive skulls,
massive bone structure,
662
00:29:53,240 --> 00:29:55,310
like almost some kind of,
663
00:29:55,310 --> 00:29:57,740
like a hybrid
or a different kind of human.
664
00:29:57,750 --> 00:30:01,410
- Yeah.
- We have stories like this.
665
00:30:01,420 --> 00:30:02,920
Nine-foot skeleton...
666
00:30:02,920 --> 00:30:05,050
Right, which is well out of,
you know, normal human range.
667
00:30:05,050 --> 00:30:07,090
That's "Scientific American,"
668
00:30:07,090 --> 00:30:09,360
and it was listed in several
other academic journals.
669
00:30:09,360 --> 00:30:12,330
Is there any evidence of where
that skeleton went?
670
00:30:12,330 --> 00:30:14,190
Did they put it back
where they got it?
671
00:30:14,200 --> 00:30:18,130
In 1990, there was the Native
American Graves and Repatriation Act
672
00:30:18,130 --> 00:30:20,930
to protect
Native American remains,
673
00:30:20,940 --> 00:30:23,000
so a lot of these skeletons
went back in the ground.
674
00:30:23,000 --> 00:30:26,040
A lot of them, frankly,
they just can't be found.
675
00:30:26,040 --> 00:30:28,270
Many say a nine-foot skeleton
was found
676
00:30:28,280 --> 00:30:30,480
in a Native American
burial mound
677
00:30:30,480 --> 00:30:33,310
and removed without the
permission of the Shawnee Tribe
678
00:30:33,320 --> 00:30:35,450
that the land belonged to.
679
00:30:35,450 --> 00:30:38,150
With the passing
of a new law in 1990,
680
00:30:38,150 --> 00:30:40,250
the remains were returned
to the tribe
681
00:30:40,260 --> 00:30:42,820
and haven't been seen since.
682
00:30:42,820 --> 00:30:45,290
So, if there were
all of these giants
683
00:30:45,290 --> 00:30:46,330
that have been found in America,
684
00:30:46,330 --> 00:30:48,730
where did they come from?
685
00:30:48,730 --> 00:30:51,700
So, one theory is that
we have another player
686
00:30:51,700 --> 00:30:53,370
in the human drama,
687
00:30:53,370 --> 00:30:56,370
and they were found in this area
in the Altai region of Siberia,
688
00:30:56,370 --> 00:30:57,900
and they're called
the Denisovans,
689
00:30:57,910 --> 00:30:59,910
and these were particularly
large beings that were here
690
00:30:59,910 --> 00:31:02,510
around 40 or 50,000 years ago,
691
00:31:02,510 --> 00:31:05,140
and the only evidence
we have of the Denisovans
692
00:31:05,150 --> 00:31:07,610
is two extremely large teeth.
693
00:31:07,620 --> 00:31:10,120
In 2010,
a team of archaeologists
694
00:31:10,120 --> 00:31:12,520
digging in a remote cave
in Russia
695
00:31:12,520 --> 00:31:16,490
discovered two teeth belonging
to what DNA testing confirmed
696
00:31:16,490 --> 00:31:19,130
was a newly discovered species
697
00:31:19,130 --> 00:31:23,100
that shared a common origin
with Neanderthals.
698
00:31:23,100 --> 00:31:26,600
That is a very close
approximation to the size...
699
00:31:26,600 --> 00:31:28,300
Yeah.
...of the tooth.
700
00:31:32,870 --> 00:31:35,510
It's significantly larger.
There's no question.
701
00:31:35,510 --> 00:31:37,610
They were so large
that they thought
702
00:31:37,610 --> 00:31:39,180
it was a tooth of a cave bear,
703
00:31:39,180 --> 00:31:41,210
and they took it to
the Max Planck Institute,
704
00:31:41,220 --> 00:31:43,420
and they realized
it's a human cousin.
705
00:31:43,420 --> 00:31:45,820
One of the interesting things
is that we found
706
00:31:45,820 --> 00:31:49,060
that there was a small
percentage of Denisovan DNA
707
00:31:49,060 --> 00:31:52,690
in Native populations
in the United States.
708
00:31:52,690 --> 00:31:55,060
So, according to this theory,
709
00:31:55,060 --> 00:31:56,530
50,000 years ago,
710
00:31:56,530 --> 00:31:59,470
a large human-like species
called Denisovans
711
00:31:59,470 --> 00:32:02,500
populated the Asian landscape.
712
00:32:02,500 --> 00:32:05,670
These ancient giants migrated
into the Americans
713
00:32:05,670 --> 00:32:07,370
and interbred with humans,
714
00:32:07,380 --> 00:32:10,140
creating giant hybrids,
715
00:32:10,150 --> 00:32:12,780
and in fact,
traces of Denisovans' DNA
716
00:32:12,780 --> 00:32:16,480
have been found
in Native Americans.
717
00:32:16,480 --> 00:32:18,350
So it's just this amazing find,
718
00:32:18,350 --> 00:32:19,720
and it might answer
all of these questions
719
00:32:19,720 --> 00:32:22,260
you're looking into,
this time gap.
720
00:32:22,260 --> 00:32:24,660
There is a story here
of human origins
721
00:32:24,660 --> 00:32:26,690
that is vastly different
from what we think,
722
00:32:26,700 --> 00:32:29,160
and Denisovans
might play a key role
723
00:32:29,160 --> 00:32:32,070
in what's going on here.
724
00:32:32,070 --> 00:32:34,730
Evidence of a half-giant,
half-man hybrid race
725
00:32:34,740 --> 00:32:36,800
walking these ancient lands
726
00:32:36,810 --> 00:32:40,870
is a new twist in human history
in the Americas,
727
00:32:40,880 --> 00:32:43,580
and new evidence is being
discovered every day
728
00:32:43,580 --> 00:32:46,080
that is rewriting
that history...
729
00:32:46,080 --> 00:32:48,550
These are fossils of
Ice Age mammoths.
730
00:32:48,550 --> 00:32:51,350
...including one find
that could prove our time line
731
00:32:51,350 --> 00:32:53,450
isn't off by 3,000 years...
732
00:32:53,460 --> 00:32:55,590
When I see this,
it affects me for some reason.
733
00:32:55,590 --> 00:32:56,920
It's crazy.
734
00:32:56,930 --> 00:32:59,790
...but by over 100,000.
735
00:32:59,790 --> 00:33:03,560
What he discovered is amazing,
and if it's accurate, I mean,
736
00:33:03,570 --> 00:33:06,570
it blows everything
we thought we knew away.
737
00:33:23,550 --> 00:33:25,280
New evidence suggests
that humans
738
00:33:25,290 --> 00:33:26,850
may have arrived in the Americas
739
00:33:26,860 --> 00:33:30,160
thousands of years earlier
than previously thought
740
00:33:30,160 --> 00:33:31,390
and were sharing the land
741
00:33:31,390 --> 00:33:35,230
with a lost species
of half-man, half-giant.
742
00:33:35,230 --> 00:33:37,130
There's over 1,500 accounts
743
00:33:37,130 --> 00:33:38,160
in the historical record
744
00:33:38,170 --> 00:33:40,630
of enormous, hybrid-like people.
745
00:33:40,640 --> 00:33:42,870
How can we have our time line
of human existence
746
00:33:42,870 --> 00:33:45,000
in America so wrong,
747
00:33:45,010 --> 00:33:48,570
and what else
could we be missing?
748
00:33:48,580 --> 00:33:49,740
How are you?
Hi, Megan. I'm Tom.
749
00:33:49,740 --> 00:33:51,010
Nice to meet you.
How are you doing?
750
00:33:51,010 --> 00:33:52,850
- Welcome to the museum.
- Thank you.
751
00:33:52,850 --> 00:33:54,710
So, we have some fossils upstairs...
Great.
752
00:33:54,720 --> 00:33:56,980
...and some other things
that I'd like to show you.
753
00:33:56,990 --> 00:33:59,120
Okay. I want to see other things.
So, let's go upstairs.
754
00:33:59,120 --> 00:34:04,290
I'm meeting with Dr. Tom Deméré,
a world-renowned paleontologist.
755
00:34:04,290 --> 00:34:06,360
His groundbreaking studies
of ancient mammals
756
00:34:06,360 --> 00:34:09,960
could provide a looking glass
into early man.
757
00:34:09,960 --> 00:34:11,300
Whoa...
758
00:34:11,300 --> 00:34:12,900
those are not small bones.
759
00:34:12,900 --> 00:34:15,700
No. These are fossils
of Ice Age mammals...
760
00:34:15,700 --> 00:34:17,700
Oh.
...mostly mammoths.
761
00:34:17,710 --> 00:34:19,670
For instance,
this is a femur, a leg bone...
762
00:34:19,670 --> 00:34:22,580
Oh, my God.
...of a mammoth.
763
00:34:22,580 --> 00:34:25,280
I don't know why
I'm so taken by bones.
764
00:34:25,280 --> 00:34:27,850
When I see this,
it affects me for some reason.
765
00:34:27,850 --> 00:34:29,920
It's crazy.
Well, look how big that is.
766
00:34:29,920 --> 00:34:33,290
- That's an ancient femur bone.
- Right.
767
00:34:33,290 --> 00:34:37,420
Tom's laboratory is filled
with thousands of ancient bones
768
00:34:37,430 --> 00:34:40,290
from saber-toothed cats,
mammoths,
769
00:34:40,300 --> 00:34:42,730
and other Ice Age mammals
that roamed the Americas
770
00:34:42,730 --> 00:34:45,330
hundreds of thousands
of years ago,
771
00:34:45,330 --> 00:34:47,500
but these findings
all pale in comparison
772
00:34:47,500 --> 00:34:50,870
to a skeleton he just
recently pulled from the ground.
773
00:34:52,940 --> 00:34:56,940
Let me show you a few more
treasures from the past.
774
00:34:56,950 --> 00:34:58,510
While a team of
construction workers
775
00:34:58,510 --> 00:35:01,350
in San Diego, California,
were building a highway,
776
00:35:01,350 --> 00:35:04,380
they stumbled upon pieces
of a massive skeleton.
777
00:35:08,490 --> 00:35:11,990
Tom and his team were called in,
and after 5 months of digging,
778
00:35:11,990 --> 00:35:13,560
they unearthed
hundreds of broken
779
00:35:13,560 --> 00:35:16,200
and scattered bones
from a mastodon,
780
00:35:16,200 --> 00:35:20,670
an extinct and distant relative
of the elephant.
781
00:35:20,670 --> 00:35:23,640
This is a map of the excavation.
782
00:35:23,640 --> 00:35:25,540
We see ribs here and there.
783
00:35:25,540 --> 00:35:27,540
We see vertebrae
from the upper back here.
784
00:35:27,540 --> 00:35:29,810
We see a toe bone over here,
785
00:35:29,810 --> 00:35:32,580
so it was scattered
in no sense of order
786
00:35:32,580 --> 00:35:33,610
to the skeleton.
787
00:35:33,620 --> 00:35:35,010
Did you guys end up
788
00:35:35,020 --> 00:35:37,520
getting a date
for this mastodon?
789
00:35:37,520 --> 00:35:39,020
Yes, we did.
790
00:35:39,020 --> 00:35:41,490
So, we eventually came up
with a very accurate date
791
00:35:41,490 --> 00:35:44,690
of 130,000 plus or minus 9,000.
792
00:35:46,690 --> 00:35:48,900
130,000 years ago...
793
00:35:48,900 --> 00:35:52,400
Oh, my God.
It's so ancient.
794
00:35:52,400 --> 00:35:54,200
130,000 years ago,
795
00:35:54,200 --> 00:35:57,070
it's believed that humans
were extremely primitive
796
00:35:57,070 --> 00:35:58,340
and lived only in Africa,
797
00:35:58,340 --> 00:36:01,140
parts of Europe,
and southern Asia,
798
00:36:01,140 --> 00:36:04,810
but these ancient bones
aren't just extremely old.
799
00:36:04,810 --> 00:36:09,750
They're like nothing else
Tom has ever seen.
800
00:36:09,750 --> 00:36:12,720
So, what's interesting is
we have parts of femurs,
801
00:36:12,720 --> 00:36:14,790
but they're broken,
sharply broken,
802
00:36:14,790 --> 00:36:19,360
so that's just a piece of one
of these 3-foot-long leg bones.
803
00:36:19,360 --> 00:36:20,890
Yeah. And that's all we found.
804
00:36:20,900 --> 00:36:23,560
Found pieces of it, and even
the pieces that we did find
805
00:36:23,570 --> 00:36:27,070
could not be put back together
to form a complete femur,
806
00:36:27,070 --> 00:36:29,440
so that was a real puzzle,
807
00:36:29,440 --> 00:36:31,100
and that was the real indication
808
00:36:31,110 --> 00:36:34,440
that this site
was really unique.
809
00:36:34,440 --> 00:36:36,810
Usually when mastodons
are found underground,
810
00:36:36,810 --> 00:36:38,640
the skeletons
are partially intact
811
00:36:38,650 --> 00:36:40,880
and all in
the same general area,
812
00:36:40,880 --> 00:36:44,320
but this mastodon was broken
into over 300 pieces
813
00:36:44,320 --> 00:36:48,390
and spread across 400 feet.
814
00:36:48,390 --> 00:36:52,360
Even more unusual was the fact
that the ribs were intact,
815
00:36:52,360 --> 00:36:57,400
but the legs and femurs were
broken into dozens of pieces.
816
00:36:57,400 --> 00:37:00,200
So, we posed in our minds
several different hypotheses
817
00:37:00,200 --> 00:37:03,970
to explain what caused this...
818
00:37:03,970 --> 00:37:07,370
Fast-flowing streams
carrying sediment and rocks
819
00:37:07,380 --> 00:37:10,540
and perhaps the carcass
and burying the carcass.
820
00:37:10,550 --> 00:37:13,180
If this is all due to
just fast-flowing water,
821
00:37:13,180 --> 00:37:17,280
we wouldn't find ribs intact
and leg bones broken.
822
00:37:17,290 --> 00:37:19,920
We'd find legs intact
and ribs broken.
823
00:37:19,920 --> 00:37:21,620
- 'Cause ribs are more fragile.
- Right.
824
00:37:21,620 --> 00:37:24,760
So, a purely
geological explanation
825
00:37:24,760 --> 00:37:27,630
in terms of
just water flowing didn't fit,
826
00:37:27,630 --> 00:37:29,830
and so we thought
of other scenarios,
827
00:37:29,830 --> 00:37:31,200
one of which is trampling,
828
00:37:31,200 --> 00:37:34,230
but we didn't see
any marks on the bones
829
00:37:34,240 --> 00:37:35,270
that suggest trampling.
830
00:37:35,270 --> 00:37:37,070
We kept coming back to this idea
831
00:37:37,070 --> 00:37:42,480
that, well, humans perhaps
were responsible for this
832
00:37:42,480 --> 00:37:45,910
because not only did we find
bones and teeth and tusks,
833
00:37:45,910 --> 00:37:48,350
but we also found
five large cobbles...
834
00:37:48,350 --> 00:37:50,180
Rocks about 30 pounds...
835
00:37:50,180 --> 00:37:52,490
And the rocks
really stand out as an anomaly
836
00:37:52,490 --> 00:37:55,690
and part of the story
that's really quite intriguing.
837
00:37:55,690 --> 00:37:58,220
These five large cobbles
were found here
838
00:37:58,230 --> 00:38:02,300
in this cluster
of broken leg bones.
839
00:38:02,300 --> 00:38:03,760
This suggests that the breakage
840
00:38:03,770 --> 00:38:06,000
was occurring at this location,
841
00:38:06,000 --> 00:38:08,770
telltale signs that would
indicate human activity.
842
00:38:08,770 --> 00:38:10,940
That's really amazing.
843
00:38:10,940 --> 00:38:14,370
The five large rocks found
by the mastodon skeleton
844
00:38:14,380 --> 00:38:17,080
are not naturally occurring
within the sediment layer
845
00:38:17,080 --> 00:38:19,980
where the bones were found,
846
00:38:19,980 --> 00:38:22,280
so Tom and his team believe
that early humans
847
00:38:22,280 --> 00:38:24,420
used these as tools
to break apart
848
00:38:24,420 --> 00:38:26,590
the large femurs
of the mastodon,
849
00:38:26,590 --> 00:38:29,160
explaining
the strange bone patterns.
850
00:38:29,160 --> 00:38:30,960
130,000 is...
Mm-hmm.
851
00:38:30,960 --> 00:38:33,160
...much older than humans
were thought to have been
852
00:38:33,160 --> 00:38:35,330
in the New World.
Much, much older.
853
00:38:35,330 --> 00:38:37,560
Much, much older, by an
order of magnitude. Yeah.
854
00:38:37,570 --> 00:38:41,270
And that's where
it became pretty exciting.
855
00:38:41,270 --> 00:38:43,470
This is astounding.
856
00:38:43,470 --> 00:38:45,100
If Tom is right,
857
00:38:45,110 --> 00:38:48,210
our history books weren't off
by 3,000 years.
858
00:38:48,210 --> 00:38:51,940
They were off by more than
100,000 years.
859
00:38:51,950 --> 00:38:54,880
This completely shatters all
other archaeological theories
860
00:38:54,880 --> 00:38:58,980
on when humans
first arrived in America.
861
00:38:58,990 --> 00:39:02,320
How has it been received?
862
00:39:02,320 --> 00:39:04,290
Well, it's had mixed reviews.
863
00:39:04,290 --> 00:39:06,890
Most of the reaction
has been very negative
864
00:39:06,890 --> 00:39:09,860
because it goes against
the existing paradigm,
865
00:39:09,860 --> 00:39:11,430
and one of our suggestions is
866
00:39:11,430 --> 00:39:13,530
that paleontologists
discovered this
867
00:39:13,530 --> 00:39:15,000
'cause they're
working in deposits
868
00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:17,100
that are 130,000 years old,
869
00:39:17,110 --> 00:39:19,240
but archaeologists
don't look in sediments
870
00:39:19,240 --> 00:39:20,770
that are 130,000 years old.
871
00:39:20,780 --> 00:39:22,610
So the challenge is,
well, let's start
872
00:39:22,610 --> 00:39:24,810
looking in older deposits
873
00:39:24,810 --> 00:39:27,710
'cause if you don't look,
you're not gonna find evidence.
874
00:39:27,720 --> 00:39:28,850
- Yeah.
- What if we're right?
875
00:39:28,850 --> 00:39:30,020
I mean, that's pretty exciting,
876
00:39:30,020 --> 00:39:31,250
and it doesn't
change everything.
877
00:39:31,250 --> 00:39:32,920
It just adds a new
chapter to this... Yeah.
878
00:39:32,920 --> 00:39:34,750
...peopling
of the Americas.
879
00:39:34,760 --> 00:39:38,690
What he discovered is amazing,
and if it's accurate,
880
00:39:38,690 --> 00:39:40,290
that's pretty crazy
to think about
881
00:39:40,290 --> 00:39:42,560
because it's so
drastically different
882
00:39:42,560 --> 00:39:45,400
from what we were taught.
883
00:39:45,400 --> 00:39:47,370
They can't say
if it's modern human
884
00:39:47,370 --> 00:39:49,700
or if it was Neanderthal.
885
00:39:49,700 --> 00:39:51,370
Maybe they were giants.
886
00:39:51,370 --> 00:39:53,310
They don't know.
887
00:39:53,310 --> 00:39:54,840
No one has been digging
deep enough
888
00:39:54,840 --> 00:39:57,910
to even look for people
130,000 years ago,
889
00:39:57,910 --> 00:40:00,180
so it's likely that
the evidence is there.
890
00:40:00,180 --> 00:40:03,880
It just hasn't been sought out.
891
00:40:03,890 --> 00:40:06,720
The more they find,
the more questions there are,
892
00:40:06,720 --> 00:40:10,020
and the mystery just keeps
getting bigger and deeper,
893
00:40:10,020 --> 00:40:14,030
and that's really exciting
because it's ever-expanding.
894
00:40:14,030 --> 00:40:15,960
It's like a lifelong adventure.
895
00:40:18,470 --> 00:40:21,870
There may be more than
100,000 years of missing pages
896
00:40:21,870 --> 00:40:24,100
from the history of America,
897
00:40:24,110 --> 00:40:26,710
pages that could
include anything,
898
00:40:26,710 --> 00:40:30,140
even giant ancestors
from a mysterious species.
899
00:40:30,140 --> 00:40:32,480
A lot of them were
described as enormous,
900
00:40:32,480 --> 00:40:35,350
like a hybrid
or a different kind of human.
901
00:40:35,350 --> 00:40:37,220
There is still
so much more to uncover
902
00:40:37,220 --> 00:40:39,650
about who we are
and where we come from.
903
00:40:39,650 --> 00:40:43,120
We had no idea
it would be this old.
904
00:40:43,120 --> 00:40:46,590
The answers to our past
remain waiting to be discovered.
905
00:40:46,590 --> 00:40:47,860
It's all out there...
906
00:40:47,860 --> 00:40:50,330
They're on the precipice
of a lot of new discoveries
907
00:40:50,330 --> 00:40:52,570
which will rewrite history.
908
00:40:52,570 --> 00:40:54,600
...and now it's just a matter
909
00:40:54,600 --> 00:40:56,070
of when we find it.
70812
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