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- NARRATOR: America has
emerged onto the world stage
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rebuilt over the
past five decades
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by John Rockefeller, Andrew
Carnegie, and J.P. Morgan.
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They've reigned
uncontested for years.
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Only now the government
is cracking down
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on big business
in a big way.
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- (Blues Saraceno playing
"Save My Soul")
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♪ When I got to Memphis ♪
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♪ I put my old
baby down ♪
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♪ He said I can't
take you to Heaven ♪
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♪ I can't save
your soul ♪
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♪ I can't promise
forever ♪
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♪ Whoo ♪
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♪ With my heart
in your hands ♪
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♪ I can't feel,
fell my soul ♪
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- NARRATOR: The case will
be the biggest challenge
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of Rockefeller's life.
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A fight that will determine the
future of the country.
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As Rockefeller is forced
to defend the company
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he built from nothing
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into one of the most powerful
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corporation's on earth.
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- Buy now. Buy everything.
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Buy the whole company.
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- (people murmuring)
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- It's Rockefeller.
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- The United States
versus Standard Oil.
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This hearing is
now in session.
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Please state your name.
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- John Rockefeller.
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- Mr. Rockefeller,
can you tell the court
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how in just one year,
in 1872,
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you acquired all the
refineries in Cleveland?
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- I don't remember.
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- (gasps)
- (people murmuring)
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- It was 36 years ago.
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- You used intimidation to
wipe out the competition,
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did you not?
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I mean, so ruthlessly
that it became known
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as the Cleveland massacre.
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- I don't remember
any massacre.
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- (people murmuring)
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- Are you aware of
payments made by Standard
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Oil to a Senator,
$15,000 to block a bill
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hostile to Standard Oil?
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- I don't remember.
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- We have a list of bribes
made by Standard Oil
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to politicians
between 1903...
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- I stepped down as
Chief Executive
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of Standard Oil in 1902.
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I can't answer for any
incidents that occurred
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after that date.
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- You are still President
of Standard Oil,
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are you not?
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- It's an honorary title.
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Much like that of
President of the United States.
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- (laughter)
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- Can I remind you Mr.
Rockefeller of the seriousness
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of the charges
brought against you.
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- NARRATOR: As John
Rockefeller fights to keep
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his monopoly intact a new
generation of businessmen
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is facing a new set
of challenges as they struggle
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to get their
companies off the ground.
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- I have set out to build
the best motor car
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for popular use.
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The Ford motor car
is durable and light,
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weighing only 1,000lbs.
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It has a four cylinder
engine and is capable
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of speeds up to 45
miles an hour.
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It is priced at $900
compared to $1 500
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for the average
licensed car.
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Which makes it
the first car
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affordable for
the common man.
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- NARRATOR: Young
entrepreneur Henry Ford
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has created a
new kind of car.
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But in order to sell it
he needs to get permission
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from the association
of licensed automobile
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manufacturers,
also known as ALAM.
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ALAM owns the patent on
the automobile giving them
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complete control over who
can manufacture and sell cars.
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They are, in a sense,
a giant car monopoly
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and Ford's future now
rests in their hands.
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- ALAM: Thank
you Mr. Ford.
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We'll be in touch.
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- Thank you, gentleman.
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- NARRATOR: Ford is
hopeful he'll be approved
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by ALAM, allowing him to
start his own business
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and to pursue his dream
for the future
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of the car industry.
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- When Ford entered the
automobile business
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people didn't drive their own
cars, they had drivers.
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And so cars were seen
as this luxury item.
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Ford's insight was that
cars could be an every day item.
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They could be very
utilitarian so that it was
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within the reach
of ordinary people.
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- NARRATOR: Ford has spent
years developing his car
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for the common man.
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He builds his first model
at the age of 33 and calls
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it the quadricyle.
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But the vehicle is
expensive to produce
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and prone to breaking down.
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Ford's second attempt--
Model A--is much more suited
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to the needs
of modern America.
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But he can't begin selling
it without permission from ALAM.
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- ALAM was successful
in blackmailing
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other automobile companies
saying,
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"you have to be licensed
by us or we will sue you.
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And we own this patent."
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- NARRATOR: After months
of deliberation the ALAM
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board reaches
its decision.
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Henry Ford's
application is rejected.
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It's a crushing blow.
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The auto cartel has
stopped him in his tracks.
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But Henry Ford is
determined to show the world
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that to succeed in
America all you need
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is integrity and ingenuity.
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The next generation of
businessmen is on the rise.
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Henry Ford is battling
a powerful cartel
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for the right to make
a car he believes in.
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The Association of
Licensed Automobiles
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manufacturers owns the
patent on the automobile
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and budding car makers
like Henry Ford need
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its permission to sell cars.
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After being rejected by ALAM,
Ford is left with few options
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00:08:18,555 --> 00:08:20,931
but he isn't about to give up
on his dreams.
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- Ford thought that
the whole thing was ridiculous.
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That there could not be a patent
on the idea of the automobile.
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That the automobile was
not the property
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of one single individual.
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- NARRATOR: Ford is
determined to get around
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ALAM'S stranglehold
on the auto industry.
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00:08:42,537 --> 00:08:46,540
But he's just one man going up
against a virtual monopoly.
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If he's going to be a
success, without ALAM,
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he's going to need to
make a name for himself.
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- It's a very simple
thing on the make or break
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decision: it's the gut and
that's what separates
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the great leaders and
the great successes.
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00:09:02,474 --> 00:09:04,183
And if you can't listen to
it and you don't have it,
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you're never gonna get it
'cause it's never gonna come
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from someplace else.
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- NARRATOR: Henry Ford
challenges the owner
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of the biggest car company
in the country to a race.
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Alexander Winton is also
known as the fastest
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driver in America and a
prominent member ofALAM.
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Beating Winton with a car of his
own design has the potential
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00:09:38,426 --> 00:09:40,844
to give Ford the
boost he needs to start
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his own company.
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There's just one problem,
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Henry Ford had never
raced a care before.
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- It's a David
and Goliath scene.
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Winton's famous,
world record holder,
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has this fancy race car.
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Ford, the local
boy made good.
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- NARRATOR: Henry Ford's
upset win over the fastest man
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in America makes
him instantly famous.
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- Ford's a hero and this
is really the first big time,
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I think, that he
becomes a celebrity.
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The Ford name gets out
there and he milks it
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for everything that
it's worth,
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and it was a very crucial
part of Ford
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getting investors for the
Ford Motor Company.
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- NARRATOR: Ford raises
$28,000--or $700,000 today.
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Enough money to build his
first factory in Highland Park,
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Michigan and before long he's
producing 1 5 cars a day,
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priced low enough for
almost any American.
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- When it finally
does break through,
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it is sort of gratifying
because you--you're
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starting to see the reality of
what you always believe.
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That--that the vision you
had that someday the world
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00:12:17,043 --> 00:12:19,336
would be different is starting
to move in that direction.
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- NARRATOR: Henry Ford's early
success puts him on the map.
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But ALAM takes notice and
hits him with a lawsuit
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claiming he's breaching
their patent on the automobile.
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- You see all these huge
conglomerations
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suing people over patents.
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The big guys are taking
advantage of the little guys,
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trying to find
whatever angle they could
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and using their might.
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00:12:47,991 --> 00:12:50,075
And those with the
best tricksters win.
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00:12:54,455 --> 00:12:57,833
- NARRATOR: While Henry
Ford prepares to bring
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00:12:57,917 --> 00:13:00,669
his fight for the little
guy to a Detroit court,
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the trial to bring
down Standard Oil
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is starting to get ugly.
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- Mr. Rockefeller, we have
evidence that you placed
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several refineries
out of business.
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- Not to my knowledge.
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- Do you accept that
Standard Oil has enjoyed
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00:13:25,153 --> 00:13:28,071
profitability higher
than most industries?
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- Our profitability is no
higher than that of US Steel.
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I haven't heard of
anyone attempting
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00:13:36,748 --> 00:13:38,373
to break up U.S. Steel.
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- NARRATOR: While
Rockefeller is fighting
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00:13:43,504 --> 00:13:44,796
to save his company,
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00:13:47,300 --> 00:13:50,719
J.P. Morgan has been able to
keep his steel monopoly
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00:13:50,803 --> 00:13:52,596
of the government's hit list.
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00:13:55,266 --> 00:13:57,934
He's used his power and
influence to broker
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a number of deals for the nation
applying the might
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00:14:02,648 --> 00:14:05,275
of U.S. Steel to strengthen
the country's infrastructure.
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00:14:08,654 --> 00:14:12,157
But Morgan's biggest deal
is just getting started
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00:14:12,241 --> 00:14:13,700
in Central America.
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00:14:16,454 --> 00:14:19,498
For years, attempts have
been made to build a canal
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00:14:19,582 --> 00:14:21,750
linking the Atlantic
and Pacific Oceans.
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00:14:24,087 --> 00:14:26,922
Such a canal would cut
East to West travel time
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00:14:27,006 --> 00:14:31,009
in half saving ships over
8,000 miles per trip.
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00:14:33,471 --> 00:14:37,933
But no one's had the power to
make it happen, until now.
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00:14:40,937 --> 00:14:44,189
J.P. Morgan acts as the middle
man for the government
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00:14:44,273 --> 00:14:47,859
and raises $40 million dollars
- OR $7 billion today--
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00:14:47,944 --> 00:14:49,403
to get the project started.
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00:14:53,866 --> 00:14:56,535
The Panama Canal is
the most ambitious
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00:14:56,619 --> 00:14:59,830
construction project the United
States has ever undertaken.
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00:15:01,916 --> 00:15:05,335
Over 75,000 workers
labor in brutal heat,
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00:15:05,837 --> 00:15:07,421
fighting off
deadly diseases,
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00:15:09,507 --> 00:15:13,885
digging a canal 51 miles from
the Atlantic to the Pacific.
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00:15:26,983 --> 00:15:30,485
- To assemble the
manpower, the material,
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00:15:30,570 --> 00:15:33,321
and the finances; to cut
a swath through the middle
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00:15:33,406 --> 00:15:36,450
of Panama and join the
Atlantic Ocean with the
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00:15:36,534 --> 00:15:39,828
Pacific Ocean--only an
industrially sophisticated
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00:15:39,912 --> 00:15:41,121
nation could do that.
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00:15:42,665 --> 00:15:44,916
- NARRATOR: The Panama
Canal embodies everything
220
00:15:45,001 --> 00:15:47,752
that makes America the most
powerful country on the planet.
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00:15:50,339 --> 00:15:52,966
Built on steel,
powered by electricity
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00:15:53,885 --> 00:15:55,218
and running on gasoline.
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00:15:58,306 --> 00:16:01,391
And it's all made possible
due to the financial might
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00:16:01,476 --> 00:16:03,852
of one of the country's
most powerful men.
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00:16:09,108 --> 00:16:11,985
But the age of the
monopoly is still on trial
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00:16:13,988 --> 00:16:16,615
and the unchallenged power
the Titans have used
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00:16:16,699 --> 00:16:20,911
to amass their empires is
not going to last forever.
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00:16:29,545 --> 00:16:32,672
Decades of unprecedented
growth have transformed
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00:16:32,757 --> 00:16:34,925
America into an
industrial super power.
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00:16:38,012 --> 00:16:40,096
The change has been driven
by some of the largest
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00:16:40,181 --> 00:16:42,224
companies the world
has ever seen:
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00:16:43,893 --> 00:16:44,893
U.S. Steel,
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00:16:47,980 --> 00:16:51,107
Standard Oil
and General Electric.
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00:16:54,070 --> 00:16:55,987
But it also comes
with a cost.
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00:16:57,490 --> 00:17:00,116
Workers are outraged over
dangerous conditions
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00:17:00,201 --> 00:17:02,118
at factories across
the country.
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00:17:02,203 --> 00:17:04,454
- Nobody will break us!
Nobody!
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00:17:06,165 --> 00:17:08,375
- NARRATOR: And the gap
between the rich and the poor
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00:17:08,459 --> 00:17:10,377
is bigger than
it's ever been.
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00:17:11,295 --> 00:17:14,297
Many are convinced
that America's largest companies
241
00:17:14,382 --> 00:17:16,007
are holding
the country back.
242
00:17:16,717 --> 00:17:19,427
The age of monopoly
is under threat.
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00:17:20,846 --> 00:17:22,556
- I hate monopolists.
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00:17:22,640 --> 00:17:24,933
I fought monopolists
all my life.
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00:17:25,017 --> 00:17:27,852
I always wanted an
even playing field,
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00:17:27,937 --> 00:17:30,981
but I had to fight for an even
playing field for myself.
247
00:17:38,281 --> 00:17:42,409
- NARRATOR: Over a 40 year
career John Rockefeller
248
00:17:42,493 --> 00:17:45,579
used innovation and
ingenuity to create
249
00:17:45,663 --> 00:17:48,873
a corporate empire unlike
any the world has ever seen.
250
00:17:52,336 --> 00:17:54,296
But he was also
notoriously ruthless
251
00:17:56,173 --> 00:17:58,550
and many believe he
went too far.
252
00:18:00,261 --> 00:18:02,178
For John D. Rockefeller,
253
00:18:02,263 --> 00:18:05,307
judgment day
is here in what's become
254
00:18:05,391 --> 00:18:10,186
the trial of the century:
The People versus Standard Oil.
255
00:18:14,233 --> 00:18:16,901
- The picture painted
of Standard Oil
256
00:18:16,986 --> 00:18:18,069
is a depressing one.
257
00:18:19,071 --> 00:18:23,116
No trust in the history
ofAmerica has been
258
00:18:23,200 --> 00:18:26,536
so destructive in its
pursuit of profit.
259
00:18:28,748 --> 00:18:33,001
Time and time again we
have heard how Standard Oil
260
00:18:33,085 --> 00:18:35,545
has used secret
kickbacks from the
261
00:18:35,630 --> 00:18:39,799
railroads, been routinely
engaged in predatory
262
00:18:39,884 --> 00:18:45,305
pricing, used intimidation
and exclusive sales
263
00:18:45,389 --> 00:18:49,142
territories to put
refineries out of business.
264
00:18:52,063 --> 00:18:55,982
For over thirty years,
Standard Oil has been
265
00:18:56,067 --> 00:19:01,404
on a mission to crush its
competition and establish
266
00:19:01,489 --> 00:19:06,159
itself as a monopoly to
hoist up the price of kerosene.
267
00:19:09,997 --> 00:19:14,501
Mr. Rockefeller, before
the court renders its decision,
268
00:19:16,379 --> 00:19:18,296
do you have
anything you wish to say?
269
00:19:27,640 --> 00:19:32,102
- When I came into the oil
industry, there was chaos.
270
00:19:33,521 --> 00:19:34,771
I brought order.
271
00:19:35,856 --> 00:19:39,192
I took a second rate,
inefficient market
272
00:19:39,276 --> 00:19:40,735
and built an industry.
273
00:19:42,697 --> 00:19:44,948
It was done the way it was
because that's the way
274
00:19:45,032 --> 00:19:46,157
it had to be done.
275
00:19:47,910 --> 00:19:51,830
No one complained when I
brought light into every home.
276
00:19:52,873 --> 00:19:56,209
No one complained when
I provided thousands ofjobs,
277
00:19:56,293 --> 00:19:58,211
or millions of
dollars from exports.
278
00:19:59,422 --> 00:20:02,173
Oil is what this
country runs on.
279
00:20:05,177 --> 00:20:10,432
You call it monopoly,
I call it enterprise.
280
00:20:10,891 --> 00:20:14,436
- (people murmuring)
281
00:20:14,520 --> 00:20:18,898
- Now, you tell me,
why am I here?
282
00:20:21,444 --> 00:20:24,446
- (gavel bangs)
- (people murmuring)
283
00:20:29,493 --> 00:20:32,078
- NARRATOR: As the court
adjourns to deliberate
284
00:20:33,581 --> 00:20:36,249
Rockefeller can only
await his company's fate.
285
00:20:46,761 --> 00:20:51,014
Hundreds of miles away a
new kind of businessman,
286
00:20:51,098 --> 00:20:53,308
Henry Ford, also waits.
287
00:20:55,519 --> 00:20:58,396
A panel of federal judges
will decide whether Ford
288
00:20:58,481 --> 00:21:00,607
can continue to freely
manufacture
289
00:21:00,691 --> 00:21:02,734
and sell his model A car.
290
00:21:05,613 --> 00:21:07,655
The association of
licensed automobile
291
00:21:07,740 --> 00:21:10,617
manufacturers is suing
Ford for a royalty on
292
00:21:10,701 --> 00:21:12,202
every car he sells.
293
00:21:17,666 --> 00:21:20,543
Ford knows those royalties
would drive up the cost
294
00:21:20,628 --> 00:21:23,213
of his car putting
it out of the reach
295
00:21:23,297 --> 00:21:24,798
for the average consumer.
296
00:21:26,217 --> 00:21:28,843
For most early car makers,
the lawsuit would be
297
00:21:28,928 --> 00:21:33,181
a devastating setback, but
for Ford it's something
298
00:21:33,265 --> 00:21:35,517
different--an
opportunity.
299
00:21:36,393 --> 00:21:38,436
- People react to failure
in one of two ways.
300
00:21:38,521 --> 00:21:41,731
Either they get
scared and give up.
301
00:21:42,483 --> 00:21:45,985
Or they take that failure
that--as a learning
302
00:21:46,070 --> 00:21:48,446
experience and they kind
of use that experience
303
00:21:48,531 --> 00:21:50,740
to redouble their efforts.
304
00:21:54,036 --> 00:21:56,454
- Ford is convinced
the era of unchecked
305
00:21:56,539 --> 00:21:57,789
monopolies is over.
306
00:21:59,124 --> 00:22:02,085
So as his lawsuit winds
its way through court
307
00:22:02,837 --> 00:22:06,297
he openly defies the order
from ALAM and continues
308
00:22:06,382 --> 00:22:08,216
building and
selling his cars.
309
00:22:10,636 --> 00:22:12,929
He believes there's a
better way to conduct
310
00:22:13,013 --> 00:22:15,682
business in America and
he's determined
311
00:22:15,766 --> 00:22:17,350
to make it a reality.
312
00:22:19,061 --> 00:22:21,646
- Henry Ford was able to
position himself
313
00:22:21,730 --> 00:22:25,316
as an anti-monopolist, really
in a certain way,
314
00:22:25,401 --> 00:22:28,319
as a kind of antithesis of
the Rockefellers
315
00:22:28,404 --> 00:22:29,821
and the Carnegies.
316
00:22:29,905 --> 00:22:33,408
He is a kind of heroic
individual entrepreneur,
317
00:22:33,492 --> 00:22:35,535
who believed
in competition,
318
00:22:35,619 --> 00:22:37,745
who believed in
developing a product
319
00:22:37,830 --> 00:22:39,706
and bringing it
to the people.
320
00:22:39,790 --> 00:22:42,292
- NARRATOR: Ford begins
paying his workers
321
00:22:42,376 --> 00:22:44,711
a livable wage, $5 per day,
322
00:22:46,797 --> 00:22:49,507
more than double the rate
of most U.S. factories.
323
00:22:52,219 --> 00:22:55,221
But Ford isn't just
paying his workers better,
324
00:22:55,306 --> 00:22:57,348
he's also getting
more out of them.
325
00:22:59,059 --> 00:23:01,728
He innovates a new system
for producing cars.
326
00:23:02,813 --> 00:23:05,440
Rather than hand crafting
each car one at a time,
327
00:23:06,650 --> 00:23:08,943
his are assembled by
a line of workers,
328
00:23:09,028 --> 00:23:10,361
piece by piece.
329
00:23:11,488 --> 00:23:13,406
It's called the
assembly line
330
00:23:14,867 --> 00:23:17,285
and it completely changes
manufacturing forever.
331
00:23:20,122 --> 00:23:23,249
- Ford didn't invent
mass production.
332
00:23:24,209 --> 00:23:26,586
But he perfected
mass production.
333
00:23:26,670 --> 00:23:29,255
He understood that a
complicated product
334
00:23:29,340 --> 00:23:34,177
like an automobile could be
simplified and could be
335
00:23:34,261 --> 00:23:38,056
made less expensive if the
same thing was produced
336
00:23:38,140 --> 00:23:39,682
again and again and again.
337
00:23:43,520 --> 00:23:45,104
- NARRATOR: Using
the assembly line,
338
00:23:45,189 --> 00:23:47,857
Ford workers can build
cars up to 8 times faster
339
00:23:47,942 --> 00:23:50,568
than any other automobile
factory in the world.
340
00:23:53,072 --> 00:23:55,490
What once took 12
hours to assemble,
341
00:23:55,574 --> 00:23:57,450
now takes an
hour and a half.
342
00:23:58,827 --> 00:24:01,287
The innovation allows Ford
to standardize
343
00:24:01,372 --> 00:24:02,705
the 8-hour workday,
344
00:24:04,291 --> 00:24:05,541
5 days per week.
345
00:24:09,380 --> 00:24:11,422
But for Ford to
continue to innovate,
346
00:24:11,507 --> 00:24:13,257
he'll need to
win his lawsuit.
347
00:24:15,177 --> 00:24:17,470
His fate, like
John Rockefeller's,
348
00:24:17,554 --> 00:24:19,722
now rests in the hands
of a federal court.
349
00:24:22,059 --> 00:24:24,936
Henry Ford and
John D. Rockefeller
350
00:24:25,020 --> 00:24:26,854
are two
American icons,
351
00:24:27,523 --> 00:24:28,731
from different
generations,
352
00:24:31,819 --> 00:24:34,529
on opposing sides of
battle for the country's future.
353
00:24:37,533 --> 00:24:40,910
As the verdicts come in,
American business
354
00:24:40,995 --> 00:24:42,578
will never be the same.
355
00:24:50,004 --> 00:24:53,589
America is becoming the
most powerful nation on earth.
356
00:24:54,133 --> 00:24:57,051
Transformed from a
post-civil war wasteland
357
00:24:57,136 --> 00:24:58,469
into a budding superpower
358
00:25:01,390 --> 00:25:03,099
by a group of visionaries
359
00:25:03,183 --> 00:25:07,270
who battled the impossible
to build unimaginable
360
00:25:07,354 --> 00:25:11,733
empires that have brought the
country into the 20th century.
361
00:25:13,986 --> 00:25:15,903
- With all the
great entrepreneurs,
362
00:25:15,988 --> 00:25:17,947
it was a mix of
believing in an idea,
363
00:25:18,032 --> 00:25:20,199
but they also recognized
that they had to do
364
00:25:20,284 --> 00:25:22,535
some things to take that
idea and make it real.
365
00:25:31,128 --> 00:25:33,504
- NARRATOR: After decades
of doing whatever it took
366
00:25:33,589 --> 00:25:35,381
to crush the
competition,
367
00:25:36,759 --> 00:25:40,303
John D. Rockefeller is fighting
to save the company he built
368
00:25:40,387 --> 00:25:42,638
from nothing into one
of the largest
369
00:25:42,723 --> 00:25:45,308
and most dominating
corporations on the planet.
370
00:25:46,977 --> 00:25:50,021
- Big business is a
dangerous thing
371
00:25:50,105 --> 00:25:53,066
in the eyes of many because
of the power it wields.
372
00:25:55,527 --> 00:25:58,071
- JUDGE: The U.S. government
Versus Standard Oil.
373
00:25:59,073 --> 00:26:01,657
- NARRATOR: The biggest
anti-trust trial
374
00:26:01,742 --> 00:26:03,951
of all time is about to
reach a verdict.
375
00:26:06,789 --> 00:26:09,665
444 witnesses have
taken the stand,
376
00:26:10,667 --> 00:26:13,628
12,000 pages of testimony
have been recorded,
377
00:26:13,712 --> 00:26:16,464
but in the end it
all comes down
378
00:26:16,548 --> 00:26:18,382
to the testimony of one man.
379
00:26:20,010 --> 00:26:22,386
ROCKEFELLER: You
call it monopoly,
380
00:26:22,471 --> 00:26:24,097
I call it enterprise.
381
00:26:25,766 --> 00:26:27,767
- NARRATOR: John
Rockefeller has done
382
00:26:27,851 --> 00:26:30,478
all he can to keep his
monopoly intact,
383
00:26:33,357 --> 00:26:36,359
but the fate of Standard
Oil is out of his control.
384
00:26:40,114 --> 00:26:43,199
JUDGE: In the case of the
United States against
385
00:26:43,283 --> 00:26:46,077
the Standard Oil Company,
this hearing
386
00:26:46,161 --> 00:26:47,954
has reached a decision.
387
00:26:51,208 --> 00:26:55,128
This court determines
against the Standard Oil Trust
388
00:26:55,212 --> 00:26:59,215
on account of its
unreasonable business practices,
389
00:26:59,299 --> 00:27:03,511
which are in violation of
the Sherman Anti-Trust Act.
390
00:27:04,388 --> 00:27:05,763
The Standard Oil Trust
391
00:27:08,308 --> 00:27:10,434
must be broken
up within six months.
392
00:27:11,228 --> 00:27:14,438
- (gavel bangs)
- (people murmuring)
393
00:27:21,446 --> 00:27:23,656
- (people talking)
394
00:27:29,621 --> 00:27:32,373
- REPORTER: Is this the
end of Standard Oil?
395
00:27:36,420 --> 00:27:38,504
- NARRATOR: John
Rockefeller's Standard Oil
396
00:27:38,589 --> 00:27:40,464
is completely dismantled,
397
00:27:42,968 --> 00:27:45,803
broken up
into 34 smaller companies.
398
00:27:47,014 --> 00:27:49,765
The age of the
monopoly is over.
399
00:27:56,773 --> 00:27:59,233
The takedown of Standard
Oil bodes well
400
00:27:59,318 --> 00:28:02,486
for the rising guard of a new
generation of businessman--
401
00:28:04,615 --> 00:28:06,574
most of all Henry Ford.
402
00:28:10,287 --> 00:28:12,622
Ford awaits the
future of his company.
403
00:28:13,665 --> 00:28:16,500
After the powerful
auto Cartel, ALAM,
404
00:28:16,585 --> 00:28:18,711
charged him with breaching
their patent
405
00:28:18,795 --> 00:28:22,590
on the automobile and tried
to shut him down.
406
00:28:25,385 --> 00:28:28,012
It's a potentially
life-changing moment
407
00:28:28,680 --> 00:28:31,724
not just for Ford,
but for the future
408
00:28:31,808 --> 00:28:33,643
of every industry
in the country.
409
00:28:37,439 --> 00:28:40,816
In a surprise decision,
the court rules
410
00:28:40,901 --> 00:28:42,735
in favor of Henry Ford.
411
00:28:46,240 --> 00:28:49,617
ALAM has no legal claim
to the design of the car.
412
00:28:52,371 --> 00:28:56,874
Henry Ford is free to innovate
without repercussion.
413
00:28:57,376 --> 00:28:58,793
- Well, guys, that was it.
414
00:28:58,877 --> 00:29:00,378
Let's go sell some cars.
415
00:29:03,006 --> 00:29:05,883
- NARRATOR: Ford's
dream is made a reality.
416
00:29:05,968 --> 00:29:08,261
The car belongs
to everyone.
417
00:29:09,930 --> 00:29:13,099
- Ford's success put him
forward in American life
418
00:29:13,183 --> 00:29:16,560
as a new kind of
businessman but,
419
00:29:16,645 --> 00:29:20,648
in crucial ways, unlike
Rockefeller or Carnegie
420
00:29:20,732 --> 00:29:23,693
he wasn't trying to
gain a monopoly.
421
00:29:23,777 --> 00:29:26,487
He was trying to bring
a product to the people.
422
00:29:26,571 --> 00:29:29,198
The American population
ate this up and they made
423
00:29:29,283 --> 00:29:31,534
Henry Ford a kind
of folk hero.
424
00:29:34,037 --> 00:29:36,622
- NARRATOR: Ford seizes
the momentum
425
00:29:36,707 --> 00:29:39,292
and his factories go
into overdrive.
426
00:29:40,168 --> 00:29:42,712
His assembly lines starts
producing a revolutionary
427
00:29:42,796 --> 00:29:44,380
new car at a record rate.
428
00:29:45,382 --> 00:29:50,803
It's called the Model T
and it costs only $825.
429
00:29:52,472 --> 00:29:56,809
For the first time, a car
the common man can afford.
430
00:30:00,355 --> 00:30:03,733
- Henry Ford created what
became the most important
431
00:30:03,817 --> 00:30:05,985
industry in the
American economy.
432
00:30:06,737 --> 00:30:09,822
He had no idea of the
enormous impact it would
433
00:30:09,906 --> 00:30:12,450
have on almost every
sector ofAmerican life.
434
00:30:14,244 --> 00:30:18,331
He literally changed
America, the way we live,
435
00:30:18,415 --> 00:30:22,835
the way we do things, and the
way we go about our business.
436
00:30:24,713 --> 00:30:27,840
Ford's reputation won't
always be so positive,
437
00:30:29,301 --> 00:30:32,178
but his revolution
inspires an entire generation
438
00:30:32,262 --> 00:30:34,472
of visionaries
who will transform
439
00:30:34,556 --> 00:30:36,390
the fabric ofAmerican life.
440
00:30:39,144 --> 00:30:42,563
Childhood friends William
Harley and Arthur Davidson
441
00:30:42,647 --> 00:30:46,067
attach an engine to a
bicycle and begin selling
442
00:30:46,151 --> 00:30:47,902
motorcycles to the masses.
443
00:30:51,114 --> 00:30:53,949
Milton Hershey applies
Henry Ford's assembly line
444
00:30:54,034 --> 00:30:56,869
model to the mass
production of chocolate.
445
00:31:00,123 --> 00:31:02,208
Chicago merchant,
William Wrigley
446
00:31:02,292 --> 00:31:04,460
takes his chewing
gum national
447
00:31:07,631 --> 00:31:09,006
and in Hollywood,
448
00:31:09,091 --> 00:31:11,258
Polish immigrant,
Max Factor,
449
00:31:11,343 --> 00:31:14,261
begins distributing
cosmetics for movie stars
450
00:31:14,346 --> 00:31:17,264
to drug stores across
the country inventing
451
00:31:17,349 --> 00:31:20,726
a completely new consumer
product--make-up.
452
00:31:22,354 --> 00:31:25,147
This new breed of
businessman is doing
453
00:31:25,232 --> 00:31:26,732
things a different way.
454
00:31:29,194 --> 00:31:31,362
They're creating
products for the masses,
455
00:31:32,572 --> 00:31:35,366
while paying their
employees a livable wage.
456
00:31:36,701 --> 00:31:38,702
With safe working
conditions
457
00:31:38,787 --> 00:31:41,247
and a standard
40-hour work week.
458
00:31:43,875 --> 00:31:47,420
The era of Rockefeller,
Carnegie and Morgan looks
459
00:31:47,504 --> 00:31:49,338
like it may have
come to an end.
460
00:31:52,426 --> 00:31:55,136
But America's three
most powerful men
461
00:31:55,220 --> 00:31:57,430
are just as relevant
as ever before.
462
00:32:08,692 --> 00:32:10,651
Standard Oil gasoline
stations
463
00:32:10,735 --> 00:32:14,780
appear across the country
fueling Henry Ford's cars,
464
00:32:20,996 --> 00:32:23,414
cars that are built
using Carnegie's steel
465
00:32:25,500 --> 00:32:28,419
in factories powered by
J.P. Morgan's electricity.
466
00:32:31,923 --> 00:32:34,008
The new breed of
businessman may be doing
467
00:32:34,092 --> 00:32:36,343
things different from
their predecessors
468
00:32:36,428 --> 00:32:39,138
but their innovations wouldn't
be possible without
469
00:32:39,222 --> 00:32:43,434
the groundwork laid by men
like Cornelius Vanderbilt,
470
00:32:44,895 --> 00:32:47,396
Andrew Carnegie,
J.P. Morgan
471
00:32:49,065 --> 00:32:50,983
and John D. Rockefeller.
472
00:32:53,612 --> 00:32:56,405
The result is broad
prosperity shared
473
00:32:56,490 --> 00:32:59,909
throughout the country and
perhaps America's greatest
474
00:32:59,993 --> 00:33:04,580
innovation yet, a thriving
and prosperous middle class.
475
00:33:08,168 --> 00:33:11,170
- The Industrial
Revolution created
476
00:33:11,254 --> 00:33:13,255
the development of
the middle class.
477
00:33:15,175 --> 00:33:18,511
It created wealth
that we never
478
00:33:18,595 --> 00:33:20,679
would've imagined
possible before.
479
00:33:25,352 --> 00:33:26,936
- NARRATOR:
John Rockefeller
480
00:33:27,020 --> 00:33:28,771
may have lost his court case,
481
00:33:32,234 --> 00:33:35,444
but the smaller companies
created from Standard Oil
482
00:33:35,529 --> 00:33:36,820
will go on to become
483
00:33:36,905 --> 00:33:40,199
corporate giants with
names like Exxon,
484
00:33:40,283 --> 00:33:41,909
Mobil and Chevron
485
00:33:43,745 --> 00:33:45,037
and John Rockefeller
486
00:33:45,121 --> 00:33:47,248
is a shareholder in
each new company.
487
00:33:48,833 --> 00:33:50,417
- It's ironic, isn't it?
488
00:33:50,502 --> 00:33:53,629
I mean, it's a great
moment in American history
489
00:33:53,713 --> 00:33:55,798
and it established
the principle
490
00:33:55,882 --> 00:33:58,884
that monopolistic practices
should not be for the future
491
00:33:58,969 --> 00:34:00,886
and that
sounds really good.
492
00:34:00,971 --> 00:34:02,930
Except now they
were all separate
493
00:34:03,014 --> 00:34:06,517
and my great grandfather had
large amounts of stock
494
00:34:06,601 --> 00:34:07,476
in every one of them.
495
00:34:07,561 --> 00:34:09,812
He made more money than
he ever made in his life.
496
00:34:11,356 --> 00:34:13,566
The effect on
John D. Rockefeller
497
00:34:13,650 --> 00:34:16,068
was absolutely
blissful from his point of view.
498
00:34:18,113 --> 00:34:19,446
- NARRATOR:
Even in defeat,
499
00:34:19,531 --> 00:34:22,241
John Rockefeller becomes
the richest man in the history
500
00:34:22,325 --> 00:34:24,743
of the world with
a net worth of almost
501
00:34:24,828 --> 00:34:28,163
$660 billion dollars
in today's money.
502
00:34:32,419 --> 00:34:35,170
With the stranglehold
of the monopolies over,
503
00:34:35,255 --> 00:34:38,882
Americans now realize that
anything is possible
504
00:34:38,967 --> 00:34:40,593
as long as they
work together.
505
00:34:41,970 --> 00:34:44,680
The nation is more
powerful than ever
506
00:34:44,764 --> 00:34:46,974
and that power will
soon be needed.
507
00:35:01,448 --> 00:35:04,116
On a brisk spring morning,
two years after
508
00:35:04,200 --> 00:35:08,871
the breakup of standard oil,
John Rockefeller joins
509
00:35:08,955 --> 00:35:12,583
his old rival Andrew Carnegie
to mourn the loss
510
00:35:12,667 --> 00:35:14,168
of one of their own.
511
00:35:19,215 --> 00:35:22,092
Less than a month from
his 76TH birthday,
512
00:35:22,177 --> 00:35:24,136
J.P. Morgan dies in his sleep.
513
00:35:27,891 --> 00:35:31,393
Morgan leaves such a mark
on American finance
514
00:35:31,478 --> 00:35:34,146
that the New York Stock
Exchange shuts down,
515
00:35:35,732 --> 00:35:39,193
an honor normally reserved
for the passing of a president.
516
00:35:41,488 --> 00:35:45,074
- J.P. Morgan certainly was the
foremost name in banking
517
00:35:45,158 --> 00:35:47,409
in terms of creating
modern finance...
518
00:35:48,119 --> 00:35:53,040
and you can't have a modern
economy without a modern,
519
00:35:53,124 --> 00:35:55,376
effective
functioning banking system.
520
00:35:56,878 --> 00:36:01,799
He was as influential as
any of the Titans of that day.
521
00:36:09,724 --> 00:36:11,767
- NARRATOR: While the old
rivals once saw each other
522
00:36:11,851 --> 00:36:13,769
as cutthroat competitors
523
00:36:16,773 --> 00:36:20,359
now, in their twilight years,
the fathers of American business
524
00:36:20,443 --> 00:36:22,486
have found a mutual respect.
525
00:36:30,286 --> 00:36:32,079
For Rockefeller
and Carnegie,
526
00:36:32,163 --> 00:36:34,289
Morgan's passing is a
reminder--
527
00:36:36,459 --> 00:36:37,793
time is running short
528
00:36:39,504 --> 00:36:41,839
and the realization
triggers a new contest.
529
00:36:44,092 --> 00:36:47,219
No longer is their competition
about who makes more money,
530
00:36:50,056 --> 00:36:53,559
now the question is who
can give more away.
531
00:36:56,563 --> 00:36:58,939
- Andrew Carnegie was
the first of the big
532
00:36:59,023 --> 00:37:01,316
capitalists of this
era to be bitten by
533
00:37:01,401 --> 00:37:03,444
the philanthropy bug.
534
00:37:04,446 --> 00:37:08,574
He decided that he was
going to use his wealth
535
00:37:08,658 --> 00:37:11,785
to good purpose and he said
that a man who dies rich
536
00:37:11,870 --> 00:37:13,287
dies disgraced.
537
00:37:14,330 --> 00:37:16,707
- Andrew Carnegie was not
a very popular man
538
00:37:16,791 --> 00:37:21,003
among his millionaire friends
because he demanded
539
00:37:21,087 --> 00:37:25,174
that the millionaire has to
give away all of his money.
540
00:37:26,718 --> 00:37:29,219
- There's nothing wrong
with making a lot of money.
541
00:37:29,304 --> 00:37:32,723
Making money is fun.
I enjoy that very much.
542
00:37:32,807 --> 00:37:36,143
But I enjoy giving away
money, even more so.
543
00:37:37,520 --> 00:37:40,898
- Carnegie gives away more
than $350 million dollars
544
00:37:40,982 --> 00:37:42,983
- $67 billion, today.
545
00:37:44,861 --> 00:37:48,363
Most goes to education and his
favorite cause--libraries.
546
00:37:49,699 --> 00:37:52,910
As more than 2,500
"Carnegie libraries"
547
00:37:52,994 --> 00:37:55,996
are built in 49 states
and around the world.
548
00:37:58,666 --> 00:38:01,794
But even in this contest
Carnegie will be bested
549
00:38:01,878 --> 00:38:02,961
by his old rival.
550
00:38:05,757 --> 00:38:09,009
John Rockefeller will
outlive Carnegie by 13 years.
551
00:38:10,512 --> 00:38:13,680
That time--and his
greater worth--allows him
552
00:38:13,765 --> 00:38:16,642
to give away more money
than Carnegie Is ever able to.
553
00:38:20,063 --> 00:38:23,482
Throughout his life Rockefeller
has donated millions--
554
00:38:23,566 --> 00:38:25,651
to his church
and numerous universities.
555
00:38:31,241 --> 00:38:34,618
At the age of 73, he
creates the Rockefeller
556
00:38:34,702 --> 00:38:38,914
foundation with a personal
endowment of $100 million
557
00:38:38,998 --> 00:38:42,709
dollars--the equivalent
of 38 billion today.
558
00:38:44,796 --> 00:38:47,172
That money will go on
to advance public health
559
00:38:47,257 --> 00:38:49,341
around the world
for decades.
560
00:38:50,969 --> 00:38:54,805
- My great-grandfather, he went
full bore into philanthropy.
561
00:38:55,682 --> 00:38:59,560
Whether that was a duty under a
sort of a Baptist stricture,
562
00:38:59,644 --> 00:39:02,104
or whether it
just came pouring out of him,
563
00:39:02,188 --> 00:39:03,772
I'm just not sure.
564
00:39:04,315 --> 00:39:06,024
But it doesn't make any
difference, he did it.
565
00:39:07,443 --> 00:39:09,319
- NARRATOR: John
Rockefeller will live to be
566
00:39:09,404 --> 00:39:14,575
97 years old and gives
away more $530 million dollars
567
00:39:14,659 --> 00:39:15,993
in his lifetime.
568
00:39:16,911 --> 00:39:21,123
Gifts that, today, would
total over 100 billion.
569
00:39:21,666 --> 00:39:24,585
- I look at Carnegie, I
look at what Rockefeller did
570
00:39:24,669 --> 00:39:26,503
and I revere these
people--for the second half
571
00:39:26,588 --> 00:39:28,881
of their lives--
and they certainly are,
572
00:39:28,965 --> 00:39:33,427
they're inspirations to
people who have managed
573
00:39:33,511 --> 00:39:35,804
to be able to accumulate some
wealth and want to be able
574
00:39:35,889 --> 00:39:38,307
to say, you know what,
I now want to help others.
575
00:39:41,227 --> 00:39:42,936
- NARRATOR: As the nation
heads deeper into
576
00:39:43,021 --> 00:39:46,565
the 20TH century, millions
ofAmericans,
577
00:39:46,649 --> 00:39:49,776
for the first time ever,
are able to take part
578
00:39:49,861 --> 00:39:51,153
in the American dream,
579
00:39:51,946 --> 00:39:55,365
employed in well-paid
and safe jobs.
580
00:39:56,075 --> 00:39:59,244
Manufacturing products
they themselves can now afford.
581
00:40:00,163 --> 00:40:03,582
The country is united
with a robust economy
582
00:40:03,666 --> 00:40:06,293
that benefits not just the
rich, but everyone.
583
00:40:09,964 --> 00:40:11,798
It's the beginning of one
of the longest periods
584
00:40:11,883 --> 00:40:14,301
of prosperity America
will ever see.
585
00:40:16,721 --> 00:40:20,599
- It wasn't by accident
that the 20th century became,
586
00:40:20,683 --> 00:40:22,893
you know,
the American century.
587
00:40:22,977 --> 00:40:26,605
America made the greatest
strides in terms
588
00:40:26,689 --> 00:40:29,733
of harnessing these
new technologies.
589
00:40:29,817 --> 00:40:33,028
We simply could out
produce any other nation
590
00:40:33,112 --> 00:40:36,198
in this world by the time
the 20th century rolled around.
591
00:40:36,282 --> 00:40:39,159
And that clearly put us
in a position
592
00:40:39,243 --> 00:40:41,578
to drive the global agenda.
593
00:40:42,080 --> 00:40:44,498
It was on the back of the
Industrial Revolution.
594
00:40:46,459 --> 00:40:49,252
- NARRATOR: But as World
War I breaks out in Europe,
595
00:40:49,337 --> 00:40:50,963
the world
looks for help.
596
00:40:52,173 --> 00:40:53,840
It looks to America.
597
00:40:57,178 --> 00:41:01,139
Just 50 years removed from
the ashes of the Civil War,
598
00:41:01,224 --> 00:41:03,809
America has become
a global super power.
599
00:41:05,895 --> 00:41:09,815
By April of 1917, the
country enters the war
600
00:41:09,899 --> 00:41:13,110
sending troops,
supplies and weapons.
601
00:41:17,073 --> 00:41:19,950
Resources that will help
bring peace to the world.
602
00:41:27,333 --> 00:41:30,210
But those resources would
have never been possible
603
00:41:30,294 --> 00:41:32,838
without the contributions
of a small group
604
00:41:32,922 --> 00:41:34,256
of visionary men.
605
00:41:35,466 --> 00:41:37,592
Men who sparked
a revolution
606
00:41:37,677 --> 00:41:39,761
that forever
changed America.
607
00:41:40,805 --> 00:41:43,598
- America was transformed
608
00:41:44,976 --> 00:41:46,977
by the vision,
609
00:41:48,229 --> 00:41:52,274
the incredible hard
work and determination,
610
00:41:52,358 --> 00:41:55,652
and the willingness
to take big risks
611
00:41:55,737 --> 00:41:57,863
that these men display.
612
00:41:58,740 --> 00:42:01,408
There is also no question
that these men
613
00:42:01,492 --> 00:42:05,120
could not have done what they
did anywhere else but America,
614
00:42:05,204 --> 00:42:09,583
because this place allows
more people to dream
615
00:42:09,667 --> 00:42:11,960
than any other place
in the world.
616
00:42:12,045 --> 00:42:15,005
All that matters is how
big do you want to dream
617
00:42:15,089 --> 00:42:16,757
and how hard do
you want to work?
618
00:42:23,056 --> 00:42:26,516
- NARRATOR: From a broken
country into the most powerful
619
00:42:26,601 --> 00:42:29,686
nation on Earth,
they didn't discover
620
00:42:29,771 --> 00:42:33,273
this modern America,
they built it.49481
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