All language subtitles for Auschwitz.The.Nazis.and.the.Final.Solution.3of6.

During 1942, the Nazis for the first time
began to comb the countries of

Western Europe in pursuit of their

'Final Solution', the extermination
of the Jews.

Even taking Jews from as far a field
as the British Channel Islands.

By higher order you
and those family members depending

on you shall be evacuated.

"We never saw her again or heard anything
about what had happened to her

for 50 years, I mean it's incredible.

When I knew that she died in Auschwitz,

I mean we were, you know,
just so upset and horrified. "

But as the Nazis at Auschwitz
and the other camps in occupied Poland

were to discover, it was one thing to
conceive of mass killing on an epic scale,

quite another to be able to carry it out.

But how they solved this murderous problem
tells us much about their mentality.

In 1942 through an horrific process of
trial and error these Nazis created

something entirely new in History

killing factories capable
of murdering millions.

The first Jews sent from Western Europe
to Auschwitz were from France.

For many German soldiers France
was an easy posting

far easier than fighting in the East
against the Red Army.

Those Germans that were here counted
themselves lucky.

But in reality there were relatively few
German soldiers in France.

The country had been divided into
two zones by the Germans

occupied and unoccupied

but the French administration
to a large extent ran both.

So the only way the Nazis could get
the Jews out of France

was with the collaboration
of the French authorities themselves.

On the 2nd of July 1942 an important
meeting was held between the SS

and senior figures from the French police
to discuss the mass deportations.

The minutes taken by an SS official reveal
that initially the French proposed

co-operating with the Nazis
only to a limited extent.

The French authorities knew that
if they didn't cooperate

they faced the anger of the Germans.

But they didn't want to
hand over French Jews.

So this was their solution:

The French authorities,
having decided to hand over foreign Jews,

organised the first round up for the
early morning of the 16th of July 1942.

In the 20th Arrondissement of Paris,

French police paid a visit to the Mullers
- originally from Poland.

"In the morning we were very violently
woken by knocks on the door

and I saw my mother on her knees
on the ground,

with her arms around the legs
of two policemen.

She was begging them to leave us.

She was begging them, she was screaming
and crying,

and I saw the policemen,
well the Inspectors,

who were pushing her back
with their feet saying

hurry up, hurry up,
don't make us waste our time. "

Taken away by the French police

that morning were Annette Muller,

her youngest brother Michel,
and her mother.

"I remember we were a bit frightened
because it was so early in the morning,

they told us to take 3 days worth of food,

I seem to remember
they said for three days.

But that didn't worry me,

it wasn't so much
that I trusted my country's police

but rather that I completely
trusted my mother. "

They were taken to a camp
much like this one.

Filled with foreigners, many of whom had
previously fled to France

in an attempt to escape Nazi persecution.

"I wasn't really that worried.

All I was thinking about was going back
for the start of term.

I was wondering what's going to happen.

But I was sure we'd be back
for the first day of school.

That was my main concern. "

In the early days of the deportations,

the Nazis' immediate request
was just for Jewish adults

who would then be worked to death.

So Adolf Eichmann of the SS
who was organizing

the deportations did not initially
give permission

for the children to be sent East
with their parents.

So in early August 1942,
at the camp at Beaune- La- Rolande,

the French police broke up the families.

"The police beat the women back,

while we children were holding
onto their clothing.

They sprayed us with water. "

"And there were some
very small children there.

I remember people crying.

Then all of a sudden, when the vehicle
with the mounted machine-gun arrived,

there was a silence, a terrible silence. "

"My mother was in the first row
of the women

and she signalled to us with her eyes.

Michel was crying.
We were watching her

and that's the last image
I have of my mother,

because then they took the women away
and we children were left alone. "

Over the next few weeks,

the children who had been taken
from their parents were transferred here,

to Drancy in the suburbs of Paris.

This makeshift concentration camp
was built around

a semi-completed complex
of low cost housing.

The eldest of the newly arrived children
was around 14 years old,

the youngest about 2.

A handful of the adults already
imprisoned at Drancy

tried to do what they could for them.

"The children were surrounded by
these little insects

and their appearance
was already lamentable.

They were very, very dirty
and all of them had dysentery.

We tried first of all to make lists
of their names

but most of them didn't know
their family names

so they just said things like
- 'I'm Pierre's little brother.'

"They put us into little rooms
where we slept on the cement floor

and we had to take care not to slip
on the steps in the stairwell

because there was so much excrement
on them.

It was like walking through a nightmare. "

After a short period in Drancy,

with permission having been granted
from Berlin,

the children were collected together to
begin the journey to the East.

"We always lied to them, we always told

that them you're going to find
your parents again,

but despite what we said
they didn't believe us.

Strangely, they suspected
what was going to happen.

Many of them said to my friends
and myself 'Madame, adopt me'

because they wanted to stay at the camp.

Even though it was very bad there,
they didn't want to go any further.

So the morning before their departure
we dressed them the best we could,

most of them couldn't even carry
their little bags. "

"I believe that it's the worse thing

that can happen and of course
I still think about it. "

Michel and Annette Muller were spirited
away to safety

because their father had managed
to bribe French officials.

Their mother, after being forcibly taken
from them, died at Auschwitz.

But as Michel sees it, it's not just
the Germans who were to blame.

"They arrested people simply
because they were born Jewish.

That French people should do that

is still beyond me, even 60 years later. "

In August 1942, around 4,100 children
were put onto trains

and sent East packed into freight trucks,

mixed in with adults from Drancy
- total strangers.

Their journey lasted two days and nights.

Until they arrived here:
the ramp at Auschwitz.

There are few living witnesses
left to testify

to the scenes on arrival here at the ramp

Still fewer who were members of the SS.

But shortly after
the French children arrived,

SS private Oskar Groning began
work at Auschwitz.

"It was not long before I was assigned

to supervise the luggage collection
of an incoming transport.

When this was over,
it was just like a fairground,

there was lots of rubbish left

and amongst this rubbish were ill people,
those unable to walk.

And the way these people were treated
really horrified me.

For example, a child who was lying there
naked was simply pulled by the legs

and chucked into a lorry
to be driven away,

and when it screamed like a sick chicken,

then they bashed it against the edge of
the lorry, so it shut up. "

The children from France were transported

just under two miles from the ramp up
to the camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau

and on to one of two cottages in the far
corner of the complex.

Here the Nazis had improvised
gas chambers.

The children were locked in a room
and crystals of the poisonous insecticide,

Zyklon B, thrown in through
a hatch high in the wall.

More than four thousand children were sent

without their parents
from France to Auschwitz.

Every single one of them died.

And in the autumn of 1942
Oskar Groning believed

that this appalling crime was justifiable.

"We were convinced by our world view

that we had been betrayed
by the entire world,

and that there was a great conspiracy
of the Jews against us. "

"But surely, when it comes to children

you must realise that they cannot possibly
have done anything to you? "

"The children, they're not the enemy
at the moment.

The enemy is the blood inside them.

The enemy is the growing up to be a Jew
that could become dangerous.

And because of that the children
were included as well. "

While Oskar Groning certainly
subscribed at the time

to the Nazi delusion of
a world Jewish conspiracy,

he did not take part directly
in the killing.

Nor did he want to remain at Auschwitz.

Documents confirm he later applied for a
transfer to the front- which was refused.

So he carried on working at the main camp
two miles southeast of Auschwitz-Birkenau.

His job here was to sort out

and count the money stolen from the
arriving transports of Jews

and to organise its transfer to Berlin.

While the main motivation for the
"Final Solution" was ideological,

the Nazis' were also well aware

that they could benefit financially
from the crime.

During 1942 around 200,000 Jews were sent
to Auschwitz from all over Europe

from France, Holland, Belgium,
Yugoslavia, Poland,

the Czech lands, Slovakia,
Austria, and Germany.

About 70% of them were murdered
immediately upon arrival.

Before they had been taken away,

they had been told by the Nazis

to leave behind their money
and belongings for safekeeping.

"In my job as administrator
of these foreign currencies

I saw practically all the currencies
of the world.

Believe it or not, I saw them from the
Italian Lira to Spanish Pesetas,

to Hungarian and Mexican currencies,
from Dollars to the English Pound. "

And perhaps Oskar Groning dealt
with English pounds

because of what happened here
in the Channel Islands.

900 miles from Auschwitz geographically,

but, by any other measure,
light years away.

The Channel Islands were famous
before the war as a gentle

and friendly holiday destination.

The Potts family from Kent travelled to
the Channel Islands in 1939.

With them was their Nanny,
Therese Steiner,

who had sought safety in Britain
from growing

anti-Semitism in her homeland, Austria.

"We em, got to love her really because we,
we saw a lot of her,

I mean she was with us all the time
really and em,

especially in the Channel Islands"

"It was like having two mothers really."

In Spring 1940 when the Potts family
decided to return to England,

the British Channel Islands authorities
followed Home Office guidelines

and refused to let Therese go with them.

As an Austrian they classed her
as an 'enemy alien'.

"Although my mother pleaded with them,

they came the next day and took her away.

And in fact we never saw her again.

I think there were anti-Semitic
people there,

there was, should I tell you something
about this man who's,

who actually said to my mother,

'lf you must trail Jewesses about
after you what do you expect?'

So she told me,
which is pretty disgusting. "

This meant that Therese was trapped
in the Channel Islands

when the Germans invaded in the Summer
of 1940.

German propaganda made much of
the co-operative attitude

of many of the Channel Islanders
- including the famed British Bobbies

And it was the police on Guernsey
that organized

the registration of Jews on the island
at the Germans' behest.

A total of four Jews registered
on Guernsey,

twelve on the neighbouring island
of Jersey.

One of the Jews who registered on Guernsey
in the autumn of 1940 was Therese Steiner

like the others her card was marked
with a red J.

Eighteen months afterwards, in April 1942,

three foreign Jews on Guernsey
- Auguste Spitz,

Marianne Grunfeld and Therese herself

were summoned to the central
police station on the island.

Therese's appointment was with
Sergeant Ernest Plevin.

"You will have to appear on the
21st of April 1942 at 1900

at the Weighbridge in St Peter Port.

You have to take with you
this order together

with papers proving your identity.

You should fit yourself with warm clothes
and provisions,

but your luggage must not be heavier
than you can carry. "

"I've still got a picture in my mind.

I was taking her down to a white truck,
2 of us went down with her

and I think we must have taken
her suitcase on a bike,

wheeled it you know as one does and em,

we stood there saying goodbye
and seeing her go through the,

this gateway in the valley
and she was waving,

she went and that was it.

It was all a mystery where had she gone,

you know you sort of hoped that

she would come back
but eventually she didn't.

It was all outside our experience
really wasn't it.

Things like that didn't happen
in England. "

Neither the authorities in Guernsey
nor in France

knew that the Jews they handed over
were to be murdered.

But they did know all too well how much
the Nazis hated the Jews.

After a few weeks in France
the three women deported from Guernsey

were arrested during the round-ups
of July 1942

and transported to Auschwitz.

All three of them died there.

The same month that the three deportees
from Guernsey arrived at Auschwitz,

Heinrich Himmler,
one of the leading figures

behind the Nazis' programme of mass murder
visited the camp.

By now there were about 30,000 prisoners
in Auschwitz

most of them either Jews or Polish
political prisoners.

Himmler inspected the huge expansion
of the camp complex

the main camp,
the extension at Birkenau

and the building of the giant synthetic
rubber factory at nearby Monowitz.

He even witnessed the murder of Jews in
one of the gas chambers in Auschwitz,

a portion of his itinerary omitted from
the photographic record of his visit.

Himmler was pleased with what he'd seen.

So much so that he immediately promoted
the commandant of the camp,

Rudolf H�ss, the man who oversaw
all this horror,

was made SS Lieutenant Colonel.

H�ss had created a comfortable life
for himself

and his family at Auschwitz.

They all lived together in a house
on the edge of the main camp.

But life for prisoners here
on the other side of the wire

inside the main camp

was a struggle against starvation,
disease and appalling physical abuse.

A battle Kazimierz Piechowski
fought every day.

"I was very healthy, very strong

and this helped me in the camp
because even if someone was young,

if he was a mummy's boy, he had no chance.

You had to be hard,
you had to have a strong will,

to say to yourself: I must survive. "

And in order to ensure his survival,

in the summer of 1942,
Kazimierz Piechowski

attempted one of the most daring escapes
in the history of Auschwitz.

On Saturday, the 20th of June,

Piechowski and three other
Polish political prisoners

walked out of the gate of the main camp
towards their normal place

of work a few hundred metres away.

Unnoticed they managed to break into
a storeroom

where the SS kept their uniform supplies,
guns and ammunition.

They quickly dressed themselves as SS.

They planned not to use the guns
they took to shoot any Germans,

knowing that the retribution which would

then be taken on the rest of the inmates
in the camp would be horrific.

Instead, if they were stopped
at the final check point

on the outside perimeter,
they planned to kill themselves.

Because one of the prisoners also
worked in the SS garage

which was closed
because it was a weekend

they also managed to steal a car.

They were taking a massive risk,
one on which their very lives depended.

"The problem was whether they would
let us through without a pass,

without documents, without anything.

But we believed: yes, they would. "

"We still have 80 metres to go,

but Genek has already reduced
the engine to 2nd gear

because the barrier is down.

We have 50 metres to go.
The barrier is still down.

And then we have literally 15 metres
to the barrier.

I switched off and I'm thinking,

'it's time to kill ourselves,
just as we'd agreed.'

And at that moment I got a thump
on my back

and Jozek is hissing in my ear:
'Kazik, do something!'

I came to my senses:
that's right, they're counting on me. "

"You could say it was euphoria.
We were all pleased.

We were young, free, armed.

We realised that it wouldn't be easy

to get us back into that hell
- into Auschwitz. "

Weeks after Piechowski's
successful escape,

H�ss like other commandants

received notice
of the extreme displeasure

of the SS Inspector
of Concentration Camps.

Security had to be improved
- especially given what was to come.

For in the summer of 1942,

Himmler issued a secret order
of great significance

for Polish Jews many of whom
were imprisoned here in the Warsaw ghetto.

On the 19th of July Himmler decreed
that all Polish Jews

in the huge surrounding area the Nazis

called the General Government
should be 'resettled'

by which he meant 'murdered'
- by the end of 1942.

This amounted to some 2 million people

hundreds of thousands
in the Warsaw ghetto alone.

Himmler did not use Auschwitz to murder
so many people so quickly

but turned to more recent creations,

places which unlike Auschwitz were pure
factories of death.

What would become the most deadly of them
all was situated here,

60 miles north east of Warsaw.

About 900,000 people were killed
at Treblinka.

It was second only to Auschwitz as the
most murderous place in the Nazi state.

All that's left today is a clearing
in a forest.

This secret place was destroyed by
the Nazis before the war was over.

But thanks to evidence
from eye-witnesses

it's possible to reconstruct the plan
of the camp.

It was a place very different
from Auschwitz-Birkenau.

Treblinka was, by comparison,
tiny: 400 metres by 600.

Treblinka was small because it only had
one purpose- murder.

99% of the Jews were dead within two hours
of arriving at the camp,

poisoned by exhaust fumes
in Treblinka's gas chambers.

"I'll never forget what I saw
- not 'til my dying day.

Those little children, those people

what did they ever do to anyone?
What did they ever do?

It was a terrible thing. "

During the early weeks of the camp's
operation there was utter chaos.

The gas chambers broke down,

arriving trains were kept waiting for days

and hundreds of bodies
lay around unburied.

"The decomposing human corpses caused
such a stench,

and it was just terrible.

You couldn't go out into the yard,

no way could you open a window
or go outside. "

The situation at Treblinka was spiralling
out of control.

Which is why at the end of August 1942

senior SS officers travelled
towards the camp.

We know who they were and what was said
because of the later testimony

of SS Sergeant Josef Oberhauser
who witnessed it all.

The officers were Christian Wirth

who had been appointed inspector
of the death camps

and his superior,
SS Major General Odilo Globocnik.

For the Commandant of Treblinka,

Dr Irmfried Eberl, their visit brought
disturbing news.

The Nazi leadership had embarked upon

their programme of mass killing
with minimal preparation

as they saw it they could solve
any problems

that were created as they went along.
Dr Eberl had become a problem.

As SS Major General Globocnik saw it,

Eberl's crime was not that
he had committed mass murder

but that he had not pursued the killings
with efficiency and in secret.

At Auschwitz,
H�ss faced the same difficulty

that had confronted Dr Eberl at Treblinka.

Disposing of thousands upon thousands
of bodies.

At first he had them buried
in this large field.

But in the heat of the summer
they putrefied.

So special units of Jewish prisoners
were ordered to exhume them.

"We had to dig the bodies out
and burn them.

A big fire was made here with wood

and petrol and we were throwing them
right into it.

There were always 2 of us
throwing the bodies in

one holding the legs
and one on the arms.

The smell and the stench was terrible.

The bodies were not only bloody
but rotten as well.

We were given some rags to put over
our faces. "

"The SS men were constantly drinking vodka

or cognac or something else
from their bottles

they couldn't cope with it either,
it was terrible. "

"It was terrible, one can never forget it,
it should not have happened."

"I'm here now to make sure that history

will not forget what happened here...

that people were killed here,
that they were burned and killed here.

They were killed worse than animals.
Worse. "

In order to make Auschwitz a more
efficient killing factory

H�ss had sought advice from the SS expert
in body disposal.

In September 1942,
H�ss made a special journey

to a remote area of Poland near the small
village of Chelmno.

We know the purpose of his visit and what
was said from H�ss' own memoirs,

and from other testimony.

H�ss wanted to meet SS Colonel Paul Blobel

and examine first hand his new field
cremation units.

It was this willingness to overcome
the practical difficulties

of mass murder that helped the Nazis
pursue Himmler's dream

to murder millions of Polish Jews
by the end of 1942.

In the wake of Himmler's order
of the 19th July,

round-ups were held in hundreds of towns
and villages.

But the deportations in Poland did not
always go the way the Nazis wanted.

The Jews of Przemysl,
in the summer of 1942,

heard a rumour that it was shortly to be
their turn to be deported.

The ghetto had been sealed
on 15 July 1942.

Now, less than 2 weeks later,

the SS wanted to transport the Jews
to their deaths.

At the German Army headquarters
in Przemysl,

Lieutenant Albert Battel heard the news
of the impending deportations.

Before the war, Battel,
who was trained as a lawyer,

had been in trouble with Nazis
party officials

because he had been decent
and polite towards Jews.

Now, he was furious about the planned
SS operation against the Jews of Przemysl.

On the 26th July Battel
gathered trucks together

and drove up to the ghetto to take away
the Jews who worked for the army.

He had the support of his superiors
in the German army

to resist the deportations.

They were anxious not to lose their source
of Jewish forced labour.

Once Battel arrived he harangued
the guards on duty.

He threatened to force entry by requesting
that a platoon of soldiers be sent.

It was obvious to the guards on duty
outside the ghetto

Battel wasn't going to give up lightly.

"Well, he had to have guts to do that,

to get trucks into the ghetto
and get out the Jews,

it wasn't, it wasn't the thing you know
the average German would do.

Everybody thought that
this is a heroic thing to do. "

"He was a very nice human being,
he was a lawyer, you know,

but with lawyers there's good lawyers
and bad lawyers. "

Battel even sheltered many of the Jews in
the basement of the Army headquarters.

Shortly after hiding the Jews
he was transferred from his post.

A secret investigation into the incident
by the SS reached Himmler

who noted that Battel should be
arrested after the war

and expelled from the Nazi party.

In 1981, nearly thirty years
after his death,

Battel was awarded the title
'Righteous Among The Nations'

at Yad Vashem here in Israel.

A tree planted in his honour grows in
Yad Vashem's 'Garden of the Righteous'

a reminder that not every German,

when called upon, participated in
the Nazis' 'Final Solution'

But for every Lieutenant Albert Battel

there were countless
more willing perpetrators.

And one of the most enthusiastic
worked here at Treblinka

By the end of 1942 the new Commandant,
Franz Stangl,

had overseen the transformation
of the camp.

The Nazis' journey at Treblinka to perfect
a large scale method

of killing had finally been completed.

Gone was the chaos of Dr Eberl's rule.

Now Stangl ran a death camp
whose true purpose

was even hidden from unsuspecting
new arrivals

"There were flowers planted on the ground

and of course people couldn't imagine
where they were.

He painted the huts and put up all sorts
of signs as

if it was a real railway station.

I remember that once one of them
said these words,

I'll never forget these words,

he said it in German: 'Come quickly
because the water is getting cold.'

That's how far they went.

The manner in which it worked is macabre
it was a horrible thing to see. "

At the core of the camp Stangl
helped create

was a huge new gas chamber complex
disguised as shower rooms

with the capacity to kill over
3,000 people at one time.

Until recently no one knew
exactly how many people

were murdered during 1942 in death
camps like Treblinka.

But a few years ago the text of
an intercepted German cable

was discovered which reveals
that between them,

the camps of Treblinka, Sobibor,
Belzec and Majdanek

had murdered 1,274,166 people during 1942.

The intercept contains a number of
typing errors,

but in order to reach this
total the number killed

at Treblinka has to be 713,555.

Treblinka was thus the largest
killing centre in the Nazi State.

But not for long.

Because planners at Auschwitz
had been working hard

to change the function of new crematoria

which were to be built
at Auschwitz Birkenau.

Over several months the plans
were altered.

What had been conceived as basement
mortuaries were converted.

First a chute designed to allow bodies
to be slid down

into the basement was suddenly
removed from the plans.

Next, extra steps were added at the side
of the building

a strange addition,
since the original function

of the basement was to hold the dead,
not the living.

Then the doors into one of the large
underground mortuaries were altered.

First to open outwards, and then re-formed
as one single door,

reinforced and made gas tight
and with a peep-hole added.

This basement mortuary was now
to become a gas chamber.

Auschwitz was one of the last camps with
large capacity killing factories.

But when they opened
in the spring of 1943,

they would mark the beginning
of that phase

of the camp's operation that would make
the place infamous in history.

A moment of transition symbolized
by the arrival

of a new member of the
Auschwitz medical staff.

A man who had just been injured fighting

on the Eastern front and who had won
the Iron Cross for bravery.

His name was to become notorious...

Mengele. Dr. Josef Mengele.