All language subtitles for Greeks Romans Vikings The Founders Of Europe 1of3 The Greeks.x265

we owe much to the ancient Greeks from

the invention of democracy to citizens

participation in government to the

Olympic Games the Greeks laid the

foundations of science and created

quests and drama

the Romans conquered and unified Europe

their greatest achievements lay in

administration infrastructure and above

all their system of law

the Vikings amnon to the world stage as

Raiders from the sea but they went on to

build a vast network of Trade and they

were the first to discover America

between them these three peoples were

the founders of Europe

[Music]

our journey into the past takes us first

to ancient Greece known to this day as

the cradle of Europe

[Music]

the land of the Greeks a Mediterranean

world of ancient temples of countless

gods carved in gleaming marble of

mountain villages perched above rugged

coastlines scattered over the sea are

the Greek islands many are bare and

uninhabited but on the mainland

there are huge olive groves in the cool

of the mountains there are oak forests

and even fir trees

[Music]

it was in this land almost 3000 years

ago that the history of the Greeks began

with a hundred city-states

in the eastern Mediterranean

the many empires were constantly

fighting bloody battles were commonplace

they were united only by their language

and their gods who were believed to live

high on Mount Olympus from there they

intervened in human affairs as they

pleased the Greeks had many gods but

only the 12 most important dwelt on

Mount Olympus where they lived as a

single large family the Greeks portrayed

them as ideal human beings their

features are noble and regular they are

tall slim and well proportioned

but ideal as they might appear in their

natures the gods of Greece were all too

human

their stories are shot through with

intrigue envy and cunning you gotta

think guns honest as fear on Scott are

forced and see Cindy domestic seasoned

niche Davison system are arguing

verities finding our for students as

Chris click on water hose Muslim ish you

- resist just either gotta move Alice

oomph reconnaissance to see Tritan

undone and a cigarette in the air

see if stay in between Todd steam

Hartman the hash of the Aleutian gotta

escape Ashtanga seen on Manhattan for

years we were in since 2007 but they

were also filled especially when playing

the game of destiny the most colorful

figure was use known as the father of

the gods and famous for his love of

famous

his sister Demeter both the virgin and

the mother governed fertility and the

Hogs

her moody brother the sea god Poseidon

enjoying sinking ships Athena born fully

armored from the head of Zeus stood a

wisdom and war beautiful Aphrodite

looked after loved she was married but

rarely faithful Dionysus drove away

sorrow he loved wine and ecstatic

festivals and finally Apollo responsible

for all kinds of things but most of all

for the Oracle of Delphi it was unwise

to do anything in ancient Greece without

consulting the gods ideally at the so

called navel of the world healthy

[Applause]

the complex of temples that Delfy

surrounded the most influential Oracle

of the Greek world thousands of pilgrims

made their way to Delfy taking with them

animals for sacrifice for all knew that

the Oracle required of precious

sacrificial gift Rahman have young

agimpels stellenbosch does they admit

anything many ordinary people made the

journey in the hope that fate would

decide in their favor and Kings from

Croesus to Alexander the Great anxiously

awaited the right prophecy

[Music]

success or failure to go to war or not

victory or defeat it all lay with the

pronouncements of the Oracle

[Music]

we have under this das ich Swedish is be

enough labor time how did you getting

consider so hard the attitude the words

of the oracle were delivered by the

Pythia a priestess inspired by apollo

pilgrims were not permitted to address

the Pythia directly they submitted their

questions to the priests who then passed

them on to the right took place behind

closed doors

no one has ever discovered exactly what

went on in the inner sanctum

according to tradition the Pythia fell

into a deep trance

only when she had reached delirium could

she receive the messages of the gods

when the priestess finally proclaimed

the Oracle her words sounded confused as

if she were intoxicated

there is long beans speculation as to

how the Pythia into the trance one

explanation is that she breathed in

methane and carbon monoxide that issued

from fissures in the ground

inhaling these gases can deprive the

brain of oxygen EP SIA Sarita ot ETA s

ethnic abuse at moose pond Avedon Apatow

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stress crab yes chaos Texas graph yes

Yuri stop Ilona Ana Lanvin on mattis

meta fraction stone krismo to denote an

non-sale probability estimate Oh

obviously heavy in a lava teasing would

lead to a poem so the priests were the

real authority they were powerful men

who ran the Delphic Oracle as a

lucrative business

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this is clear de volta daggits adult

learning task country on to the flag

hollowness Toyota and plan and here boy

was up on to ogle course to be Skype is

offical asagi

that they are heist below the more

valuable the offerings were the more

practical the utterance of the Oracle

would be and the priests developed an

ingenious system to ensure that each

petitioner received an appropriate

message a priest ax hadn't ear amassed

doctors vessel then we hadn't either

consume felt ear alloy kicked or the

happening format shown on the common was

in there a deacon vent paseo test once

the noida here here the convent

Odiham 9f roger goodell than was indeed

rishta - i'd Vaseline aunt waad we give

Zoltan wooden Oded here he comes in The

Guardian Kashyyyk also have depressed

that Jesus dealt serve all tips of the

Hampton in Georgian shot Rosa delegate

Odysseus at Rosa would either help thus

guilt was in Delphic 9 give Lawson is

having the Vienna moderna Bank

ferb altitude some our guilt Fabian also

let it breasted so these are gross and

not a common

it could even be said that the priests

were running Greece's largest financial

center the two most important Delphic

principals know thyself and nothing in

excess are said to have been carved

above the porch of the temple however

the most important thing of all was to

have the unpredictable gods on your side

even the powerful city of Athens

deposited its votive offerings in

Delphic the other city-states also

entrusted their earnings to the

sanctuary of Apollo the faraway Greek

colonies were largely independent but

probably had Oracle's and treasure

houses of their own for centuries the

Greek temples and treasure houses cast

their spell on artists architects and

poets

today they attract visitors from all

over the world two of the most famous

are the temple of Harrah in sicily and

the temple of poseidon not far from

athens

while most ancient Greeks believed in

their mythology and the will of the gods

Greek scholars were open to other

explanations of the world they tried to

understand the world by reflecting upon

it the first step was a thorough

observation of nature Greek researchers

drew conclusions from the mating

behavior of bees or measure the

circumference of the earth with

instruments of their own devising

[Music]

the Greeks designed the water clock even

if only to regulate the speaking time of

politicians

[Music]

they built equipment such as a machine

for drawing lots for the allocation of

official positions the scholars were no

longer satisfied with stories of the

gods they wanted to identify cause and

effect and to record them as laws these

inquiring minds called themselves

philosophers Friends of wisdom they are

regarded as the founders of science from

the 6th century BC onwards their will to

understand spread through all of Greece

schools of philosophy the forerunners of

today's research centers sprang up like

temples of learning

[Music]

in the 16th century Rome returned to the

ideas of antiquity pope julius ii

celebrated the great philosophers in a

fresco Raphael's School of Athens one of

them is Socrates who tormented the

Athenians with uncomfortable questions

and declared I know that I know nothing

white-bearded Plato established the

world's first school of philosophy its

central concern was the search for truth

beside him is his pupil Aristotle who

invented systematic logic

[Music]

then there's Diogenes famous even though

little is known of it and the great

Archimedes already famous during his

lifetime for his scientific ingenuity

Archimedes reputation won him a very

special assignment he had to discover

whether a royal crown was made of pure

gold or had been alloyed with some

cheaper metal it was a challenging task

as the precious crown could not be

damaged in any way the idea that saved

Archimedes came to him in the barn the

tub was full and when he got in it began

to overflow

[Music]

Archimedes realized that the volume of

the water that had overflowed Khorasan

did approximately to the volume of his

own body he concluded that the volume of

bodies and even their density could be

calculated by the volume of water they

displaced

[Music]

he realized that he could use the water

method to determine mathematically

whether or not the cran was of pure gold

he observed that an object with a

density lower than that of water

displaced more liquid than an object

with a higher density the comparison

only worked however if the two objects

were of the same weight it is said the

dark immediate was so delighted by his

discovery that he cried Eureka I found

it and ran out naked into the street

so Archimedes took the crown and the

lump of pure gold of the same weight if

the crown was a pure gold it would

displace the same amount of water as the

lump of gold

however the crown displaced far more

proving it was not pure gold

this was not the only problem solved by

the ingenious Archimedes to this day he

is regarded as one of the best minds of

all time and his Archimedean principle

still stands his fellow scholars were

not to be outdone they designed the

first world map with longitude and

latitude

[Music]

they discovered that the earth is a

sphere and ptolemy calculated the

movement of the planets and other

celestial bodies in relation to it the

list also includes the first

steam-powered machine and the invention

of the water pump in addition the Greeks

developed equipment such as the catapult

and protective vests for their soldiers

Archimedes formulated the law of the

lever laying the foundations for the

development of mechanics we even know

disciplines such as geometry and algebra

to the Friends of wisdom without the

great scholars of antiquity and their

observations calculations and

discoveries much of what we now take for

granted would not exist perhaps there

would never have been domes on top of

churches there would be no explanation

of the building blocks of the earth or

any nuclear research

the Industrial Revolution at the

beginning of the 19th century might

never have happened

ocean liners might have remained early

in the 6th century BC a reform was

implemented in Athens that would

radically change the lives of the Greeks

an estimated 80,000 Athenians witnessed

a political revolution the city-state

was in crisis the ordinary people had

revolted against the king and the nobles

they wanted to say in all important

decisions it was the birth of the public

assembly every citizen of Athens could

participate or almost everyone only men

aged 18 and over were permitted there

was almost always a crowd the poor

received the daily payment for attending

so that they too could have their say

[Music]

maybe dude I got a no in order

the citizens of Athens met once a month

in a square near the Acropolis to engage

in politics

I got it us one time what about that

this monthly People's Assembly was the

first of its kind in the history of the

world which introduction not the

beginning of a new system democracy

symbols of the new system were

harmonious and Alistair Gaytan two

Athenians who assassinated the tyrant

Hipparchus it was quite different in

varville Egypt and the ancient East

their rulers continued to represent

themselves as gods the law was always on

the side of the despots their people had

few rights but still had to give their

lives in battle it may be surprising but

democracy was born from such a crisis

at first the Greeks fought only one

another but then they had to defend

themselves against the Persians every

man was needed in the battle against the

foreign invader all those who were fit

to fight from the nobles to the peasants

joined the army the armies of the

city-states had thousands upon thousands

of men rich and poor faulting closed

ranks shoulder to shoulder for their

country's independence initial Athens

built a new Navy its thousands of rowers

came from among the poor together the

Greeks were strong they defeated the

Persians in two decisive battles

marathon on land and Salamis at sea the

victories boosted the growth of Athenian

democracy having risk their lives

constantly for the state the poorest

citizens insisted on their right to a

say in its direction everyone who fought

were the peasant or day laborer noble or

ordinary citizens wanted to play his

part by the early 5th century BC

democracy was firmly established in

Athens

masturbation Erica Damir Walden Nia Cali

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eternity a panel -

politicus and bees disappear - India for

a pali coast via for the cinema - poly

push a conspirator spirit and cut to be

a political yes see my proposal sorry

yeah sakura sleepy the word democracy

means rule of the people but in Athenian

democracy the people meant adult male

citizens women children slaves and

foreigners had no party

[Music]

the wealthy Nobles had the greatest

political influence the second and third

classes merchants tradesmen and wealthy

farmers provided the lower ranking

officials the fourth class was made up

of day laborers but all classes could

participate in the public assembly Pesce

most a esto Hortense in election cases

may kiss Iglesias to the moon like a

scenario she's so Bosley pimento FEMA

Tonto militant banister low focus

unica's you see hasta que bonito no

horse poop Yesenia democracia a purlin

supposes

[Music]

[Applause]

the company

[Applause]

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of the floor any dress don't touch that

have added that is a cool sword ah it's

on the pleading standards and guitar the

Sven on sinus Tigers deflated sugan

songs from - a fishnet belt as his

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else

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[Applause]

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inspiration

[Music]

no that could sue they are gained in

daughter Maya stone giggling for such a

silly no stay here any hunts on every

enforcer is neviutz yes in the end it

was the little man's vote that counted

laws were passed or rejected by majority

vote and the common people were always

in the majority forgiveness damn it is

this result emo orders get off only the

rich paid special taxes the idea of

fleeing to a tax haven would never have

occurred to them no state prior to

Greece left so many tablets inscribed

with laws there are thousands of decrees

H tin stone

the fragments record all kinds of

decisions building projects whether they

go to war whether to spend money on a

celebration suteki the stenographers

assume a Dakota Robotics kismet at South

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Rearden symphonic a degree monosomy

opposite any acropolis ii y ahora esta

speaks in immensely

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forum TECA for a soda idea by Casillas

mess about so pissed off this practice

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still modest esto en a permanent motto

magneto economy soda Agia Kasich a mess

super famous messes obvious appear

epiphany Taslima da da villian asks

Volvo's Taklamakan rottens perfect many

of the decrees related to tax the word

following tax often appears on the

inscriptions but the taxes were levied

only when necessary as a one-off payment

when the Assembly voted for a law took

effect immediately

and everyone could read it on the

stickers for example in the Agora

the illiterate could ask a reader

appointed by the city to read the new

degrees aloud

official positions were allocated by lot

no particular qualifications were

required to become a market policeman a

pistol ins Commissioner or a judge but

candidates needed an impeccable

reputation and a little luck they are

deathly not do this cadet okey our beer

regards Morocco

an Afghan army in TMA Quebec for drawing

lots the Greeks invented a voting

machine there were two machines at each

entrance to the place of assembly on the

front of the machine there were five

columns of slots each column was

assigned the letter of the alphabet with

the letter corresponding to a group of

candidates

[Music]

tokens bearing candidates names were

placed in the column for their group

white and black balls were then dropped

into the voting machine if a white ball

fell at the foot of the column that

group was elected a black ball meant not

elected clear she eaten a mia vash aqui

na kar he is an egg is no creatures

shrieking ocean Appleton ad-lib she ot

only as a maple is pretty very poor

Nahum tea seriously Matata testa Plescia

Nash is shot ITA's Nash occasion KD

Moshiach a secondo extra poise Akaka

sakano goes true Stratego yato low cost

o AP knows an iffy case me Ganesh Sarita

clearity Rhea que nos Toto drop o

catapult motion Tim a DiSpirito she's

deaf Sora's genzaburo says palmetto

scary captures cochlear oh not a nice

imitation Erica stereo knack Sarah

Polley Prynne Sedgwick roboticus tea

recipe Jane Austen escena noisy Auto

stochastic satyros the rulers of Rome

did not think very highly of the

Athenian model later absolutely European

monarchs rejected any participation of

the people in their government

in Germany and in France the people had

to fight for their rights for centuries

[Music]

with the French Revolution democracy

finally returned to continental yoga

women have had the right to vote since

the early 20th century the right of the

people to participate in government is

now a basic principle throughout the

Western world

[Music]

but in ancient Greece the precondition

for participation and politics was to be

a good warrior for young men physical

fitness was compulsory

although they learned a little rhetoric

and grammar in the schools boys into

sport they performed it naked in Greek

gymnast thus the word gymnasium means

literally naked place the demands on the

boys were extremely high those who

showed talent during training were given

special assistance to help them compete

in the main sporting events it was one

of the principal aims of the Greeks to

have a well schooled body they were the

first people to revere the proportions

of a human body and to record them in

stone

for the first time statues look like

flesh-and-blood human beings the

flawlessness of Greek sculpture sets the

aesthetic standard to this day the

Renaissance took up the Greek ideal once

more creating fresh masterpieces

[Music]

however the artists of the Renaissance

were more concerned with the perfect

representation of human anatomy than

they were with developing a perfect body

few Renaissance men ever subjected their

own bodies to harm training

the Grisha plastic named ice team our

demonstration cover that Khan got - turn

that can't in a shaitan doctrine is not

competing their pockets crapper can also

visor as we had an EDL occur book is

hooked on Divya in era Fahrenheit

Neera at leadership automaton muslin

meet Jonathan written on shrimpy vegan

Inga types the Greek ideals of beauty

live on in the modern world even a few

people today are as disciplined in their

training as the ancient Greeks were

it was very different for the youth of

Greece if they were not training for war

they were training for athletic

competition there were around 300 events

spread over the year

everyone who took part did so to win

victory brought cash prices and helped

in one's career

all of the Greek sporting disciplines

survived today the discus was there from

the beginning as well as the javelin

both require strength and a

sophisticated technique the Greeks also

pioneered boxing although the rules on

our much stricter and in running all

that matters in the 21st century is

world records the Greeks greatest

sporting event the Olympic Games was

held every four years from the sanctuary

of Olympia messengers toward all of

Greece to announce the beginning of the

games all the city states even avowed

enemies were invited and all fighting

had to stop

during the games a truce

the Olympic peace prevailed throughout

the Greek world tens of thousands

attended the spectacle it was originally

dedicated to Zeus gymnasiums were made

available so that competitors could

trade during the games the athletes were

two lakh for nothing for then as now

they were idolized those who won

received the laurel crown and eternal

glory

[Music]

one legend was Milo of Croton also known

as fatso he was a wrestler who devoured

eight kilos of meat per day fiojun 'is a

boxer not stop 1,300 victories his

statue was said to have healing powers

and the notorious wrestler a rakion even

as he lay dying he dislocated his

adversary's tone

even some of the losers are remembered

the Polonius arrived too late and was

not allowed to compete you Paulus was

found to be corrupt and another Theogony

x' was punished a boring perspective by

the 5th century AD the Olympics had

faded away the Christian Emperor

Theodosius banned pagan religions and

Olympia itself disappeared

first beneath a city and then under

metres of rubble

[Music]

it was not until the late 19th century

that archaeologists uncovered the ruins

once again Olympia was on everyone's

lips in 1896 the first modern Olympic

Games were held in Athens very soon

women were allowed to compete

later black athletes were also admitted

[Music]

it is impossible to imagine the

globalized world of the 21st century

without the Olympic Games regardless of

which country hosts them they are seen

as a universal symbol of peace and

international understanding an equally

important legacy is the theater

even if today's theater is less popular

with the mass audience in ancient Greece

every little town was proud to have a

theater of his own Cavia Jenica exit

energy to see Chris Christie Castelli

three years stoppin origin Paris order

in a holy to the initial opportunity

cassette irritability hurry up trip you

sneaky night Oh drama Estonia a hikami

atella to Regina Christie sticky toe

video Kido materia ferrati dou Y square

C del Aguila Cali Peggy so Tremonti

Belushi to say oh yeah true Oh Peter

Sandro

[Music]

in Greek drama there were strict

performance rules and each play was

performed only once on the stage there

were only three actors all of the men

they wore masks to play different parts

the old the young and of course women

what counted was the grand gesture a

loud voice and good diction there was

also a chorus which moved the story

forward and explained its background

these are the finished status but most

important of all was the patron a

nobleman who paid for the production's

behaviour and of course the playwright

under for my IVP des are not a trickshot

we - spectacular together and isolation

finish a novel it's strictly tinker its

mr. Ragosa patna stunts - lotta debt a

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assistant phylidia aside thus Amazon to

slice this vehicle of of mushroom advice

from lon ha ha ha ha vici photographer

decisis yes mr. Jesus Mary passed under

the sea

the steam guns it's a terrible hotness

or he penises - else I'm missing their

last escape via finish first think now

is come a modern vida in the beginning

were the epochs wide-ranging verse

stories of heroes

Homer chanted the Iliad and the Odyssey

to public audiences

[Music]

in tragedy heroes struggle to escape

their fate it almost always ends in

their den but comedies will perform side

by side with the tragedies

they were often course but always ended

happily Oh Bosley Aristotelian a

catharsis teaches Mesa appetit sister

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lisa pudim e OC OC puny Anthropy yet

revit a Yeti leap on e synchrony drama -

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o--'s de here Nathanael provided that

the audience could hear the directors

message Greek theatres could hold up to

14,000 people forgive mosquito a time

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math advisor here oh you have the can

you type you list of toys are estimate

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fashion who against in Buddhist and

Astana good

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Buddhist

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in regarding slide and design of a

little island at the theater in

Epidaurus every word can be understood

even from the very top rows the theater

is famous for its acoustics eglise to

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este lío Pope lebra's acoustic ooh savez

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[Music]

the idea of the theater as a purifier of

the soul and the mirror of human

conflicts is still influential today and

has developed new forms now it is not

only the world stages but also its

screens that tells stories of tragic or

happy events every night when pictures

began to move film took the lead from

theatres the dream factories of the

cinema reached the hearts of millions

[Music]

there are always new heroes to conquer

the screen but their stories follow the

time-honored pattern of tragedy and

comedy

[Music]

the culture of the Greeks spread

throughout the known world

in no small part because of the king of

Macedonia

Alexander the Great

in the 4th century BC Alexander set out

to conquer the world

he brought Greek city-states to their

knees on one of far-reaching empire

throughout his empire

Alexander established the Greek language

and Greek education in doing so he

founded the era of Hellenism from his

native city of Pella

Alexander carried the Greek heritage all

the way to India by then however the

Golden Age of Athens was long since over

after Alexander's death his empire broke

up and a new power emerged Rome the

Romans were specialists in conquest in

contrast to the ever quarreling Greeks

they emphasized organization and

discipline it was not difficult for the

Roman legions to subjugate the small

Greek city-states

once and for all

politically the Greeks remained what

they were at the beginning

individualistic and divided they were

incapable of uniting against the Romans

but culturally it was Greece that

conquered orange ink asperities mas a

clear apology measure tenoram on Team

EOD Rob Yeti yo may attention EDT messy

test Emily no K Anna no reason akribos

Tino Philly toes stone Alena Koppel

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metamorphosis Emily Nicotra

TVA's Yomi cynicism

pulastya Tokyo / 11 photos Ellen's a

commie TSM autonomous a sister with an

Kathy curious Rebecca it isn't awful s a

committee or e to abuse even bloody

butcher and the legacy of the Greeks is

enormous

[Music]

in their search for explanations

the Greeks discovered universal laws of

nature and vindicated scientific thought

[Music]

no people has been so influential in the

development of modern technology in the

water and in the air

the Greeks made progress possible

because of the trail they blazed we are

now able to measure not only the world

but also the universe

[Music]

with their art of storytelling they

created great works of world's

literature and inspired the film

industry

the huge venues that today attract

thousands of spectators can be traced

back to the theaters of the Greeks

[Music]

and the idea of bringing many people's

together in peaceful competition is

still celebrated every four years at the

Olympic Games around the globe and

across all borders

but the most important legacy of ancient

Greece is an idea

the idea that the citizens are the

masters of the state and govern it with

laws that they themselves have adopted

many European countries would probably

not be democracies today if not for the

revolutionary reforms of the ancient

Greeks and not just European countries

Abraham Lincoln echoed the Greeks in his

dictum government of the people by the

people for the people the achievements

of the ancient Greeks have stood the

test of time to this day they influenced

profoundly the life and thought of the

Western world there can be no doubt that

ancient Greece was the cradle of our

culture

[Music]

[Music]

[Music]