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Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:00,400 --> 00:00:03,390 http://Scene-RLS.net 2 00:00:06,960 --> 00:00:09,980 When our Maori ancestors arrived on these shores, 3 00:00:10,280 --> 00:00:14,810 Aotearoa became the last major landmass on Earth to be inhabited by humans. 4 00:00:16,360 --> 00:00:21,940 Our genealogies tell me the names of those tupuna, those ancestors, but who came before them? 5 00:00:24,800 --> 00:00:30,180 In this series, I want to truly understand where we come from and how our people got here. 6 00:00:37,620 --> 00:00:43,550 Last time, I travelled to Samoa and Vanuatu and found surprising links to our language and culture. 7 00:00:44,200 --> 00:00:46,570 But there are still So many questions. 8 00:00:47,680 --> 00:00:51,200 No reira, Maori na, no Ahia ranei tatou? Are we from Asia? 9 00:00:53,840 --> 00:00:59,180 This time, I'm leaving the Pacific and going beyond the oral traditions of my ancestors, 10 00:00:59,480 --> 00:01:01,860 back before our great ocean migration. 11 00:01:02,760 --> 00:01:08,530 I want to put everything I believe to the test and go right back to the very beginning of us all. 12 00:01:08,800 --> 00:01:13,260 Hono mai ki au ki a hikoi tahi tatou ki te Ao whanui me to tomo au o te wa. 13 00:01:14,240 --> 00:01:17,700 So join me as I travel across the world and through time. 14 00:01:19,880 --> 00:01:22,880 Captions were made with the support of NZ On Air. 15 00:01:27,240 --> 00:01:31,160 Rotorua is my ukaipo. It's the place I connect with in my bones. 16 00:01:32,840 --> 00:01:38,300 My tribe's whakapapa gives us a lineage that stretches from here back to Eastern Polynesia 17 00:01:38,840 --> 00:01:41,210 and into the beginning of time itself. 18 00:01:44,200 --> 00:01:49,110 However, DNA and archaeology say the ancestors of Polynesians, the Austronesians, 19 00:01:50,560 --> 00:01:54,920 came from Southeast Asia, and Taiwan is believed to be their birthplace. 20 00:02:00,160 --> 00:02:06,420 I've always thought of Taiwan as Chinese, and I can't imagine finding any Maori connection here at all. 21 00:02:08,680 --> 00:02:12,150 The indigenous people of Taiwan are made up of 14 tribes. 22 00:02:12,760 --> 00:02:18,650 That's about 560,000 people, and that's 2% of the 23.5 million people that live here in Taiwan. 23 00:02:22,760 --> 00:02:26,700 Us Maori in Aotearoa, we're 15% of the population, and climbing. 24 00:02:28,080 --> 00:02:33,770 But as you can see, the indigenous people of Taiwan are heavily outnumbered by the Han Chinese, 25 00:02:34,200 --> 00:02:37,780 who started arriving here — kia or a! — in around 1600. 26 00:02:44,080 --> 00:02:46,760 Colonisation hit the native Taiwanese hard. 27 00:02:47,600 --> 00:02:52,130 Kaohsiung City, on the flatlands of the West Coast, is now largely Chinese. 28 00:02:52,760 --> 00:02:54,480 So I'm heading to the east coast, 29 00:02:54,680 --> 00:02:59,280 where the indigenous tribes were more protected by Taiwan's mountain range. 30 00:03:00,080 --> 00:03:02,670 My first stop is near the city of Taitung, 31 00:03:03,200 --> 00:03:08,090 where the people of the Paiwan tribe are rediscovering their history and culture. 32 00:03:08,760 --> 00:03:12,960 This small school teaches traditional hunting, and with it, language. 33 00:03:15,920 --> 00:03:17,020 (SINGS IN PAIWAN) 34 00:03:25,480 --> 00:03:30,950 A hill people, they hunt the small barking deer that fill these forest-clad mountainsides. 35 00:03:32,320 --> 00:03:38,420 And like us, they are traditionally animists — their many gods are in the natural world around them. 36 00:03:46,440 --> 00:03:47,430 (SPEAKS PAIWAN) 37 00:04:20,200 --> 00:04:25,950 Chief Tajnubak teaches the qualities and medicinal use of every plant and tree in the forest — 38 00:04:26,280 --> 00:04:27,840 a science we call rongoa. 39 00:04:29,320 --> 00:04:32,060 (SPEAKS PAIWAN) (STUDENTS RESPOND IN PAIWAN) 40 00:04:35,480 --> 00:04:37,580 (SPEAKS PAIWAN) (STUDENTS REPEAT) 41 00:04:53,720 --> 00:04:57,770 So, you and the mountains and the trees, you are all like siblings? 42 00:05:14,120 --> 00:05:15,860 - Thank you. (SPEAKS PAIWAN) 43 00:05:18,080 --> 00:05:21,500 I can identify with the Paiwan, as an indigenous person. 44 00:05:22,360 --> 00:05:26,800 But after this first meeting, I don't feel a deeper connection as a Maori yet. 45 00:05:27,000 --> 00:05:30,820 But then we don't have snakes, and here snakes are everywhere. 46 00:05:34,280 --> 00:05:39,830 Legend has it that in the distant past, the mighty sun came down to earth and laid four eggs. 47 00:05:44,920 --> 00:05:49,800 To ensure their safety, the sun ordered a giant green snake to protect two of the eggs, 48 00:05:50,000 --> 00:05:53,000 and a hundred-pace viper to guard the other two. 49 00:05:55,520 --> 00:05:56,450 (SNAKE GROWLS) 50 00:05:59,720 --> 00:06:04,260 The creatures wrapped themselves around the sun eggs and watched over them. 51 00:06:05,440 --> 00:06:09,160 The eggs guarded by the green snake hatched a male and female, 52 00:06:09,360 --> 00:06:12,150 who became the ancestors of Paiwan commoners. 53 00:06:13,160 --> 00:06:18,900 And from the eggs the sacred viper protected came the man and the woman who became the ancestors 54 00:06:19,200 --> 00:06:22,170 of the Paiwan rangatira, their chiefly families. 55 00:06:23,480 --> 00:06:26,620 The Paiwan rangatira families were tapu — divine. 56 00:06:27,160 --> 00:06:30,290 Only they had the right to wear special adornments. 57 00:06:30,600 --> 00:06:36,720 Their leather, jewellery and tattoos were often decorated with the pattern of the hundred-pace viper, 58 00:06:37,040 --> 00:06:40,760 in honour of the creature that had protected their ancestors. 59 00:06:41,360 --> 00:06:43,700 Tattooing predates Pacific migration, 60 00:06:44,040 --> 00:06:48,240 so there's a good chance the art was carried down into the Pacific from Taiwan. 61 00:06:48,440 --> 00:06:54,380 Unfortunately, it was banned during the Japanese occupation and is only now making a slow comeback. 62 00:06:55,520 --> 00:06:58,840 Cudjuy is the only traditional tattooist currently working here 63 00:06:59,040 --> 00:07:03,910 and is drawing on practitioners of Samoan tatau and Maori moko to revive his art. 64 00:07:04,640 --> 00:07:08,760 Do these designs mean different things — the wavy patterns, the lines? 65 00:07:08,960 --> 00:07:09,950 (SPEAKS PAIWAN) 66 00:07:12,480 --> 00:07:13,470 (SPEAKS PAIWAN) 67 00:07:28,200 --> 00:07:32,010 The design on his face looks Maori. Where did he get that from? 68 00:07:50,480 --> 00:07:51,110 Yes. Yes. 69 00:07:52,320 --> 00:07:54,320 I could recognise it when I saw it. 70 00:07:54,520 --> 00:07:56,140 The art of tattooing is... 71 00:07:57,920 --> 00:08:00,980 one of the main things, or probably the main thing 72 00:08:02,600 --> 00:08:05,450 that connects people right across the Pacific. 73 00:08:06,800 --> 00:08:08,650 What does he think about that? 74 00:08:28,320 --> 00:08:33,070 These patterns remind me of what I've seen on Lapita pottery and Samoan tatau. 75 00:08:34,040 --> 00:08:37,400 I'm heading north now to meet a member of the Amis tribe. 76 00:08:37,600 --> 00:08:40,430 Martin has built a replica of the bamboo boats 77 00:08:40,680 --> 00:08:46,210 that may have begun the Austronesian people on their amazing ocean migration 5000 years ago. 78 00:08:49,560 --> 00:08:51,280 How long did it take you to make this? 79 00:08:51,480 --> 00:08:54,560 - Uh, a gruelling four months. - Four months? - Yeah. 80 00:08:55,040 --> 00:08:56,840 It was is originally a sailboat, though. 81 00:08:57,040 --> 00:09:01,360 So you can tell, there's two slits here — those are to put your keel. 82 00:09:02,080 --> 00:09:04,440 That hole there, that's to put the mast for the sail. 83 00:09:04,640 --> 00:09:08,360 - And you reviving this. This is something that hasn't been around for a little while. 84 00:09:08,560 --> 00:09:11,670 - The last one that was seen was maybe 80 years ago. 85 00:09:15,600 --> 00:09:20,750 - So, how did you get involved in all of this, Martin? What prompted you to build this? 86 00:09:21,100 --> 00:09:23,840 - Well, the ocean is right in front of our village. 87 00:09:24,040 --> 00:09:29,460 A lot of my family like to do diving — diving for what we call awang, which is your kina. 88 00:09:31,040 --> 00:09:33,170 - Yeah. - So that's how it started. 89 00:09:36,240 --> 00:09:41,800 - This bamboo raft seems a long way from the massive double-hulled waka of Maritime Polynesia. 90 00:09:42,000 --> 00:09:44,520 But it would have preceded them by thousands of years. 91 00:09:44,720 --> 00:09:47,720 - You're the captain now. (BOTH LAUGH) - Thank you. Thank you, brother. 92 00:09:47,920 --> 00:09:50,740 Thank you for giving me the mana of your waka. 93 00:09:51,520 --> 00:09:56,320 What's the origin story for your tribe? Do they have a story about where they originated from? 94 00:09:56,520 --> 00:10:00,150 - There's only a story that is how we landed on this island. 95 00:10:02,080 --> 00:10:07,380 But there's no time — like we don't know what time it would have been — like, when. 96 00:10:07,640 --> 00:10:10,690 So, the story goes we came in from the east coast. 97 00:10:12,640 --> 00:10:15,420 There's a little island called Green Island. 98 00:10:15,680 --> 00:10:18,320 In our native language, it's called Sanasai. 99 00:10:18,520 --> 00:10:22,160 And that's basically one of the islands that we stopped on, 100 00:10:23,080 --> 00:10:26,160 before we came here on to the main island of Taiwan. 101 00:10:26,360 --> 00:10:30,520 - So, what do you think of the theory that we could be cousins somewhere along the...? 102 00:10:30,720 --> 00:10:34,230 - Linguistically, I think so. - Linguistically, yeah, yeah. 103 00:10:34,480 --> 00:10:38,600 - I can count in our native language if you want me to. - Yeah, go up 10. 104 00:10:38,800 --> 00:10:43,380 - Uh, so it's decay, tosa, tolo, sepat, lima, enem, pito, falo, siwa, motep. 105 00:10:47,000 --> 00:10:48,520 So, yeah, that's one to 10. 106 00:10:48,720 --> 00:10:52,600 - Falo, quite close to waru. Lima close to rima. - Yeah. Falo was eight. 107 00:10:52,800 --> 00:10:56,970 - Tolu close to toru. - Yeah, tolo. - Yeah, there's a couple there, eh? 108 00:10:57,600 --> 00:11:01,370 - Mata is your eyes. - Mata, eyes, yeah, same. - Tangila is ears. 109 00:11:02,800 --> 00:11:04,080 Taringa. Ears, yeah. 110 00:11:06,520 --> 00:11:12,930 It's mind-blowing to imagine those first Austronesian explorers heading into the unknown on bamboo rafts, 111 00:11:13,760 --> 00:11:17,320 and then to so quickly develop the serious maritime technology 112 00:11:17,520 --> 00:11:20,600 to be able to navigate the vastness of the Pacific. 113 00:11:20,800 --> 00:11:24,210 It makes this part of our story very hard to comprehend. 114 00:11:27,480 --> 00:11:27,590 * 115 00:11:28,920 --> 00:11:34,210 The colonisation of the indigenous people along the coast in Taiwan is all too familiar. 116 00:11:34,720 --> 00:11:38,980 It comes down to land — lose your land and you lose your way of life. 117 00:11:42,660 --> 00:11:47,100 I'm going to meet Sumi Dongi, who gave up a big-city career and returned 118 00:11:47,480 --> 00:11:50,510 to help her tribe revive traditional agriculture. 119 00:11:53,200 --> 00:11:56,480 And so how did you get involved in the growing of rice 120 00:11:57,040 --> 00:12:01,190 and the revitalisation of traditional practices around growing rice? 121 00:12:02,320 --> 00:12:03,430 (SPEAKS MANDARIN) 122 00:12:08,000 --> 00:12:09,110 (SPEAKS MANDARIN) 123 00:12:45,720 --> 00:12:48,370 So, how did she get the farmers to support? 124 00:13:20,800 --> 00:13:23,160 It's the land is the important thing. 125 00:13:27,520 --> 00:13:28,100 (LAUGHS) 126 00:13:30,680 --> 00:13:34,680 For Sumi, her kaupapa is about the land, the all-important ocean, 127 00:13:35,240 --> 00:13:38,280 and reviving traditional Amis cultural practices. 128 00:13:40,480 --> 00:13:43,310 Is that rock out there significant in any way? 129 00:13:59,880 --> 00:14:02,010 - And they still do that now? - Yes. 130 00:14:03,480 --> 00:14:07,700 - It's not just a story. That's real. - Yes, yes, very important rock. 131 00:14:08,520 --> 00:14:14,600 I'm heading inland to Guangfu, where I'm told is the only remaining carved house of the Amis people. 132 00:14:15,160 --> 00:14:20,330 It belongs to the Kakita'an family, who can trace their ancestry back 59 generations. 133 00:14:38,440 --> 00:14:40,600 CHANTS: Whitiki nukutia ki te ao o naianei! 134 00:14:40,800 --> 00:14:41,830 Kia tu, kia oho! 135 00:14:42,200 --> 00:14:44,240 Kia putu kite wheiao, kite ao marama. 136 00:14:44,440 --> 00:14:46,170 Uhi! Wero! Hau mai te mauri. 137 00:14:47,160 --> 00:14:48,130 Haumi e! Hui e! 138 00:14:49,800 --> 00:14:50,370 Taiki e! 139 00:14:54,360 --> 00:14:57,160 Whare e tu nei, tena koe. E mihi ana ki a koe. 140 00:14:57,560 --> 00:15:03,030 Like the carvings in our wharenui back home, these panels embody the Amis creation stories. 141 00:15:03,680 --> 00:15:05,870 This feels like going back in time. 142 00:15:06,560 --> 00:15:08,410 Hoki whakamuri kite ao o nehe. 143 00:15:08,760 --> 00:15:11,400 It feels both very familiar and yet different. 144 00:15:11,600 --> 00:15:16,700 And I'm shocked to see in this written whakapapa familiar names like Rata and Maiau. 145 00:15:18,200 --> 00:15:18,720 (HOWLS) 146 00:15:21,880 --> 00:15:23,280 (SPEAKS AMIS LANGUAGE) 147 00:16:09,800 --> 00:16:11,840 There's another New Zealand connection here. 148 00:16:12,040 --> 00:16:14,520 After visiting a Kohanga reo in Aotearoa, 149 00:16:14,720 --> 00:16:19,140 my guide, Sifo, returned home inspired by the idea of immersion learning. 150 00:16:20,000 --> 00:16:21,560 His school is due to open soon. 151 00:16:21,760 --> 00:16:27,100 But in the meantime, this sacred whare is used to teach Amis children their Amis language 152 00:16:27,440 --> 00:16:30,000 through their cultural stories and myths. 153 00:16:53,240 --> 00:16:57,680 He honore nui te nohotahi me nga iwi manawhenua o tenei takiwa i te ra nei. 154 00:16:57,880 --> 00:17:02,850 It's been a huge privilege to spend time with the local people of this area today. 155 00:17:03,600 --> 00:17:07,760 Uncanny, the similarities between us as Maori and the indigenous people here — 156 00:17:07,960 --> 00:17:10,780 visual similarities, linguistic similarities. 157 00:17:11,800 --> 00:17:16,720 Some of the ritual and protocols are very similar to what we do in te Ao Maori, in the Maori world. 158 00:17:16,920 --> 00:17:20,680 So there's obviously been a lot of wananga happening in here, 159 00:17:21,560 --> 00:17:23,600 and a lot of tribal knowledge has been shared. 160 00:17:23,800 --> 00:17:27,920 A lot of elders have sat in this whare, and you can still feel them here. You can feel their presence. 161 00:17:28,120 --> 00:17:29,850 So I wasn't expecting this. 162 00:17:30,120 --> 00:17:34,420 I wasn't expecting the whare to look the way it does and feel the way it does. 163 00:17:34,620 --> 00:17:38,060 And it's the look of the whare and the feel of the whare 164 00:17:38,360 --> 00:17:41,440 that really makes me feel like I'm in a whare at home. 165 00:17:41,640 --> 00:17:44,720 I could be sitting in one of our wharenui in Ohinemutu, Rotorua right now. 166 00:17:44,920 --> 00:17:50,200 It would be exactly the same as this. So the similarity is quite... it's extraordinary. 167 00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:54,650 It's extraordinary how similar this whare is to our whare at home. 168 00:17:56,240 --> 00:17:58,280 I came to Taiwan expecting nothing. 169 00:17:58,480 --> 00:18:03,280 But I leave more open to the idea that Pacific migration may have begun in Asia. 170 00:18:03,680 --> 00:18:08,400 And I'm feeling a surprising connection to the indigenous tribes of this land. 171 00:18:08,600 --> 00:18:13,690 My next stop will take me 8500km away and hundreds of thousands of years in the past, 172 00:18:15,040 --> 00:18:18,440 deep in to the origins of te ao tangata, the human race. 173 00:18:18,760 --> 00:18:21,690 I've literally no idea what I'm going to find. 174 00:18:24,400 --> 00:18:24,510 * 175 00:18:27,400 --> 00:18:31,930 Addis Ababa is the chaotic capital city of Ethiopia, in north-east Africa, 176 00:18:32,760 --> 00:18:37,150 a place I barely knew of and one I certainly never thought I would visit. 177 00:18:41,600 --> 00:18:44,960 At the beginning of this hikoi, kaumata Sir Toby Curtis 178 00:18:45,960 --> 00:18:50,720 said that there were other Hawaiki outside of the ones in Eastern Polynesia — 179 00:18:51,360 --> 00:18:53,840 a Hawaiki in India, a Hawaiki in Africa. 180 00:18:55,360 --> 00:18:59,810 Ethiopia is said to be the cradle of humanity. This is where it all began. 181 00:19:00,200 --> 00:19:05,810 But to tell you the truth — kia pono taku korero — I feel million miles away from Aotearoa 182 00:19:06,200 --> 00:19:10,970 and a million miles away from Maori people, Maori culture, and Maori whakapapa. 183 00:19:13,440 --> 00:19:16,980 Ethiopia is the home of long-distance runners and coffee. 184 00:19:17,520 --> 00:19:20,930 But it's also thought to be the birthplace of humanity. 185 00:19:22,080 --> 00:19:25,880 Coming from Aotearoa, the last stop in humankind's long journey, 186 00:19:26,080 --> 00:19:29,480 it's strange to be here, where many say it all started. 187 00:19:30,040 --> 00:19:35,020 I've come to the National Museum of Ethiopia to hear the story of human evolution. 188 00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:41,230 If the body found at Wairau Bar was our Maori auntie, 189 00:19:41,440 --> 00:19:45,010 the auntie of all may be the 3.2-million-year-old Lucy. 190 00:19:46,280 --> 00:19:48,080 But she's just part of the story. 191 00:19:48,280 --> 00:19:54,300 I'm lucky enough to be meeting a man who co-discovered some of the earliest humans on display here. 192 00:19:54,600 --> 00:19:58,660 - In this particular room, you may find at least 11 different humans 193 00:20:01,960 --> 00:20:07,410 that lived from six million years ago, all the way to the present, one replacing the other. 194 00:20:08,320 --> 00:20:14,300 So when you have this data, then you can comfortably say that Africa is the birthplace of humankind. 195 00:20:17,480 --> 00:20:19,270 So, why is Lucy so important? 196 00:20:20,040 --> 00:20:22,130 - When Lucy was discovered in 1974, 197 00:20:24,320 --> 00:20:28,010 Lucy was the only one which had almost 40% of the body parts. 198 00:20:31,440 --> 00:20:36,030 At a young age, the vertebrae show some skeletal problems like arthritis — 199 00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:38,950 very young. 200 00:20:40,680 --> 00:20:44,320 So this tells you that early humans have walked on two legs. 201 00:20:45,720 --> 00:20:47,520 - Why did humans leave Africa? 202 00:20:50,600 --> 00:20:51,760 - Looking for food. 203 00:20:52,100 --> 00:20:56,570 That's exactly what is happening still now, trying to get more resources. 204 00:20:58,440 --> 00:21:00,450 If they just walk only 1km a day, 205 00:21:01,960 --> 00:21:05,080 in one year, they're away 365km from their centre. 206 00:21:09,840 --> 00:21:11,920 In 10 years, they're away 3650km. 207 00:21:14,920 --> 00:21:18,090 Then before they know it, they're all the way to... 208 00:21:18,920 --> 00:21:24,000 - ...New Zealand. (LAUGHS) - ...China. And then finally, to New Zealand and Australia. 209 00:21:25,720 --> 00:21:28,520 - Lucy was a breakthrough find back in the '70s. 210 00:21:28,720 --> 00:21:32,040 But since then, our understanding of evolution has progressed, 211 00:21:32,240 --> 00:21:35,800 with successive discoveries of human and prehuman remains. 212 00:21:36,160 --> 00:21:39,580 Dr Berhane co-discovered a number of the exhibits here. 213 00:21:41,960 --> 00:21:43,930 - OK, this is the earliest human. 214 00:21:47,440 --> 00:21:51,310 The date is 5.8 million years old, so almost six million years. 215 00:21:52,160 --> 00:21:54,480 And we named it Ardipithecus Kadabba. 216 00:21:55,160 --> 00:21:58,010 Ardi means ground. Kadabba means 'big father'. 217 00:21:59,680 --> 00:22:02,230 - Good name for our early ancestor. - Yeah. 218 00:22:02,720 --> 00:22:04,690 In 1994, we found this skeleton. 219 00:22:08,480 --> 00:22:11,890 And this clearly shows at around 4.4 million years ago, 220 00:22:12,400 --> 00:22:15,980 as you can see, very big hands and the complete foot bones. 221 00:22:18,320 --> 00:22:22,720 This is very important because, 1) it proved to us that the early humans, 222 00:22:25,120 --> 00:22:28,510 they changed from quadrupedal, chimpanzee-like animals 223 00:22:31,280 --> 00:22:34,340 into a biped, into a bipedal, walking on two legs. 224 00:22:36,400 --> 00:22:41,270 When you go to this one, this one, Australopithecus, the molars are not very big. 225 00:22:43,080 --> 00:22:48,320 Then they started using stone tools — and the tools are right here, very primitive tools. 226 00:22:48,520 --> 00:22:52,160 So who was the creator of these stole tools? Maybe this guy. 227 00:22:53,000 --> 00:22:55,200 That is the beginning of the change. 228 00:22:56,240 --> 00:22:57,510 Then comes this one. 229 00:22:59,520 --> 00:23:01,880 This is around 2.4 million years old. 230 00:23:02,440 --> 00:23:05,040 In 200,000 years, the brain has expanded. 231 00:23:05,640 --> 00:23:08,580 And then when we get here, this is Homo erectus. 232 00:23:10,400 --> 00:23:15,220 - This is Homo erectus, here? - This one is, yeah. Tiny, tiny mandible. Big brain. 233 00:23:15,840 --> 00:23:21,400 And then when you come here, at around one million years ago, this is what we discovered too. 234 00:23:22,240 --> 00:23:25,360 This is one million years old. The brain size has tripled. 235 00:23:25,560 --> 00:23:29,680 The mystery, or the miracle that happened is because the stone tools 236 00:23:30,960 --> 00:23:35,370 gave them access to all kinds of protein and bone marrow, and everything. 237 00:23:35,800 --> 00:23:37,400 - And then that caused the brain to grow. 238 00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:40,900 - The brain. Now they are able to feed a big brain. - Yeah. 239 00:23:41,100 --> 00:23:44,220 - And this was replaced at around 200,000 years ago 240 00:23:48,480 --> 00:23:49,630 by people like us. 241 00:23:51,780 --> 00:23:53,880 The first Homo sapiens are right here. 242 00:23:54,080 --> 00:23:56,970 And the brain size here has expanded to 1450cc. 243 00:24:00,760 --> 00:24:02,500 That is modern Homo sapiens. 244 00:24:03,560 --> 00:24:06,620 So everything that you see all over the world now, 245 00:24:07,440 --> 00:24:12,460 the differences that you've seen between blacks, whites, Orientals and everything, 246 00:24:13,800 --> 00:24:16,350 happened much, much later after this one. 247 00:24:17,400 --> 00:24:19,770 Much later — less than 50,000 years. 248 00:24:20,880 --> 00:24:25,110 So now you have walked through the whole human evolution in one place. 249 00:24:26,400 --> 00:24:28,190 And the record is right here. 250 00:24:28,600 --> 00:24:32,420 So for anybody who doubts evolution, this is the place to come. 251 00:24:35,080 --> 00:24:39,060 - The korero with Dr Berhane has left me with a lot to think about. 252 00:24:42,280 --> 00:24:44,520 My next stop is a short flight south. 253 00:24:44,720 --> 00:24:46,960 It's one thing to learn about evolution, 254 00:24:47,160 --> 00:24:52,030 but will I feel a connection with the ancient tribes that still live in Ethiopia? 255 00:24:54,440 --> 00:24:54,550 * 256 00:24:55,200 --> 00:24:56,250 (STIRRING MUSIC) 257 00:25:06,000 --> 00:25:08,060 Kua tae mai au ki te wharua o Omo. 258 00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:11,250 I've arrived here in the Omo Valley. 259 00:25:11,840 --> 00:25:14,610 The Omo Valley is famous for three things — 260 00:25:15,160 --> 00:25:17,930 its red clay, what we at home called kokowai; 261 00:25:20,880 --> 00:25:24,130 its tribes and ethnicities that call this place home; 262 00:25:24,400 --> 00:25:27,520 and its role in the evolution of the human species. 263 00:25:28,680 --> 00:25:34,660 The idea that I might be standing in the place where experts say Homo sapiens developed and evolved, 264 00:25:36,240 --> 00:25:42,140 and the idea that I may be walking in the footsteps of my ancient ancestors who lived in this place 265 00:25:42,600 --> 00:25:44,220 is really hard to process. 266 00:25:44,800 --> 00:25:49,100 But one thing I do know is that I've been through a lot of countries around the world, 267 00:25:49,300 --> 00:25:52,590 and right now I couldn't feel further away from home. 268 00:25:53,680 --> 00:25:54,960 (GENTLE FLUTE MUSIC) 269 00:26:03,160 --> 00:26:06,160 I'm travelling with Minalu, who grew up in the region 270 00:26:06,360 --> 00:26:09,720 and has written about the ancient tribes of Omo Valley. 271 00:26:12,120 --> 00:26:15,540 - There are 16 distinct ethnic groups living in the area. 272 00:26:17,760 --> 00:26:20,600 - Those are tribes? 16 tribes? - Yes, 16 tribes. 273 00:26:21,840 --> 00:26:25,940 The magic of the people here is the simplicity of the way they live. 274 00:26:32,480 --> 00:26:36,000 The tribes that live here haven't always been in this area. 275 00:26:36,200 --> 00:26:41,910 Nomadic people have come and gone, chasing resources like water, which is precious around here. 276 00:26:42,880 --> 00:26:47,980 Minalu is taking me to meet people of the Hamar tribe, who consider this river sacred 277 00:26:48,200 --> 00:26:52,270 and use the water to help decorate themselves for important events. 278 00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:57,530 Their distinctive look comes from ochre soil and the body paint they make with it. 279 00:26:59,520 --> 00:27:02,420 They brought the ochre from the Buska Mountain. 280 00:27:02,640 --> 00:27:06,700 The Buska Mountain is the most sacred mountain of the Hamar people. 281 00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:14,300 - These patterns, do they signify anything — like, the swirly lines? Does that signify different things? 282 00:27:15,500 --> 00:27:18,360 Yeah, it's just like, you know, you look like a zebra. 283 00:27:18,560 --> 00:27:20,870 - Zebra. - Yeah. You look like a zebra. 284 00:27:22,960 --> 00:27:24,480 (STIRRING AMBIENT MUSIC) 285 00:27:44,480 --> 00:27:45,940 (SPEAKS HAMAR LANGUAGE) 286 00:27:47,320 --> 00:27:50,550 So, this red clay, it's like the kokowai in Hawaiki, 287 00:27:52,800 --> 00:27:59,060 and the kokowai that we use a lot in Aotearoa for this purpose, as well — in traditional times, anyway. 288 00:28:01,560 --> 00:28:05,680 And the kokowai, the red clay, is said to be found in a place called Kurawaka, 289 00:28:05,880 --> 00:28:07,900 which is the name of my daughter. 290 00:28:08,380 --> 00:28:11,160 She was named for that purpose — Kurawaka. Kurawaka. 291 00:28:11,360 --> 00:28:13,270 She was named for that purpose. 292 00:28:14,120 --> 00:28:19,760 The first human created, the female called Hineahuone — the woman who emerged from the soil, 293 00:28:21,000 --> 00:28:22,560 the red soil of Kurawaka. 294 00:28:23,600 --> 00:28:26,840 I feel very honoured by this. I feel very privileged. 295 00:28:28,720 --> 00:28:32,840 It feels like I'm being bestowed some mana from the Hamar people, which is very humbling. 296 00:28:33,040 --> 00:28:34,770 - You call it mana? - 'Mana'. 297 00:28:35,320 --> 00:28:38,840 - Mana. Mana is a blessing from the gods. - That's us, too. 298 00:28:40,840 --> 00:28:42,850 - Whoo! - That's what we call it. 299 00:28:44,880 --> 00:28:46,900 - What's your name? - Te Manahau. 300 00:28:47,560 --> 00:28:49,470 - Eh? - Te Manahau. - Te Manahau. 301 00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:52,740 - Whoo! Chur, brother. Good work. - (LAUGHTER) 302 00:28:53,160 --> 00:28:57,290 (SPEAKS HAMAR LANGUAGE) - 'My name is Dambe,' he said. - Dambe. Dambe. 303 00:28:57,800 --> 00:29:02,300 - They would like to sing you a song, and they consider you as part of them. 304 00:29:03,240 --> 00:29:04,880 (CHANTS LOUDLY, VOCALISES) 305 00:29:05,640 --> 00:29:06,920 (ALL CHANT TOGETHER) 306 00:29:16,240 --> 00:29:16,940 (LAUGHTER) 307 00:29:21,440 --> 00:29:22,720 (WARM AMBIENT MUSIC) 308 00:29:31,760 --> 00:29:34,610 (SPEAKS HAMAR LANGUAGE) - Hey, my brother. Hey. 309 00:29:36,220 --> 00:29:37,730 - Hongi. - Hongi? - Hongi. 310 00:29:43,280 --> 00:29:46,520 - Thank you. Thank you. - Hey says thank you very much. 311 00:29:47,560 --> 00:29:50,290 That was... out-of-this-world experience. 312 00:29:51,120 --> 00:29:55,200 Just being embraced by the boys as one of them, treated as one of them, 313 00:29:55,400 --> 00:30:00,690 and, yeah, receiving this mana, mana of theirs from centuries ago, getting a body paint. 314 00:30:01,960 --> 00:30:06,840 It's really, really a privilege to participate in that ceremony and to receive this. 315 00:30:07,040 --> 00:30:09,200 It's mana, and we know what that means. 316 00:30:09,400 --> 00:30:13,200 We know how special that is. You can't buy that kind of stuff. 317 00:30:15,600 --> 00:30:17,740 There's no value. It's beautiful. 318 00:30:20,280 --> 00:30:24,830 I'm gonna put my shirt on, cos I've put some weight on this tour. (LAUGHS) 319 00:30:26,720 --> 00:30:28,360 (GENTLE ATMOSPHERIC MUSIC) 320 00:30:35,240 --> 00:30:41,170 The body paint is something the tribesmen do ahead of the Saturday morning market in nearby Dimeka. 321 00:30:41,740 --> 00:30:45,080 The tribes of this area have come and gone over millennia. 322 00:30:45,280 --> 00:30:47,480 But effectively, these are the people 323 00:30:47,680 --> 00:30:52,080 who stayed when the rest of humanity left so many thousands of years ago. 324 00:30:52,480 --> 00:30:57,930 You could say the ancestors of my guide, Minalu, have been here since the dawn of humanity. 325 00:30:58,600 --> 00:31:01,310 It's humbling and mind-blowing to be here. 326 00:31:02,160 --> 00:31:04,310 Everywhere you go, there's coffee. 327 00:31:04,600 --> 00:31:10,050 In fact, Ethiopia is the birthplace of coffee, and it plays an important role in life here. 328 00:31:25,720 --> 00:31:30,000 - We are going to meet the Hamar tribe in their village where they live. 329 00:31:30,720 --> 00:31:35,640 I'm taking you to a family who invited us to a traditional Hamar coffee ceremony. 330 00:32:00,080 --> 00:32:02,760 - This is the home of Kalla, a village elder. 331 00:32:02,960 --> 00:32:06,560 Seven people live in this house, including his wife, Gayto. 332 00:32:12,760 --> 00:32:14,800 - Bordjumay, you say. - Bordjumay. 333 00:32:24,120 --> 00:32:26,090 - Now they are making a blessing. 334 00:32:31,480 --> 00:32:32,350 - Ooh, beauty. 335 00:32:34,240 --> 00:32:35,280 Tino, tino reka. 336 00:32:36,400 --> 00:32:39,180 - It's very, very sweet and beautiful. - Yeah. 337 00:32:39,440 --> 00:32:43,440 - Tino reka, yeah? - Tino reka, that's it, bro. (LAUGHS) Tino reka. 338 00:32:51,760 --> 00:32:57,260 - How old are these people here? - Hamar people don't care about age. They just live and die. 339 00:32:58,120 --> 00:33:02,050 - Yeah. - So birth and death; they don't count the age in between. 340 00:33:04,160 --> 00:33:07,330 But we ask them, he will ask how old, for example... 341 00:33:09,080 --> 00:33:10,010 (SPEAKS HAMAR) 342 00:33:12,120 --> 00:33:12,820 (LAUGHTER) 343 00:33:15,360 --> 00:33:16,580 (RESPONDS IN HAMAR) 344 00:33:23,640 --> 00:33:25,620 - (SPEAKS HAMAR) - (SPEAKS HAMAR) 345 00:33:26,440 --> 00:33:27,590 - Uh-huh. Uh-huh. 346 00:33:52,200 --> 00:33:55,240 - You're born, you live and then you die, and that's all that matters. 347 00:33:55,440 --> 00:33:56,780 (TRANSLATES TO HAMAR) 348 00:34:02,120 --> 00:34:05,250 - (CHUCKLES) I'm older than all of you. - (LAUGHTER) 349 00:34:07,960 --> 00:34:09,590 - Good answer. Good answer. 350 00:34:28,920 --> 00:34:29,950 Have a safe way. 351 00:34:30,920 --> 00:34:32,590 - Does she wanna do a hongi? 352 00:34:33,800 --> 00:34:35,660 (SPEAKS HAMAR) (SPEAKS HAMAR) 353 00:34:44,520 --> 00:34:45,450 (SPEAKS HAMAR) 354 00:34:47,600 --> 00:34:48,300 (EXCLAIMS) 355 00:34:49,800 --> 00:34:50,500 (LAUGHTER) 356 00:34:57,560 --> 00:34:58,250 Thank you. 357 00:34:58,840 --> 00:35:03,250 Mihi ana ki a korua, nga wahine rangatira o tenei papakainga. Tena korua. 358 00:35:03,880 --> 00:35:07,040 I'm surprised to find how much spending time with these people 359 00:35:07,240 --> 00:35:10,020 who still live a tribal lifestyle affects me. 360 00:35:10,280 --> 00:35:13,680 It makes me think about how my tupuna lived so long ago, 361 00:35:13,920 --> 00:35:17,280 and how our Maori tribes would have interacted with each other. 362 00:35:17,480 --> 00:35:18,630 I feel very moved. 363 00:35:19,000 --> 00:35:21,960 Perhaps one of the most significant days of my life. 364 00:35:22,160 --> 00:35:26,550 So I feel both connected to this place and 70,000 years distant from it. 365 00:35:27,160 --> 00:35:33,310 Because it was around that long ago that a few hundred people left Africa, probably across the Red Sea. 366 00:35:34,160 --> 00:35:35,800 They spread out and multiplied. 367 00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:39,430 Some interbred with other now extinct species of humans. 368 00:35:40,280 --> 00:35:45,360 One group moved into East Asia, probably travelling along coastlines now underwater. 369 00:35:46,080 --> 00:35:51,960 Around 5000 years ago, a group left Taiwan, beginning the greatest sea migration in human history, 370 00:35:52,600 --> 00:35:55,330 moving east to Vanuatu, then West Polynesia. 371 00:35:56,200 --> 00:36:01,270 After 2000 years, they started off again, discovering the islands of East Polynesia. 372 00:36:01,800 --> 00:36:04,580 And from there, my tupuna headed south-west. 373 00:36:15,640 --> 00:36:15,750 * 374 00:36:16,640 --> 00:36:17,570 (GENTLE MUSIC) 375 00:36:30,040 --> 00:36:35,080 On this journey I've gone from Aotearoa, the last major landmass to be inhabited by humans, 376 00:36:35,280 --> 00:36:38,690 back to the first, Africa, and now |'ve come full circle 377 00:36:38,920 --> 00:36:43,760 back to one of the last stepping-off points of my ancestors en route to Aotearoa. 378 00:36:43,960 --> 00:36:49,400 My whakapapa tells me that the Te Arawa waka was one of many that stopped here in Aitutaki, 379 00:36:49,800 --> 00:36:52,880 and over in Rarotonga, before heading to Aotearoa. 380 00:36:54,600 --> 00:36:57,380 Bombs — one of the true Pacific traditions. 381 00:37:00,040 --> 00:37:01,200 Looks pretty high. 382 00:37:02,800 --> 00:37:03,950 He teitei te peke. 383 00:37:10,600 --> 00:37:14,400 Three well-known waka came through here on their journey south — 384 00:37:14,600 --> 00:37:18,950 Tainui, Takitumu and our waka, Te Arawa, which picked up some crew here. 385 00:37:19,720 --> 00:37:25,420 Tainui have a particular connection. They stayed longer, and there's even a Tainui marae here. 386 00:37:26,200 --> 00:37:27,250 (CONCH TRUMPETS) 387 00:37:28,360 --> 00:37:32,750 Ali Maao is a tohunga who can whakapapa to the Tainui and Te Arawa wakas. 388 00:37:33,920 --> 00:37:35,810 - Kia or a, Brother. - Kia or a. 389 00:37:39,120 --> 00:37:44,750 What's the connections that you know of between Maori in Aotearoa and Maori here in Aitutaki? 390 00:37:45,560 --> 00:37:51,140 - With our language as Cook Island Maori, your guys language is New Zealand Maori; same thing. 391 00:37:51,920 --> 00:37:54,960 - When you talk about Hawaiki, where's Hawaiki for you? Where does Hawaiki mean to you? 392 00:37:55,160 --> 00:37:58,980 So, Avaiki... What I was taught about, Avaiki is not an island. 393 00:38:00,840 --> 00:38:04,290 You know, it's not like an island by the name of Avaiki. 394 00:38:04,520 --> 00:38:09,560 Avaiki is where you come from. Like, our Avaiki for Aitutaki, we come from Tupua'i. 395 00:38:11,560 --> 00:38:17,720 That is our Avaiki right there. And if you trace yours back wherever you came from, that's your Avaiki. 396 00:38:17,920 --> 00:38:20,800 - So, those three islands out there, what are their names? 397 00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:23,480 - The name of the island is called Akitua. 398 00:38:23,680 --> 00:38:28,080 Then you go next door, is Angarei. And then you got Mangere, and then you got— 399 00:38:28,280 --> 00:38:30,720 - Mangere out here too? So there's an island out there called Mangere? 400 00:38:30,920 --> 00:38:33,550 - Mangere. Mangere. - These... - (BOTH LAUGH) 401 00:38:34,080 --> 00:38:36,510 - These are all places in Aotearoa, bro. 402 00:38:37,360 --> 00:38:38,410 (PEACEFUL MUSIC) 403 00:38:42,520 --> 00:38:44,990 260km, or just over a day's sail south, 404 00:38:46,240 --> 00:38:50,360 is the next and final stopover on my ancestors' journey to Aotearoa. 405 00:38:54,480 --> 00:38:57,320 So I'm here now in Hawaiki Tumu-te-warowaro, or Rarotonga, 406 00:38:57,520 --> 00:39:01,640 and this is a very significant place in terms of the history of the voyaging waka. 407 00:39:01,840 --> 00:39:03,000 Here we have Pikopiko-i-whiti. 408 00:39:03,200 --> 00:39:07,560 This is the place where our waka, like Te Arawa, Tainui, Takitimu came in, 409 00:39:07,760 --> 00:39:11,880 and just on the other side there, we have the island called Te Motu-tapu-a-Tinirau. 410 00:39:12,080 --> 00:39:16,640 Both of these places are mentioned in our ancient incantations and all of our oral traditions. 411 00:39:16,840 --> 00:39:20,960 So very significant and great timing from our whanaunga here coming in on their waka. 412 00:39:21,160 --> 00:39:25,610 This is what it might have looked like all of those hundreds of years ago. 413 00:39:38,700 --> 00:39:41,650 The great fleet commemorated here may be a myth, 414 00:39:41,920 --> 00:39:46,000 but that doesn't take away from the fact our waka came through here. 415 00:39:46,200 --> 00:39:49,800 Rarotonga is an important touchstone in the Te Arawa story. 416 00:39:56,800 --> 00:40:01,530 I know my version of our waka story, but I'm keen to hear the Rarotongan side, 417 00:40:01,960 --> 00:40:05,610 so I'm meeting waka builder and master carver Mike Tavioni. 418 00:40:07,360 --> 00:40:08,860 - Kia orana. - Kia orana. 419 00:40:18,200 --> 00:40:21,400 - Welcome. - Yeah, welcome back to your original home. 420 00:40:23,920 --> 00:40:24,500 (LAUGHS) 421 00:40:27,400 --> 00:40:31,800 - From what you know, though, Arawa came through this way as well — the Te Arawa waka? 422 00:40:32,000 --> 00:40:36,960 -I don't need to know. If you are a wise captain, you will stop here in Rarotonga, 423 00:40:38,080 --> 00:40:41,140 because last leg of the trip is almost 2000 miles. 424 00:40:42,520 --> 00:40:46,520 - But what about Hawaiki, Papa Mike? Is Hawaiki a metaphor as well? 425 00:40:46,800 --> 00:40:48,600 - Avaiki is a realistic place. 426 00:40:49,960 --> 00:40:53,870 But for me, my Avaiki is at Cook's Corner where the bus stop is. 427 00:40:58,120 --> 00:40:59,210 I was born there. 428 00:40:59,680 --> 00:41:03,330 My afterbirth is buried there, and I should be buried there. 429 00:41:04,840 --> 00:41:06,220 And that's my Avaiki. 430 00:41:06,960 --> 00:41:11,470 My father's Avaiki is in Atiu. He was born there. His afterbirth is there. 431 00:41:12,680 --> 00:41:17,660 And his grandfather's Avaiki is Ra'iatea and Bora Bora. And that's their Avaiki. 432 00:41:19,640 --> 00:41:22,190 So Avaiki is simply where you originated. 433 00:41:24,680 --> 00:41:30,070 But if you talk about your origin as the Maori people, then you talk about Avaiki Pamamao. 434 00:41:33,280 --> 00:41:35,240 In this case, maybe we say Asia. 435 00:41:36,160 --> 00:41:40,680 So if that is Avaiki Pamamao, then the row of homelands started from there, 436 00:41:41,760 --> 00:41:44,120 then the next Avaiki may be in Taiwan. 437 00:41:46,200 --> 00:41:48,280 And then the next Avaiki is Samoa, 438 00:41:49,400 --> 00:41:53,510 and Tonga and Samoa, and then until it reaches Tahiti and Ra'iatea. 439 00:41:55,160 --> 00:41:59,440 - If I was to ask you what the connections are between Maori in Aotearoa 440 00:42:00,000 --> 00:42:03,950 and Maori here in Rarotonga, Aitutaki, what would your answer be? 441 00:42:04,920 --> 00:42:07,290 - I would say you are stupid. - (LAUGHS) 442 00:42:07,680 --> 00:42:09,880 - It's a stupid question. - (LAUGHS) 443 00:42:10,320 --> 00:42:13,360 - What is a Maori? Can you tell me what is a Maori? 444 00:42:14,960 --> 00:42:16,860 - Taua? - No. What does it mean? 445 00:42:17,880 --> 00:42:18,990 - Native, natural. 446 00:42:19,560 --> 00:42:22,230 - Maori, 'ma' means clean, pure. - Pure, yes. 447 00:42:23,240 --> 00:42:26,300 - 'Ori' is to move. We might say to migrate. - Yeah. 448 00:42:27,680 --> 00:42:28,250 To move. 449 00:42:30,560 --> 00:42:33,160 - So that did not originate in New Zealand. 450 00:42:34,520 --> 00:42:37,240 So you are certainly our teina, not tuakana. 451 00:42:39,200 --> 00:42:43,180 - So if you want to be Maori, we are more Maori than you. - (LAUGHS) 452 00:42:44,480 --> 00:42:50,670 I don't think everyone in Aotearoa would agree, but I thought I'd let the kaumatua have the last word. 453 00:42:51,400 --> 00:42:54,000 Mike's offered to take me to Taputapuatea Marae, 454 00:42:54,200 --> 00:42:58,450 built surrounding a mauri stone from sacred Taputapuatea in Ra'iatea. 455 00:42:59,280 --> 00:43:03,460 It's the bridge between Eastern Polynesia and Aotearoa to the south. 456 00:43:03,720 --> 00:43:05,790 It's the last step of my journey. 457 00:43:06,160 --> 00:43:07,210 (CHANTS KARAKIA) 458 00:43:19,080 --> 00:43:21,440 This has been a journey of a lifetime. 459 00:43:22,000 --> 00:43:27,160 I've been to some amazing places and met people who have changed the way I see the world. 460 00:43:27,360 --> 00:43:30,280 And wherever |'ve gone, strangers have welcomed me. 461 00:43:30,480 --> 00:43:34,720 I've seen how language and cultural practices echo down through millennia, 462 00:43:34,920 --> 00:43:38,040 and how the thirst to move on creates new cultures. 463 00:43:39,200 --> 00:43:44,840 This journey has been challenging for me, and we've talked about a number of possible origins. 464 00:43:45,040 --> 00:43:49,230 Ultimately, it's strengthened my commitment to my own Maori culture, 465 00:43:49,920 --> 00:43:54,190 and I finish in the firm belief that I visited my Hawaiki in Rai'atea. 466 00:43:57,000 --> 00:44:01,440 Ko te ahurea, ko te whanau, ko te whakapone e mohio al tatou ko wai tatou. 467 00:44:02,880 --> 00:44:06,860 Ahakoa nga korero rereke puta I roto I te roanga o tenei hikoi — 468 00:44:07,440 --> 00:44:10,690 nga korero rereke kua whaptaritari I te hinengaro — 469 00:44:11,120 --> 00:44:15,900 e pupu tonu ake ana te aroha I roto I te whatumanawa ki nga korero katoa I puta. 470 00:44:17,480 --> 00:44:22,450 Nga korero I ata tuitui I te korowai o te maramatanga kia puta ai he matauranga hou 471 00:44:24,680 --> 00:44:26,720 e pa ana ki te kaupapa no hea tatou. 472 00:44:26,920 --> 00:44:27,900 Na tenei hikoi, 473 00:44:28,840 --> 00:44:32,700 kua pakari ake taku mohio ko wai ahau ko wai tatou te iwi Maori. 474 00:44:33,600 --> 00:44:35,910 And that, my friends, is pretty cool. 475 00:44:37,360 --> 00:44:38,350 (SOARING MUSIC) 476 00:44:42,960 --> 00:44:45,800 Captions by John Gibbs. Edited by James Brown. 477 00:44:46,840 --> 00:44:49,840 http://Scene-RLS.net Capped by sighkick 45844

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