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What makes Ebola so dangerous?
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How can a virus overwhelm the very complex
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defense system of the body so quickly
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and so effectively?
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Let's take a look at what Ebola does.
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(Theme music)
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Ebola is a virus.
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A virus is a very small thing.
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A bit of RNA or DNA
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and a few proteins
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and a hull.
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It has no ability to do anything
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by itself whatsoever,
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and can only survive and proliferate by infecting cells.
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To avoid this we have the immune system.
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The immune system is super complex
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so we develop a visual system
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that makes it easy to understand.
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So it looks like this:
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Let's concentrate on the part that is critical to understanding Ebola
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and ignore the rest.
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So usually dendritic cells will activate the army
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of anti-virus cells, support cells
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and anti-body factories
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that work together with the guard cells
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wipe out the infection in a matter of days.
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But when Ebola strikes, it directly
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attacks the immune system.
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Some of the first cells it takes over are
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the dendritic cells, the brains of
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the immune system.
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The Ebola virus enters a dendritic cell by
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binding into receptors for cell transport.
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Once it is inside, it dissolves its outer hull and releases
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its genetic material, nucleoproteins and enzymes.
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In a nutshell it takes over the cell,
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disables the cells protective mechanisms and
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reprograms it.
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The cell now becomes a virus production machine
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and uses its resources to build Ebola viruses.
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Once the cell is saturated, it dissolves the cell membrane
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and millions of viruses are released into the tissue.
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The virus not only prevents the dendritic cells
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from activating the specialized and anti-virus forces,
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it manipulates them into sending signal proteins
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that tricks specialized cells
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into ending their own life's prematurely.
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So the immune system is seriously disrupted
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and unable to react.
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When the virus rapidly multiplies, we're talking billions,
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there are cells that should deal with infected cells,
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the natural killer cells, but they also get infected
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and just die before they can prevent
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the disease from spreading.
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At the same time Ebola infects
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the guard cells of the body
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macrophages and monocytes,
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not only managing to circumvent their defenses,
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it also manipulates some to signal to
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the cells make up the blood vessels
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telling into release fluid into the body
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Usually this makes sense, but in this case
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it just causes mayhem.
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All of the body's neutrophils are activated
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awaken by the virus and the macrophages signals
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then are not very effective against viruses and
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should not be involve in this fight and
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begin to do lots of stuffs they shouldn't do.
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The neutrophils signals to the blood vessels to
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release more fluid causing internal bleeding.
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Another area of the body Ebola
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attacks is the liver. The virus finds it
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very easy to enter the liver and
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it quickly starts killing loads of liver cells
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and causing organ failure and more internal bleeding.
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And all those things are going on at the same time.
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As the virus spreads, it's like nukes exploding every where.
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One incident of this in one region will be problem enough
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But now is starting to happen everywhere at once.
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All the mechanisms of the immune system have evolve to
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handle infections work against you.
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And the virus continues to spread and spread.
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And finally begins to infect more and more body cells
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while the body desperately struggles to stay alive.
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In a desperate last effort to turn the tide
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the immune system launches a cytokine storm.
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A cytokine storm is an S.O.S signal
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that causes the immune system to launch all of its weapons,
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all at once in a desperate kamikaze attack.
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This hurts the virus but leaves behind tons of collateral damage,
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Especially in the blood vessels.
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Paradoxically the healthier the immune system,
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the more damage it can do to itself
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More and more fluid leaves the blood stream.
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Blood pours after every opening of the body.
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You become seriously dehydrated
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that just not now blood left to supply the organs with oxygen
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and cells begin to die. If you reach this point
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the chance of you dying is very high.
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Currently six out of ten infected die from Ebola.
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Wow! Ok. Ebola is nasty. So it’s time to panic, right?
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No, not even close.
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The severity of Ebola gets paper sold and
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YouTube videos shared so everybody is talking about Ebola.
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But currently the only way to get infected by Ebola
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is to come into contact with the body fluids
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of a person who shows symptoms
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Or from infected bat. So just don’t do that.
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Ebola has killed 5,000 people since June 2014.
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The common flu kills up to 500,000 people each year.
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Malaria causes up to one million each year.
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3,000 people every single day. Ten children since this video started.
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So even if Ebola is terrible and scary,
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don’t let yourself be scared. The most infectious thing about Ebola
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is the media hype around it.
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You could learn a bit more about the immune system though
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Transcription made by Miriam Delgado
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Subtitles by the Amara .org community
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Revised by: Ace Ervite8978
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