All language subtitles for Milk. White Poison or Healthy Drink

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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:00,720 --> 00:00:04,280 Over the last decade, milk has become a bit controversial. 2 00:00:04,820 --> 00:00:09,740 Some people say it's a necessary and nutritious food, vital for healthy bones, 3 00:00:10,080 --> 00:00:13,400 but others say it can cause cancer and lead to an early death. 4 00:00:13,680 --> 00:00:15,400 So, who's right? 5 00:00:15,720 --> 00:00:18,020 And why are we drinking it anyway? 6 00:00:19,460 --> 00:00:25,220 [Intro music] 7 00:00:25,980 --> 00:00:29,220 Milk is the basis of every mammal's diet after birth, 8 00:00:29,220 --> 00:00:32,120 when our digestive systems are immature and small. 9 00:00:33,240 --> 00:00:37,240 Basically, it's power food to kick-start our bodies and help us grow. 10 00:00:37,980 --> 00:00:42,740 Milk is rich in fat, vitamins, minerals, and milk-sugar: lactose. 11 00:00:43,620 --> 00:00:48,380 On top of that, for a while after birth, it also contains antibodies and proteins 12 00:00:48,380 --> 00:00:51,900 that protect us from infections and regulate our immune system. 13 00:00:52,600 --> 00:00:54,840 But it's a lot of effort for mothers to produce. 14 00:00:55,320 --> 00:00:58,060 Eventually, humans stop drinking mother's milk 15 00:00:58,060 --> 00:01:00,560 and transition to the diet of their parents. 16 00:01:00,900 --> 00:01:03,280 This is how it's been for thousands of years. 17 00:01:04,000 --> 00:01:06,260 Until about eleven thousand years ago, 18 00:01:06,260 --> 00:01:09,960 when our ancestors settled down in the first agricultural communities. 19 00:01:10,460 --> 00:01:13,480 Soon, they domesticated the first dairy animals: 20 00:01:13,480 --> 00:01:15,340 goats, sheep, and cattle. 21 00:01:16,320 --> 00:01:20,120 They found that dairy animals are able to eat useless and abundant stuff 22 00:01:20,120 --> 00:01:22,580 and turn it into nutritious and tasty food. 23 00:01:23,440 --> 00:01:26,080 This made a huge difference in terms of survival, 24 00:01:26,080 --> 00:01:28,200 especially in hard times. 25 00:01:28,660 --> 00:01:32,500 So groups that had milk available had an evolutionary advantage. 26 00:01:33,120 --> 00:01:34,800 And through natural selection, 27 00:01:34,800 --> 00:01:38,040 it changed the genes of communities who consumed a lot of it. 28 00:01:39,080 --> 00:01:43,400 This adaptation has to do with a specialized enzyme: lactase. 29 00:01:43,720 --> 00:01:45,700 Babies have a lot of it in their system, 30 00:01:45,700 --> 00:01:49,540 so they can break down the milk-sugar lactose and digest milk easily. 31 00:01:50,320 --> 00:01:54,300 But the older we grow, the fewer lactase enzymes our body produces. 32 00:01:55,000 --> 00:02:00,160 Worldwide, about 65% of the population do not have the enzyme after infancy, 33 00:02:00,160 --> 00:02:05,160 which means they are not able to digest more than about 150 milliliters each day. 34 00:02:06,240 --> 00:02:10,480 This lactose intolerance is not spread evenly around the world, though. 35 00:02:11,040 --> 00:02:14,880 In some East Asian communities, for example, it's up to 90%. 36 00:02:15,640 --> 00:02:19,160 In Northern Europe and North America, the rates are the lowest overall. 37 00:02:20,940 --> 00:02:24,040 There are probably a few reasons for this uneven distribution. 38 00:02:24,220 --> 00:02:27,080 The trait was first introduced by random mutation, 39 00:02:27,080 --> 00:02:30,220 which happened independently of each other in a few populations. 40 00:02:31,660 --> 00:02:34,620 The fact that farming replaced hunting and gathering more and more 41 00:02:34,620 --> 00:02:36,480 created natural-selection pressure. 42 00:02:37,840 --> 00:02:41,500 People who were able to digest lactose had more foods at hand, 43 00:02:41,500 --> 00:02:42,780 which was an advantage. 44 00:02:43,140 --> 00:02:50,060 The migration of dairy farmers to the north then spread it further, which probably pushed back populations there that didn't have the trait. 45 00:02:52,180 --> 00:02:57,870 Okay, but if milk has been a valuable part of our diet for thousands of years, why is it so controversial? 46 00:03:01,200 --> 00:03:06,700 There are a number of claims regarding the negative and positive health effects of milk. 47 00:03:06,700 --> 00:03:09,380 The negative ones cover a wide variety, 48 00:03:10,000 --> 00:03:15,520 from brittle bones to cancer, and cardiovascular diseases to intolerance and allergies. 49 00:03:16,209 --> 00:03:18,209 So, how do they hold up? 50 00:03:18,610 --> 00:03:25,049 Some older studies found a connection between milk and a high risk of breast, colon, and prostate cancer 51 00:03:26,410 --> 00:03:30,149 But meta analyses found no impact on your cancer risk. 52 00:03:30,730 --> 00:03:36,119 On the contrary, the calcium in milk might even have a protective effect against colon cancer. 53 00:03:36,130 --> 00:03:41,339 Although this could be calcium in general, it's not clear milk plays a role in this effect. 54 00:03:42,220 --> 00:03:48,449 Only studies on prostate cancer showed an increased risk for people who consumed more than one and a quarter liters of milk a day. 55 00:03:48,850 --> 00:03:54,299 But again, the association is inconsistent and other studies don't find any effects. 56 00:03:55,090 --> 00:04:02,310 We discuss these studies in more detail in our sources document. All in all, the research seems to show that if you drink between 57 00:04:02,440 --> 00:04:07,290 100 to 250 milliliters of milk per day, cancer is not a concern. 58 00:04:09,300 --> 00:04:13,880 Similarly, meta-analyses could not find any impact from milk or dairy products on 59 00:04:13,880 --> 00:04:17,060 your risk of heart disease, stroke, or your total mortality. 60 00:04:18,200 --> 00:04:23,420 Some studies even suggested that high blood pressure might be rarer in people who eat a lot of dairy, 61 00:04:23,420 --> 00:04:26,540 although the evidence is not strong enough to claim this with confidence. 62 00:04:28,160 --> 00:04:31,580 The case gets more complicated though when we look at bones. 63 00:04:31,580 --> 00:04:35,960 A number of studies found neither positive nor negative effects for adults. 64 00:04:36,560 --> 00:04:42,680 What most people worry most about though are harmful amounts of pesticides, antibiotics, or hormones. 65 00:04:43,220 --> 00:04:46,600 There are hormones in milk, but only in very low concentrations. 66 00:04:48,180 --> 00:04:51,800 For example to get the same amount of hormones as from the pill, 67 00:04:51,820 --> 00:04:54,520 you'd need to drink about 5000 litres of milk, 68 00:04:54,520 --> 00:04:58,600 and even if you did, most hormones would be destroyed by your digestive system 69 00:04:58,600 --> 00:05:00,600 before they could affect you, 70 00:05:00,600 --> 00:05:05,629 which is the reason why so much medication is coated to protect it from our digestion. 71 00:05:06,300 --> 00:05:08,300 For pesticides and antibiotics, 72 00:05:08,550 --> 00:05:13,700 there are regulations in most parts of the world that only allow completely harmless amounts. 73 00:05:14,190 --> 00:05:18,260 Milk that surpasses these thresholds is not allowed to go on the shelf. 74 00:05:18,560 --> 00:05:21,740 So there's nothing in particular to worry about. 75 00:05:21,740 --> 00:05:25,060 Besides allergies and those suffering from lactose intolerances, 76 00:05:25,060 --> 00:05:31,960 the best known negative effects of milk are probably acne and general discomfort after drinking milk or eating dairy products, 77 00:05:32,400 --> 00:05:34,340 and here the effects are very real. 78 00:05:34,460 --> 00:05:40,660 For example, skimmed milk has been found to statistically increase the rate of acne by 24%. 79 00:05:40,820 --> 00:05:47,860 Allergies against milk products are especially prevalent among children, with one in 18 kids in Germany suffering from them. 80 00:05:47,860 --> 00:05:52,520 In general, these allergies tend to get better or disappear as they grow older though. 81 00:05:53,300 --> 00:05:55,700 Okay. Is milk healthy then? 82 00:05:55,980 --> 00:06:01,820 Milk, no matter if it comes from mothers, cows, sheep, goats, or camels is a nutrient-dense food. 83 00:06:02,580 --> 00:06:07,580 It contains all necessary macronutrients and many micronutrients. 84 00:06:08,040 --> 00:06:11,020 Especially in regions where people struggle to get enough calories, 85 00:06:11,020 --> 00:06:15,260 milk can contribute to a healthy life and lower child mortality. 86 00:06:15,940 --> 00:06:18,420 For those living in the developed world, in general 87 00:06:18,420 --> 00:06:22,200 milk is not harmful if you are not allergic or intolerant to it. 88 00:06:22,900 --> 00:06:26,800 Especially for children, it's a good way to get large amounts of calcium 89 00:06:26,800 --> 00:06:31,760 and for vegetarians, it's a good source of vitamin b12 and B vitamins in general. 90 00:06:31,930 --> 00:06:38,489 This does not mean there are not other alternatives with the same effect. You do not need to drink milk to be healthy 91 00:06:39,760 --> 00:06:42,989 Milk is also definitely not a substitute for water. 92 00:06:43,510 --> 00:06:49,769 Milk is power food, and the additional calories from drinking a lot of it on a regular basis can contribute to being overweight. 93 00:06:51,130 --> 00:06:58,799 Especially flavored milk or chocolate milk is more comparable to beverages like lemonade than a healthy snack, and there's another thing to consider. 94 00:06:59,530 --> 00:07:02,579 Milk production has a significant impact on the global climate. 95 00:07:03,880 --> 00:07:08,909 About 33 percent of cropland is used to feed grazing animals including dairy cattle 96 00:07:09,639 --> 00:07:13,559 Even though the carbon footprint of dairy products has declined since 1990, 97 00:07:13,680 --> 00:07:18,600 Dairy production is still responsible for 3 percent of all greenhouse gas emissions, 98 00:07:18,600 --> 00:07:21,140 even more than all airplanes combined. 99 00:07:21,640 --> 00:07:27,840 Milk is a huge industry and sadly, most of its production in factory farms causes incredible suffering. 100 00:07:29,229 --> 00:07:33,900 Cows are impregnated over and over, separated from their young shortly after birth, 101 00:07:33,900 --> 00:07:37,260 and slaughtered once their tortured bodies are not productive anymore. 102 00:07:37,680 --> 00:07:41,500 We can't ignore that much of the milk we consume stems from an industry 103 00:07:41,500 --> 00:07:45,040 that is basically torture and contributes to climate change. 104 00:07:45,720 --> 00:07:48,380 What about plant-based milk? 105 00:07:48,880 --> 00:07:54,620 In terms of protein levels and nutritional value, only soy milk can compare to cow milk. 106 00:07:54,620 --> 00:07:59,540 The others need to be artificially enriched to reach similar levels of vitamins and calcium. 107 00:08:00,340 --> 00:08:02,580 So they can be an alternative to milk. 108 00:08:04,170 --> 00:08:06,740 And another option might be available soon. 109 00:08:07,380 --> 00:08:09,900 Several startups have created non-animal milk 110 00:08:09,900 --> 00:08:12,660 that is nutritionally identical to dairy milk, 111 00:08:12,660 --> 00:08:16,160 for example, through fermentation by gene modified bacteria. 112 00:08:18,320 --> 00:08:21,460 This lab-grown milk can even be turned into cheese, 113 00:08:21,460 --> 00:08:26,560 something that plant based alternatives struggle with because they lack casein and whey protein, 114 00:08:26,560 --> 00:08:29,920 the key ingredients that give dairy its taste and structure. 115 00:08:31,110 --> 00:08:33,799 The environmental impact is a different story though. 116 00:08:34,770 --> 00:08:39,979 Many milk alternatives use significantly less energy, land and less water to produce 117 00:08:40,200 --> 00:08:43,700 so they have a much lower environmental impact than animal milk. 118 00:08:43,700 --> 00:08:51,080 If you want to have the lowest possible negative impact on the planet, the best choice is whatever milk alternative is regional. 119 00:08:53,040 --> 00:08:56,449 As with almost any topic milk is complicated. 120 00:08:56,790 --> 00:09:01,939 It's not harmful for the majority of the population and it's crucial for many people around the world. 121 00:09:02,430 --> 00:09:07,970 It's good, nutritious food, but also harmful to the planet and causes a lot of suffering. 122 00:09:08,720 --> 00:09:13,360 We need to decide as a society how we want to deal with these facts. 123 00:09:15,080 --> 00:09:20,280 If you feel like watching more documentary style videos now, check out CuriosityStream. 124 00:09:20,540 --> 00:09:26,920 A subscription streaming service with thousands of documentaries and non-fiction titles and sponsor of this video. 125 00:09:27,630 --> 00:09:29,689 With a CuriosityStream subscription, 126 00:09:29,690 --> 00:09:34,010 you also get Nebula for free a streaming service owned and operated by 127 00:09:34,260 --> 00:09:39,220 education content creators like CGP Grey, Lindsay Ellis or Knowing Better. 128 00:09:39,220 --> 00:09:45,200 A place to experiment, where creators are safe from the fun things YouTube throws at us from time to time. 129 00:09:45,480 --> 00:09:49,620 And, there are also originals like TierZoo's Let's Play Outside, 130 00:09:49,780 --> 00:09:53,620 a fun video remix of a popular curiosity stream documentary! 131 00:09:54,600 --> 00:09:58,520 Nebula is included with CuriosityStream for our viewers when you sign up at: 132 00:10:02,100 --> 00:10:04,100 So summarizing; 133 00:10:04,440 --> 00:10:10,540 CuriosityStream gives you access to big-budget documentaries from people like David Attenborough and Stephen Hawking. 134 00:10:10,960 --> 00:10:17,820 Nebula is all about independent creators taking control and try new stuff. You get the best of both worlds 135 00:10:18,120 --> 00:10:24,560 for $2.99 per month or only $19.99 for a full year, by visiting: 136 00:10:24,760 --> 00:10:28,320 curiositystream.com/kurzgesagt 137 00:10:37,780 --> 00:10:43,840 [Outro music]14127

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