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(DOG BARKS)
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(GUNS FIRING)
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NARRATOR: Michael Daniel Kale,
aged 17.
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Dead in the gutter
of Kálmán József street,
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00:00:16,226 --> 00:00:18,144
Budapest, Hungary.
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The date is Monday, October 29th, 1956.
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It is morning, a harsh morning.
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(GUNS FIRING IN THE DISTANCE)
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00:00:32,826 --> 00:00:35,412
Everywhere can be seen
the scars of revolution.
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00:00:36,955 --> 00:00:38,498
Because for six days,
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00:00:38,581 --> 00:00:42,460
Budapest has been agonised by an armed
revolt against its communist government.
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00:00:47,090 --> 00:00:49,092
(BULLETS RICOCHETING)
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It was begun, as so many revolutions
are begun, by students.
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These are their faces.
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00:00:56,349 --> 00:00:58,184
(MACHINE GUN FIRING)
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It was their ultimatum to the government
on October 23rd,
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00:01:03,940 --> 00:01:06,943
which set in motion
the gear wheels of revolution.
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They are the faces
of embryo technicians,
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00:01:09,279 --> 00:01:11,656
lawyers, artists and teachers,
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00:01:11,740 --> 00:01:14,743
all fevered with the social
discontent of their time.
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A discontent which has spread itself
from the most advanced of students,
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to the most junior of schoolboys.
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From their secret and forbidden
meeting places,
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the revolution has brought
the students and the workers,
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out onto the open
of the streets of Budapest.
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Joined by soldiers and other civilians,
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and armed with a few sub-machine guns,
grenades and ancient rifles,
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and bearing their national flags
and emblems,
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they march in procession
to defy the Hungarian government,
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and the Russian tanks it has called in
to suppress them.
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On this morning, October 29th,
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such a procession passes up
our Kálmán József street.
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Their purpose, demonstration.
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The objective, Parliament square
in the centre of the city.
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But they are never to get there.
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(MACHINE GUNS FIRING)
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For suddenly the crowd is fired upon
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by police snipers and machine gunners
on the roof of a nearby barracks.
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In a few moments, many of the marchers
are lying dead on the ground below.
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But the crowd finally manage
to fight their way into the building.
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Then for a brief moment,
the oppressed become the oppressors
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as the crowd take their revenge
on the uniformed men inside.
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The dividing line between murder
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and justifiable execution
is difficult to find.
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And in the fury of the moment,
no one looks for it.
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(CROWD CLAMOURING)
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(GUNS FIRE)
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(PLANES OVERHEAD)
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Those freedom fighters who died
have been moved further down the street
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and lie flag-covered in the dust.
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Around them, the everyday life
of Budapest starts again.
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The grocery rounds-man, whose van
has been smashed by a Russian tank,
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plods his way from house to house
with his bicycle,
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his tyres slashed to ribbons
by the broken glass in the road.
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(PEOPLE SINGING HYMNS)
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Here is one of the dead, a schoolboy.
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He will be buried in an improvised plot
in the nearby park.
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One of the men goes off to find the
boy's family to tell them of his death.
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They must come and identify the body.
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The boy's name was Michael Vela Imredi
aged 18 years and three months.
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Eight minutes ago,
he had tried to throw a grenade
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through one of the police
barrack windows.
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He had missed.
Some of his friends had laughed at him.
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Then a bullet from a police sniper
had hit him in the back and killed him.
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00:05:27,203 --> 00:05:32,834
The man on the left is Tamás Varasi,
a primary school teacher, aged 37.
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A reserved and quiet man.
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He only openly joined in the revolution
the day before this.
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Because, as he said,
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00:05:41,175 --> 00:05:43,928
"I can no longer sit still
and do nothing,
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"when my friends are being killed
in the streets outside my home."
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Now he is actively organising
a local first-aid post.
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Kálmán József street lies
in an industrial suburb called Újpest,
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which like the entire capital has taken
on the appearance of a wartime Hungary.
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The one small thing that Tamás can
find time to do for the Imredi family
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is to send one of the young boys who
knew him at school to take them home.
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The first-aid post is in the cellar
at the rear of this ruined house.
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It is packed with the wounded
from many neighbouring streets.
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The conditions down there are not good.
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00:06:27,305 --> 00:06:29,766
The walls are running with water
from the nearby river
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and there is an acute shortage
of dressings.
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Only the very seriously wounded
can be moved across to the hospital,
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which is two blocks away
across a road junction
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still under heavy shellfire.
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The name of this girl is Margit Zeke.
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Aged 33, she is the fiancée of Tamás.
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A journalist, she tries to find time
between helping him with the post,
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to finish a series of articles
she is writing
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for one of the revolutionary newspapers.
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These two have both been on their feet
all through the night,
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working in the cramped confines
of the cellar dressing the wounded.
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00:07:18,648 --> 00:07:22,944
This little boy seated in the rubble
is called Robert Fodor.
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00:07:22,985 --> 00:07:26,197
His nickname is Roby and he's aged 12.
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00:07:27,281 --> 00:07:30,284
This is his sister, Zsuzsa, who is 17.
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00:07:30,326 --> 00:07:34,455
Their father was killed the day before
yesterday in the street fighting.
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They both saw it happen.
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00:07:36,290 --> 00:07:40,878
Zsuzsa has tried to be practical
and put the tragedy out of her mind.
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But young Roby can't and
won't let anyone do anything for him.
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Not even his sister.
And that doesn't help her very much.
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00:07:58,646 --> 00:08:00,314
(INAUDIBLE)
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00:08:08,990 --> 00:08:12,493
This very noisy young man's name
is Ernő Szigeti,
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00:08:12,535 --> 00:08:14,537
a garage hand from Kőbánya.
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He's trying to get everyone to listen
as he tries to persuade Margit Zeke
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00:08:18,833 --> 00:08:21,919
to read the latest article of hers
recently published
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in the revolutionary literary gazette.
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00:08:24,589 --> 00:08:29,552
At first she doesn't want to, but soon
she realises that she has no choice.
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Everyone wants to hear the words
of freedom she's written.
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And for the moment all else is forgotten
as they listen to them.
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(INAUDIBLE)
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On these faces, as each tragedy
is relived and talked about,
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can be seen a vivid cross section
of the shifting moods of a revolution.
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00:09:59,433 --> 00:10:02,436
Gentleness and hatred,
fervour and grief.
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00:10:02,853 --> 00:10:07,024
And in these varying expressions
and on the faces that reflect them
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00:10:07,108 --> 00:10:10,945
can thus be seen the whole enigma
of the Hungarian people.
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00:10:11,028 --> 00:10:13,364
A highly strung and volatile nation,
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00:10:13,447 --> 00:10:17,785
romantic, tempestuous, proud
and arrogant of their heritage,
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00:10:18,119 --> 00:10:21,372
capable both of cruelty
and generous kindness,
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00:10:22,164 --> 00:10:26,961
the Hungarians possess a complex
national makeup not easily understood.
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00:10:30,214 --> 00:10:33,634
This is Erzsébet Sulyok, aged 44.
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00:10:34,885 --> 00:10:37,471
Her only son was killed yesterday.
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00:10:38,806 --> 00:10:41,183
István Berek, aged 19.
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00:10:42,143 --> 00:10:45,813
Parents deported five years ago
and not heard of since.
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00:10:46,188 --> 00:10:47,648
(INAUDIBLE)
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00:10:50,484 --> 00:10:53,154
Éva Rokos, aged 17.
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00:10:54,238 --> 00:10:56,657
Has a common sympathy with István.
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00:10:56,699 --> 00:11:00,536
Her mother being killed three months ago
by security police.
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00:11:01,662 --> 00:11:03,331
(INAUDIBLE)
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00:11:05,666 --> 00:11:10,004
Der Bán, aged 37,
foreman at a machine factory in Újpest.
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00:11:10,546 --> 00:11:12,548
And Mátyás Vajda, 40,
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00:11:12,673 --> 00:11:16,218
a charge hand at the same factory
make strange co-patriots.
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00:11:21,682 --> 00:11:24,352
For one, Vajda, is a social democrat,
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00:11:24,435 --> 00:11:27,521
and the other, Bán, a staunch communist,
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00:11:27,563 --> 00:11:30,733
and consequently
they are both forever arguing.
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00:11:32,360 --> 00:11:36,864
This is Katalin Vardas,
aged 18, art student.
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00:11:36,947 --> 00:11:41,160
For her young years, an advanced cynic
and anti-communist.
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00:11:41,243 --> 00:11:44,288
László Dondosi, 24, librarian.
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00:11:44,372 --> 00:11:47,875
And before the revolution,
the organiser of a discussion circle,
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00:11:47,958 --> 00:11:50,127
forbidden by the security police.
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00:11:50,753 --> 00:11:55,758
Each of these people, highly individual,
each with conflicting ideals.
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00:11:56,425 --> 00:11:58,636
It is, therefore, too naive to conclude
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00:11:58,719 --> 00:12:02,515
that the one common belief strong enough
to bring these people together
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00:12:02,598 --> 00:12:05,059
must be their genuine love
of their country
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00:12:05,142 --> 00:12:07,645
and their desire for its freedom?
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00:12:09,063 --> 00:12:12,400
The desire for which
they are obviously prepared to die.
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00:12:12,858 --> 00:12:14,985
(MACHINE GUN FIRING)
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00:12:15,069 --> 00:12:19,073
This is an old truck disguised
as a military ambulance.
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00:12:19,156 --> 00:12:22,243
In it, five members
of the AVH security police,
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00:12:22,326 --> 00:12:24,662
are trying to escape from
the siege of their party headquarters
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00:12:24,745 --> 00:12:26,205
down in the city centre.
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00:12:26,288 --> 00:12:28,082
But they don't get far.
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00:12:28,165 --> 00:12:30,292
(CROWD CLAMOURING)
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00:12:31,293 --> 00:12:32,878
Called the AVO,
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these are the men who've held down
the country with an iron grip of terror.
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00:12:42,596 --> 00:12:44,265
What are these men?
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00:12:44,348 --> 00:12:47,935
Are they traitors and bullying
opportunists of the worst kind?
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00:12:48,018 --> 00:12:50,354
Or are they unwitting dupes?
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00:12:50,438 --> 00:12:53,732
And if the freedom fighters
had actually won the revolution,
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00:12:53,816 --> 00:12:58,571
would any of them have donned similar
uniforms to hold these men in check?
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00:12:59,905 --> 00:13:01,574
(GUN FIRES)
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00:13:01,657 --> 00:13:03,451
(CROWD CLAMOURING)
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00:13:56,086 --> 00:13:57,713
By the 30th of October,
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00:13:57,796 --> 00:14:01,008
the Soviet forces had withdrawn
to the outskirts of the capital.
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00:14:01,091 --> 00:14:05,638
And Imre Nagy, the premier,
had set up his provisional government.
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00:14:05,721 --> 00:14:09,683
The revolutionaries were
now in complete control of the city.
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00:14:14,563 --> 00:14:18,984
Four days, the people of Budapest
lived under the illusion of freedom,
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00:14:19,068 --> 00:14:21,695
until the morning of Sunday,
November 4th,
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00:14:21,779 --> 00:14:24,323
when Imre Nagy broadcast
the following message
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00:14:24,406 --> 00:14:25,908
to the Hungarian people.
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00:14:28,410 --> 00:14:30,037
(STATIC)
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00:14:30,704 --> 00:14:33,832
(IMRE NAGY SPEAKING LOCAL LANGUAGE
ON RADIO)
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00:14:35,876 --> 00:14:38,420
"This is Imre Nagy speaking,
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00:14:38,504 --> 00:14:43,467
"chairman of the Council of Ministers
of the Hungarian People's Republic.
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00:14:43,551 --> 00:14:45,678
"In the early hours of this morning,
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00:14:45,761 --> 00:14:49,265
"Soviet troops launched an attack
against our capital city,
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00:14:49,348 --> 00:14:51,308
"with the obvious intention
of overthrowing
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00:14:51,392 --> 00:14:53,894
"the lawful democratic government.
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00:14:53,978 --> 00:14:57,773
"Our troops are fighting,
the government is in its place.
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00:14:58,649 --> 00:15:04,863
"I hereby inform the people of Hungary
and the entire world of this situation."
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00:15:06,073 --> 00:15:08,951
(GUNS FIRING)
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00:15:10,244 --> 00:15:12,913
Searchlights pick out
the grim chaos in the rubble,
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00:15:12,997 --> 00:15:15,082
as on the evening
of the 4th of November,
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00:15:15,165 --> 00:15:19,545
Russian tanks pour into the city and
lining the squares and street junctions,
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00:15:19,628 --> 00:15:23,382
fire shell after shell into the
buildings held by the freedom fighters.
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00:15:23,465 --> 00:15:28,554
Office blocks, apartment buildings and
hospitals are fired on indiscriminately.
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00:15:28,637 --> 00:15:31,098
Parts of many buildings
collapse on their defenders,
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00:15:31,181 --> 00:15:33,434
and scores are buried alive.
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00:15:33,517 --> 00:15:35,394
The noise of gun firing is deafening
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00:15:35,477 --> 00:15:38,647
and everywhere is smoke,
brick dust and rubble.
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00:15:38,731 --> 00:15:40,190
Time and time again,
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00:15:40,274 --> 00:15:43,527
students and young children are
dragged out from beneath the rubble.
190
00:15:43,611 --> 00:15:45,321
It is terrible to watch.
191
00:15:46,280 --> 00:15:48,282
(GUNS CONTINUE FIRING)
192
00:16:04,089 --> 00:16:06,258
There is no time to bury the dead.
193
00:16:06,342 --> 00:16:09,470
There is not even time
to grieve for them.
194
00:16:28,447 --> 00:16:31,909
There has to be a right and wrong
in any human conflict.
195
00:16:31,992 --> 00:16:35,537
This most tragic of revolutions
can be no exception.
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00:16:36,121 --> 00:16:39,208
But in any conflict
between two major creeds,
197
00:16:39,583 --> 00:16:41,627
one of which you believe in,
198
00:16:41,710 --> 00:16:44,797
there has to be a final taking of sides.
199
00:16:44,880 --> 00:16:47,007
And if those who happened to believe,
200
00:16:47,091 --> 00:16:49,802
as these Hungarian
freedom fighters believed,
201
00:16:49,885 --> 00:16:52,638
had taken a strong moral stand
on their behalf,
202
00:16:52,721 --> 00:16:54,890
at the time when it most mattered,
203
00:16:54,973 --> 00:16:58,727
then it is more than likely
that 20,000 of these people,
204
00:16:59,061 --> 00:17:03,190
need not have given their lives
or their liberty for this belief.
205
00:17:08,529 --> 00:17:11,156
Tamás Varasi, dead.
206
00:17:11,865 --> 00:17:14,201
Margit Zeke, refugee.
207
00:17:16,036 --> 00:17:18,539
István Berek, executed.
208
00:17:19,164 --> 00:17:21,500
Éva Rokos, executed.
209
00:17:22,918 --> 00:17:25,212
László Rova, dead.
210
00:17:26,630 --> 00:17:28,799
Der Bán, killed.
211
00:17:30,300 --> 00:17:32,469
And Dan Kelman, dead.
212
00:17:35,723 --> 00:17:38,392
Mihály Kiss, executed.
213
00:17:39,685 --> 00:17:42,855
János Zigzai, deported.
214
00:17:46,066 --> 00:17:47,443
Refugee.
215
00:17:48,819 --> 00:17:50,112
Executed.
216
00:17:51,488 --> 00:17:52,906
Deported.
217
00:17:55,159 --> 00:17:56,618
Missing.
218
00:17:59,371 --> 00:18:00,706
Killed.
219
00:18:02,624 --> 00:18:05,002
(GUNS FIRING IN THE DISTANCE)
220
00:18:15,137 --> 00:18:16,722
(RADIO STATIC)
221
00:18:17,431 --> 00:18:20,726
(IMRE NAGY SPEAKING LOCAL LANGUAGE
ON RADIO)
222
00:18:22,853 --> 00:18:25,939
MAN OVER RADIO:
This is Imre Nagy speaking,
223
00:18:26,023 --> 00:18:29,860
chairman of the Council of Ministers
for the Hungarian People's Republic.
224
00:18:30,235 --> 00:18:32,321
In the early hours of this morning,
225
00:18:32,404 --> 00:18:36,074
Soviet troops launched an attack
against our capital city,
226
00:18:36,158 --> 00:18:38,076
with the obvious intention
of overthrowing
227
00:18:38,160 --> 00:18:40,871
the lawful democratic
Hungarian government.
228
00:18:40,954 --> 00:18:45,125
Our troops are fighting,
the government is in its place.
229
00:18:45,209 --> 00:18:47,211
I hereby inform the people of Hung…
18472
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