All language subtitles for Operation Ouch Ouchtastic - 1x01_track3_eng

http://Scene-RLS.net

WHISPER: Ouchtastic!

I've been thinking we should
create another skeleton to keep

Billy Bones company.

He could do with someone
else bony to talk to.

Brilliant idea.

So what do we need to make
the perfect skeleton buddy?

Around 206 bones.

Righto.

I'll go raid the kitchen
cupboards.What for?!

Growth plates,
we need them to grow bones.

Duh! You won't find
them there, Xand.

Don't you mean the growth plates
inside your body?

Oh, yeah.

Our first Ouchtastic!
skeleton question is in.

How are my bones made?

Great question!

I think the answer
to this lies in our lab!

Xand, to understand this,
we need a bone.

One human bone coming up.

Chris, we've got a few in here.

What size are you looking for?

I don't know something about
that long. A humerus, maybe.

Come on out, Humerus, come on.
Come with me. That's good.

Now stand there, next to Dr Chris.

Right, Dr Chris, meet Humerus.

Humerus, meet Dr Chris.

Xand, this isn't Humerus.
This is Esther.

Hi, Esther. Hi, Chris.

Esther has broken her collarbone.

From the collarbone,
we can now see the humerus.

That's the arm bone.

At the top of the humerus
is the growth plate.

It's made of a soft,
squishy material,

and there are cells there
that produce cartilage.

The cartilage then hardens up

and turns into bone
that's added in layers,

and that is how your bones grow.

Chris and my bones
are not still growing,

but Esther's are and so are yours.

Once you get to be an adult,
your growth plates close up.

This is why, when you're a kid,
you have more bones than an adult.

You start with around 270,

and then as they grow
and the plates close up,

you're left with around 206.

Esther, thank you very much
for coming into our lab

and showing us
your amazing arm X-ray.

All right, Humerus, back to
the cupboard. Go on, off you go.

Do you know, Chris?
I've been thinking,

why does it take so long to grow?

I mean, waiting to get taller
is just so boring.

Well, that is a great question,
Xand.

Let's find out.

To show you why your bones take
years to grow and make you taller...

Xand and I are going
to make some bones,

one femur each to be precise.

The leg bone.

We'll both be using
this plaster putty

to represent the cartilage cells
in the growth plate.

It's not real bone,
but it will set hard

like the cartilage in your body.

I'm going to be making my bone
the natural way.

I'm going to be making my bone
the much more fun and quick way.

I'm calling it,
"The all-in-one, one-stop shop

"overnight bone-making method."

Catchy. I thought so.

OK, Chris, are you ready?

I am ready.

WHISTLE BLOWS

I'm chucking all mine
in this plastic tube

to make the bone in one go.

I'll be done in no time!

No plastic tubes for me, Xand.

I'm trying to be as true
to how our bodies build bones

in real life as I can,

so I'm drying each layer,

making it set firm
before adding another.

Well, I must say, my one-stop
bone shop overnight method

is really working out well.

Getting a bit bored with
how long this is taking you.

I'm going to go and find
something else to do.

I can't believe Xand thinks
his bone is finished.

This takes time!

So this is a bit more like
what happens in your body.

The growth plate lays soft cartilage

down on the top of the bone shaft,

and that cartilage then
gradually is turned into bone

and becomes hard.

Oh, come on, Chris!
We've got to finish here.

I mean, that's growing
about as fast as real humans!

Xand, that is the whole point.

I may not have made much,
but this...

..is almost as strong as real bone.

Are you honestly telling me that
this femur that you have made

has the required
structural stability?

I absolutely am.

Mm...

Oh, no!

Oh, no. It's all going wrong!

Xand's bone is all floppy
and hasn't set.

If this was a real person,
it would be a very weak femur,

and they'd be flopping
about on the ground.

What a disaster.

So what we've learned is we can't
rush this bone growing process.

Definitely not!

We need to give Billy's new skeleton
pal time to grow strong bones.

Exactly.

Why are my bones so strong?

For this question, we did a
super duper experiment in the lab.

Just watch out for my slimy friends!

Ugh!

How many times do I have to tell
Xand not to put giant snails

on my clipboard?

In fact, there are giant
snails all over the lab.

Xand! This is meant to
be a snail-free lab!

I'm preparing for
our bone experiment,

and to do it, I thought
I'd talk to creatures

with different kinds of skeleton.

Stacy here has got her skeleton
on the outside of her body,

called an... Exoskeleton.

Right, and what have you actually
learned from talking to the snail?

Stacy's exoskeleton is a little
bit like our bony skeletons.

It needs to be light enough
that she can move.

But to support and protect her body,
it also needs to be... Strong.

Well, that's just like human bones,
and I have one here.

This bone is over 100 years old.

It's an adult human thighbone,
or femur.

Like Stacy's shell, it's light.

But what is amazing about your femur

is that this lightweight piece
of body kit

is one of the strongest bones
in your body.

A femur can withstand huge weight
pushing down on it.

Let's take a closer look
to see how that's possible.

Now your bone gets its strength
from its clever design.

This outer parts of the bone
is hard like rock.

It's called cortical bone.

But if this thighbone
were solid cortical bone,

it would be way too heavy.
So let's have a look inside.

Because this bone isn't living,
there's no bone marrow,

so you can see something else.

At both ends of this bone,

there's a fine lattice
of thin strands of bone,

and this is called trabecular bone.

It's very light cos of
all the space in there.

This is a similar kind of structure
to the honeycomb in a bee's hive.

The honeycomb structure in
your bones is what gives them

the strength to withstand
weight pushing down on them.

I can show this to you, Chris,
with some toilet roll.

Really? Here they are,

all arranged in a
honeycomb structure.

Chris, on you get.

All right - on your head, be it.

What do you think will happen
when Chris stands on them?

Wow! Look at that!

Xand's toilet roll collection is
supporting my entire body weight.

Honeycomb is such
a strong structure,

that your bones can carry
a huge amount of weight.

And, in fact, gram for gram,
bone is stronger than steel.

Stronger than steel?!

Well, that sounds like a challenge.

All right. Well, can you give me
a hand down, and we can do it?

Come on.

There you go. Thank you. Upsy-daisy.

We want to know how much weight
a femur can actually hold.

We need to put it to the test.

I've built a steel platform

that is being propped up by
four cow femurs, or thighbones.

These bones, which are like yours,
have the weight of the platform

pushing down on them,
a very heavy 300kg!

And the bones are
happily holding it.

So I think we need
some heavier things

to really put them to the test.

Xand?! Take it away!

What's going on? We're going
to find out if those femurs

can handle the weight of a van
filled with heavy furniture,

and Mr Grumbles!

That's a massive 2,274 kilos.

And the bones are not buckling!

That is amazing.

And it's all thanks to the
super strong, super light

structure of your bones.

So we've seen that your bones
are strong and light,

but do you know this?

True or false?

The answer is..

..true, this is because
bone is living tissue.

And we can see this with
our next brilliant body.

Having strong leg bones
that can support big weights

pushing down on them
is vital for athletes

like gold medal-winning
triple jumper Naomi Ogbeta.

She jumped an incredible
14.15 metres.

That's almost the length
of one and a half buses!

Naomi, tell me what you love
about the triple jump.

What I love about the triple jump is

that it literally feels
like I'm flying.

It feels like I'm flying
in slow motion.

Can you walk me through it, and show
me how to do it? Yeah, sure. OK.

Stand on your strong leg.

Hop. Hop. Step. Step. Jump. Jump.

Great. OK!

OK, Xand, let's see
what you're made of.

Ah!

Whoops! Better luck next time, Xand.

Ah!Good effort, Xand.
Keep practising,

and you might get close
to Naomi's 14 metres.

Having tried to do it,
what's amazing

is the amount of pressure
as you do that first hop,

landing on that leg.

I feel like the shock went
all the way to the tip of my head.

That's why it's really important
that I go to the gym

and make sure that I can lift
twice my body weight,

so that I'm so used to feeling
the impact of my body

landing with speed.

So your legs have to be able
to handle a huge amount of force.

And we're going to put that
to the test.

Here at Manchester Metropolitan
University, Professor Neil Reeves

is going to give us a closer look
at what's happening

when Naomi jumps.

So the forces involved
in the triple jump are massive,

and in order to measure them,

in Neil's lab, what there is, is
a pressure sensor in the ground,

and when Naomi lands with all her

body weight on that first foot
in the hop,

that pressure sensor
is going to tell us

how much force
her body can generate.

So, here, you can see on the screen,
the height of this arrow coming up.

That tells us how much the force
is that's acting on the legs.

We've measured that, and
that's actually over five times

your body weight.

So when you're landing at
the end of just that hop,

that's like standing on one leg
with four of you on your shoulders.

When you think of it like that,
that does sound really heavy.

So this is obviously a much shorter
run-up, a shorter hop.

If we were looking at Naomi in
real competition circumstances,

how much force do you think would
be going through her leg, then?

Up to 15 times body weight
can go through the legs.

That's a massive amount of weight!
Yeah. That's crazy. Wow.

Naomi's body can withstand
those huge forces

as a result of her bones
getting stronger through training.

As we've seen,
the inside of your bones

are full of holes
that look like honeycomb.

When you run or jump,
stress is placed on the bone

each time you land.

This causes bone cells,
called osteoclasts,

to rush to where the stress is,

and they start to make
a protein called collagen.

And drop it between themselves,
making the hole smaller.

The smaller the holes,
the stronger your bone is

and the more force
they can withstand.

The more Naomi jumps, the denser
her leg bones will become.

And that's how her legs are able
to withstand such massive forces

and why her body is so brilliant.

Now all I need to do
is work on my triple jump.

Now, I think it was...a run,
a hop... Ah!

Well, Billy, you'll be pleased
to know that your new mate

now has a set of fully grown bones,

all nice and...strong. Yikes.

Sorry, Billy.Don't worry, Billy,

sometimes bones do break,
but they can be fixed.

If bones are so strong,
why do they break?

Well, it's all to do
with the angle of impact.

This is a femur bone,

and as we've seen, they're designed
to withstand enormous weights

along their length.

But if you hit it from the side,
it's a different story.

Remember, the toilet rolls?

End to end,
they're immensely strong,

but turn them on their side,
and they crush easily.

Well, it's the same with your bones.

Now, Xand, what I want you to do

is to apply a moderate and precise
force to the middle of that bone.

You got it? Absolutely.
Stand aside, Chris,

while I do some science.

Ah! Mighty Xand and
his bone-crushing hammer, Daisy.

This is an extreme version
of a bone breaking.

Hardly anyone's bones break
fully in half.

As you can see from these X-rays,

broken bones come in
all shapes and sizes.

So when a bone breaks,
how does it repair itself?

# If there's a bone to break,
he'll break it

# If there's a knee to graze,
he'll graze it

# If there's an ankle to sprain,
he'll sprain it

# He's the unluckiest kid. #

Look out for that squirrel.

When you break a bone,
it's called a fracture,

and it gets put into a plaster
to keep it in place.

But underneath,
the real fixing is done by you.

Wow.Your broken bone leaks blood,

and it contains special
building blocks, including fibres

from proteins called
collagen and cartilage.

They build a temporary bridge
called a callous,

and it stays in place
for about three weeks.

Then a specialist team
called the osteoblasts move in.

These are cells that make tiny bits
of bone that set like cement.

After a few weeks, your bones
have repaired themselves,

your cast will be off
and you're as good as new.

Just watch out for the squirrels!

Uh-oh. Oh, dear.

# He's the unluckiest kid. #

This is how most broken bones
are fixed.

But sometimes they need more help.

Just like ten-year-old
Casper's troubled tibia.

I broke my leg about a year ago, but
recently it just got really sore.

This morning, it got worse,
and I ended up here.

Looks like that leg's in limbo.

How did it happen?

One year earlier,
it was a beautiful, sunny day.

Beautiful!

Birds were tweeting. Tweet, tweet!

Flowers were... Dancing!

Uh, yes, OK, and Casper
was playing in the garden

with his friend, Magnus.

Ooh, what were they playing?

They were running around,
blasting foam darts. Pow, pow, pow!

Sounds like fun.

It was, until Casper tripped over
a tree root and broke his leg.

TOGETHER: Ouch!

A year on, and that leg
is still causing problems.

And now it's started
to spring up stuff

and white chunks of gravely stuff.

That's no laughing matter, Casper.

Best get that grim limb in
to see Dr Ashok Lal Ramavath.

So we need to examine the wound and
see how it is. It looks horrendous.

That's right, Mum.
Gross alert coming up!

When Casper first broke his leg,
he had an operation.

And doctors discovered he had
a tumour, which they removed.

Can you wiggle your toes
for me, please?

To strengthen his leg bone,
they inserted a metal plate.

What, like this? Yep.
That's the one.

Most of the time, your bones
are able to rebuild themselves,

but if you have
a tricky break like Casper,

docs may need to give your body
a jump-start with a bone graft.

This is a surgical procedure

where they add a special substance
that's like moulding clay.

This copies your body's
natural healing process

by making scaffolding and
encouraging new bone cells to grow.

Sometimes, like in Casper's case,
the material can leak.

It's nothing to be
overly concerned about,

but there could be an infection.

So the doctor orders bloods
to be taken. One, two, three, go.

And X-rays.

OK, brilliant, that's great.
We're all finished.

If there's an infection, Casper may
have to have surgery to sort it out.

This is the X-ray picture on Casper.

And the white substance in the wound

is coming out, which is
not good for the bone.

The good news for Casper
is that his leg isn't infected,

but the bad news is that the leaking
bone graft will need an operation

to sort it out.

Best leg it to surgery sharpish
to be seen by surgeon Chris Prior.

Casper has had
a general anaesthetic,

so he won't feel a thing.

Once surgeon Chris
has cleaned the wound,

he has an ingenious idea
to help that leg heal.

We've put a special dressing
over the top of the wound,

it attaches to a machine

that acts like a vacuum cleaner.

It sucks the air out from it.

So because the air
has been sucked out,

it closes the edges
of the wound together,

so that it will heal
in a nice position.

With that pump now attached
to Casper's leg,

the wound has a much better
chance of healing quickly.

Casper will keep the special pump
attached to his leg for five days

to help heal it.

Bye, Casper!

Uh, Xand, what are you going
to do with that hammer?

Put our skeleton's nice,
strong bones together.Xand!

I think you've forgotten the other
important role of a skeleton.

Oh, of course, a skeleton
needs to be able to move!

And for that we need...

TOGETHER: Joints!

TOGETHER: How do my joints work?

You have around 360 joints
in your body.

But which is the most flexible?

Is it A, ankle,

B, hip,

or C, shoulder?

The answer is C, shoulder.

To show you how it works, we had
a very special guest in the lab.

Sample, come out of the cupboard!

Xand, this isn't a sample,
this is Bonetics,

He's one of the world's
best flexing dancers,

and hundreds of millions of people
have watched him perform.

Hi, Bonetics. Great to see you.
Great to see you.

Stop chit-chatting, you two,
and get on with the science.

Come on, do the shoulder stuff.

Wow!

It's amazing, isn't it?

That is completely amazing.

How are you doing that?

Loads of stretching and practice.

But you should never
try this at home.

Whether or not you're as flexible
as Bonetics, the shoulder joint

is still the most flexible joint
in all of our bodies.

Bonetics, thank you so much
for coming today. Thank you, Chris.

Get back in the cupboard!

Time to take a closer look
at that amazing shoulder joint.

Stand by for a gross alert!

This is a shoulder from a pig,
and it's a lot like your shoulder.

You can see here the shoulder blade,
also called the scapula.

And this is the humerus.

There are muscles
and tendons all around it.

And those can pull on it
so that it can move

in lots of directions.

You can see
how that's able to happen

if we look inside, because it's
called a ball-and-socket joint.

Look at how shiny it is.

It's extremely smooth
so that it can move easily

in lots of different directions.

That's the ball, the top of the
humerus, and that is the socket.

Chris, turn around.

Imagine this is your shoulder.

Your ball-and-socket joint
is so flexible it can rotate

all the way up here.

But your shoulder's flexibility
is even greater,

and that's because your scapula
can move too, like this.

And that is what gives your shoulder
so much flexibility,

the combination of that
ball-and-socket joint and the fact

that the scapula can move freely.

But the shoulder joint isn't
the only ball-and-socket joint

in your body. You also
have them in your hips.

But the hip joints are less mobile
because the ball is set more deeply

into the socket.

And to show you why you can do more
with your arms than your legs,

we're headed to
the Cupboard-of-Everything.

Wait for me!
Where are we going, Chris?

Welcome to Ruffts,
the dog show with a difference.

It's dog versus human

in an experiment to show you
how the amazing range of movement

in your shoulders
makes humans unique.

Representing the canine species
is Dougie,

award-winning agility dog.

And representing your species is...

..Xand.

Are you ready? Three, two, one.

Go!

Dougie makes light work
of the seesaw,

his full leg joints
giving him superb stability,

but Xand isn't far behind.

His flexible shoulder joints
allow him to extend his arms,

giving him excellent balance.

So that's five points each.

Onto the second part of the course.

This event is the monkey bars.

So, Xand here is swinging
gracefully from bar to bar,

he's rotating that ball
of the humerus bone

in the socket of the scapula,

but he's also twisted
the scapula right round

so his arm is above his head.

Dougie's leg joints don't have
the flexibility of Xand's shoulders.

He can't reach overhead,

so he's showing off
on another obstacle.

Good effort, Dougie,
but it's only four points

for not completing
the obstacle as required.

Xand gets five points.

Next, it's the tunnels,

and Xand's is a bit different
to Dougie's.

Well, I'm very curious to know
what we're going to learn about the

shoulder from doing this, Chris.

This is just about
getting you muddy.

It's the big finale, and there's
just one point between them.

Xand's using his flexible
and strong shoulder joints

to pull himself over the wall.

But Dougie's leg joints
just don't have the same

strength or flexibility.

He just can't get
over the big wall, so,

he chooses a less steep ramp,
which he races over to cross

the line ahead of Xand.

That's only four points, but
he gets a bonus for cuteness.

Well done, Xand, you are
the Ruffts Champion! Woohoo!

And it's all thanks
to those amazingly strong,

flexible and mobile
human shoulders of yours.

WHISPER: Ouchtastic!

Meet our new bony jointed friend,
Billymena.

Oh, Billy looks pleased!

Well, they'll be able to have
lots of fun together now.

Xand, you didn't forget
the ligaments, did you?

Whoops, sorry.

How are my joints held together?

Well, it's all thanks to ligaments!

Your ligaments are white bands

of an elastic protein
called collagen.

And it's the way that these fibres
are arranged in the ligament

that gives them their strength.

Now, if I take one piece of wool,

imagine that this is
a strand of collagen.

If I pull on it,
I can break it pretty easily.

If I take lots of strands of wool
and twist them together,

a bit like a rope,

what you'll find
is that it's much stronger.

In fact, come on,
a really good pull.

Ugh!

THEY GRUNT

There you go. You see?
You can't break it.

The wool is much stronger
because the force of being pulled

is shared by all of the
strands instead of just one,

and your ligaments are
actually made in the same way

with strands of collagen.

Now, it isn't just the strength
of your ligaments that's important.

They're also arranged in
a special way around every joint

to keep the bones tightly together.

And to understand this better,

we're going to take a look
at some real ligaments. Ooh!

Here comes a gross alert!

This is the leg of a cow.

This is the cow's knee joint,
and it's a lot like yours.

If I bend the knee, right there,

that's the anterior
cruciate ligament.

The knee's a really special joint

because it's got
ligaments inside it.

If we look at the back,
that fibrous band there,

that's the posterior
cruciate ligament.

So these two ligaments
cross over in the knee.

That means that the femur
and the tibia never come apart,

because this ligament formation
is so strong.

In order to see how strong,
we're going to have to go outside.

That's because...
We're going to use a tug-of-war.

Whoa! I love a tug-of-war.

Now, this is our cow's knee.

Now, this bone here is the femur.

It's attached to a rope that's going
to be pulled by Team Femur.

THEY CHEER

This bone is the tibia,
and it will be pulled by Team Tibia.

THEY CHEER

We're going to gradually add

more of these super strong
rugby players,

who will pull on the rope
until the ligaments snap.

Rawr!

HE CLEARS HIS THROAT

OK. Take up the strain, and...

HEAVE! Heave!

Come on! Come on, Tibia! Come on!

Let's add one more person
from each team. Next person up!

And heave! Heave!

Remember, the combined weight of
each player is putting the ligaments

under incredible strain,

and it's not budging!

Now we've got eight people
pulling on that knee.

There's a lot of force
being applied to the ligaments,

but they're still holding strong.

Now ten rugby players. Heave!

They're pulling
as hard as they can!

We can see those cruciate ligaments
inside the joint

under massive stress now.

It's got to give soon, Xand.
More people!

Come on!

There are now 20 people
pulling on the ligaments,

and they're still not breaking.

It looks like the ligaments
have beaten the rugby players!

No, Chris. This is where
we bring in the real muscle.

Get on the rope.

OK.TOGETHER: One,
two, three, heave!

SNAP!

Oh!

THEY LAUGH

Chris! Chris! We did it!

We broke the ligament!

Ugh! Well, not so fast, Xand.

Take a look at this!

The ligament is still intact. What?!

Xand, look, the ligaments
didn't break,

the metal chain that was attaching
the rope to the bones

is what's broken. Huh. We were not
expecting that to happen.

That's really not
what we're expecting.

So the ligaments have proved
themselves stronger than 22 people

playing tug-of-war
and a metal chain.

It's incredible to think how
super strong your ligaments are.

Well, Xand, that tug-of-war
certainly produced a lot

of sweaty, dirty laundry.

I've checked the rota,
and it's your turn once again.

Now, although ligaments
are very, very strong,

it is possible to injure them.

The cruciate ligaments
are particularly vulnerable

in sports where you have to run very
fast and change direction quickly,

sports like football.

And if you do injure a ligament,
the key thing is to rest

and gently rehabilitate it.

Oh! Xand, what is it?!

I've injured my ligaments, Chris.

Have you? Which ones?

The ones I use for doing laundry.

You're going to have to do it.

Oh! I'm going to go and
rehabilitate myself, Chris.

Finally, Billymena is complete.

She has 206 fully grown strong bones

with moving joints and ligaments
holding her together.

I'm exhausted!

Xand, where are they? Who?

Billy and Billymena!

Um...

Have a nice break.
I mean, a holiday.

So we've shown you

that your bones are made of
a special honeycomb structure,

making them strong and lightweight.

Although bones can be broken,

they are incredible
at fixing themselves.

Bones are held together by
your super strong ligaments.

Your shoulder joint is the most
flexible joint in your body.

And best of all,

we've shown you your skeleton
is... TOGETHER: Ouchtastic!

http://Scene-RLS.net