All language subtitles for Why.We.Hate.S01E06.WEBRip.x264-ION10

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MY NAME IS EMILE BRUNEAU.

I WAS BORN AND RAISED
OUT IN CALIFORNIA.

THE FIRST PLACE I LIVED WAS ON
THE COMMUNE UP IN THE MOUNTAINS

ABOVE THE SAN FRANCISCO
BAY AREA.

OKAY, JUST LET ME KNOW
WHEN YOU'RE ROLLING, THERE.

THIS IS EMILE.
TAKE ONE, A, B, AND C MARK.

ONE OF THE FIRST THINGS
THAT GOT ME INTERESTED

IN UNDERSTANDING THE HUMAN BRAIN

WAS THAT WHEN I WAS BORN,
MY MOTHER BECAME SCHIZOPHRENIC,

AND SO I BECAME
INTENSELY INTERESTED

IN HOW THE BRAIN WORKS,

SO EVENTUALLY I WENT INTO
A NEUROSCIENCE PhD PROGRAM,

BUT THE RESEARCH
THAT I'M DOING NOW

HAS TO DO WITH GROUPS
AND CONFLICT.

I WAS IN SOUTH AFRICA
RIGHT AT THE END OF APARTHEID

AND SRI LANKA
IN THAT COUNTRY'S CIVIL WAR,

AND THEN I WAS ALSO IN IRELAND
DURING THE TROUBLES

WORKING WITH CATHOLIC
AND PROTESTANT CHILDREN,

AND THE THING
THAT REALLY STUCK WITH ME

WAS THE REMARKABLE SIMILARITY

IN WHAT SEEMED TO BE
DRIVING PEOPLE INTO CONFLICT

AND REALIZED THAT
THE LOWEST COMMON DENOMINATOR

OF ALL THOSE CONFLICTS
IS THE HUMAN BRAIN.

WE SHARE AN EVOLUTIONARY LINEAGE

AND AN ASTONISHING VIOLENT PAST.

HATE ISN'T RESERVED
FOR ONE CULTURAL GROUP,

ONE ETHNIC GROUP,
ONE RELIGIOUS GROUP.

THIS IS SOMETHING
THAT AFFECTS US AS HUMANS,

BUT THE SAVING GRACE
IS THAT OUR MINDS EVOLVED

TO BE REALLY FLEXIBLE.

EVERY ASSOCIATION, THOUGHT,

PREJUDICE THAT WE HAVE
HAS THE ABILITY TO CHANGE.

SO TO ME,
THE MOST EXCITING NEXT STEP IS,

"HOW DO WE NOW TEST DIFFERENT
WAYS TO CHANGE ATTITUDES?"

I WOULD LOVE AT SOME POINT
TO HAVE A MENU OF OPTIONS,

THE TOOL BOX OF ALL
THE DIFFERENT INTERVENTIONS

THAT CAN CHANGE PEOPLE'S VIEWS
AND GET THEM TO TRANSCEND

THIS MENTALITY
OF US VERSUS THEM.

THE FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION IS,

"HOW CAN WE USE
THE TOOLS OF SCIENCE

TO FOSTER PEACE BUILDING?"

RIGHT NOW, I AM IN COLOMBIA

BECAUSE COLOMBIA IS AT THIS
IMPORTANT AND TENUOUS POINT.

THE FARC REVOLUTIONARIES
STARTED ABOUT 50-ODD YEARS AGO.

IT'S THIS COMMUNIST,
LEFT-WING MILITANT GROUP

FIGHTING AGAINST WHAT THEY SAID
WAS OPPRESSION OF THE MASSES.

AT ITS HEIGHT,
FARC CONTROLLED A THIRD

OF COLOMBIA'S TERRITORY,

AND THE GUERRILLA ARMY CLASSED
AS A TERRORIST GROUP

BY THE E.U. AND U.S.

HAS MADE DRUGS AND KIDNAPPING
ITS BUSINESS.

THE CIVIL WAR KILLED
200,000 PEOPLE

AND LEFT GENERATIONS
TRAUMATIZED,

BUT THE GOVERNMENT AND FARC

HAD MANAGED TO AGREE
ON A PEACE DEAL.

AND THEN THEY PUT IT
TO THE COLOMBIAN PEOPLE

TO RATIFY THE PEACE TREATY,

AND THE COLOMBIAN PEOPLE
REJECTED IT

BY JUST 50.2% TO 49.8%.

SO THE FIRST RESEARCH QUESTION
WAS, "WHY?

WHY DID COLOMBIAN PEOPLE
REJECT THE PEACE TREATY?"

AND WHAT WE FOUND WAS
THAT THEY THOUGHT

THAT FARC
DIDN'T REALLY WANT PEACE.

THEY THOUGHT THAT FARC DIDN'T
WANT TO AND WOULDN'T BE ABLE TO

INTEGRATE INTO COLOMBIAN
SOCIETY.

SO COLOMBIA HAS THE POLITICAL
CHANGE THAT THE GOVERNMENT

AND FARC AGREED
TO PAVE THIS PATH TO PEACE,

BUT AFTER MORE THAN
50 YEARS OF BLOODY CONFLICT,

THE PSYCHOLOGY HASN'T SHIFTED
SIGNIFICANTLY AMONG THE PEOPLE.

THE IDEA OF THE RESEARCH IS
TO INTERVIEW FORMER FARC MEMBERS

SO THAT WE CAN GET
AN UNDERSTANDING

OF WHAT'S REALLY IN THEIR
MINDS ABOUT THESE ISSUES.

THAT'S ONE TOOL
WE MIGHT BE ABLE TO USE

TO SWAY COLOMBIAN PEOPLE'S MINDS
ABOUT THE PEACE DEAL.

I HAVE A FEELING THAT WHAT
THEY HAVE IN THEIR HEADS

DOES NOT MATCH UP

WITH WHAT COLOMBIANS
THINK IS IN THEIR HEADS,

AND THAT'S THE WHOLE PREMISE
OF THIS EXPERIMENT RIGHT NOW.

I DON'T KNOW HOW RIGHT
I'M GOING TO BE,

SO THERE'S SOME ANXIETY
ABOUT THAT.

WE DID THIS INITIAL SURVEY
AMONG COLOMBIANS,

AND WHAT I WAS MOST STRUCK BY
WAS THE LEVEL OF DEHUMANIZATION.

ON THE ASCENT OF MAN SCALE,

COLOMBIANS RATED FARC TO BE

OVER 43 POINTS BELOW THEMSELVES.

THIS IS THE HIGHEST LEVEL

OF DEHUMANIZATION THAT WE'VE

RECORDED AROUND THE WORLD.

THE CLOSEST TO THAT LEVEL
OF DEHUMANIZATION

IS HOW AMERICANS RATED ISIS

AND HOW ISRAELIS

AND PALESTINIANS
RATED EACH OTHER

DURING THE WAR IN GAZA.

THE COLOMBIAN CAMERA CREW THAT
WE BROUGHT WITH US ON THE SHOOT,

THEY WERE COLOMBIAN KIDS WHO HAD
BEEN EXPOSED TO ALL THE MEDIA

THAT ALL OTHER COLOMBIANS
HAVE BEEN EXPOSED TO,

SO I WAS CURIOUS TO SEE WHAT
THEY THOUGHT ABOUT FARC MEMBERS.

WE WERE TAUGHT SINCE WE WERE
VERY YOUNG TO HATE THEM

AND THAT THEY WERE ANIMALS.

WE GREW UP WITH THE PERCEPTION
THAT THEY ARE TERRORISTS

AND THEY ARE BAD PEOPLE.

YEAH.

DO YOU THINK OTHER COLOMBIANS
ARE EXCITED

TO HAVE FARC AS POLITICIANS?

MOST OF US THINK THAT THEY'RE
NOT FOLLOWING THEIR IDEALS,

BUT WORKING ABOUT
IN THE DRUG BUSINESS,

AND SO I DON'T REALLY
THINK THAT

THAT IS... GENUINE.

GETTING SOMEONE TO LIKE
SOMEONE ELSE

WHO THEY MIGHT HAVE GOOD REASON
TO HATE, THAT IS TOUGH,

BUT IF YOU CAN GET THEM
TO RECOGNIZE

THAT THE OTHER PERSON IS
JUST AS HUMAN AS YOU,

THAT, AFTER ALL,
IS AN OBJECTIVE TRUTH,

SO THAT SHOULD BE
A MUCH EASIER SELL.

SO FIRST,
WHERE DID YOU GROW UP,

AND WHAT WAS YOUR CHILDHOOD
LIKE?

HOW DID YOU GET PULLED INTO IT,
TO JOIN THE CONFLICT?

WHAT WOULD YOU SAY TO PEOPLE
WHO ARE GRIEVING FROM LOSS

FOR THE CONFLICT?

MUCHAS GRACIAS.

- OHH
- AHH.

WE'RE GOING TO INTERVIEW

MORE FORMER FARC MEMBERS

AND ASK THEM
THE SAME QUESTIONS.

SOMETIMES JUST PROVIDING PEOPLE
WITH AN ACCURATE VIEW,

RIGHT, THAT ISN'T FILTERED,

MIGHT ALLOW THEM TO START
MAKING THEIR OWN CONNECTIONS

AND THEN RAISING
THEIR OWN QUESTIONS.

MY THOUGHTS WERE
REALLY DIFFERENT

FROM I EXPECTED
TO FOUND HERE.

YEAH.

I CAN SEE IN THEIR FACES
THAT THEY WANT TO CHANGE.

UH-HUH.

YOU KNOW, THEY WANT TO HAVE
ANOTHER OPPORTUNITY.

I'M, LIKE, VERY CONFUSED.

AND DOUBTING ABOUT ALL THE STUFF
THAT I HAVE LEARNED,

BECAUSE IF YOU GET TO
KNOW THESE PEOPLE

AND THE DESPERATION OF WAR,
THAT THEY TELL US...

- YEAH.
- ...IS LIKE,

IF WE WERE IN THAT POSITION,

WE ABSOLUTELY HAVE DONE
THE SAME,

TO FIGHT FOR OUR FAMILY
AND OUR LOVED ONES.

YEAH.

IT'S REALLY NICE TO FIND, LIKE,
THAT WE HAVE COMMON THINGS.

- YEAH.
- AND THAT'S REALLY IMPORTANT.

FOR ME, IT'S --
I'M REALLY HAPPY,

AND I'M REALLY, UM, VERY --

I DON'T KNOW HOW TO DESCRIBE
WHAT I'M FEELING,

BUT I'M THANKFUL I CAN BE HERE.

SEEING HOW THESE
YOUNG COLOMBIANS

RESPONDED TO THE INTERVIEWS
WAS INCREDIBLY ENCOURAGING.

THEY WERE NOT SELF-SELECTED
TO BE PEOPLE

WHO ARE FERVENTLY
IN FAVOR OF PEACE.

THEY WERE JUST SELECTED
TO BE ON THE JOB.

AND SO I THINK THAT
THE FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION IS,

"CAN WE BOTTLE A PIECE
OF WHAT AFFECTED THEM?

CAN WE BOTTLE THAT
AND DELIVER IT TO OTHER PEOPLE

AND HAVE AT LEAST A FRACTION
OF THE EFFECT

THAT IT HAD ON THESE KIDS
WITH OTHER COLOMBIANS?"

AND SO NOW WE NEED TO
CREATE VIDEOS

AND TEST WHAT AFFECT THEY HAVE
ON COLOMBIAN PEOPLE.

IF WE MAKE INSIGHTS
IN ONE PLACE,

THEY CAN BE APPLICABLE
ELSEWHERE.

I WENT TO SOUTH AFRICA IN 1994.

APARTHEID HAD BEEN DISMANTLED.

SOUTH AFRICA HELD THEIR FIRST
DEMOCRATIC ELECTION

IN THEIR HISTORY,
AND THEY ELECTED NELSON MANDELA,

WHO HAD BEEN IN PRISON
FOR SO MANY YEARS.

PEOPLE WERE LITERALLY DANCING
IN THE STREETS.

IT WAS A TIME OF SUCH
INCREDIBLE HOPE,

AND SO ONE THING THAT I THINK
IS ALWAYS INTERESTING

TO THINK ABOUT
IS HOW MUCH ROLE LEADERS HAVE

IN THESE SHIFTS AND HOW MUCH
ROLE THE PEOPLE HAVE.

JUST LIKE IN COLOMBIA,
THERE ARE STRUCTURAL SOLUTIONS,

AND THERE ARE
PSYCHOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS,

AND THEY CAN BE REALLY
AFFECTED BY EACH OTHER.

AND SO I WANT TO KNOW
HOW DID THE LEADERS

OF THE RULING NATIONAL PARTY

AND THE ONCE OUTLAWED
AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

MANAGED TO COME TOGETHER
TO END APARTHEID.

WHAT HAD TO HAPPEN IN THE MINDS
OF THESE MEN

TO CHANGE
HOW THEY SAW EACH OTHER

AND HOW THEY SAW
THE WAY FORWARD?

FROM THE BEGINNING,

OUR COUNTRY WAS DEALT
A RAW DEAL.

THOSE WHO CAME TO COLONIZE
THIS COUNTRY,

HAVING MADE IT AS THEIR HOME,

THEY WANTED TO ABROGATE
UNTO THEMSELVES

ALL THAT IS GOOD
TO THE EXCLUSION OF OTHERS,

SO THAT GAVE BIRTH TO RACISM.

THAT GAVE BIRTH TO DIVISIONS.

ALL AFRICANS
WERE REGARDED IN LAW

AS TEMPORARY CITIZENS
IN A WHITE MAN'S TERRITORY.

EVERY AFRICAN MALE
HAD TO CARRY A PASS.

FOR IT TO BE VALID,
IT HAD TO HAVE A STAMP IN IT

OF A JOB-SEEKER'S PERMIT.

IF YOUR PASS DID NOT HAVE
THAT STAMP,

YOU WOULD BE ARRESTED
FOR LOITERING.

THIS INVOKED DEEP, DEEP SENSE
OF INJUSTICE,

AND THEREFORE HATRED
FOR THE SYSTEM.

HAVING TRIED SOME
MEASURE OF RAPPROCHEMENT

AND IT HAVING NOT HELPED,

IT REACHED A POINT WHERE WE FELT
THAT THERE WAS NO OTHER WAY

BUT TO EMBARK
ON AN ARMS STRUGGLE.

I HAVE CHERISHED THE IDEAS

OF A DEMOCRATIC
AND FREE SOCIETY.

IT IS AN IDEA FOR WHICH

I AM PREPARED TO DIE.

NELSON MANDELA,
HE WAS A REVOLUTIONARY.

HE WANTED TO OVERTHROW THE STATE
BY VIOLENT MEANS,

AND THAT IS WHAT
HE WAS JAILED FOR, SEDITION.

SO I FELT HE HAD A FAIR TRIAL,

AND HE DESERVED SERIOUS
CONSEQUENCES FOR THAT.

BY THE LATE 1980s,
THERE WAS A GENERAL REALIZATION

THAT WE WERE ON THE BRINK
OF A CIVIL WAR.

THE ANC WAS VERY WELL-ORGANIZED
IN THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY.

LOCALLY, IT WAS BANNED,
BUT OUTSIDE, IT WAS OPERATING

AS THE REPRESENTATIVE
OF THE PEOPLE OF SOUTH AFRICA.

WE HAD MADE
THE COUNTRY UNGOVERNABLE.

AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL,

THE SANCTIONS CAMPAIGN
GATHERED ENORMOUS MOMENTUM.

FREE SOUTH AFRICA!

I BECOME DEEPLY CONCERNED
THAT SOUTH AFRICA

WOULD HAVE STOOD IN FLAMES,

THAT HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS
OF YOUNG SOUTH AFRICANS

WOULD HAVE DIED
IN AN ESCALATING WAR

AND THAT AT THE END OF THAT,

WE WOULD HAVE
TO NEGOTIATE AN ENDING OF IT.

WE KNEW THAT IT WAS
JUST A MATTER OF TIME

FOR DE KLERK TO CAPITULATE.

WHAT WE DIDN'T KNOW
WAS THE MINUTE,

THE HOUR, AND THE DAY
HE WOULD DO IT.

SO THAT CAUGHT US BY SURPRISE.

THERE'S
MR. MANDELA, MR. NELSON MANDELA,

A FREE MAN TAKING HIS FIRST
STEPS INTO A NEW SOUTH AFRICA.

IT WAS A SUNDAY AFTERNOON,

AND THE WHOLE WORLD, OF COURSE,
WAS WATCHING THIS,

BUT NOBODY COULD SAY EXACTLY
WHAT HE WAS GOING TO SAY,

AND WE WERE ALL WATCHING
WITH UNCERTAINTY.

IF HE'D CALLED
ON THE MASSES TO FOLLOW HIM

INTO TAKING POWER,
THEY WOULD HAVE DONE IT.

WE EXPRESS THE HOPE

THAT A CLIMATE CONDUCIVE

TO A NEGOTIATED SETTLEMENT

WOULD BE CREATED SOON.

HE IMMEDIATELY
FOLLOWED THE PATH

OF SEEKING A SETTLEMENT
THROUGH NEGOTIATIONS.

WHEN MANDELA AND DE KLERK
THEN APPOINTED US RESPECTIVELY,

TO START
THE NEGOTIATION PROCESS,

ROELF MEYER AND I,

WE WERE PUT IN THE MIDDLE
OF THIS DRAMA.

I HAD TO DEFEND THE ANC
AND WHAT IT STOOD FOR,

AND HE HAD TO DEFEND WHAT
THE NATIONAL PARTY STOOD FOR,

BUT WHAT THE NATIONAL PARTY
STOOD FOR WAS BANKRUPT.

THEY WANTED THINGS SUCH AS,
SPECIAL RIGHTS FOR WHITE PEOPLE,

A SPECIAL VOTE FOR WHITE PEOPLE,
WHICH WAS COMPLETELY AGAINST

WHAT WE STOOD FOR.

THE NEGOTIATIONS THAT WE
HELD OVER THE PERIOD OF 4 YEARS

WERE, AT TIMES, HIGHLY STRAINED

BECAUSE OF ONGOING
POLITICAL VIOLENCE.

MANY PEOPLE WERE KILLED
DURING THOSE NEGOTIATIONS.

THERE'S SOMEONE
WHO DOESN'T WANT US

TO HAVE A NEW SOUTH AFRICA.

PEOPLE WERE WORRIED
BECAUSE THEY HAD TO REALIZE

THAT THERE'S CHANGE COMING.

IT'S THE END OF APARTHEID,

BUT THEY DIDN'T KNOW
WHAT WOULD REPLACE IT.

THERE WERE SO MANY MOMENTS THAT
WE THOUGHT THAT IT'S ALL OVER.

FOR ME, PERSONALLY,
THE MOST CLEAR EXPERIENCE

OF THAT KIND WAS IN 1992,
WITH THE MASSACRE

THAT HAPPENED SOUTH OF
JOHANNESBURG.

THE NATIONAL PARTY
REGIME OF F. W. DE KLERK

HAS BROUGHT OUR COUNTRY TO
THE BRINK OF DISASTER.

DE KLERK'S REGIME
CANNOT ESCAPE CULPABILITY.

THERE IS ONLY ONE WAY FORWARD...

SO, RAMAPHOSA WAS NEXT TO
MANDELA MAKING THIS ANNOUNCEMENT

THAT THE NEGOTIATIONS
ARE ALL GONE.

THIS VIOLENCE ROBS US
ALL OF OUR HUMANITY.

IF WE WANT PEACE,
WE WILL HAVE TO WORK FOR IT.

FOR ME, THE TRUST
CAME ABOUT WHEN I GOT A FEELING

THAT ROELF MEYER
AND SOME OF HIS ILK

WERE REACHING OUT
FOR GUIDANCE FROM US.

"GUIDE US OUT OF THIS QUAGMIRE
THAT WE ARE IN."

SO A TRUST THEN
BEGAN TO DEVELOP.

THAT'S POWERFUL, IF YOU CAN SAY
TO YOUR OPPONENT,

"I TRUST YOU TO THE EXTENT THAT
WE'RE GOING TO RESOLVE THIS."

IN OTHER WORDS, "I RELY ON YOU.
YOU HAVE TO RELY ON ME."

IT'S DEEPER THAN JUST
UNDERSTANDING

THAT YOU HAVE TO INTELLECTUALLY
ACCEPT WHAT YOU HAVE TO DO.

IT ALSO COMES FROM YOUR HEART.

I THINK IT WOULD BE FAIR TO SAY
THAT THE CHEMISTRY

THAT DEVELOPED BETWEEN US WAS
A CONTRIBUTING FACTOR

TO THE SETTLEMENT
IN SOUTH AFRICA.

WE DEVELOPED, NOT ONLY AN
UNDERSTANDING AND A RESPECT,

BUT ALSO A FRIENDSHIP.

EVEN THOUGH, AT TIMES,
THERE WERE GREAT TENSIONS

BETWEEN ME AND MR. MANDELA,

WHENEVER ROELF AND CYRIL
CAME TO US AND SAID,

"NOW WE'VE REACHED A DEAD END.
THE TWO OF YOU MUST HELP US,"

WE FOUND IT POSSIBLE
TO RISE ABOVE THOSE STATIONS,

TO TAKE HANDS
AND TO FIND THE DOOR

IN WHAT APPEARED TO BE
A DOORLESS WALL.

WE NOW STAND AT THE GATEWAY
OF A DEMOCRACY

THAT SO MANY OF US
HAVE WORKED SO HARD FOR,

AND SO MANY HAVE DIED FOR.

THE ELECTION OF APRIL
1994 WAS A VERY SPECIAL EVENT.

AND WHEN I WAS ASKED,
"BUT HOW WAS IT POSSIBLE

THAT YOU CAN BE HAPPY?"
MY IMMEDIATE RESPONSE WAS,

I'M HAPPY BECAUSE
I LIBERATED MYSELF.

BECAUSE WE WERE AS MUCH THE
VICTIMS OF OUR OWN MAKING

AS THOSE THAT WERE OPPRESSED
THROUGH THE LAWS

AND THE APARTHEID POLICIES
OF THE PAST.

WE ARE ALL SOUTH AFRICA.

WE HAVE HAD A GOOD FIGHT,
BUT NOW,

THIS IS A TIME
TO HEAL THE OLD WOUNDS

AND TO BUILD A NEW SOUTH AFRICA.

RACISM, DIVISION
ARE STILL THE FAULT LINES

IN THE MAKEUP OF OUR COUNTRY,

THE FAULT LINES THAT WE NEED
TO CONTINUE WORKING TO CLOSE UP.

NOW, OUR TASK IS TO KEEP ON
GOING ON WITH THE MESSAGE

THAT WE ARE ONE NATION,
WE ARE ONE PEOPLE,

SO THAT SOUTH AFRICANS FEEL
THAT WE ARE SOUTH AFRICANS

BEFORE WE ARE BLACK OR WHITE.

- THANK YOU.
- THANK YOU.

IT'S THE LEADERS
WHO MAKE THE PEACE,

BUT IT'S THE PEOPLE
WHO KEEP THE PEACE,

AND I THINK THAT
THAT SPEAKS TO THE IMPORTANCE

OF BOTH PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGE
AMONG THE POPULATION

AND THE STRUCTURAL CHANGE
AMONG THE LEADERSHIP.

THERE'S SO MANY THINGS
THAT A LEADER CAN DO.

A LEADER CAN FACILITATE

THE MOVEMENT
OF A PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGE,

OR THEY CAN START IT.

SO THE END OF APARTHEID
WAS AMAZING,

BUT I DON'T THINK
IT'S UNPREDICTABLE.

THAT'S WHAT WE MIGHT BE ABLE
TO GET FROM SCIENCE,

IS YOU MIGHT BE ABLE TO PREDICT
WHAT WORKS IN OTHER CONFLICTS

BASED ON WHAT YOU LEARN
IN THIS CONFLICT.

THE ROOTS OF THE
HUMANIZATION RESEARCH

REALLY CAME OUT
OF POST-HOLOCAUST THINKING.

WE WANTED TO KNOW HOW THIS
COULD POSSIBLY HAPPEN.

AND THE UNSETTLING REALITY IS
THAT THE ENEMY IS JUST LIKE US.

THIERRY CRUVELLIER
IS A JOURNALIST

WHO HAS COVERED WAR TRIBUNALS

AND PEACE PROCESSES
AROUND THE WORLD.

NOW HE'S RESEARCHING HOW GERMANY

HAS DEALT WITH ITS OWN HISTORY
OF GENOCIDE.

FOR EVERYONE
WHO WORKS ON MASS VIOLENCE,

MASS CRIME, THE REFERENCE
IS WHAT HAPPENED

DURING THE 1940s

WHEN THE NAZI REGIME

DECIDED ON THE COMPLETE
EXTERMINATION OF JEWS IN EUROPE.

AND SO, WITHIN THE SPACE
OF FEW YEARS,

ABOUT 6 MILLION JEWS
WERE MURDERED,

BUT WHAT WAS INTERESTING TO ME

IS AFTER WORKING
IN MANY COUNTRIES

IN THE AFTERMATH
OF MASS VIOLENCE,

GERMANY WAS PROVIDING A TOTALLY
UNIQUE EXAMPLE OF A COUNTRY

THAT DECIDED TO CONFRONT
ITS OWN PAST DIRECTLY

AND IN WAYS THAT I DON'T THINK

ANY OTHER NATION
HAS DECIDED TO DO.

BASICALLY, DECIDING TO BUILD
A NEW NATIONAL IDENTITY

AGAINST ITS OWN PAST.

IT'S IN THE '60s WHEN ISRAEL

ARRESTED THIS FORMER SENIOR
OFFICIAL OF THE NAZI REGIME,

ADOLF EICHMANN, AND TRIED HIM.

THE PERSON RESPONSIBLE

FOR THE EXECUTION
OF THE NAZI PLAN

KNOWN AS "THE FINAL SOLUTION
OF THE JEWISH PROBLEM."

THE EICHMANN TRIAL,
IT WAS BROADCAST,

AND SO IT BROUGHT BACK
THE GENOCIDE OF EUROPEAN JEWS

TO THE FOREFRONT, TO THE NEWS.

IT'S IN THAT WAY THAT IT ALSO
FORCED GERMANY TO DO SOMETHING.

TODAY, THERE ARE HUNDREDS
OF MEMORIALS IN GERMANY.

THEY'VE MANAGED TO ORGANIZE
THE MEMORY

IN A WAY THAT IT GOES
INTO THE DAILY LIFE.

A UNIQUE EXAMPLE IS THAT
YOU HAVE THESE STOLPERSTEINE,

AS THEY CALL THEM,

THAT ARE PUT AT
THE ENTRANCE OF A BUILDING

WITH THE NAME OF GERMAN JEWS

WHOSE RESIDENCE WAS THERE
AND THE CAMP WHERE THEY DIED.

BUT THE MOST SYMBOLIC ASPECT

WAS THE RECONSTITUTION OF
A JEWISH COMMUNITY IN GERMANY.

TODAY, GERMANY HAS AMONG
THE HIGHEST IMMIGRATION

OF JEWISH PEOPLE
IN THE WORLD.

PERHAPS THE MOST FASCINATING
IMMIGRATION,

IT COMES FROM ISRAEL.

THEY'RE TIRED OF THE SECURITY
IN ISRAEL.

THEY'RE OFTEN TIRED
OF THE POLITICS,

AND SO GERMANY MANAGED
TO BE FELT

AS A SAFE PLACE FOR JEWS.

THAT IS INCREDIBLE

WHEN YOU THINK ABOUT
WHAT HAPPENED IN THE HOLOCAUST.

AND ALL THIS CAME TO ME

THROUGH THE STORY
OF A FRIEND OF MINE,

DAVID, WHO DECIDED
TO GET HIS CITIZENSHIP

BECAUSE AS A SON OF GERMAN JEWS,
HE KNEW HE HAD THE RIGHT

AND DECIDED TO MOVE
FROM WEST AFRICA TO BERLIN

WITH HIS DAUGHTER
AND SETTLE THERE.

SO, WHY WOULD THEY
MAKE IT SO JEWS CAN'T SING?

MAYBE TO GIVE A SIGN TO PEOPLE
THAT JEWS ARE REALLY

NOT ALLOWED TO BE
PART OF THE COMMUNITY.

MY PARENTS LEFT BEFORE THE WAR.

MY MOTHER WAS 2.

MY FATHER WAS 9,
BOTH FROM BERLIN.

THEY MET IN AUSTRALIA,
WHICH IS WHERE THEY FLED.

I GREW UP IN AN ENVIRONMENT IN
WHICH EVERYTHING GERMAN WAS BAD.

I WAS TOLD I SHOULD NEVER LIVE
IN GERMANY.

"GO ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD,
BUT DO NOT LIVE IN GERMANY."

SO THERE WAS A VISCERAL HATRED,
BUT I'M LIVING NOW

IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD
WHERE MY FATHER LIVED.

I SEE THESE SIGNS ON THE STREETS
REMINDING ME CONSTANTLY

OF THE PAST.

I PASSED MY FATHER'S APARTMENT
EVERY DAY.

THE GESTAPO WALKED IN HERE AND
TOOK YOUR GREAT GRANDFATHER OUT,

AND TOOK HIM TO CONCENTRATION
CAMP FROM HERE.

AND GRANDPA REMEMBERS IT.MM.

HE REMEMBERS THE GESTAPO
COMING AND TAKING HIM AWAY.

I DID NOT HAVE CONCERNS
ABOUT COMING TO GERMANY.

I VISITED BEFORE I CAME,

AND I DON'T KNOW
ANY OTHER NATION

WHOSE IDENTITY IS BUILT
ON ITS GUILT FOR WHAT IT'S DONE.

IT'S CENTRAL TO
THE EDUCATION OF EVERY GERMAN

TO STUDY THE HOLOCAUST.

THEY REALLY HAVE TO LEARN IT.

AND THE SYSTEM IS USING
THESE SITES

AS PART OF THEIR EFFORT
TO BUILD AWARENESS

AND KNOWLEDGE ON WHAT HAPPENED
A LONG TIME AGO.

I'M TRYING TO SEE IF I CAN
RECOGNIZE MY GRANDFATHER.

AND DAVID HAS THIS INCREDIBLE
PERSONAL HISTORY WITH GERMANY.

SO GOING TO A CAMP WHERE
HIS GRANDFATHER WAS DETAINED,

IT'S MEANINGFUL.

THESE JEWISH PRISONERS WERE KEPT
HERE WITHOUT ANY FURNITURE,

JUST A LITTLE BIT OF STRAW
ON THE GROUND.

AND THEY HAD TO LAY DOWN
WITH HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE

UNDER TERRIBLE CONDITIONS,
AND THE SS GUARDS

ENTERED THE HUTS EVERY NIGHT
TO TORTURE THEM.

AND NEARLY EVERY NIGHT
SOMEBODY WAS KILLED.

WE LIVE IN BERLIN,

AND THIS IS JUST
OUTSIDE OF BERLIN.

WE HAVE THE PAST AROUND US,
BUT IT'S EASY TO FORGET.

HERE,
IT'S HARD TO FORGET.

TO HAVE DAVID IN FRONT
OF THESE STUDENTS,

IT MAKES THE PLACE ALIVE AGAIN.

IT MAKES THE PLACE MORE REAL.

I'M A STRONG BELIEVER
IN THE POTENTIAL FOR EDUCATION

TO REWIRE HOW WE THINK
ABOUT CONFLICT,

AND I THINK, YOU KNOW,
IN MANY WAYS,

GERMANY'S APPROACH
HAS BEEN EXEMPLARY

BECAUSE IT DOESN'T SHY AWAY

FROM TEACHING
THEIR MOST DIFFICULT HISTORY.

BUT THERE'S THIS INTERESTING
REALITY WHERE YOU HAVE,

ON THE OTHER HAND,
GERMANY IN GENERAL

TEACHING ABOUT
THEIR MOST TROUBLED PAST OPENLY,

AND YOU HAVE THEM
EMBRACING MUSLIM REFUGEES

DURING THE REFUGEE CRISIS,

BUT YOU ALSO HAVE ATTACKS
ON REFUGEE CENTERS.

ONE OPEN QUESTION, I THINK,
IS WHAT IS MOTIVATING

THAT SUBSET OF GERMANS
TO VIOLENTLY REACT?

AND THERE'S THIS
INTERESTING DISTINCTION

DRAWN BETWEEN GUILT AND SHAME.

GUILT IS SOMETHING
YOU FEEL INSIDE,

WHEREAS SHAME IS SOMETHING
YOU FEEL IMPOSED ON YOU,

SO YOU WANT TO MAKE SURE

THAT WHEN THEY'RE TAUGHT
ALL THIS PAST HISTORY

THAT YOU FRAME IT
IN SUCH A WAY TO SAY,

"LOOK.
WE'RE NOT TEACHING YOU THIS

BECAUSE WE THINK
IT'S YOUR FAULT.

WE'RE TEACHING YOU THIS
SO THAT WE CAN AVOID

DOING THIS IN THE FUTURE."

I AM INCREASINGLY TAKEN
WITH THE IDEA

THAT THE WAY YOU MIGHT BE ABLE
TO BEST OVERCOME HATE

IS TO EDUCATE PEOPLE
ABOUT THEIR OWN MINDS,

TO BECOME AWARE
OF PSYCHOLOGICAL BIASES,

AND MAYBE IF YOU'RE AWARE OF THE
BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF YOUR HATRED

FOR ANOTHER GROUP,
YOU CAN GET PAST IT.

THIS APPROACH, I THINK, IS VERY
IN LINE WITH MINDFULNESS.

COME ON IN, Y'ALL.

MINDFULNESS IS A PLAYBOOK
FOR HOW TO BECOME SELF-AWARE,

TO GAIN CONSCIOUS CONTROL
OVER THESE PROCESSES

THAT ARE NORMALLY
UNCONSCIOUS.

THEN YOU CAN START LETTING
GO OF ANGER, FOR EXAMPLE,

AND REPLACING IT
WITH COMPASSION.

ALL RIGHT.
EVERYBODY SIT STRAIGHT UP.

ALL RIGHT.
INHALE DEEP.

EXHALE.

MY JOB IS TO GO TO
SCHOOLS AND HELP AT-RISK YOUTHS,

GIVE THEM TOOLS TO COMBAT
WITH THEIR ANGER.

I WILL GET THEM TO UNDERSTAND
WHAT HATE IS, RIGHT,

AND UNDERSTAND
IT'S A NATURAL THING

THAT CAN HAPPEN TO YOU
OR ANYBODY YOU KNOW.

IT'S HOW YOU DEAL WITH THAT HATE

THAT CHANGES THE OUTLOOK
OF WHO YOU ARE

AND YOUR MORALS AND YOUR CODES
AND WHATEVER YOU LIVE BY.

I LIKE YOUR MUSCLES, ANGELA.

YOU'RE PRETTY STRONG.

WHEN I GREW UP,
BALTIMORE WAS PRETTY ROUGH.

TO YOUR LEFT.

MY DAD WAS KILLED WHEN I WAS
IN THE SECOND GRADE.

EXHALE TO THE RIGHT.

HE GOT SHOT AND PUT INSIDE
OF A CAR,

AND THE CAR
GOT PUT ON FIRE.

THAT WAS, LIKE,
A TURNING POINT FOR ME.

I JUST DIDN'T LIKE PEOPLE
AT ALL.

I FELT AS THOUGH, LIKE,
EVERYBODY WAS AGAINST EVERYBODY.

LIKE, NOBODY CARED FOR NOBODY.

I WAS IN A GANG AT A YOUNG AGE.

SOMEBODY LOOKED AT US WRONG,
THERE WOULD BE,

LIKE, 10 OR 12 OF US,
WE WOULD JUST JUMP THEM.

WHEN I WAS IN
THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL,

WE WAS GOING AROUND
BEATING PEOPLE UP BAD,

LACROSSE STICKS,
ANYTHING WE COULD FIND.

YOU HAD A LOT OF ANGER, MAN,
AND, LIKE,

ANYTHING THAT YOU COULD GET
ANGRY ABOUT, YOU WOULD.

YOU WOULD BE READY TO,
LIKE...

YOU KNOW, YOU WOULD REACT
TO EVERYTHING WITH YOUR FISTS,

AND YOU WOULDN'T TRY
TO RESOLVE ANY CONFLICTS.

ALI, ATMAN, AND ANDY,

WHICH ARE THE THREE FOUNDERS
OF HOLISTIC LIFE FOUNDATION,

THEY WAS FROM THE SAME BLOCK
THAT I'M FROM.

SO I MET UP WITH THEM,
BASICALLY, BY THEM SEEING US,

YOU KNOW, BEING PROBLEMS
IN THE NEIGHBORHOOD

AND THEM CARING ENOUGH
TO WANT TO HELP US.

BUT THEY WAS TEACHING US,
BUT WE DIDN'T WANT TO TAKE IT ON

UNTIL, YOU KNOW, I GOT
OLD ENOUGH TO REALIZE, LIKE,

"HEY. WAIT.
I'M DOING THIS WRONG."

HIS LEGS LOOK BROKE!
LOOK AT HIS **** LEG!

THAT IS FREDDIE GRAY...

LOOK AT HIS **** LEG!

- THAT BOY'S LEG LOOK BROKE!
- OH, MY GOD.

...BEING DETAINED A WEEK AGO
BY BALTIMORE POLICE.

WHEN FREDDIE GRAY, YOU KNOW,

HAD PASSED AWAY,
I FELT BAD FOR HIM.

I FELT BAD FOR HIS FAMILY,

AND I DIDN'T KNOW WHAT
TO EXPECT FROM OTHERS.

WE REPORT FROM BALTIMORE,

WHERE THE GOVERNOR OF MARYLAND

HAS DECLARED A STATE
OF EMERGENCY

IN THE WAKE OF TODAY'S FUNERAL
FOR A YOUNG MAN

WHO DIED OF SEVERE INJURIES
WHILE IN POLICE CUSTODY.

THE REASON WHY PEOPLE
WERE PROTESTING

BECAUSE THEY WAS TIRED
OF POLICE BRUTALITY, FOR ONE,

AND THEY WERE TIRED
OF NOT HAVING A SAY-SO

IN WHAT GOES ON IN BALTIMORE.

IT WAS JUST, LIKE, FINALLY,
YOU KNOW,

THEY GOT A CHANCE
TO EXPRESS THEMSELVES,

BUT I WISH THEY WOULDN'T
HAVE DID IT IN THAT WAY.

THE WHOLE FREDDIE GRAY
UPRISING THING,

IT WAS JUST A CULMINATION
OF A LOT OF,

YOU KNOW, PEOPLE DEALING WITH
UNDIAGNOSED TRAUMA AND STRESS.

HONESTLY, THAT TRAUMA KIDS
DEAL WITH ALL THE TIME

BY, YOU KNOW, NOT HAVING
THEIR BASIC NEEDS MET.

SO THE REASON WHY WE STARTED
THE YOGA AND MINDFULNESS STUFF

IS BECAUSE OUR DAD
KIND OF PLANTED THE SEED

WHEN WE WERE YOUNG.
MM-HMM.

YOU KNOW, WE USED TO HAVE TO
MEDITATE BEFORE GOING TO SCHOOL,

AND PEOPLE USED TO COME UP
TO US AND BE LIKE,

"YO, WHY Y'ALL SO HAPPY?
Y'ALL BROKE AND EVERYTHING."

MM-HMM.

AND THEN WE USED TO ASK THEM,
LIKE,

"WELL, WHY AREN'T
Y'ALL HAPPY?"

AND THEN WE REALIZED
THAT WE NEEDED TO START

TEACHING THE STUFF
THAT KIND OF MADE US,

IN OUR INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT,

YOU KNOW, MORE PEACEFUL
TO OTHER FOLKS.

WE DECIDED TO DO
AN AFTER SCHOOL YOGA PROGRAM,

AND LIKE BACK THEN EVERYBODY
WAS LIKE, YOGURT OR YODA.

LIKE, THEY DIDN'T HAVE
NO IDEA WHAT YOGA WAS

BUT THEY SAW SOME POSITIVE
MALE ROLE MODELS.

THE ATTENDANCE WAS GOING UP
WITH THE STUDENTS,

AND PARENTS AND THE TEACHERS
SAW THE CHANGE

AND WERE LIKE, "MAN, WHATEVER
Y'ALL DOING, KEEP DOING IT."

KEEP DOING IT. UN-HUH.

AND NOW IT'S GREW
INTO A LIFE OF ITS OWN,

AND LIKE, YEAH.

NOW YOU HAVE EMBODIED
THE PRACTICE,

YOU TEACH THE PRACTICE.
I DO.

A LOT OF US,
NOT JUST ME.

EVERYBODY THAT CAME
THROUGH THE DOORS.

THAT'S TRUE.

INHALE AND UP.

EXHALE ON DOWN.

I STARTED SEEING BENEFITS,
LITERALLY,

PROBABLY LIKE TWO WEEKS
AFTER I STARTED.

INHALE.

WHEN I WAS ANGRY, IT WAS LIKE --
IT WOULD BE A BLACKOUT MOMENT.

I WOULD JUST TRY TO REMEMBER
WHAT I WAS GETTING

ANGRY ABOUT BEFORE, BUT I CAN'T.
YOU GET WHAT I'M SAYING?

SO, WHEN I STARTED TO MEDITATE,
I STARTED TO REALIZE,

LIKE, ARE YOU ANGRY NOW?

YOU'RE ABOUT TO GET ANGRY,
SO YOU NEED TO CALM IT DOWN

OR JUST WALK AWAY
AND DO SOMETHING.

SO WITH MEDITATION, IT HELPED ME
OUT WITH THAT INSTANTLY.

INHALE AND BACK.

EXHALE FORWARD.

SINCE THEY STARTED
THE HOLISTIC LIFE FOUNDATION

IN 2001, ATMAN, ALI, AND ANDY
HAVE DEVELOPED PROGRAMS

THAT HAVE REACHED
OVER 40,000 STUDENTS.

REMEMBER,
DEEP BREATHING.

THE EFFECTS OF THIS KIND
OF SOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL LEARNING

HAVE BEEN DEMONSTRATED
IN LABORATORY STUDIES.

SCIENTISTS HAVE FOUND
EVIDENCE

THAT IT ACTUALLY PRODUCES
CHANGES IN THE BRAIN.

IT MAKES US REALIZE
THAT THIS IS BIOLOGICAL,

AND THEREFORE WE HAVE
THE POSSIBILITY

TO CHANGE THESE THINGS.

AND THERE ARE
TWO MAJOR CIRCUITS IN THE BRAIN

THAT ARE IMPACTED
BY MEDITATION

THAT WE CAN SAY WITH
A FAIR AMOUNT OF CONFIDENCE.

ONE ARE CIRCUITS
THAT ARE IMPORTANT

FOR REGULATING ATTENTION,

AND THE OTHER ARE CIRCUITS

IMPORTANT FOR REGULATING
EMOTION.

SO, WHAT WE'RE SEEING HERE
IS A PARTICIPANT

WHO IS IN THE SCANNER,

AND HER BRAIN IS CURRENTLY
BEING SCANNED.

WE ARE LOOKING AT
TWO SPECIFIC BRAIN REGIONS.

ONE IS IN THE AREA
OF THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX,

WHICH IS INVOLVED
IN EMOTION REGULATION.

THIS IS CALLED THE
VENTROMEDIAL PREFRONTAL AREA,

AND THIS AREA IN GREEN
IS THE AMYGDALA.

THE AMYGDALA IS AN AREA WE KNOW
TO BE INVOLVED IN EMOTION.

IT'S AN AREA VERY STRONGLY
ACTIVATED BY FEAR,

AND THE CONNECTIVITY
BETWEEN THESE REGIONS

IS SIGNIFICANTLY STRENGTHENED
IN THE LONG-TERM MEDITATORS

COMPARED TO THE CONTROLS WHO ARE
JUST LEARNING TO MEDITATE,

AND THIS IS
ONE OF THE KEY CHANGES

THAT WE BELIEVE IS PRODUCED

BY SIMPLE FORMS
OF MINDFULNESS TRAINING.

ALL RIGHT.

ON YOUR BACK FOR EVERYBODY
FAVORITE TIME OF THE DAY.

WITH MINDFULNESS,
THERE ARE CHANGES IN THE BRAIN

THAT CAN BE SEEN WITH

AS LITTLE AS 7 HOURS
OF CUMULATIVE PRACTICE.

BEFORE WE INHALE, I JUST
WANT YOU TO PULL IN PEACE,

POSITIVITY, AND LOVE.

BEFORE WE EXHALE,
I JUST WANT YOU

TO LET GO OF ANY ANGER,
ANY STRESS,

ANYTHING THAT'S HOLDING YOU BACK
FROM BEING GREAT

IN WHAT YOU SEE
IN YOUR BODY.

WHEN THESE DIFFICULT
EMOTIONS ARISE,

SUCH AS HATE,
WE CAN SEE THEM AS EMOTIONS.

AND RATHER THEN GETTING SWEPT UP
IN THE TURBULENT RIVER,

WE CAN BE ON THE SHORE OF THAT
RIVER WATCHING IT GO BY.

ALL RIGHT. NOW I WANT YOU
TO GET A PICTURE IMAGE

OF A PERSON THAT YOU LOVE,

SOMEONE THAT YOU HOLD DEAR
TO YOUR HEART.

FOR EVERY EXHALE, I JUST WANT
YOU TO USE YOUR IMAGINATION

TO SEND THAT PERSON
SOME LOVE.

SEND THAT PERSON
SOME LOVE.

I WOULD SAY MINDFULNESS
IS, YOU KNOW, HAVING THE ABILITY

TO UNDERSTAND THAT
THERE'S DIFFERENCES IN LIFE,

BUT WE ARE ALL ONE
AT THE SAME TIME.

I TELL THE STUDENTS. I'LL BE
LIKE, "LISTEN. BE A SCIENTIST.

FIGURE OUT HOW IT WORK FOR YOU.

DON'T JUST LISTEN TO ME
TELLING YOU WHAT TO DO.

FIGURE OUT WHAT IT DOES FOR YOU,

AND THEN YOU BENEFIT
FROM IT THAT WAY."

NOW I WANT YOU TO GET
A PICTURE IMAGE OF SOMEBODY

THAT YOU DON'T
GET ALONG WITH,

SOMEBODY THAT YOU'RE NOT
REAL CLOSE WITH.

FOR EVERY EXHALE, I WANT YOU TO
SEND THAT PERSON SOME LOVE, TOO.

GO AROUND THE ROOM
JUST TELLING ME HOW YOU FEEL.

YOU FEEL GOOD?
ALL RIGHT.

- RELIEVED.
- RELIEVED.

- RELAXED.
- RELAXED.

- RELAXED.
- RELAXED.

- PEACEFUL.
- PEACEFUL.

WHAT BRINGS YOU THE MOST
JOY ABOUT TEACHING THIS STUFF?

WHEN I WAS GROWING UP,
I JUST WANTED TO FEEL LIKE

I HAD SOMEBODY THAT,
YOU KNOW, CARED ABOUT ME,

SO ME BEING ABLE TO SHOW THEM
THAT, YOU KNOW,

I CARE ABOUT THEM
AND I REALLY WANT TO SEE THEM

DO WELL IN LIFE, IT REALLY,
YOU KNOW,

BRIGHTENS MY DAY UP,
MAKE ME HAPPY.

THE REASON THAT
I'M EXCITED ABOUT MINDFULNESS

AS AN APPROACH IS THAT IT IS
MAKING YOU CONSCIOUSLY AWARE

OF EMOTIONS THAT HAVE BEEN
RUNNING IN THE BACKGROUND

OF YOUR MIND YOUR ENTIRE LIFE.

THAT'S CRAZY AND WONDERFUL
ABOUT HUMANITY,

THAT WE CAN BE
PRACTICING SOMETHING

IN THE BACKGROUND
OF OUR MINDS,

AND THEN YOU CAN LEARN
SOMETHING NEW ABOUT IT,

AND YOU CAN CHANGE.

BUT IF WE'RE REALLY CONCERNED
ABOUT CHANGING SOCIETY,

WE WANT TO HAVE AS MANY
TECHNIQUES IN THE TOOL CHEST

AS POSSIBLE,

AND I SEE SCIENCE AS SUCH
A VALUABLE TOOL IN THIS PROCESS.

WITH THE INTERVENTION
IN COLOMBIA,

I'VE CREATED DIFFERENT VIDEOS,

AND I CAN SEE WHICH ONE
MIGHT HAVE AN EFFECT

ON PEOPLE'S ATTITUDES
TOWARDS PEACE.

I DID THE FIRST ONE
JUST WITH FARC MEMBERS,

BUT WHEN I PUT MYSELF IN THE
SHOES OF A SKEPTIC COLOMBIAN,

I MIGHT THINK THAT
THIS IS JUST ALL PROPAGANDA,

AND SO I SENT THE FILM CREW
BACK TO TALK TO THE VILLAGERS

AND THE POLICE AND THE MILITARY.

AND THE RESPONSES WERE
ENTIRELY CORROBORATORY.

WHAT WE FOUND IS THAT
ALL THE VIDEOS

DID A DECENT JOB OF DECREASING
PEOPLE'S DEHUMANIZATION OF FARC.

THE MOST EFFECTIVE VIDEO
CHANGES PERCEPTIONS

BY ABOUT 20 POINTS
ON THE SCALE.

IT'S A HUGE SHIFT.

WE'VE NEVER CREATED
AN INTERVENTION

THAT'S COME CLOSE TO THIS LEVEL
OF EFFECT FOR ANY CONTEXT.

AND WE COMPARED HOW...

THIS IS SCIENCE IN THE MESSY,
REAL WORLD.

THIS IS AN ATTEMPT
TO FIND SOMETHING

THAT MIGHT GIVE US AN IDEA OF
WHAT STRATEGY MIGHT WORK BEST,

AND THEN, CAN YOU USE IT
IN DIFFERENT WAYS

AND HAVE SIMILAR EFFECTS?

CAN YOU SCALE IT UP?

THIS IS THE WAY THAT
WE CAN MAKE PROGRESS

AND SO THAT FUTURE GENERATIONS
WILL KNOW MUCH MORE

ABOUT HOW TO RESOLVE CONFLICT
THAN WE DO NOW.

WHERE THERE IS
NO PEACE PROCESS TO SPEAK OF,

THERE IS THIS.

AS A GLOBAL SOCIETY,

WE'VE BEEN DOING PEACE-BUILDING
PROGRAMS FOR OVER 60 YEARS,

BUT WE HAVE VERY LITTLE IDEA

OF WHAT REALLY WORKS
AND WHAT DOESN'T.

SO MY GOAL IS THAT 60 YEARS
FROM NOW,

I WANT TO KNOW MUCH MORE
THAN WE KNOW NOW.

GET OFF!

GET THEM OFF OF US!
GET THEM OFF!

I HAVE THIS STRONG BELIEF

THAT SCIENCE
IS A REALLY POWERFUL TOOL TO USE

TO HELP US UNDERSTAND
WHAT'S DRIVING CONFLICT

AND HOW WE CAN GET PAST IT.

THIS ISN'T JUST THE STORY

OF THE DERADICALIZATION
OF ONE EXTREMIST.

IT'S ABOUT THE POWER
OF COMPASSION AND ENGAGEMENT

TO BRIDGE DIVIDES
THAT SEEM UNBRIDGEABLE.

WE HAVE TO GO AND HAVE THOSE
REAL CONVERSATIONS WITH PEOPLE.

YOU JUST HAVE TO MEET
THEM AS A HUMAN BEING.

I'VE SHARED THIS VISION
WITH DOZENS OF PEOPLE,

FELLOW SCIENTISTS,

PEOPLE WHO ARE WORKING
IN ACTUAL CONFLICT RESOLUTION,

AND THEY'VE HELPED SHAPE
WHAT THE VISION LOOKS LIKE.

I REALIZE THAT I MIGHT BE ABLE
TO GATHER THESE PEOPLE TOGETHER

SO THAT ALL OF US
COULD BE IN A COMMON ORBIT

AROUND A SHARED VISION.

THIS IS JUST WHAT I FEEL
EVERY DAY

WHEN I'M DOING THIS RESEARCH.

LIKE, THAT'S WHY I'M SO EXCITED
ABOUT IT

IS BECAUSE I TRULY BELIEVE
IT HAS SO MUCH POTENTIAL.

I'M JUST SO THRILLED TO BE
WORKING WITH YOU ALL

BECAUSE WE ALL SHARE

THIS SPARK.

OKAY, SO FIRST...

OKAY, I KNOW THIS IS
SHOCKING AND UNFAIR,

BUT THIS IS WHAT HAS LENT ME,

YOU KNOW,
THE FIERCE URGENCY OF NOW.

THIS IS MY BRAIN,

OR AT LEAST MY BRAIN
BEFORE FRIDAY,

AND THIS IS, YOU KNOW,
THIS IS A TUMOR THAT'S THERE.

THIS IS NOT SELF-PITY.

IT'S NOT SADNESS.

ALL RIGHT?

THIS IS A REALIZATION
THAT I GOT FROM MY MOM,

WHICH IS EVEN WHEN SHE WAS

IN THE PITS OF DESPAIR,

SHE ONLY GAVE ME LIGHT,

AND THIS HAS GIVEN ME
A LOT OF CLARITY.

WE ALL HERE ARE INTERESTED
IN INTERGROUP CONFLICTS.

THIS IS A BIG SOCIETAL PROBLEM,
LIKE CANCER.

THIS ALSO HAS
A BIOLOGICAL BASIS,

AND SO IF WE WERE TO TREAT THIS
EXACTLY LIKE CANCER RESEARCH,

WE WOULD DO EXACTLY
THE SAME THING.

SO MY WORLD IS
SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY,

COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE,
AND IT'S AWESOME.

THERE'S REALLY COOL STUFF
GOING ON THERE.

YOU HAVE THIS OTHER WORLD

THAT'S A BUNCH
OF THESE GREAT ORGANIZATIONS,

AND I THOUGHT, "OKAY, WELL,
THIS IS BASICALLY HOW IT'S BEEN

FOR 50 YEARS," RIGHT?

SPINNING YOUR WHEELS
ON ONE SIDE,

SPINNING YOUR WHEELS
ON THE OTHER.

IF WE ARE TO USE SCIENCE
TO ACTUALLY HAVE

AN EFFECT ON CONFLICT,
WE NEED TO START THINKING ABOUT

HOW TO PUSH THESE FINDINGS
IN THIS DIRECTION.

THEN YOU START
BUILDING INTERVENTIONS.

CAN YOU THEN TAKE THEM
INTO THE MESSY, REAL WORLD

AND SEE IF THEY ACTUALLY WORK?

SO THIS IS A TOUGH FIGHT
AGAINST INTERGROUP CONFLICT,

BUT ISN'T IT WORTH
THAT TYPE OF EFFORT?

ISN'T IT WORTH
THAT TYPE OF FIGHT?

- ALL RIGHT.
- WELL, I LOVE YOU, BRO.

- YOU KNOW THAT.
- YEAH, YOU, TOO, BUDDY. YEAH.

THERE'S A LOT WE'RE GOING TO DO
TOGETHER IN THE TIME AHEAD...

- YEP, YEP.
- ...WHICH IS GOOD.

SEE YOU SOON.

I'VE NEVER BEEN
CONVINCED BY THAT ARGUMENT,

THAT INDIVIDUALS DON'T HAVE
POWER TO CHANGE OTHERS.

IT'S REALLY WARM.

SOMETIMES IT'S JUST I WAS
TREATED DECENTLY BY SOMEONE

WHOSE DECENCY
I DIDN'T DESERVE.

SOMETIMES
IT'S MAKING A COMMENT,

MAKING SOMEONE REALIZE THE
PSYCHOLOGICAL BIAS THEY HAVE,

AND THEN THEY CARRY
THAT WITH THEM,

AND THEN THEY PASS IT
ONTO OTHERS.

YOUR BRAIN IS MADE TO CHANGE,

AND I THINK PSYCHOLOGICALLY,

WE CAN BE KIND
OF AFRAID OF CHANGE.

BUT ONCE YOU, I THINK,
EMBRACE THIS IDEA THAT,

"OH, THIS IS THE OTHER
EVOLUTIONARY LEGACY

I'VE BEEN GIVEN,
ASIDE FROM THIS LEGACY

TOWARDS GROUP CONFLICT,"

ONCE YOU GET INTERESTED
IN HOW YOU CHANGE

RATHER THAN AFRAID,

THEN I THINK EVERYTHING
OPENS UP.