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--Captions by VITAC--
www.vitac.com
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CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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00:01:05,931 --> 00:01:07,067
ROLLING.
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00:01:07,068 --> 00:01:09,928
JELANI INTERVIEW, TAKE 2.
MARK.
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00:01:11,344 --> 00:01:14,792
ALL HUMAN BEINGS
HAVE THE CAPACITY TO HATE.
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00:01:14,793 --> 00:01:17,309
BUT WHAT PROVOKES
FEELINGS OF HATE
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00:01:17,310 --> 00:01:20,790
OR PUSHES US TO COMMIT
ACTS OF VIOLENCE?
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00:01:20,793 --> 00:01:22,663
I WANT TO UNDERSTAND THE TOOLS
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00:01:22,664 --> 00:01:26,475
THAT INCITE, AMPLIFY,
AND SPREAD HATE.
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00:01:31,931 --> 00:01:36,481
AS A HISTORIAN AND A JOURNALIST,
I'M ALWAYS THINKING ABOUT
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00:01:36,482 --> 00:01:39,522
THE WAY THAT THE PAST INFORMS
THE PRESENT.
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00:01:41,655 --> 00:01:43,995
THERE'S THIS IDEA
THAT YOU SHOULD WRITE
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00:01:44,000 --> 00:01:46,309
ABOUT THE THINGS
THAT MAKE YOU ANGRY,
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00:01:46,310 --> 00:01:50,826
AND THAT IS HOW I FOUND MYSELF
WRITING SO MUCH
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00:01:50,827 --> 00:01:54,477
ABOUT INTOLERANCE AND BIGOTRY
AND HATRED
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00:01:54,482 --> 00:01:57,102
AND UNFAIRNESS, DISCRIMINATION,
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THE WAYS IN WHICH WE HAVE
ILL-TREATED OTHER HUMAN BEINGS.
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00:02:07,689 --> 00:02:10,759
IT SEEMS AS IF THERE ARE TOOLS
THAT MAKE IT EASIER
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TO GET PEOPLE TO BEHAVE IN WAYS
THAT ARE INHUMANE,
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00:02:14,172 --> 00:02:15,792
THAT ARE HATEFUL,
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00:02:15,793 --> 00:02:18,792
THAT ARE VIOLENT
TOWARD OTHER HUMAN BEINGS.
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00:02:21,724 --> 00:02:24,136
THERE ARE CHARISMATIC LEADERS
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WHO CAN USE THOSE TOOLS
AND TACTICS
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TO CONVINCE PEOPLE TO DO THINGS
THAT ARE CONTRARY
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00:02:28,524 --> 00:02:32,407
TO HOW THEY MIGHT HAVE ACTED
UNDER OTHER CIRCUMSTANCES.
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00:02:32,413 --> 00:02:34,033
THEY'RE BRINGING DRUGS.
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00:02:34,034 --> 00:02:36,344
THEY'RE BRINGING CRIME.
THEY'RE RAPISTS.
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00:02:45,448 --> 00:02:47,308
AND ALSO THERE'S MEDIA
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00:02:47,310 --> 00:02:49,999
THAT WE CAN RECEIVE
A KIND OF SLANTED,
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00:02:50,000 --> 00:02:52,895
PROPAGANDISTIC VIEW
OF THE WORLD.
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DONALD TRUMP'S
NOT GONNA LET ILLEGAL ALIENS
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COME TO THE COUNTRY
AND MURDER OUR WOMEN.
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'CAUSE IT HAPPENS
ALL THE TIME,
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AND SADLY, PEOPLE ARE MURDERED
ALL OF THE TIME BY ILLEGALS.
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00:03:00,551 --> 00:03:04,341
DONALD TRUMP IS TURNING
THIS NATION INTO NAZI GERMANY.
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00:03:05,344 --> 00:03:08,141
THERE WAS A TIME WHEN WE
THOUGHT OF THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA
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00:03:08,142 --> 00:03:11,207
AS BEING KIND OF
A NEUTRAL DISPENSER OF FACTS,
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00:03:11,208 --> 00:03:14,336
AND THAT HAS CHANGED.
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WE'VE SEEN OUR MEDIA BECOME
MORE PARTISAN AND POLARIZED,
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00:03:20,172 --> 00:03:23,032
SPEAKING TO ONE SIDE
OR THE OTHER.
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00:03:23,034 --> 00:03:26,314
EXTREME POSITIONS
HAVE BECOME THE NORM.
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RUMORS AND CONSPIRACY THEORIES
REINFORCE OUR DIVISIONS
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00:03:33,137 --> 00:03:35,237
AND STOKE OUR DEEPEST FEARS.
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00:03:35,241 --> 00:03:37,589
HOW MANY MORE AMERICANS MUST DIE
OR BE MAIMED
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IN THE NAME
OF POLITICAL CORRECTNESS?
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WHY DO WE HAVE A GOVERNMENT
IN THE FIRST PLACE?
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ITS MAIN JOB IS TO PROTECT US
FROM FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC THUGS.
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00:03:44,482 --> 00:03:46,792
THIS GUY IS
THE MOST DEEPLY RACIST GUY
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THAT WE'VE HAD OUT IN THE OPEN
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00:03:48,660 --> 00:03:51,995
WITH THE EXCEPTION OF ACTUAL
GRAND WIZARDS OF THE KKK
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AND NEO-NAZIS, ET CETERA,
AND HE'S THE PRESIDENT.
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THE POWER OF PROPAGANDA
IS INSIDIOUS.
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00:03:59,931 --> 00:04:03,171
IT DOESN'T JUST AFFECT
HOW WE THINK.
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00:04:03,172 --> 00:04:06,312
IT CAN PUSH US TO ACTIONS
AS WELL.
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00:04:08,758 --> 00:04:12,274
ONE OF THE CLEAREST EXAMPLES
IN RECENT HISTORY
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00:04:12,275 --> 00:04:14,785
IS WHAT HAPPENED
DURING THE GENOCIDE IN RWANDA.
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00:04:19,896 --> 00:04:21,926
IN APRIL 1994,
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00:04:21,931 --> 00:04:26,931
A TRAGEDY ALMOST BEYOND
COMPREHENSION BEGAN TO UNFOLD.
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00:04:28,931 --> 00:04:32,481
MACHETE-WIELDING HUTU MILITIAMEN
FELL ON THE TUTSIS,
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00:04:32,482 --> 00:04:36,242
SLAUGHTERING MEN, WOMEN,
AND CHILDREN BY THE THOUSAND.
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00:04:38,827 --> 00:04:43,617
HOW DOES SOMEONE TRANSFORM
FROM BEING YOUR NEIGHBOR
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00:04:43,620 --> 00:04:46,550
TO SOMEONE WHO BELIEVES
THAT IT'S THEIR OBLIGATION
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00:04:46,551 --> 00:04:49,171
TO KILL YOU?
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00:04:51,724 --> 00:04:54,794
IN RWANDA,
WE COULDN'T REALLY IMAGINE
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00:04:54,795 --> 00:04:56,693
THAT IT WILL GET AT THE LEVEL
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00:04:56,694 --> 00:05:01,029
OF KILLING
ABOUT A MILLION PEOPLE IN 1994.
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00:05:12,413 --> 00:05:17,033
WE HAVE SEEN THAT THE PROPAGANDA
HAVE BEEN USED EFFECTIVELY HERE
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AS A PATHWAY TO GENOCIDE.
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00:05:19,655 --> 00:05:21,925
THE PROPAGANDA KILLS.
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00:05:21,931 --> 00:05:23,861
AS SO OFTEN HAPPENS,
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00:05:23,862 --> 00:05:26,032
THE PROPAGANDA
DREW ON TRIBAL DIVISIONS
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00:05:26,034 --> 00:05:29,378
THAT WERE MANIPULATED
MANY YEARS EARLIER.
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00:05:29,379 --> 00:05:31,619
LONG AGO,
IN THE COLONIAL PERIOD,
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00:05:31,620 --> 00:05:33,447
THE BELGIANS CAME HERE,
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00:05:33,448 --> 00:05:36,658
AND THEY FIND THAT RWANDA
IS A VERY UNITED SOCIETY,
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00:05:36,659 --> 00:05:38,515
SO THEY HAD TO DIVIDE US.
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00:05:38,517 --> 00:05:41,964
SO THEY CREATED
AN IDENTITY CARD,
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00:05:41,965 --> 00:05:47,065
WHERE IT WAS CLEARLY MARKED THAT
YOU'RE TUTSI OR HUTU AND TWA,
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00:05:47,068 --> 00:05:49,138
AND THE BASIS WAS VERY SIMPLE --
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00:05:49,139 --> 00:05:52,964
IF YOU HAVE MORE THAN 10 COWS,
YOU ARE TUTSI,
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00:05:52,965 --> 00:05:55,964
AND IF YOU HAVE LESS
THAN 10 COWS, YOU'RE A FARMER,
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00:05:55,965 --> 00:05:59,375
YOU'RE HUTU, AND THEN YOU REMAIN
LIKE THAT FOR GENERATIONS.
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00:05:59,379 --> 00:06:01,759
SO WE START TO SEE EACH OTHER
AS DIFFERENT PEOPLE.
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00:06:03,310 --> 00:06:07,654
SO THIS CREATED TENSION
BETWEEN THE HUTUS AND TUTSIS.
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00:06:07,655 --> 00:06:09,654
FOR MONTHS,
HUTUS IN THE GOVERNMENT
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00:06:09,655 --> 00:06:11,135
HAVE WAGED A HATE CAMPAIGN
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00:06:11,137 --> 00:06:15,237
AGAINST THE OUTCAST
TUTSI MINORITY IN THE MEDIA.
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00:06:26,482 --> 00:06:27,826
HUTU POWER!
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00:06:27,827 --> 00:06:30,477
POWER! POWER! POWER!
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00:06:30,482 --> 00:06:32,481
IN THE TIME BEFORE GENOCIDE,
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00:06:32,482 --> 00:06:34,662
MY CHILDHOOD WAS NOT
REALLY HAPPY.
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00:06:34,663 --> 00:06:36,305
I HAD FIVE SISTERS.
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00:06:36,310 --> 00:06:39,140
WE EXPERIENCED DISCRIMINATION
AND HATE.
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00:06:40,241 --> 00:06:44,141
I WENT TO MY MOTHER AND SAID,
"WHY DO WE CHOOSE TO BE TUTSIS,
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00:06:44,142 --> 00:06:48,097
AND WHY DOES PEOPLE HATE US?"
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00:06:48,103 --> 00:06:49,973
AND SHE COULDN'T EXPLAIN THAT.
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00:06:49,974 --> 00:06:52,895
SHE KNEW THAT THIS
WILL CONTINUE,
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00:06:52,896 --> 00:06:55,446
AND SHE HAD TO COMFORT ME,
SHE HAD TO HUG ME,
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00:06:55,448 --> 00:06:59,718
AND SHE SAID THAT "THIS IS
THE SITUATION, BUT I LOVE YOU."
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00:06:59,724 --> 00:07:01,447
THAT CONTINUED, ACTUALLY,
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00:07:01,448 --> 00:07:05,895
AFTER THE EXTREME TIME
OF GENOCIDE, 1994.
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00:07:08,241 --> 00:07:10,895
PROPAGANDA PLAYED A BIG ROLE
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00:07:10,896 --> 00:07:13,236
INTO PARTICIPATION
IN GENOCIDE --
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00:07:13,241 --> 00:07:16,688
ANTI-TUTSI PROPAGANDA
SPECIFICALLY.
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00:07:16,689 --> 00:07:19,999
THIS ONE, WE HAVE A DOCTOR
AND WE HAVE A PATIENT.
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00:07:20,000 --> 00:07:23,139
THIS PATIENT IS SAYING THAT
"I'M SICK, DOCTOR."
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00:07:23,140 --> 00:07:25,547
AND THE DOCTOR ASKS,
"WHAT IS YOUR SICKNESS?"
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00:07:25,551 --> 00:07:28,999
AND HIS ANSWER WAS,
"TUTSI AND TUTSI, TUTSI."
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00:07:29,000 --> 00:07:32,170
THEY ARE LIKE A VIRUS IN SOCIETY
AND A VIRUS TO PEOPLE,
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00:07:32,172 --> 00:07:34,861
SO THE DOCTOR NEEDS TO FIND
A MEDICINE
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00:07:34,862 --> 00:07:36,722
FOR THE TUTSI IN THIS COUNTRY,
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00:07:36,724 --> 00:07:40,214
BECAUSE THESE PEOPLE,
THEY ARE VERY DANGEROUS FOR YOU.
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00:07:44,206 --> 00:07:46,546
WE HAD NEWSPAPERS LIKE KANGURA
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00:07:46,551 --> 00:07:49,211
SPREADING THESE HATE MESSAGES.
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00:07:53,517 --> 00:07:57,857
KANGURAWAS FUNDED BY PEOPLE
WHO WORKED FOR THE GOVERNMENT,
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00:07:57,862 --> 00:08:00,516
SO IT WAS CHANNELING
THE NARRATIVE
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00:08:00,517 --> 00:08:03,547
THAT THE POLITICIAN
COULDN'T SPEAK UP.
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00:08:06,689 --> 00:08:08,378
AND IT WAS CHEAP.
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00:08:08,379 --> 00:08:12,479
EVERYONE WHO WORKED
COULD BUY A NEWSPAPER.
120
00:08:13,482 --> 00:08:18,378
WE HAD THIS RADIO, RTLM,
WHICH REALLY SPREAD HATRED.
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00:08:29,379 --> 00:08:31,239
BY 1994,
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00:08:31,241 --> 00:08:33,831
THEY INCREASED THE COVERAGE
OF THIS RADIO
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00:08:33,832 --> 00:08:37,307
BECAUSE THOSE PEOPLE
WHO CANNOT READ,
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00:08:37,310 --> 00:08:40,970
BECAUSE THEY'RE ILLITERATE,
THEY CAN LISTEN.
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00:08:42,586 --> 00:08:44,616
THEY FIND, ACTUALLY,
DIFFERENT WAYS
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00:08:44,620 --> 00:08:46,900
OF DEHUMANIZING TUTSIS
IN THIS COUNTRY --
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00:08:46,901 --> 00:08:50,585
BY CALLING THEM SNAKES,
BY CALLING THEM COCKROACHES.
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00:08:50,586 --> 00:08:54,406
SO THE TUTSI, THEY WERE NOT
A HUMAN BEING ANYMORE
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00:08:54,413 --> 00:08:57,999
SO THAT KILLING A TUTSI
IS NOT A SIN,
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00:08:58,000 --> 00:08:59,757
IS NOT A BAD THING.
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00:08:59,758 --> 00:09:03,618
THEY WOULD SAY,
"IF WE FIND YOU HIDING A TUTSI,
132
00:09:03,620 --> 00:09:04,964
YOU WILL BE KILLED."
133
00:09:04,965 --> 00:09:07,095
ALSO ECONOMIC GAINS --
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00:09:07,103 --> 00:09:11,067
THEY SAY, "IF YOU KILL SOMEONE,
TAKE THE LAND.
135
00:09:11,068 --> 00:09:15,998
AND THE MORE PEOPLE YOU KILL,
THE MORE WEALTHIER YOU'LL BE.
136
00:09:17,275 --> 00:09:19,825
YOU CAN EVEN RAPE THE WOMEN."
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00:09:19,827 --> 00:09:22,447
RAPE WAS USED AS A WEAPON.
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00:10:25,482 --> 00:10:31,585
VALéRIE BEMERIKI TOLD ME
HOW SHE WAS TAUGHT.
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00:10:31,586 --> 00:10:36,926
SINCE CHILDHOOD,
FROM HER PARENTS,
140
00:10:36,931 --> 00:10:41,757
SHE WAS TAUGHT THAT TUTSIS
ARE NOT HUMANS,
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00:10:41,758 --> 00:10:43,788
THEY'RE VERY BAD PEOPLE...
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00:10:48,448 --> 00:10:52,585
...THEY WERE CRUEL,
THEY WERE BRUTAL,
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00:10:52,586 --> 00:10:55,756
THEY KILLED SMALL KIDS.
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00:10:55,758 --> 00:11:00,308
"YOU ARE GOING TO BE SERVANTS
OF THE TUTSIS."
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00:11:15,000 --> 00:11:18,585
SO IT WAS KIND OF
INSTILLING FEAR
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00:11:18,586 --> 00:11:21,616
INTO THE MINDS
OF THE HUTU POPULATION,
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00:11:21,620 --> 00:11:27,205
SAYING, "EVEN A HUTU WHO IS
SYMPATHIZING WITH A TUTSI
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00:11:27,206 --> 00:11:30,786
IS CONTRIBUTING TO THE FALL
OF THE HUTU."
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00:11:34,275 --> 00:11:37,825
I REMEMBER MY MOTHER ASKED ME
TO LEAVE HOME
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00:11:37,827 --> 00:11:41,067
AND ASK FOR REFUGE
TO MY NEIGHBOR.
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00:11:41,068 --> 00:11:42,378
AND SHE SAID THAT
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00:11:42,379 --> 00:11:45,099
"FREDDY, WE DON'T KNOW
WHAT WILL HAPPEN TOMORROW."
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00:11:45,103 --> 00:11:51,516
SHE SAID THAT "IF YOU SURVIVE,
BE A MAN."
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00:11:51,517 --> 00:11:53,897
THIS WAS THE LAST TIME
I SAW HER.
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00:11:54,827 --> 00:11:56,964
SO SHE LEFT.
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00:11:56,965 --> 00:11:59,205
AND NEXT MORNING,
ON THE 14th OF APRIL,
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00:11:59,206 --> 00:12:01,166
THEY WERE ALL KILLED.
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00:12:06,482 --> 00:12:08,450
RWANDA IS NOT THE ONLY PLACE
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00:12:08,451 --> 00:12:11,968
WHERE PROPAGANDA HAS PLAYED
A ROLE IN INCITING MASS MURDER.
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00:12:11,969 --> 00:12:13,545
HEIL!
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00:12:13,551 --> 00:12:14,585
SIEG... HEIL!
162
00:12:21,241 --> 00:12:23,621
IT'S BEEN USED
THROUGHOUT HISTORY,
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00:12:23,622 --> 00:12:25,100
INCLUDING IN NAZI GERMANY.
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00:12:44,758 --> 00:12:47,138
BUT HOW DOES PROPAGANDA
ACTUALLY CONVINCE PEOPLE
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00:12:47,139 --> 00:12:49,827
TO ABANDON THEIR MORALS
AND COMMIT VIOLENCE?
166
00:13:02,137 --> 00:13:04,337
TAKE ONE.
ABC COMM. AND MARK.
167
00:13:04,344 --> 00:13:07,033
PROPAGANDA CAN BE A POWERFUL
AND SUBTLE TOOL,
168
00:13:07,034 --> 00:13:09,481
BUT HOW DOES IT ACTUALLY WORK?
169
00:13:14,344 --> 00:13:17,240
HOW DOES IT CHANGE
THE WAY WE THINK?
170
00:13:17,241 --> 00:13:21,171
HOW DOES IT INFLUENCE US TO SEE
ENTIRE GROUPS OF PEOPLE
171
00:13:21,172 --> 00:13:24,654
AS FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT
THAN OURSELVES,
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00:13:24,655 --> 00:13:27,235
EVEN AS LESS THAN HUMAN?
173
00:13:29,413 --> 00:13:31,659
THERE ARE LOTS
OF REASONS TO THINK
174
00:13:31,660 --> 00:13:34,405
THAT DEHUMANIZATION WOULD HAVE
PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE
175
00:13:34,413 --> 00:13:36,964
IN THE GENOCIDE IN RWANDA.
176
00:13:42,482 --> 00:13:47,002
THE IDEA THAT THE TUTSIS
WERE FRAMED AS COCKROACHES...
177
00:13:48,241 --> 00:13:50,550
...I MEAN, PART OF WHAT
THAT DOES, THAT IMAGERY,
178
00:13:50,551 --> 00:13:54,516
IT CALLS TO MIND WHAT WE DO
WITH COCKROACHES.
179
00:13:54,517 --> 00:13:56,897
WE EXTERMINATE COCKROACHES.
180
00:13:58,517 --> 00:14:01,237
YOU KNOW, WHEN WE THINK ABOUT
WHAT IT MEANS TO BE HUMAN,
181
00:14:01,241 --> 00:14:02,791
A LOT GOES INTO THAT.
182
00:14:05,448 --> 00:14:08,378
HUMANS, AS COMPARED TO
OTHER ANIMALS IN GENERAL,
183
00:14:08,379 --> 00:14:09,789
WE TEND TO THINK OF OURSELVES
184
00:14:09,793 --> 00:14:13,654
AS HAVING MORE COMPLEX
MENTAL CAPACITIES.
185
00:14:18,344 --> 00:14:21,619
SO WHEN WE STRIP ANOTHER GROUP
OF HUMANITY,
186
00:14:21,620 --> 00:14:25,619
WHAT WE'RE DOING IS OVERLOOKING
OR SIMPLY OUTRIGHT DENYING THEM
187
00:14:25,620 --> 00:14:28,688
THESE MORE COMPLEX MENTAL STATES
188
00:14:28,689 --> 00:14:32,339
AS WELL AS THEIR CAPACITY
TO EXPERIENCE THINGS LIKE PAIN.
189
00:14:34,689 --> 00:14:37,829
WE'RE ESSENTIALLY NOT ONLY
JUST SAYING THEY'RE NOT LIKE US,
190
00:14:37,830 --> 00:14:39,997
BUT THEY'RE ALSO BENEATH US.
191
00:14:43,137 --> 00:14:45,787
OTHER TIMES,
OUR DEHUMANIZATION CAN BE
192
00:14:45,793 --> 00:14:48,033
EVEN MORE INTENTIONAL,
TO STOKE FEAR
193
00:14:48,034 --> 00:14:50,692
ABOUT THE GROUP
THAT'S BEING DEHUMANIZED.
194
00:14:50,693 --> 00:14:52,999
WE SEE THEM AS OUTSIDE
THE BOUNDARY OF PEOPLE
195
00:14:53,000 --> 00:14:56,067
TO WHOM NORMAL MORAL RULES
WOULD APPLY.
196
00:14:56,068 --> 00:14:59,826
THEY ARE SEEN TO POSE
A SIGNIFICANT THREAT
197
00:14:59,827 --> 00:15:01,997
TO THE SOCIETY IN QUESTION.
198
00:15:04,379 --> 00:15:08,619
AND SO IT BECOMES MORE OKAY
TO AGGRESS AGAINST THEM,
199
00:15:08,620 --> 00:15:11,030
TO EVEN KILL THEM...
200
00:15:15,724 --> 00:15:19,764
...TO ENGAGE IN GENOCIDE
TOWARDS THEM.
201
00:15:21,310 --> 00:15:24,069
HOW DOES DEHUMANIZING PROPAGANDA
CONVINCE US
202
00:15:24,070 --> 00:15:26,998
TO OVERLOOK OUR MORALS
AND OUR PERCEPTIONS?
203
00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:29,720
WELL, IT DOESN'T JUST FLIP
A SWITCH IN OUR BRAIN.
204
00:15:29,724 --> 00:15:32,794
IT SETS IN MOTION A GRADUAL
AND INSIDIOUS PROCESS
205
00:15:32,795 --> 00:15:34,623
THAT CHANGES HOW WE SEE OTHERS.
206
00:15:35,655 --> 00:15:37,235
SCIENCE CAN'T TELL US
207
00:15:37,241 --> 00:15:39,621
EXACTLY HOW THESE INFLUENCES
WORK ON OUR BRAINS,
208
00:15:39,622 --> 00:15:41,790
BUT WE'RE TRYING
TO UNDERSTAND IT BETTER.
209
00:15:43,206 --> 00:15:45,376
SOME WORK SUGGESTS
THAT DEHUMANIZATION
210
00:15:45,379 --> 00:15:46,969
CAN TURN OFF
PARTS OF OUR BRAIN
211
00:15:46,970 --> 00:15:51,825
THAT ALLOW US TO THINK ABOUT
AND EMPATHIZE WITH OTHER PEOPLE.
212
00:15:51,827 --> 00:15:54,027
NORMALLY, WHEN WE THINK
ABOUT OTHER GROUPS OF PEOPLE
213
00:15:54,034 --> 00:15:55,382
AND EMPATHIZE WITH THEM
214
00:15:55,383 --> 00:15:57,688
OR SEE THEM AS BEING
ESSENTIALLY LIKE US,
215
00:15:57,689 --> 00:15:59,239
WE USE A PART OF THE BRAIN
216
00:15:59,241 --> 00:16:02,031
THAT'S CALLED
THE MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX,
217
00:16:02,034 --> 00:16:04,764
WHICH IS RESPONSIBLE
FOR OUR SOCIAL COGNITION.
218
00:16:04,765 --> 00:16:08,548
AND THAT BRAIN ACTIVITY
IS VISIBLE TO RESEARCHERS.
219
00:16:08,551 --> 00:16:10,930
BUT WHEN PEOPLE WERE
THINKING ABOUT GROUPS
220
00:16:10,931 --> 00:16:12,757
THAT ARE DEHUMANIZED,
221
00:16:12,758 --> 00:16:16,308
THE RESEARCHERS IN THESE STUDIES
ACTUALLY SAW LESS ACTIVITY
222
00:16:16,310 --> 00:16:17,619
IN THAT REGION.
223
00:16:17,620 --> 00:16:19,790
AND WHAT THAT SUGGESTS
IS THAT WE DON'T THINK
224
00:16:19,793 --> 00:16:22,283
ABOUT THESE GROUPS
THAT ARE DEHUMANIZED
225
00:16:22,284 --> 00:16:26,205
IN THE SAME WAY THAT WE WOULD
THINK ABOUT OTHER PEOPLE.
226
00:16:26,206 --> 00:16:28,166
THE TYPE OF DEHUMANIZATION
227
00:16:28,172 --> 00:16:31,142
THAT WE HAVE BEEN MEASURING
MOST RECENTLY IN THE LAB
228
00:16:31,143 --> 00:16:35,895
IS THE PARTICULARLY BLATANT
FORM OF DEHUMANIZATION.
229
00:16:35,896 --> 00:16:38,306
THE WAY WE HAVE PARTICIPANTS
COMPLETE THE SCALE
230
00:16:38,310 --> 00:16:40,829
IS ESSENTIALLY TO JUST SHOW THEM
THIS IMAGE
231
00:16:40,830 --> 00:16:43,097
TO INDICATE
HOW EVOLVED THEY CONSIDER
232
00:16:43,103 --> 00:16:47,274
THE AVERAGE MEMBER OF ANY NUMBER
OF GROUPS TO BE.
233
00:16:47,275 --> 00:16:51,785
AND THEN WE ASSIGN THEM A SCORE
FROM 0 TO 100 ON THAT BASIS.
234
00:16:52,758 --> 00:16:56,858
AND WHAT YOU CAN SEE HERE
IS THIS SAMPLE OF 342 AMERICANS.
235
00:16:56,862 --> 00:16:58,930
LIKE PRETTY MUCH ALL GROUPS DO,
236
00:16:58,931 --> 00:17:02,519
AMERICANS RATE THEMSELVES
AT NEARLY 100, OR FULLY HUMAN,
237
00:17:02,520 --> 00:17:04,757
ON THE 0-TO-100
"ASCENT OF MAN" SCALE.
238
00:17:04,758 --> 00:17:06,928
BUT WHEN WE'RE LOOKING
AT THEIR AVERAGE RATING
239
00:17:06,931 --> 00:17:10,447
OF MEXICAN IMMIGRANTS
ON THAT SAME SCALE,
240
00:17:10,448 --> 00:17:15,098
WE SEE THAT THEY RATE MEXICAN
IMMIGRANTS AT ONLY AROUND 75.
241
00:17:15,103 --> 00:17:16,792
WE HAVE A NUMBER OF SAMPLES
242
00:17:16,793 --> 00:17:19,073
LOOKING AT PERCEPTIONS
OF MUSLIMS IN EUROPE.
243
00:17:19,074 --> 00:17:23,654
WE SEE THAT THEY RATE MUSLIMS
RIGHT ABOUT IN THE MID-60s.
244
00:17:23,655 --> 00:17:26,685
AND WHAT WE FIND IS THAT THE
LOWER PEOPLE ARE RATING MUSLIMS,
245
00:17:26,689 --> 00:17:29,759
THE MORE LIKELY THEY ARE
TO ALSO SEE MUSLIMS AS BARBARIC,
246
00:17:29,760 --> 00:17:32,928
AS SAVAGE,
AS LACKING A SERIES OF QUALITIES
247
00:17:32,931 --> 00:17:35,901
THAT WE WOULD THINK OF
AS CENTRAL TO FULL HUMANITY.
248
00:17:39,137 --> 00:17:41,277
DEHUMANIZATION PLAYED
AN IMPORTANT ROLE
249
00:17:41,278 --> 00:17:44,515
IN THE EXPLOITATION
OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE
250
00:17:44,517 --> 00:17:46,207
IN THE UNITED STATES...
251
00:17:48,931 --> 00:17:52,691
...IN THE ENSLAVEMENT
OF AFRICAN-AMERICANS...
252
00:17:56,137 --> 00:17:58,717
...ITS ROLE IN
THE JAPANESE INTERNMENT CAMPS
253
00:17:58,724 --> 00:18:01,144
AT THE TIME
OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR...
254
00:18:02,862 --> 00:18:04,516
...EVEN TODAY.
255
00:18:04,517 --> 00:18:07,757
THESE AREN'T PEOPLE.
THESE ARE ANIMALS.
256
00:18:14,862 --> 00:18:17,447
DEHUMANIZING PROPAGANDA
257
00:18:17,448 --> 00:18:20,718
WORKS BY AMPLIFYING OUR FEARS
AND HATRED.
258
00:18:20,724 --> 00:18:23,136
AND IN THE AGE OF THE INTERNET,
259
00:18:23,137 --> 00:18:25,547
WE'RE BOMBARDED
BY SO MUCH INFORMATION.
260
00:18:25,551 --> 00:18:29,826
IT'S HARDER THAN EVER TO KNOW
WHAT'S TRUE AND WHAT'S FALSE.
261
00:18:29,827 --> 00:18:34,477
THE SUSPECT DESCRIBED
HOW HE CAME TO EMBRACE RACISM
262
00:18:34,482 --> 00:18:36,171
THROUGH ONLINE FORUMS.
263
00:18:36,172 --> 00:18:40,378
VIEWPOINTS THAT WERE NOT
TOLERABLE IN POLITE SOCIETY
264
00:18:40,379 --> 00:18:42,659
CAN FIND AN OPEN FORUM
ON THE INTERNET,
265
00:18:42,660 --> 00:18:44,515
AND LIKE-MINDED PEOPLE
266
00:18:44,517 --> 00:18:47,237
WHO MIGHT HAVE BEEN SEPARATED
BY GEOGRAPHY
267
00:18:47,241 --> 00:18:49,241
ARE NOW JUST A COUPLE OF CLICKS
AWAY FROM EACH OTHER.
268
00:18:54,379 --> 00:18:57,549
ON JUNE 17, 2015,
269
00:18:57,551 --> 00:19:02,240
DYLANN ROOF, A 21-YEAR-OLD
WHITE MAN FROM SOUTH CAROLINA,
270
00:19:02,241 --> 00:19:06,309
ENTERED THE SANCTUARY
OF THE EMANUEL A.M.E. CHURCH
271
00:19:06,310 --> 00:19:07,895
IN CHARLESTON.
272
00:19:10,034 --> 00:19:11,863
A HATE-CRIME INVESTIGATION
273
00:19:11,864 --> 00:19:13,171
INTO A DEADLY SHOOTING
274
00:19:13,172 --> 00:19:15,382
AT THE HISTORICALLY BLACK
EMANUEL A.M.E. CHURCH
275
00:19:15,383 --> 00:19:16,688
IN CHARLESTON.
276
00:19:16,689 --> 00:19:20,239
THE CHURCH WAS HOLDING
THEIR WEEKLY BIBLE STUDY.
277
00:19:20,241 --> 00:19:23,791
ROOF JOINED THE BIBLE STUDY,
PRAYED WITH THEM,
278
00:19:23,793 --> 00:19:27,550
AND THEN SHOT NINE MEMBERS
OF THE CONGREGATION.
279
00:19:27,551 --> 00:19:32,761
HE IS SOMEONE WHO SEEMED
TO CELEBRATE THE CONFEDERACY.
280
00:19:53,862 --> 00:19:56,002
ONE OF THE THINGS
THAT WAS INTERESTING
281
00:19:56,003 --> 00:20:00,340
WAS THAT THERE WAS A HUGE DEAL
OF INQUIRY
282
00:20:00,344 --> 00:20:02,757
AROUND HOW HE BECAME RADICALIZED
283
00:20:02,758 --> 00:20:05,408
AND, YOU KNOW, WHAT LED HIM
TO TAKE THESE ACTIONS.
284
00:20:54,172 --> 00:20:57,450
SAFIYA NOBLE WROTE
A REALLY FASCINATING BOOK
285
00:20:57,451 --> 00:20:59,757
CALLED "ALGORITHMS
OF OPPRESSION."
286
00:20:59,758 --> 00:21:02,138
THESE ARE THE IMAGES
DIRECTLY FROM THE BOOK.
287
00:21:02,139 --> 00:21:04,207
I ASKED HER
FOR THE SPECIFIC WAYS
288
00:21:04,208 --> 00:21:08,306
THAT HATE GROUPS AND BIGOTRY
FLOURISH ON THE INTERNET
289
00:21:08,310 --> 00:21:10,309
AND HOW DYLANN ROOF,
290
00:21:10,310 --> 00:21:13,690
WHEN HE BEGAN SEARCHING
ABOUT BLACK-ON-WHITE CRIME,
291
00:21:13,691 --> 00:21:18,067
FOUND THE PARTICULAR RESULTS --
THE INACCURATE RESULTS --
292
00:21:18,068 --> 00:21:21,067
THAT HE SAID DROVE HIM
TO BELIEVE HE HAD TO COMMIT
293
00:21:21,068 --> 00:21:23,028
THE ACT OF VIOLENCE THAT HE DID.
294
00:21:23,034 --> 00:21:27,205
ONE PARTICULAR INCIDENT
THAT YOU EXAMINED IN THE BOOK,
295
00:21:27,206 --> 00:21:31,446
DYLANN ROOF, YOU TALK ABOUT
HOW THERE IS A CONNECTION
296
00:21:31,448 --> 00:21:34,998
BETWEEN HIS UNDERSTANDING
OF RACE
297
00:21:35,000 --> 00:21:36,930
AND WHAT'S HAPPENING
ON THE INTERNET.
298
00:21:36,931 --> 00:21:39,831
HE TALKS ABOUT
HOW HE'S TRYING TO MAKE SENSE
299
00:21:39,832 --> 00:21:41,895
OF THE NEWS COVERAGE
300
00:21:41,896 --> 00:21:44,826
OF TRAYVON MARTIN
AND GEORGE ZIMMERMAN.
301
00:21:46,551 --> 00:21:48,585
AND HE DOES
A GOOGLE SEARCH
302
00:21:48,586 --> 00:21:51,585
ON THE KEY WORDS
"BLACK-ON-WHITE CRIME."
303
00:21:51,586 --> 00:21:54,476
HE WAS LED
TO ALL OF THESE WEBSITES
304
00:21:54,482 --> 00:21:58,792
THAT LOOK LIKE THEY MIGHT BE
CREDIBLE INFORMATION SITES.
305
00:21:58,793 --> 00:22:02,930
WHAT HE FOUND WAS THE
COUNCIL OF CONSERVATIVE CITIZENS
306
00:22:02,931 --> 00:22:06,721
COMES UP
AS THE FIRST WEBSITE.
307
00:22:06,724 --> 00:22:08,136
NOW, THIS WEBSITE,
308
00:22:08,137 --> 00:22:10,857
IT'S WHAT SCHOLARS CALL
CLOAKED WEBSITES.
309
00:22:10,862 --> 00:22:12,552
THESE ARE WEBSITES
THAT LOOK LIKE
310
00:22:12,553 --> 00:22:14,341
THEY MIGHT BE
CREDIBLE INFORMATION,
311
00:22:14,344 --> 00:22:16,002
BUT YOU JUST SCRATCH
THE SURFACE,
312
00:22:16,003 --> 00:22:19,240
AND IT'S A WHITE-SUPREMACIST,
WHITE-POWER PROPAGANDA SITE.
313
00:22:19,241 --> 00:22:20,481
MM-HMM.
314
00:22:20,482 --> 00:22:23,378
YOU DON'T GET, FOR EXAMPLE,
FBI STATISTICS
315
00:22:23,379 --> 00:22:28,339
THAT SHOW YOU THAT VIOLENT CRIME
IS AN INTRARACIAL PHENOMENON.
316
00:22:28,344 --> 00:22:29,654
MOST OFTEN,
PEOPLE ARE KILLED
317
00:22:29,655 --> 00:22:31,545
BY MEMBERS OF THEIR OWN SOCIAL
OR ETHNIC GROUP.
318
00:22:31,551 --> 00:22:32,930
THAT'S RIGHT.
319
00:22:32,931 --> 00:22:35,101
WHY DO THOSE WEBSITES
COME UP FIRST?
320
00:22:35,103 --> 00:22:37,213
GOOGLE IS
AN ADVERTISING PLATFORM.
321
00:22:37,214 --> 00:22:41,026
YOU CAN PAY TO OUTBID
THE NEXT COMPANY
322
00:22:41,034 --> 00:22:46,033
TO OPTIMIZE CERTAIN WORDS
IN RELATIONSHIP TO YOUR CONTENT.
323
00:22:46,034 --> 00:22:49,171
SO PEOPLE ARE GOING
TO AN ADVERTISING PLATFORM
324
00:22:49,172 --> 00:22:51,972
AND BELIEVING THEY'RE GOING
TO SOMETHING LIKE A LIBRARY.
325
00:22:51,973 --> 00:22:53,095
YEAH.
326
00:22:53,103 --> 00:22:55,343
THE CHALLENGE IS THAT
THE SEARCH ENGINES
327
00:22:55,344 --> 00:22:59,454
REALLY HOLD AN AUTHORITATIVE
PLACE IN OUR CULTURE.
328
00:23:00,517 --> 00:23:03,966
WHAT HAPPENS IS YOU GO TO
SOMETHING LIKE A SEARCH ENGINE,
329
00:23:03,967 --> 00:23:06,305
AND YOU TRY TO FIND OUT
WHAT'S THE WEATHER
330
00:23:06,310 --> 00:23:07,860
OR SOMETHING BANAL.
331
00:23:07,862 --> 00:23:11,522
AND IT GIVES YOU THE ANSWER, AND
IT'S USUALLY PRETTY ACCURATE.
332
00:23:11,523 --> 00:23:14,097
AND THAT REINFORCES
OUR TRUST
333
00:23:14,103 --> 00:23:16,659
THAT IF WE LOOK FOR SOMETHING
MORE COMPLEX,
334
00:23:16,660 --> 00:23:20,585
LIKE BLACK-ON-WHITE CRIME,
IT'S ALSO GONNA BE AUTHORITATIVE
335
00:23:20,586 --> 00:23:22,756
AND GIVE US
THE EXACT RIGHT ANSWER.
336
00:23:22,758 --> 00:23:26,098
AND SO NOW YOU HAVE, I THINK,
THIS KIND OF LOW-GRADE WARFARE
337
00:23:26,103 --> 00:23:28,623
THAT'S HAPPENING
IN OUR INFORMATION LANDSCAPE
338
00:23:28,624 --> 00:23:34,136
OF DISINFORMATION AND PROPAGANDA
AROUND FOMENTING HATE.
339
00:23:34,137 --> 00:23:37,205
AND DYLANN ROOF SAYS
HE LEARNS
340
00:23:37,206 --> 00:23:40,205
ABOUT ALL OF THESE TREACHEROUS
MURDERS OF WHITE PEOPLE
341
00:23:40,206 --> 00:23:44,096
COMMITTED BY BLACK PEOPLE
AND THE MEDIA'S COVER-UP.
342
00:23:44,103 --> 00:23:47,033
SO DYLANN ROOF,
HE BECOMES RADICALIZED.
343
00:23:48,172 --> 00:23:50,932
THERE'S A FALSE NARRATIVE
ON THESE WHITE-SUPREMACIST SITES
344
00:23:50,933 --> 00:23:52,341
THAT WHITES, NOT BLACKS,
345
00:23:52,344 --> 00:23:54,624
ARE THE MAIN VICTIMS
OF OPPRESSION IN THIS COUNTRY...
346
00:23:56,517 --> 00:24:00,964
...AND THEY ARE GENERALLY
IN SOME FORM OF PHYSICAL PERIL
347
00:24:00,965 --> 00:24:03,405
AND ALL THESE THINGS
ARE CONSEQUENCE
348
00:24:03,413 --> 00:24:06,523
OF THE BEHAVIORS
OF BLACK PEOPLE.
349
00:24:08,758 --> 00:24:11,998
IT'S NEVER BEEN EASIER
TO INFORM PEOPLE,
350
00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:15,410
AND IT'S NEVER BEEN EASIER
TO MISINFORM PEOPLE.
351
00:24:15,413 --> 00:24:18,205
ALGORITHM-BASED
INTERNET PLATFORMS,
352
00:24:18,206 --> 00:24:21,476
LIKE GOOGLE SEARCH,
DON'T MANUFACTURE HATE,
353
00:24:21,482 --> 00:24:24,932
BUT THEY HELP HATE SPREAD
MORE QUICKLY AND EFFICIENTLY
354
00:24:24,933 --> 00:24:26,964
THAN IT MIGHT OTHERWISE.
355
00:24:26,965 --> 00:24:29,375
ON THESE EFFECTIVE
ONLINE PLATFORMS,
356
00:24:29,379 --> 00:24:32,549
ANY GROUP OR INDIVIDUAL
WHO WANTS TO STOKE HATE AND FEAR
357
00:24:32,551 --> 00:24:35,341
CAN EMPLOY A HUGE ARRAY
OF TOOLS,
358
00:24:35,344 --> 00:24:40,694
INCLUDING CODED LANGUAGE,
IMAGES, AND SYMBOLS.
359
00:24:43,482 --> 00:24:45,447
ALL RIGHT, MR. ROOF.
360
00:24:45,448 --> 00:24:47,788
YES, SIR.HOW DO YOU WISH TO PLEAD?
361
00:24:49,310 --> 00:24:52,550
ONE OF THE THINGS THAT WAS
REALLY STRIKING TO ME
362
00:24:52,551 --> 00:24:54,585
ABOUT OBSERVING THE TRIAL
363
00:24:54,586 --> 00:24:59,136
WAS THAT EVERYONE SEEMED TO BE
GRAPPLING WITH THE QUESTION
364
00:24:59,137 --> 00:25:01,407
OF HOW SOMEONE COULD DO THIS.
365
00:25:01,413 --> 00:25:04,210
THERE WAS THIS IDEA
THAT ROOF WAS AN ABERRATION.
366
00:25:04,211 --> 00:25:06,585
AND IN MY WRITING,
I PUSHED BACK ON THAT.
367
00:25:06,586 --> 00:25:09,236
I SAID,
"HE DIDN'T COME FROM NOWHERE.
368
00:25:09,241 --> 00:25:11,281
HE'S PART OF A LONG TRADITION."
369
00:25:18,586 --> 00:25:21,026
WHITE SUPREMACISTS
AND KLANSMEN MOVED OPENLY
370
00:25:21,034 --> 00:25:22,034
IN THE TENSE SOUTH.
371
00:25:22,035 --> 00:25:25,067
WHY? WHY?
WHY WOULD IT HAPPEN TO US?
372
00:25:25,068 --> 00:25:26,757
I JUST COULDN'T --
IT WAS UNBELIEVABLE.
373
00:25:26,758 --> 00:25:29,238
THERE ARE NEW REPORTS
SUGGESTING THAT HATE CRIMES
374
00:25:29,241 --> 00:25:31,341
DID IN FACT RISE
AFTER DONALD TRUMP'S ELECTION.
375
00:25:31,344 --> 00:25:34,284
THERE ARE CURRENTLY
784 ACTIVE HATE GROUPS OPERATING
376
00:25:34,285 --> 00:25:37,445
ACROSS THE COUNTRY,
A NUMBER THAT IS GROWING.
377
00:25:37,448 --> 00:25:39,967
FOR PEOPLE WHO ARE BLACK,
PEOPLE WHO ARE WHITE,
378
00:25:39,968 --> 00:25:41,685
PEOPLE OF DIFFERENT
BACKGROUNDS --
379
00:25:41,689 --> 00:25:46,067
HAVE WE ALL COLLECTIVELY DECIDED
TO DENY THE PARTS OF THE PAST
380
00:25:46,068 --> 00:25:47,788
THAT ARE DIFFICULT
TO THINK ABOUT
381
00:25:47,793 --> 00:25:52,102
AND THEREFORE IGNORED
THE POTENTIAL WARNINGS?
382
00:25:52,103 --> 00:25:56,033
ABOUT WHAT MIGHT HAPPEN
IN THE PRESENT?
383
00:25:59,758 --> 00:26:04,757
SHANI GILCHRIST IS A COLUMNIST
FOR THE CHARLESTON CITY PAPER.
384
00:26:04,758 --> 00:26:07,618
SHE LIVED A HALF-BLOCK AWAY
FROM EMANUEL A.M.E.
385
00:26:07,620 --> 00:26:10,516
DURING THE TRIAL,
386
00:26:10,517 --> 00:26:12,857
IT WAS APPARENT THAT THERE WAS
MUCH MORE TO THIS STORY
387
00:26:12,862 --> 00:26:16,862
THAN SIMPLY A SINGLE
HATE-FILLED INDIVIDUAL.
388
00:26:17,965 --> 00:26:20,825
I WONDERED IF YOU COULD TELL ME
WHAT IT WAS LIKE
389
00:26:20,827 --> 00:26:25,307
FOR YOU TO BE
IN THE COURTROOM,
390
00:26:25,310 --> 00:26:28,447
IN CLOSE PROXIMITY
TO DYLANN ROOF.
391
00:26:28,448 --> 00:26:30,588
I NEVER GOT USED TO IT.
THAT'S FOR SURE.
392
00:26:30,589 --> 00:26:35,996
THERE WAS NO WAY
TO SEPARATE JOURNALIST SHANI
393
00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:40,100
FROM BLACK WOMAN
FROM SOUTH CAROLINA SHANI.
394
00:26:40,103 --> 00:26:43,067
WHAT DID YOU MAKE
OF DYLANN ROOF'S FIXATION
395
00:26:43,068 --> 00:26:45,308
WITH SYMBOLS
OF THE CONFEDERACY?
396
00:26:45,310 --> 00:26:49,757
THE CONFEDERATE FLAG WAS USED
BY ROOF TO JUSTIFY HIS ACTIONS,
397
00:26:49,758 --> 00:26:53,067
BECAUSE PEOPLE WHO ARE LOOKING
FOR SOMETHING TO CLING TO
398
00:26:53,068 --> 00:26:55,408
AND THEY DON'T KNOW
WHERE TO TURN,
399
00:26:55,413 --> 00:26:59,757
AND IT'S HATE-BASED
AND IGNORANCE-BASED,
400
00:26:59,758 --> 00:27:01,408
ALL THEY HAVE ARE SYMBOLS.
401
00:27:01,413 --> 00:27:05,453
THE TANGIBLE THINGS AREN'T GONNA
JUSTIFY THAT LEVEL OF HATE.
402
00:27:05,454 --> 00:27:08,205
SO AFTER THE MURDERS,
403
00:27:08,206 --> 00:27:10,756
PEOPLE WANTED TO JUMP IN
AND GET RID OF THAT SYMBOL.
404
00:27:12,137 --> 00:27:16,274
THIS VERY FLAG IS NOW THE
FOCUS OF AMERICA'S ATTENTION.
405
00:27:16,275 --> 00:27:20,165
THERE'S HUGE MOMENTUM BEHIND
A MOVEMENT TO HAVE IT TAKEN DOWN
406
00:27:20,172 --> 00:27:22,861
ON THE GROUNDS
IT'S SEEN AS A SYMBOL OF RACISM
407
00:27:22,862 --> 00:27:25,309
AND OF THE DEFENSE OF SLAVERY.
408
00:27:25,310 --> 00:27:27,690
THERE WERE PEOPLE
I NEVER WOULD'VE EXPECTED
409
00:27:27,691 --> 00:27:29,929
STANDING UP,
POUNDING THEIR DESKS --
410
00:27:29,931 --> 00:27:32,826
YOU KNOW, THIS WAS 1:30
IN THE MORNING --
411
00:27:32,827 --> 00:27:34,757
SAYING, "WE HAVE TO TAKE
THIS FLAG DOWN."
412
00:27:34,758 --> 00:27:40,378
I CANNOT BELIEVE
THAT WE DO NOT HAVE THE HEART
413
00:27:40,379 --> 00:27:47,205
TO TAKE A SYMBOL OF HATE
OFF THESE GROUNDS ON FRIDAY!
414
00:27:47,206 --> 00:27:49,686
BUT THERE WERE
SEVERAL LEGISLATORS
415
00:27:49,689 --> 00:27:53,654
WHO WERE NOT IN FAVOR
OF BRINGING THE FLAG DOWN.
416
00:27:53,655 --> 00:27:56,895
ALL WE'RE GONNA DO
IS WE'RE GONNA DISRESPECT
417
00:27:56,896 --> 00:28:00,756
THESE 20,000-PLUS MEN,
BLACK AND WHITE,
418
00:28:00,758 --> 00:28:03,478
THAT FOUGHT TO DEFEND
YOUR STATE.
419
00:28:03,482 --> 00:28:05,282
PUT OUR FLAG BACK!
420
00:28:05,283 --> 00:28:07,065
PUT OUR FLAG BACK!
421
00:28:07,068 --> 00:28:09,964
I'M FROM THE SOUTH
AND PROUD OF THE SOUTH
422
00:28:09,965 --> 00:28:11,715
AND, YOU KNOW,
PROUD OF THIS FLAG.
423
00:28:11,724 --> 00:28:14,723
♪ AND I WISH I WAS IN DIXIE ♪
424
00:28:14,724 --> 00:28:15,895
♪ HOORAY! ♪
425
00:28:15,896 --> 00:28:18,996
I DON'T HATE ANYONE.
I LOVE ALL PEOPLE.
426
00:28:19,000 --> 00:28:21,278
MY DAUGHTER-IN-LAW IS BLACK,
AND I LOVE HER,
427
00:28:21,279 --> 00:28:23,785
AND I LOVE HER FAMILY,
SO IT'S NOT A BLACK/WHITE ISSUE.
428
00:28:23,793 --> 00:28:26,173
IT'S A HERITAGE ISSUE.
429
00:28:28,551 --> 00:28:30,141
WHAT MOST PEOPLE DON'T REALIZE
430
00:28:30,142 --> 00:28:33,097
IS THAT THE CONFEDERATE FLAG
HADN'T FLOWN
431
00:28:33,103 --> 00:28:35,623
OVER THE STATE CAPITOL
FOR ALL THAT LONG.
432
00:28:35,624 --> 00:28:38,619
IN THE 1960s,
AS A RESPONSE TO THE MOMENTUM
433
00:28:38,620 --> 00:28:40,720
OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT,
434
00:28:40,724 --> 00:28:45,102
THEY SEIZE UPON THE SYMBOLISM
OF THE CONFEDERATE FLAG
435
00:28:45,103 --> 00:28:48,550
AND THEN BEGIN HOISTING IT
AT STATE CAPITOLS
436
00:28:48,551 --> 00:28:50,901
IN ORDER TO SYMBOLIZE
THEIR RESISTANCE
437
00:28:50,902 --> 00:28:53,716
AND WHITE SUPERIORITY
IN THE SOUTH.
438
00:28:55,103 --> 00:28:57,143
ONE OF THE THINGS
I FIND MOST STRIKING
439
00:28:57,144 --> 00:28:59,067
ABOUT THE CONFEDERATE SYMBOL
440
00:28:59,068 --> 00:29:01,518
IS THAT IT'S USUALLY THE SIDE
THAT WINS A WAR
441
00:29:01,519 --> 00:29:03,687
THAT GETS MONUMENTS.
442
00:29:03,689 --> 00:29:05,757
BUT HERE IT'S THE OPPOSITE.
443
00:29:05,758 --> 00:29:07,028
IT'S THE IDEA
444
00:29:07,034 --> 00:29:09,554
THAT THE CONFEDERACY STOOD FOR
SOUTHERN PRIDE,
445
00:29:09,555 --> 00:29:12,619
THAT SLAVERY WAS ONLY
TANGENTIALLY CONNECTED
446
00:29:12,620 --> 00:29:15,550
TO THE CAUSE OF THE CONFEDERACY,
IN ORDER TO MAKE IT
447
00:29:15,551 --> 00:29:19,451
A KIND OF USER-FRIENDLY VERSION
OF SOUTHERN HISTORY.
448
00:29:21,379 --> 00:29:23,205
JAMES BESSENGER IS A MEMBER
449
00:29:23,206 --> 00:29:25,926
OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA
SECESSIONIST PARTY.
450
00:29:25,931 --> 00:29:31,274
I WAS REALLY CURIOUS
ABOUT WHAT SOMEONE WOULD SAY
451
00:29:31,275 --> 00:29:33,964
IN DEFENSE
OF THE CONFEDERATE CAUSE.
452
00:29:33,965 --> 00:29:36,305
HOW DOES THE CONFEDERATE FLAG
APPEAR TO HIM?
453
00:29:36,310 --> 00:29:39,964
WHAT DOES THIS MONUMENT
STAND FOR?
454
00:29:39,965 --> 00:29:43,305
TO ME, IT REPRESENTS THE 260,000
SOUTHERN MEN AND WOMEN
455
00:29:43,310 --> 00:29:45,140
WHO GAVE THEIR LIVES
IN DEFENSE OF THIS STATE
456
00:29:45,141 --> 00:29:46,966
AGAINST WHAT THEY SAW
AS A FOREIGN INVASION.
457
00:29:46,967 --> 00:29:49,925
WHAT DO YOU MAKE OF THE ARGUMENT
THAT THIS IS COMMEMORATING
458
00:29:49,931 --> 00:29:52,619
AN UGLY PART
OF AMERICAN HISTORY
459
00:29:52,620 --> 00:29:56,240
AND THIS INFLICTS PAIN
ON AFRICAN-AMERICANS
460
00:29:56,241 --> 00:30:00,895
WHO HAVE TO SEE THE REGIME THAT
WANTED TO HOLD THEM IN SLAVERY
461
00:30:00,896 --> 00:30:03,376
GLORIFIED ON PUBLIC GROUND?
462
00:30:03,379 --> 00:30:05,029
IN THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES,
THE NORTH WON,
463
00:30:05,034 --> 00:30:06,762
SO THE NORTH HAS DRIVEN
THE NARRATIVE SINCE THEN.
464
00:30:06,763 --> 00:30:08,688
BUT IN THE SOUTH, IT WAS
A COMPLETELY DIFFERENT SITUATION
465
00:30:08,689 --> 00:30:09,859
AFTER THE WAR.
466
00:30:09,862 --> 00:30:11,102
SOUTHERNERS CAME HOME.
467
00:30:11,103 --> 00:30:12,483
THEIR CITIES, THEIR HOMES,
THEIR FAMILIES WERE GONE.
468
00:30:12,484 --> 00:30:14,621
WE DON'T EXPECT PEOPLE
FROM OUTSIDE OF THE SOUTH
469
00:30:14,622 --> 00:30:16,449
TO SEE THE MONUMENTS
AND TO SEE THE FLAG
470
00:30:16,450 --> 00:30:18,447
AND TO SEE CONFEDERATE HISTORY
THE WAY WE DO
471
00:30:18,448 --> 00:30:19,998
BECAUSE THEY'RE NOT
FROM HERE.
472
00:30:20,000 --> 00:30:21,999
THEY DON'T HAVE THE SAME HISTORY
AS WE DO.
473
00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:23,968
BUT 40% OF SOUTHERNERS
WERE BLACK.
474
00:30:23,969 --> 00:30:26,095
SO IT'S NOT LIKE THEY'RE BLACK
OR SOUTHERN.
475
00:30:26,103 --> 00:30:28,173
YOU CAN CHOOSE TO LOOK
AT THE CIVIL WAR
476
00:30:28,174 --> 00:30:29,654
AS A POLITICAL ENGAGEMENT
477
00:30:29,655 --> 00:30:31,755
OR YOU CAN CHOOSE TO LOOK AT IT
FROM THE SOLDIERS' PERSPECTIVE.
478
00:30:31,758 --> 00:30:32,998
THAT'S THE WAY I LOOK
AT IT.
479
00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:35,240
YOU'LL NEVER CONVINCE ME
THAT POOR, DIRT-FLOOR FARMERS
480
00:30:35,241 --> 00:30:37,171
FROM BAMBERG, SOUTH CAROLINA,
WENT AND FOUGHT
481
00:30:37,172 --> 00:30:39,032
SO THAT RICH PLANTATION OWNERS
IN RICHMOND
482
00:30:39,034 --> 00:30:41,067
COULD KEEP THEIR SLAVES.
483
00:30:41,068 --> 00:30:43,378
YOU RISKED YOUR LIFE BECAUSE YOU
WERE FIGHTING FOR YOUR HOME.
484
00:30:43,379 --> 00:30:45,277
FLAGS CAN MEAN OTHER THINGS
TO OTHER PEOPLE.
485
00:30:45,278 --> 00:30:47,895
THE CONFEDERATE FLAG WAS
ESTABLISHED BY PEOPLE
486
00:30:47,896 --> 00:30:50,166
WHO SAID IN THEIR ARTICLES
OF SECESSION
487
00:30:50,172 --> 00:30:53,171
THAT THEY WERE DOING THIS
IN ORDER TO PRESERVE SLAVERY.
488
00:30:53,172 --> 00:30:54,550
THAT FLAG WASN'T
A POLITICIAN'S FLAG.
489
00:30:54,551 --> 00:30:56,481
IT WASN'T A FLAG OF THE FEDERAL
GOVERNMENT OF THE CONFEDERACY.
490
00:30:56,482 --> 00:30:57,662
IT WAS A SOLDIER'S FLAG.
491
00:30:57,663 --> 00:31:00,895
IN TALKING TO JAMES BESSENGER,
492
00:31:00,896 --> 00:31:03,926
THERE WAS NOT A GREAT DEAL
THAT WE AGREED ON.
493
00:31:03,931 --> 00:31:06,831
AS A MATTER OF FACT, THE ONE
THING THAT WE COULD AGREE ON
494
00:31:06,832 --> 00:31:11,067
WAS THE FACT THAT PEOPLE SEE
THESE SYMBOLS VERY DIFFERENTLY.
495
00:31:11,068 --> 00:31:13,618
THE CONFEDERATE FLAG
IS COMING OFF THE GROUNDS
496
00:31:13,620 --> 00:31:15,619
OF THE SOUTH CAROLINA
STATE HOUSE.
497
00:31:15,620 --> 00:31:18,136
IN THE AFTERMATH
498
00:31:18,137 --> 00:31:20,585
OF THE MASSACRE
AT EMANUEL A.M.E.,
499
00:31:20,586 --> 00:31:22,716
SOUTH CAROLINA
WAS FINALLY REALIZING
500
00:31:22,724 --> 00:31:24,312
THAT THE CONFEDERATE FLAG
501
00:31:24,313 --> 00:31:27,278
WAS NOT SIMPLY A SYMBOL
OF SOUTHERN HERITAGE
502
00:31:27,279 --> 00:31:29,685
BUT A SYMBOL
OF A POLITICAL MOVEMENT
503
00:31:29,689 --> 00:31:32,099
DEDICATED TO DESTROYING
THE UNITED STATES
504
00:31:32,103 --> 00:31:33,593
AND PRESERVING SLAVERY.
505
00:31:40,068 --> 00:31:42,408
I KNOW MY MOM IS SMILING DOWN
FROM HEAVEN
506
00:31:42,413 --> 00:31:44,067
WITH THE OTHER VICTIMS.
507
00:31:44,068 --> 00:31:46,338
THIS IS AN IMPORTANT DATE.
THIS IS HISTORY.
508
00:31:46,344 --> 00:31:48,524
SOME GOOD IS COMING OUT OF IT.
509
00:31:50,206 --> 00:31:52,205
WE'RE SURROUNDED BY SYMBOLS.
510
00:31:52,206 --> 00:31:55,996
THEY SERVE
AS A KIND OF VISUAL SHORTHAND,
511
00:31:56,000 --> 00:31:59,309
A WAY OF CONVEYING
COMPLEX MESSAGES
512
00:31:59,310 --> 00:32:00,930
QUICKLY AND EFFICIENTLY.
513
00:32:02,379 --> 00:32:06,447
BUT WHAT HAPPENS WHEN THOSE
SYMBOLS CONNOTE DARKER IDEAS
514
00:32:06,448 --> 00:32:09,274
AND CONVEY
MORE DANGEROUS MESSAGES?
515
00:32:12,275 --> 00:32:14,685
I OBVIOUSLY CAN'T READ
DYLANN ROOF'S MIND.
516
00:32:14,689 --> 00:32:17,516
I DON'T KNOW HIS MOTIVATIONS.
517
00:32:17,517 --> 00:32:19,587
BUT WHO I DO KNOW IS
THAT HATE SYMBOLS
518
00:32:19,588 --> 00:32:22,166
HAD A WHOLE LOT TO DO
WITH WHAT HE DID.
519
00:32:29,586 --> 00:32:31,686
HATE SYMBOLS ARE PIECES
OF ICONOGRAPHY
520
00:32:31,689 --> 00:32:34,789
THAT SIGNIFY TO ONE GROUP
THAT YOU DO NOT BELONG,
521
00:32:34,793 --> 00:32:37,033
AND THEY SIMULTANEOUSLY SIGNAL
TO ANOTHER GROUP
522
00:32:37,034 --> 00:32:39,284
THAT YOU AREONE OF US,
THAT YOU DOBELONG.
523
00:32:39,285 --> 00:32:42,274
THE OTHER THING THEY DO
IS THEY DEHUMANIZE,
524
00:32:42,275 --> 00:32:43,545
THEY DENIGRATE.
525
00:32:43,551 --> 00:32:46,281
THERE'S A POWER ELEMENT
WHERE ONE OF THE GROUPS
526
00:32:46,282 --> 00:32:48,335
IS SEEN AS LESS THAN.
527
00:32:49,586 --> 00:32:52,756
INNOCUOUS IMAGES
COME TO SIGNIFY HATE
528
00:32:52,758 --> 00:32:56,478
THROUGH PURE SOCIAL CONSENSUS.
529
00:32:56,482 --> 00:32:59,171
THERE'S A COUPLE EXAMPLES FROM
SOCIAL MEDIA THAT COME TO MIND.
530
00:32:59,172 --> 00:33:01,378
ONE IS THE "OKAY" SYMBOL
531
00:33:01,379 --> 00:33:03,519
AND THE EMOJI
ASSOCIATED WITH IT.
532
00:33:03,520 --> 00:33:05,097
THERE IS A READ ON IT
533
00:33:05,103 --> 00:33:09,143
THAT IT IS A "W" AND A "P"
FOR "WHITE POWER."
534
00:33:11,413 --> 00:33:13,930
ANOTHER EXAMPLE
IS PEPE THE FROG.
535
00:33:13,931 --> 00:33:17,136
PEOPLE USE IT ON SITES
LIKE 4CHAN, ON TUMBLR,
536
00:33:17,137 --> 00:33:20,857
TO CONVEY LOTS
OF DIFFERENT EMOTIONS.
537
00:33:23,931 --> 00:33:27,240
BUT WHAT PEOPLE STARTED DOING
IS THEY STARTED WORKING PEPE
538
00:33:27,241 --> 00:33:29,661
HEAVILY INTO THEIR HATEFUL,
ANTI-SEMITIC,
539
00:33:29,662 --> 00:33:32,135
ANTI-LGBT ICONOGRAPHY.
540
00:33:39,413 --> 00:33:42,999
AND SO IT WAS JUST KIND OF
SHEER FORCE OF USE
541
00:33:43,000 --> 00:33:47,170
THAT STARTED SHIFTING
THE MESSAGE AROUND PEPE.
542
00:33:48,344 --> 00:33:52,240
BUT IT WAS ALSO THE
TRADITIONAL NEWS-MEDIA ATTENTION
543
00:33:52,241 --> 00:33:54,136
THAT CAME TO THIS USE.
544
00:33:54,137 --> 00:33:57,337
DONALD TRUMP JR.
PUT THIS IMAGE ON HIS INSTAGRAM
545
00:33:57,344 --> 00:33:58,412
OF PEPE.
546
00:33:58,413 --> 00:34:00,242
AND FOR THOSE OF YOU
WHO DON'T KNOW,
547
00:34:00,243 --> 00:34:02,278
PEPE IS
A WHITE-NATIONALIST SYMBOL.
548
00:34:02,279 --> 00:34:04,715
AND BOOM,
THE ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE
549
00:34:04,724 --> 00:34:07,516
IS DECLARING PEPE A HATE SYMBOL.
550
00:34:07,517 --> 00:34:10,337
THERE'S A KIND OF HUMOR
THAT'S SHARED ONLINE
551
00:34:10,344 --> 00:34:12,240
WHERE YOU CAN'T REALLY TELL
552
00:34:12,241 --> 00:34:13,829
IF SOMEONE IS BEING SERIOUS
OR NOT.
553
00:34:13,830 --> 00:34:16,477
THERE'S A LOT OF ROOM FOR IRONY,
OF PUTTING OUT A MESSAGE
554
00:34:16,482 --> 00:34:18,722
THEN BEING ABLE TO SAY, "HA HA.
555
00:34:18,724 --> 00:34:21,826
JOKE'S ON YOU.
I DIDN'T REALLY MEAN THAT."
556
00:34:21,827 --> 00:34:24,585
AND SO IT'S A WAY
TO MASK YOUR INTENT.
557
00:34:24,586 --> 00:34:27,205
AND WHEN IT COMES TO
HATE SYMBOLS, RACIST MEMES,
558
00:34:27,206 --> 00:34:32,274
AND THE DEHUMANIZING THINGS
YOU'RE DOING TO PEPE THE FROG,
559
00:34:32,275 --> 00:34:35,615
ALL OF A SUDDEN,
YOU ARE SPREADING A LOT OF HATE
560
00:34:35,620 --> 00:34:37,210
REALLY, REALLY FAR.
561
00:34:39,068 --> 00:34:42,205
WHEN KIDS LIKE DYLANN ROOF
GO ONLINE
562
00:34:42,206 --> 00:34:43,686
AND THEY FIND THESE FORUMS
563
00:34:43,689 --> 00:34:45,339
AND THEY START
GETTING INTEGRATED
564
00:34:45,344 --> 00:34:46,723
WITH THESE CONVERSATIONS
565
00:34:46,724 --> 00:34:49,554
AND THE SYMBOLOGY ASSOCIATED
WITH THESE CONVERSATIONS,
566
00:34:49,555 --> 00:34:54,378
THEN THEY'RE NOT ONLY GETTING
A FEELING OF SUPERIORITY
567
00:34:54,379 --> 00:34:56,099
OVER ANOTHER GROUP OF PEOPLE.
568
00:34:56,103 --> 00:34:58,723
THEY'RE GETTING
A FEELING OF INCLUSION
569
00:34:58,724 --> 00:35:01,792
WITH A GROUP OF PEOPLE AS WELL.
570
00:35:01,793 --> 00:35:05,383
AND THAT'S JUST AS DANGEROUS.
571
00:35:09,931 --> 00:35:13,550
AND I THINK THOSE SYMBOLS
CONVEY THAT
572
00:35:13,551 --> 00:35:16,481
REALLY, REALLY, REALLY STRONGLY.
573
00:35:17,689 --> 00:35:20,277
THAT'S WHY YOU SEE
CONFEDERATE-FLAG BUMPER STICKERS
574
00:35:20,278 --> 00:35:22,785
AND PEOPLE FLYING FLAGS
OUTSIDE THEIR HOUSES.
575
00:35:22,793 --> 00:35:26,309
IT IS A QUICK WAY TO SAY,
"THIS IS WHO I AM,
576
00:35:26,310 --> 00:35:29,450
THIS IS WHO I BELONG TO,
AND THIS IS WHY WE'RE WINNING."
577
00:35:29,451 --> 00:35:31,828
WHOO!
578
00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:35,658
YOU CAN'T SAY SYMBOLS
ARE VALUE-NEUTRAL.
579
00:35:35,659 --> 00:35:38,895
YOU EITHER FEEL PUSHED AWAY
OR YOU FEEL INVITED.
580
00:35:38,896 --> 00:35:40,826
AND DEPENDING ON HOW MUCH OF
THAT YOU SEE,
581
00:35:40,827 --> 00:35:43,826
THEN YOUR REACTIONS AMPLIFY.
582
00:35:43,827 --> 00:35:45,897
AND SO ABSOLUTELY
THOSE SYMBOLS MATTER
583
00:35:45,898 --> 00:35:47,406
AND THEIR PREVALENCE MATTERS
584
00:35:47,413 --> 00:35:49,693
AND FINDING PEOPLE
WHO USE THEM LIKE YOU
585
00:35:49,694 --> 00:35:52,829
MATTERS FOR YOUR ACTIONS
AND YOUR BEHAVIOR.
586
00:35:57,655 --> 00:35:59,475
WORDS AND SYMBOLS
587
00:35:59,482 --> 00:36:02,240
CAN PUSH US TO REACT
WITHOUT THINKING,
588
00:36:02,241 --> 00:36:05,205
TO PLAY ON OUR DEEPEST ANXIETIES
AND FEARS.
589
00:36:05,206 --> 00:36:07,026
MOST OF HUNGARY'S PRIVATE MEDIA
590
00:36:07,034 --> 00:36:09,141
IS NOW IN THE HANDS
OF BUSINESSMEN
591
00:36:09,142 --> 00:36:11,587
ALLIED TO THE PRIME MINISTER
AND HIS PARTY.
592
00:36:11,588 --> 00:36:14,476
BUT WHAT HAPPENS
WHEN THESE POWERFUL TOOLS
593
00:36:14,482 --> 00:36:16,550
ARE IN THE HANDS
OF A POLITICAL LEADER
594
00:36:16,551 --> 00:36:18,381
WHO CAN USE THEM
THROUGHOUT AN ENTIRE NATION?
595
00:36:25,310 --> 00:36:27,826
JUST EVERYBODY SETTLE, PLEASE.
596
00:36:27,827 --> 00:36:30,447
PROPAGANDA CAN SPREAD
ON THE INTERNET
597
00:36:30,448 --> 00:36:32,895
QUICKLY AND EFFECTIVELY.
598
00:36:32,896 --> 00:36:35,336
BUT LEADERS WITH AN AGENDA
HAVE ALWAYS FOUND A WAY
599
00:36:35,344 --> 00:36:37,074
TO MANIPULATE THEIR FOLLOWERS.
600
00:36:39,862 --> 00:36:42,242
THERE'S A STORY
ABOUT GEORGE WALLACE,
601
00:36:42,243 --> 00:36:43,826
THE GOVERNOR OF ALABAMA
602
00:36:43,827 --> 00:36:46,337
AND A PRESIDENTIAL CANDIDATE
IN 1968,
603
00:36:46,344 --> 00:36:50,343
AND HOW HE LOST HIS FIRST BID
FOR GOVERNOR.
604
00:36:50,344 --> 00:36:54,243
WALLACE, WHO HAD PREVIOUSLY BEEN
FAIRLY MODERATE ON RACE ISSUES,
605
00:36:54,244 --> 00:36:57,411
REPORTEDLY SAID
THAT HAVING LOST THAT ELECTION,
606
00:36:57,413 --> 00:37:00,757
HE WOULD NOT BE "OUT... AGAIN."
607
00:37:00,758 --> 00:37:05,548
AND I SAY SEGREGATION NOW,
SEGREGATION TOMORROW,
608
00:37:05,551 --> 00:37:08,895
AND SEGREGATION FOREVER.
609
00:37:08,896 --> 00:37:11,236
HE KNEW THAT IT WAS EASIER
610
00:37:11,241 --> 00:37:14,516
TO APPEAL TO PEOPLE'S
PRIMAL FEARS
611
00:37:14,517 --> 00:37:16,377
AND THEIR ANTAGONISMS
612
00:37:16,379 --> 00:37:19,895
AND THAT YOU COULD REALLY PROFIT
POLITICALLY
613
00:37:19,896 --> 00:37:22,205
BY STIRRING PEOPLE UP
IN THOSE WAYS.
614
00:37:22,206 --> 00:37:25,476
THEY ARE PROMOTING
AN INVASION TO EUROPE --
615
00:37:25,482 --> 00:37:27,274
AN INVASION THAT, BY TIME,
616
00:37:27,275 --> 00:37:30,825
WILL REPLACE
THE INDIGENOUS EUROPEANS HERE
617
00:37:30,827 --> 00:37:33,895
WITH PEOPLE
FROM THE NON-WESTERN WORLD.
618
00:37:33,896 --> 00:37:37,585
THE DEMAGOGUE PLAYBOOK
IS ALWAYS, "DEFINE AN ENEMY
619
00:37:37,586 --> 00:37:39,786
AND THEN CAST YOURSELF
AS THE PERSON
620
00:37:39,793 --> 00:37:42,412
WHO IS WILLING TO PROTECT PEOPLE
FROM THAT ENEMY."
621
00:37:42,413 --> 00:37:44,523
THERE IS A LOT OF MOROCCAN SCUM
IN HOLLAND
622
00:37:44,524 --> 00:37:46,654
WHO MAKES THE STREETS UNSAFE.
623
00:37:46,655 --> 00:37:48,654
WE HAVE NO IDEA
WHO THESE PEOPLE ARE,
624
00:37:48,655 --> 00:37:50,785
WHERE THEY COME FROM.
625
00:37:50,793 --> 00:37:52,381
I ALWAYS SAY "TROJAN HORSE."
626
00:37:52,382 --> 00:37:54,479
WATCH WHAT'S GONNA HAPPEN,
FOLKS.
627
00:37:54,482 --> 00:37:55,932
IT'S NOT GONNA BE PRETTY.
628
00:38:07,482 --> 00:38:11,171
THESE POLITICIANS PROMOTE
A NIGHTMARE SCENARIO --
629
00:38:11,172 --> 00:38:16,452
HORDES OF FOREIGN INVADERS --
TO EVOKE HATRED AND FEARFULNESS.
630
00:38:18,620 --> 00:38:22,550
THEY IGNORE THE COMPLEXITIES
OF THE GLOBAL REFUGEE CRISIS.
631
00:38:22,551 --> 00:38:24,381
THEY DON'T LET FACTS
GET IN THEIR WAY.
632
00:38:46,689 --> 00:38:49,409
WHEN VIKTOR ORBAN,
HUNGARY'S PRIME MINISTER,
633
00:38:49,413 --> 00:38:52,033
RAN FOR RE-ELECTION
IN APRIL OF 2018,
634
00:38:52,034 --> 00:38:54,622
SUPPORT FOR HIS PARTY
SEEMED TO BE DECLINING.
635
00:38:54,623 --> 00:38:57,930
IN WHAT MANY SAW AS
A CYNICAL MOVE TO GARNER VOTES,
636
00:38:57,931 --> 00:39:01,791
HE BEGAN AMPING UP XENOPHOBIA
WITH EXTREME RHETORIC
637
00:39:01,793 --> 00:39:04,623
AND A FULL ARSENAL
OF PROPAGANDA TECHNIQUES.
638
00:39:18,241 --> 00:39:22,341
THE CURRENT GOVERNMENT
IS TRYING TO WIN THE ELECTION.
639
00:39:22,344 --> 00:39:29,034
THEY HAVE ONE MESSAGE --
"THIS PARTY KEEPS MIGRANTS OUT."
640
00:39:46,000 --> 00:39:49,654
BUT THE PROBLEMS CAUSED
BY MIGRATION ARE NOT REAL.
641
00:39:49,655 --> 00:39:50,925
THERE WAS AN ARTICLE
642
00:39:50,931 --> 00:39:53,999
ABOUT HOW MANY REFUGEES
WE CAUGHT IN MARCH.
643
00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:57,170
IT WAS LIKE FIVE PEOPLE,
IF I'M RIGHT.
644
00:39:58,275 --> 00:40:01,475
NO ONE WANTS TO COME TO HUNGARY.
CASE CLOSED.
645
00:40:18,241 --> 00:40:23,447
THE CORE THE FIDESZ
IS TRADITIONALLY CONSERVATIVE,
646
00:40:23,448 --> 00:40:24,964
RIGHT-WING PEOPLE.
647
00:40:24,965 --> 00:40:28,615
BUT SINCE THIS NEW
ULTRA-RIGHT POLITICS,
648
00:40:28,620 --> 00:40:31,757
FIDESZ HAS TOTALLY, YOU KNOW,
CHANGED.
649
00:40:31,758 --> 00:40:33,618
YES!
650
00:40:35,034 --> 00:40:37,314
THE MAIN MESSAGE NOW IS
IT'S ONLY ABOUT FEAR.
651
00:40:37,315 --> 00:40:42,309
"VOTE FOR US TO PROTECT EUROPE,
PROTECT THE HUNGARIAN HERITAGE,
652
00:40:42,310 --> 00:40:46,826
PROTECT THE HUNGARIAN CUSTOMS,
PROTECT THE HUNGARIAN WOMEN."
653
00:40:46,827 --> 00:40:49,757
IT'S A HUGE HATE FACTORY
654
00:40:49,758 --> 00:40:53,478
AGAINST ANYTHING
WHAT IS NOT HUNGARIAN.
655
00:41:05,586 --> 00:41:08,406
YOU KNOW, I GREW UP IN THE '90s,
AND MY GENERATION,
656
00:41:08,413 --> 00:41:11,003
WE GREW UP LIKE,
"WE CAN BE ANYTHING."
657
00:41:11,004 --> 00:41:13,757
I GREW UP WITH WESTERN MUSIC.
658
00:41:13,758 --> 00:41:16,828
I GREW UP WITH SCHWARZENEGGER
AND STALLONE MOVIES.
659
00:41:16,829 --> 00:41:19,717
SO --
I GREW UP WITHOUT SOCIALISM.
660
00:41:19,724 --> 00:41:22,343
AND IN THE LAST EIGHT YEARS,
661
00:41:22,344 --> 00:41:24,173
NOW I CAN IMAGINE
WHAT WAS IT LIKE
662
00:41:24,174 --> 00:41:27,662
TO LIVE IN THE SOCIALIST ERA,
WHEN THERE WERE NO FREE PRESS
663
00:41:27,663 --> 00:41:30,995
AND THE OPPOSITION OPINIONS
WERE OPPRESSED.
664
00:41:31,000 --> 00:41:35,480
AND I THINK THE LAST EIGHT YEARS
WAS A HUGE BACKSTEP FOR HUNGARY.
665
00:41:38,275 --> 00:41:41,445
MY ARTICLE IS ABOUT
THIS INTERVIEW
666
00:41:41,448 --> 00:41:43,858
WITH THE PRIME MINISTER,
VIKTOR ORBAN.
667
00:41:43,862 --> 00:41:47,240
AND AS YOU CAN SEE,
THIS IS THE FRONT PAGE,
668
00:41:47,241 --> 00:41:51,895
AND HERE IS A HUGE BANNER
TO VOTE FOR FIDESZ.
669
00:41:51,896 --> 00:41:54,166
MOST OF THE RADIOS
ARE IN FIDESZ HANDS.
670
00:41:54,172 --> 00:41:56,861
THE SECOND-BIGGEST TV SHOW
IS IN FIDESZ HANDS.
671
00:41:56,862 --> 00:42:00,312
MOST OF THE PRINT DAILY
NEWSPAPER IS IN FIDESZ HANDS.
672
00:42:00,313 --> 00:42:05,136
THIS IS A POST ON FACEBOOK
BY ONE OF THE MEDIA OUTLETS,
673
00:42:05,137 --> 00:42:09,585
BY FIDESZ PEOPLE, ABOUT FOUR
PEOPLE ATTACKING A WOMAN.
674
00:42:09,586 --> 00:42:12,205
AND THE SENTENCE IS,
675
00:42:12,206 --> 00:42:14,096
"THIS IS EVERYDAY STUFF
676
00:42:14,103 --> 00:42:16,483
WHAT'S HAPPENING IN EUROPE
BECAUSE OF THE IMMIGRANTS."
677
00:42:16,484 --> 00:42:18,342
BUT IF YOU GOOGLE IT,
YOU CAN SEE
678
00:42:18,344 --> 00:42:21,174
THIS ACTUALLY HAPPENED
IN BRAZIL THREE YEARS AGO,
679
00:42:21,175 --> 00:42:25,757
AND THIS SITE'S
ACTUALLY SPREADING FAKE NEWS.
680
00:42:25,758 --> 00:42:27,688
THEY DON'T NEED FACTS.
681
00:42:27,689 --> 00:42:29,654
THEY JUST NEED BASIC EMOTIONS
682
00:42:29,655 --> 00:42:31,755
LIKE, "IF YOU DON'T VOTE
FOR FIDESZ,
683
00:42:31,758 --> 00:42:35,518
WELL, THAT'S WHAT'S GOING TO
HAPPEN TO YOU, TO HUNGARY."
684
00:42:35,519 --> 00:42:37,687
AND MANY OF THE ARTICLES
THEY PUBLISH,
685
00:42:37,689 --> 00:42:39,654
HE DOES AUTHOR.
686
00:42:39,655 --> 00:42:42,305
THEY ACTUALLY --
THEY CAN DO ANYTHING.
687
00:42:42,310 --> 00:42:46,620
THEIR MEDIA AUTHORITY
JUST DOESN'T EVEN CARE.
688
00:42:48,172 --> 00:42:53,378
THIS IS WHAT THE UKIP USE IN
THE BREXIT CAMPAIGN IN THE U.K.
689
00:42:53,379 --> 00:42:57,169
OF IMMIGRANTS TRYING TO GET
INTO EUROPE.
690
00:42:57,172 --> 00:42:59,826
IT IS THE SAME
OF WHAT FIDESZ USES NOW
691
00:42:59,827 --> 00:43:02,617
WITH THE STOP-SIGN BILLBOARDS.
692
00:43:02,620 --> 00:43:07,964
FOR THE SAME GOAL -- TO CREATE
FEAR AGAINST IMMIGRANTS.
693
00:43:07,965 --> 00:43:10,065
IT IS JUST "STOP" --
694
00:43:10,068 --> 00:43:13,478
STOP THESE BLACK AND ARABIAN
PEOPLE AT THE BORDERS.
695
00:43:28,103 --> 00:43:30,792
SIX WEEKS LEADING UP
TO THE ELECTIONS,
696
00:43:30,793 --> 00:43:34,343
THERE WAS A VOTE
FOR A MAYOR IN A TOWN
697
00:43:34,344 --> 00:43:39,412
WHICH IS VERY MUCH CONTROLLED
BY THE CURRENT GOVERNING PARTY,
698
00:43:39,413 --> 00:43:41,792
AND THEY LOST.
699
00:43:41,793 --> 00:43:44,378
IT WAS A HUGE UPSET,
700
00:43:44,379 --> 00:43:48,585
LIKE LOSING A RED STATE
FOR THE REPUBLICANS.
701
00:43:48,586 --> 00:43:50,926
AND I DON'T KNOW HOW IT ENDS,
702
00:43:50,931 --> 00:43:53,621
BUT IT MIGHT END
THAT THERE'S HOPE.
703
00:43:56,275 --> 00:43:58,585
WHEN I TALK WITH PEOPLE,
THEY ARE ALL TALKING ABOUT,
704
00:43:58,586 --> 00:44:00,446
LIKE, "I DON'T KNOW
WHO TO VOTE TO,
705
00:44:00,448 --> 00:44:02,207
BUT I'M NOT GOING TO VOTE
FIDESZ."
706
00:44:02,208 --> 00:44:04,136
SO I DON'T KNOW
WHAT'S GOING TO HAPPEN.
707
00:44:04,137 --> 00:44:06,617
I'M EXCITED.
I'M VERY EXCITED.
708
00:44:06,620 --> 00:44:08,830
THIS IS GOING TO BE
REALLY EXCITING ELECTIONS.
709
00:45:21,310 --> 00:45:24,170
WE ARE AT THE POINT
WHERE MR. ORBAN
710
00:45:24,172 --> 00:45:25,688
IS THE MOST POWERFUL.
711
00:45:25,689 --> 00:45:29,409
HE WAS THE ONE WHO DECIDED
THERE IS NO LIE BIG ENOUGH,
712
00:45:29,413 --> 00:45:32,033
THERE IS NO FAKE NEWS
RIDICULOUS ENOUGH
713
00:45:32,034 --> 00:45:34,694
NOT TO BE SENT OUT
TO THE PUBLIC.
714
00:45:42,827 --> 00:45:46,585
IT WAS MADE WORSE, I THINK,
BY TRUMP.
715
00:45:46,586 --> 00:45:48,066
VIKTOR ORBAN, I THINK,
IS A HERO.
716
00:45:48,068 --> 00:45:49,966
HE'S A HERO TO THE POPULIST
NATIONALIST MOVEMENT
717
00:45:49,967 --> 00:45:50,965
THROUGHOUT THE WORLD.
718
00:45:50,966 --> 00:45:53,545
BY THE WAY,
I THINK PRESIDENT TRUMP,
719
00:45:53,551 --> 00:45:55,930
UH, YOU KNOW, VERY MUCH
GOES ALONG THE LINES
720
00:45:55,931 --> 00:45:57,999
OF WHAT VIKTOR ORBAN IS DOING.
721
00:46:04,793 --> 00:46:07,833
THE FACT THAT HATE
WAS SUCH AN EASY TOOL,
722
00:46:07,834 --> 00:46:11,585
IT'S SOMETHING REALLY HARD
TO SWALLOW TODAY.
723
00:46:13,241 --> 00:46:17,101
IF YOU CREATE AN ATMOSPHERE
THAT CREATES HATE,
724
00:46:17,103 --> 00:46:20,240
IT'S GOING TO BE REALLY HARD
TO REVERSE.
725
00:46:22,206 --> 00:46:24,336
THIS COUNTRY IS MORE BITTER,
726
00:46:24,344 --> 00:46:29,171
MORE DIVIDED, AND MORE HATEFUL
TODAY THAN IT WAS YESTERDAY.
727
00:46:34,448 --> 00:46:36,098
ALL OVER THE WORLD,
728
00:46:36,103 --> 00:46:38,483
THESE POLITICIANS
ARE HARNESSING THE MEDIA,
729
00:46:38,484 --> 00:46:40,585
USING THE INTERNET
730
00:46:40,586 --> 00:46:42,826
TO PROVOKE DIVISIVENESS
AND INTOLERANCE.
731
00:47:07,310 --> 00:47:09,520
DO YOU THINK ISLAM IS AT WAR
WITH THE WEST?
732
00:47:09,521 --> 00:47:12,447
I THINK ISLAM HATES US.
733
00:47:14,827 --> 00:47:17,585
OUR HOPES
FOR PEACEFUL COEXISTENCE
734
00:47:17,586 --> 00:47:20,236
AND THE FUTURE
OF OUR COMMUNITIES
735
00:47:20,241 --> 00:47:21,451
DEPENDS ON OUR WILLINGNESS
736
00:47:21,452 --> 00:47:24,758
TO TAKE THESE THREATS
SERIOUSLY...
737
00:47:25,931 --> 00:47:27,240
...AND, ABOVE ALL,
738
00:47:27,241 --> 00:47:29,895
OUR WILLINGNESS TO THINK
CRITICALLY.
739
00:47:38,206 --> 00:47:41,376
DEEP POLARIZATION, DIVISION --
740
00:47:41,379 --> 00:47:43,208
HOW DO WE DEAL WITH THIS
IN SOCIETY?
741
00:47:43,209 --> 00:47:45,166
I THINK WE'RE FACING
A PERFECT STORM.
742
00:47:45,172 --> 00:47:47,412
WHITE PRIDE! THERE'S NOTHING WRONG
WITH BEING PROUD OF WHO YOU ARE.
743
00:47:47,413 --> 00:47:51,143
THIS COMMUNITY IN PARTICULAR,
THERE IS A CAMPAIGN OF TERROR.
744
00:47:52,482 --> 00:47:56,032
WHAT MAKES ONE PERSON
GO TO THE MONSTROUS SIDE
745
00:47:56,034 --> 00:47:57,481
OF THEIR BEING
746
00:47:57,482 --> 00:48:01,142
AND THE OTHER, LIVING AMONG
MONSTERS, REMAINS HUMAN?
59613
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