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Coral reef adventure

the south Pacific

lagoons that hint paradise

magnificent coral reefs that

light the dream in corners of minds

this is the world as we wish and could always be

in this great corner of life

thousands of colorful characters coexist

diversities strengthens coral reefs

the more species

the more survival systems

coral reefs be going strong for sixty million years

some corals wave like flowers in the breath

others masquerade the stones

but all corals are animals

this under order playgrounds are built by hard corals

which produce lime stone and turn it into homes

stack one on top of the other

millions of coral homes

gradually form a gigantic reef

how wonderful the largest living structures on earth

are built by tiny animals

coral reefs protect nearly all tropical coast

standing between islander's homes and violent seas

one may injured

doctors use calcium carbonate from coral

to mend our broken bones

when we were sick

chemical components from the reef

may restore our health

no place on earth

holds greater potential for medical curers

reefs

feeders

over three hundred million people

rely on fish from reefs

for Pacific islander like me

our coral reefs are as necessary as the air we breath

Russy coral a native of Fiji

has always lived close to the sea

for centuries

my ancestors were careful not to overfish

so our reef was healthy

but this year

something happened

something terrible

a blacker death set over the reef

what was killing our reef?

I made up my mind to find the answers

I decide to reach up to

some of my death partners around the world

Howard and Micheal Hall

has spent thirty years exploring and filming reefs

their underwater photography is world known

when Howard and Micheal got Russy's message

they voyaged the mountains

far from the reefs they loved

I was drawing that flight I kept wondering

what we could do to help Russy

then I realized that

our friend Richard Pile might know what to do

he is a marine biologist

across the world

red sea east Africa, Maldives, Philippines

we seeing this kind of problems showing up

in unprecedented rate

Richard showed us how coral reefs to die

and the alarming rate all around the world

ocean warming is the major cause

Richard urged just document coral reefs

on film for science

before they disappear

we knew the Max camera with a credible clarity

was the best way to do this

our mission was clear

bring back images of inside

and why Russy's reef was dying

we need to compare Russy's reef

to other reefs all across the south Pacific

starting with the largest of them all

the Great Barrier Reef

the prospect of diving coral reef

all across the south Pacific

was a bit like a dream come true

we will make hundreds of dives

and some of these would be deeper and more dangerous

than anything we have done before

it would be a most important expedition

in our thirty years' diving together

parts of the Great Barrier Reef

had been protected from overfishing for two decades

the first goal of this ten-month expedition

is to see how well that protection really worked

when I first dove here 22 years ago

these giant clams were not here

they had been fished up by commercial fishmen

today we have seen 12 giant clams

that's a great sign

that means this reef spells its back

a local marine biologist named Tracy Medway

let us to the giant potatocut

they were called potatocut

because they had these patchy potato shape

marking on the sides

throughout most of the Pacific

the really large fish had been wiped out by fishmen

for life here under because of the laws that protect them

this vegetarian protect the reef

neighboring a wave seaweeds that smudged the coral

if too many of this kind of fish are removed

corals will die

that's why overfishing destroy reefs

we often realized

how each species benefits each other

until one of them disappeared

just as the fish protect the reef

the coral offers homes and hiding place for the fish

anything from a simple shark

to a custom dream home

gobies often share a home with shrimp

whenever he ventures out of the burrow

the shrimp keeps at least one antenna on the goby

the goby get a unpackable burrow to live in

without lifting a fin

and the very near sited shrimp gets a bodyguard

with flicked its tale

the goby warns the shrimp of approaching foes

this hundred year old coral

makes a nice dinner's office

for potatocut

a small fish

a clean arrester

swims right into the coral's mouth

to feed and parasites

the coral's gets grunt

and arrester gets dinner

partnerships like this seem to require mutual trust

lots of trust

Cart Hollerway, a coral researcher

joined Michael to study interest species communication

I was afraid I was going to heaven

maybe swollen with

but I didn't

it just chin and a little bit

I was studying animal behavior for so many years

this was

this was different

this was a chance for meet it

actually be part of it

cooperation between species sustained lives here

but sometimes it is almost invisible

the coral's most important partners

are tiny microscope alga

that actually live inside the coral and most tissues

this help alga use sunlight to produce sugar

the primary food source

that give coral the energy to build reefs

most corals cannot survive without helper alga

but worldwide

abnormally warm seawater

threaten this partnership

time-up photography can show us how

and just one week

that changed two centigrade drives the alga out

without its main food source

the coral bleaches as ghostly white

if the alga don't return

the corals starves

here in Australia we went to some places that

we have been to 22 years before

and we are surprise to see that

some of the reefs so damaged by ocean warming

part Australian survey give us a baseline

for understanding what was going wrong

at Russy's reefs

2000 miles away in Fiji

when we got to Fuji

it didn't take five minutes to reconnect with Russy

Howard makes me smile again

Micheal and I were eager to help Russy

but first

we have to pay our respect to local tradition

before outsiders can direct my home island

the elders must grant permission

my people have always limited fishing

this tradition of reef conservation

has worked well for centuries

till now

first I wanted Howard to see village reef

as it used to be

the reef looks great with plenty of small fish

but we didn't see many big fish

as we did in Australia

and that worried me

but time had come

I took Howard and Michael further down the reef

I wonder where all the animals gone

these reefs are dying

and all just makes me very sad

seeing so much of these reef destroyed

we realized that

Russy's reef may be what all coral reefs look like

in thirty years

our reef was to be home of so many creatures

but now they almost all gone

after seen all these destruction though

I saw an octopus

octopus is made like a tent with the body

they put up their eight arms and

actually traps shrimps and crabs live on the reef

here octopus figure out

how to survive

not many reef to do that

for islander survive by fishing

the death of the reef is really hit us hard

especially when you have children to feed

but what kills Russy's reef?

Foreign fishing fleets have overfished this water

and thermometer tells us that the ocean is two degrees warmer than normal

I found more bleached coral and no big fish

but I had a hunch that

ocean warming and overfishing

were not the only problems

ten mile inland

when tropical rain forest were cut down

the river turn muddy with silt

two rivers merged

one with logging upstream

one without

there was only place for all that settlement to go

at the mouth of the river

silt block the sun light that the coral needs to growth

Russy's reef had been hit by a combination of stresses

ocean warming overfishing and siltation

corals may fight off one threat

but three at once proved too much

now I understand the problem better

but what could I do

Howard thought a healthier reef

might give us some answers

we set quest to another island

there we joined up with John Michealgusto

who is the son of the legendary explorer

John Michealgusto comes to Fuji every year to help marine biologists

like marine's world read records

we guild Howard and Michael to a nearby reef

where siltation is not a problem

thanks to mangrove trees

their roots traps the silt

protecting the reefs

many fish sees mangroves as nursery to protect the young

my fellow Fijians

have set aside this beneficial as mangroves

as part of marine preserve

making the reef offshore a wonder land

healthy beautiful and strong

this is the way I want my reef to be

tropical coral reefs are found worldwide

Fuji is the soft coral capital of the world

corals are beautiful

but they are also beneficial

chemical components from coral reefs

have been reproduced in the lab

to provide relief from pain

ease child birth

and even extend the life of AIDS patients

corals share their foods

in fact many of them share the same stomach

when the current fix up speed

time lap photographs shows

how these soft corals inflate like balloons

to trap passing animals

on a healthy reef like this

you see so many different creatures

we preferred not to approach these animals

it's better of they come to us

this distant cousin of the cobra

can kill a person in a matter of minutes

but they rarely bite humans

Michael is counting on that

we learned a lot of our reef from its animals

and so do the children

there is more to the reef than meets the eyes

observation is the first step in science

who would notice

that yellow fish got their tiny eggs

before they hatch

all that the sea cucumber eat the waste

leaving the reef clean up for all

some of the finest marine biologists are Fijians

we could expect scientists mixed

we've learned that we don't inherit the earth

from our parents

we borrow it from our children

children love this spot fish they've never seen before

that same discovery drives many scientist

like Richard Pile

Richard Pile calls himself a fishman

he study fish on the deepest parts of coral reefs

the deeper down we go on the coral reef

the less we know

I want to find out who lives there

you can't get a true picture of coral reef

if you only look at part of it

but deep dives could be really dangerous

even using a special breathing devises

we could still get a fatal disease

called "the bangs"

we nearly lost Howard on a deep dive

only two months ago

ha had a bad case of "the bangs"

it could have killed him

to stop the progression of the illness

I began breathing pure oxygen

but it didn't seen to help

I was losing all the feelings in my right legs

one of the terrify moment for me

was actually seeing him stumble

I just thought it can't be happening

Michael rushed Howard to the hospital

hoping the specially pressurized chamber

might hold the illness

and save his life

thank god for the communication system

because at least then I could talk to him

Howard survived

but his closest call was on my mind that

we prepare for the dive to the 350 feet

the next day on the deep dive

Howard and Richard would face pressures

nearly 12 times greater than the normal

but they are expert divers

and there is much to learn by exploring regions

where so little was known

support divers attached safety tanks to a life line

every 50 feet

as we descent

too much oxygen is bad

too little is worse

both can kill you

the safety divers go down as far as he can and stop

after that

we are on our own

as we drop down the reef wall

it gets darker and colder

and in a way we are going back in time

at 200 feet

we pass lime stone deposited the lay down

twenty thousand years ago

back when this was the top of the reef

at 350 feet

we entered the twilight zones

it's sort of spooky but wonderful

to look around the reef that

no one has ever lay eyes on for

it's starting to get interesting

it's that we could see fan corals and weed corals

this community definitely appeared to be thriving

in his quest to find out what lives down here

Richard can only bring a few back to the surface

to be documented for science

looking around I see at least a dozen of new species

I have never seen before

I doubt that anyone has seen them before

scientists like Richard

are mapping the web of life that

we are all part of

each new fish Richard finds

told millions of years of genetic engineering

for medical research

then the intense water pressure

caused the primary camera

to no function

I was glad that Howard coordinate into the dive

we hope that Howard's images

would let scientist explore reefs

that they might never be able to dive on the rope

it's not everyday you can witness

that a discovery of a new species of fish

you see the red one with the long tale

that's what I was really excited

that's definitely live

oh I see those all the time

until quite recently

the deep coral reef was

the big dark boy on the map of life

but each new discovery

leads us to the new connection

this may seen like just some magnificent red fish

but it's very important piece

to the biodiversity puzzle

as soon as I saw I knew it's something different

the months of hard work in Fiji paid off

Russy have seen first time

how corals can thrive when reefs are protected

he is now ready to return to his home island

my fellow Fijians have shown me

how to set up a marine preserve

protect the mangroves

and even cut logging operations

I really want to get started

here in Fiji we have seen some amazing reefs

but we have also seen a lot of coral damages

the siltation we saw in Russy's reef

let us to a next question

is closeness to shore

a major risk factor for corals?

French Polynesia is a perfect place

for answering this question

in French Polynesia

Howard and Michael started with

the heavily populated islands of Tahiti and Maria

where the reefs are close to shore

but with only six weeks left in the whole expedition

Howard had to get the big picture fast

I’m used to hang gliders

I’m used to fly around like this

but there is still something not quite right

about the engine that was fit in my back pack

Maria is sort of like Russy's island

the coral here is very sensitive

to siltation and pollution

because the corals are great close to the shore

after checking out the north side of Maria

we crossed the mountain to survey the south coast

even near towns

we didn't spot much reef damages

coastal development put reef in jeopardy

siltation pollution and the lose of mangroves

are all serious risks

but resource like this proved that

respecting the environment is a good business

because tourists avoided damaged reefs

our flight over Maria

just gave us a first impression

so was time running out

I turned to recheck board survey boat

the Quicksilver Crossing

reef check has over 4000 sport divers in 60 countries

the health of coral reef

we ask three check voluntaries

to check the coral damage here in Maria

to find out if the reefs close to shore

are the most severely damaged

from the air

it's clear how these volcano islands formed

and how coral reefs formed around them

the steepest youngest islands Tahiti and Maria

stands tall

these islands have not eroded and subsided much

so the coral reefs ringing them is not far offshore

the volcano has subsided and eroded somewhat

and the reefs are farther from shore

the final stage

is this flat and the island called and atop

the volcano has completely subsided back into the sea

leaving a ring coral which one circled a top mountain

the team headed for the second largest in the world

Rangeroa

to survey the remotest reef in French Polynesia

10 years ago

a cyclone wiped out most Rangeroa's coral

but storms are natural events

and coral reef still recovered from them

as long as human impacts don't interfere

here the coral seems small but healthy

right away we saw two male fish

fighting over territory

this was a sign of large thriving fish population

but why haven't we seen the huge sharks

in great reef shores Rangeroa so famous for

their absence is not necessarily a danger sign for corals

but it could single and balance the whole reef eco system

so finding the shark became our main goal

we search the shark's favorite hangouts

but they didn't see to be home

we use caution because

one thing you don't want to do

is catch a great reef shark by surprise

if the shark louse around the water

the quickest way to spot them

is from the outer light

throughout the Pacific

whole population of sharks had been wiped out

by commercial fishermen

great reef shark are especially vulnerable

and that's what worry me

the airy search for sharks turns out nothing

and we are running out of time

but there is one last place to look

to Puta Pass

here the current just screams

hundreds of starve sharks are hang out

like street gang in the canyon

we were being swept into them

and there is nothing we can do about it

could they be mating

this is when you try very hard

not to look like a shark

I have two friends badly bitten by great reef sharks

the most social of all sharks

graze tender swimming tight groups

I’ve been diving for 35 years

but I’ve never seen the life like this

there must be 300 sharks in this school

and that's a healthy number

this big school doesn't close the book

but it is a favorable sign

for the health of this reef ego-system

we party with the sharks for nearly an hour

knowing that on our way home

we have a current on our backs

so we can go with the float

for ten exhausting but magical months

Michael and I explored

some of the most magnificent coral reefs on earth

during that time

our concern for coral grew into a share passion

my people look at the reef

and we don't want to believe such a place

could be gone forever

my friends Howard and Michael

have given me new tools to heal my village reef

Howard's love to the reefs nearly cost his life

but after making more than 500 dives

we came back with some really powerful images

one image I can't get out of my mind

is that alone octopus crawling to the rubble

soon it may not have a home

no one set out to kill a beautiful thing

but when a reef dies

billions of living things die

corals appears to be dying faster than normal

and the trend is rapidly accelerating

most living coral reefs as we know today

could be gone in 30 years

if that happens

then something inside of me will die too

after all the coral reefs have given to us

more and more people are now returning the favor

their supporting leaders who fight global warming

joining teams like "Reef Check"

getting involved

we may have great potential

of finding new medicines on

coral reefs than any other environment on earth

to save them is really saving ourselves

it take a long long time to build a coral reef

step by step

the reef survive on partnerships

and the most important partners

that the corals have are you and I

what we must to do is

encourage a sea change in attitude

one that acknowledges

we are a part of the living world

not apart from it

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