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(dramatic music)
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Downloaded from
YTS.MX
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Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX
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- Hidden on you is
a world you have never seen
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overrun with bizarre
creatures that live on and in
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every part of your body.
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- It's an animal.
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It's on your face and we
don't know very much about it.
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- Yet they are affecting us
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in ways we never imagined
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but now for the first time
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we can explore this unknown world.
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- They're an absolutely essential
component of what we are.
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- This is a
struggle of life and death.
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- If we got rid of all
of the microbes on us
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and inside us we would die.
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- So doctors are even
reintroducing bugs into our bodies.
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- Larvae are alive.
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They're going through the skin.
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It's Judy plus hookworm.
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(laughing)
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- You are more than human.
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Each and everyone of us is a collection
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of different life forms that call us home.
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This is Life on Us.
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(dramatic orchestra music)
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(bouncy flute music)
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You are mostly not you.
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- Come on.
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- You are home
to an astounding array
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of life forms.
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Some creatures hide inside your bowels.
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Others prefer the view
from your eye brows.
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There are gardens of fungi on your feet.
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Alien tribes inhabit
the jungle of your hair.
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Tiny mites borrow into your face
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and you host more bacteria
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than there are stars in the milky way.
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You and your bugs form a web of life.
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In fact bugs are us.
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(baby crying)
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Everyday this typical family is home
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to 100 trillion hitchhikers
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on their skin and inside their body.
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(baby laughing)
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These invisible colonizers
keep them healthy.
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Sometimes make them ill.
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- Hey!
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- Mine!
- You played yesterday.
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- No it's breakfast.
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- And even
influence their behavior.
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- Wait!
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- Stop fighting!
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- Yet until recently
we understood very little
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about our microscopic residents.
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(dramatic flourish)
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Germs have a bad reputation.
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We think of them as the cause of disease
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but paradoxically we couldn't
survive without them.
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- We have our tunnel vision.
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- Bacteria are bad.
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The archaeans are bad.
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All this stuff growing on me is bad.
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Let's just nuke it.
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- And the majority of those organisms
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are actually good for us.
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They're assisting us.
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They're not our enemies.
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- Our obsession with bad bugs
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left us blind to the good,
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but now genetic tools allow us to see
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what we've been missing.
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- Molecular tools, sequencing DNA,
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have allowed us to get a true picture
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of what organisms are there
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and there's a far richer
picture than we had previously
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appreciated for our
culturing microorganisms.
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- By decoding the genes
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of these microscopic creatures
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we can reveal a new microbial world.
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- The genetic tools are kind
of like the new telescope.
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- Think of it as a
geographer that might have
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just been studying the fields
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around Norway their whole career
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and then somebody says, "Oh by the way
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"we just discovered the
Americas and Australia,"
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and nobody had ever heard of it before.
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- For the first
time we can see the microbes
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that live on us and inside us.
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- It's a bit like a
gold rush at the moment.
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- It really is a very thrilling thing.
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- Scientists
have embarked on a journey
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into the unexplored world of our own body.
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They are discovering how we
are all shaped and kept alive
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by the bugs that live on us.
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As the crust covers planet Earth
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the skin covers the body,
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an impermeable barrier
between us and invading germs.
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(sirens wailing)
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But we only realize
just how important it is
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when it's compromised.
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- I see people's lives changed
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in an instant on a daily basis.
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But that tissue on the corner right
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is not gonna stay.
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- Fiona Wood is a
world leading burn specialist.
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Her struggle to save lives is
all about beating pathogens.
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The microbes that cause infections.
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- We have bacteria and pathogens
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all over us all the time.
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When you have a breach in
your skin there's a way in
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and that way in is going to be there
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until we seal the wound.
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So the longer the wound is open
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the greater the risk of getting infected.
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So what we want to do
is close that surface.
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Seal the surface of the
wound as quickly as possible
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while the waves of
infection keep coming over.
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If you waterproof you will survive.
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- And central to that survival
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is the layer of microbes
that live on our skin.
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Like the atmosphere
that protects our planet
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our microbes form a shield
against alien invaders.
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- If some pathogen arrives on your skin
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it's not your immune system
that rises up to greet it.
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The first thing that greets
it is this microbial layer.
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This hairy invisible cloak.
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(water gurgling)
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- But where
do these bugs come from?
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(triumphant orchestra music)
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The answer lies in the miracle of birth.
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(heart beating)
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For the baby the womb is a solitary world,
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but outside an army of
microbes awaits its arrival.
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(clock ticking)
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(sirens wailing)
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(heavy breathing)
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(slow piano music)
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(moaning and wailing)
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(baby crying)
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- The moment you're born you're colonized
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with your mother's microbes.
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Until then you can be called 100% human
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but after that moment you're really
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just 10% human and 90% microbes.
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- Which as a scientist
is very very exciting,
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but as a parent is terrifying.
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(baby cooing)
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(camera shutters)
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- Towards the end of pregnancy
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the bacteria that live in the mother's gut
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migrate to the vagina
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ready for the baby to pick them up
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as it slides through the birth canal.
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(heart beating)
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(baby crying)
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Being covered in vagina microbes
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may not seem much of a trait,
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but it's a gift that lasts a lifetime.
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These bugs not only
protect us from infections
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they're essential for our overall health.
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- They also have an important role
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in regulating the immune system.
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(dramatic music)
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- The immune
system never rests.
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Its cells constantly patrol our bodies
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to eliminate pathogens,
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but this power can also be dangerous.
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- It can potentially
damage your own tissues
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and therefore it must be controlled.
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It must be turned down.
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It must be regulated.
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- The immune system
has an internal police force
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keeping it under constant surveillance.
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- If you don't have a properly
regulated immune system
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it becomes trigger happy.
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It's attacking people's brains.
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It's attacking people's joints
and giving them arthritis
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or it's attacking the contents of the gut
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and then you have
inflammatory bowel disease,
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or it's attacking trivial
quantities of pollen
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or dog dandruff or whatever in the air
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and that gives you
allergic airway disorders.
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- And what keeps
our immune system in check
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is our microbes.
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- So that if you have
that organism in the gut
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you have more, more policemen.
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More regulation.
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More control of the immune system
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so it doesn't get trigger
happy and do crazy things.
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- The supply of
these microbial regulators
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doesn't stop at birth.
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The mother continues to deliver hundreds
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of species of bacteria in her breast milk.
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- And it's only very recently
that it's become clear
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that breast milk comes with
a whole suite of microbes
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that have moved up
through the mother's body,
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through the lymph, into the milk,
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and come as part of what goes
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into the baby with the breast milk.
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- Breast milk
also contains sugars
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that the infant can't digest.
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These are like fertilizer for the baby's
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rapidly developing gut flora.
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- And the breast milk becomes
this really amazing example
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of the way in which our
bodies actually evolved
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to help these microbes
to the next generation.
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(baby babbling)
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- By the time
a child is two and a half
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it will have developed a fully
mature microscopic community.
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Collectively they're
known as our microbiome.
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(dramatic music)
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They're as much apart of us
as any of our own organs.
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- We shouldn't think of them as a scary
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part of our machinery.
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They're an absolutely essential
component of what we are.
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- Every one of
us is a finely tuned society
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of many different life forms
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relying on one another for survival,
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but we're only just beginning
to discover new species
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in the most unexpected places.
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This little bug could
determine your health.
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(enchanting orchestra music)
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(birds chirping)
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The Earth holds some spectacular habitats
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and some retain their mystery,
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but we know much less about the
eco systems of our own body.
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Parts of the body are wet.
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Others are dry.
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(squishing)
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Some are hot and dark.
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Others are cold and exposed to light.
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We are a world of different climate zones.
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(birds chirping)
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(dramatic music)
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And just as on Earth,
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on the human body too
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life adapts to the environment.
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- I started work in tropical forests
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and every process I could
study in a tropical forest
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is happening on my body
and your body right now.
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You have species that are plants.
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You have species that eat those plants
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and you have species
that eat those species.
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You have species that are predators.
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You have species that are parasites.
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There's active competition
just the way that tree roots
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grow against tree roots
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or ant colonies grow against ant colonies
250
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that same thing is happening.
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- Rob Dunn's
background in ecology
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prepared him well for an exploration
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of the wildlife of our bodies
254
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and one of the most intriguing places
255
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is the mysterious belly of smell,
256
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the armpit.
257
00:13:07,360 --> 00:13:08,879
- The armpit's this weird thing.
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So why does it have hair?
259
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Why does it smell funny?
260
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What on Earth is going on with it?
261
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- It is a pretty specialized environment.
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It has high humidity levels
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and there's human apocrine glands.
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- And these are glands that
don't really produce sweat.
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They produce what I and other people think
266
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it's actually a food for microbes.
267
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It is an odorless food and is released
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in incredible density out of your armpit.
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(heart beating and breathing)
270
00:13:36,039 --> 00:13:38,759
Armpits in and of themselves have no odor.
271
00:13:38,759 --> 00:13:40,119
Your hair has no odor.
272
00:13:40,119 --> 00:13:42,000
Most of your body has no odor.
273
00:13:42,000 --> 00:13:43,720
Those odors are all microbial.
274
00:13:43,720 --> 00:13:45,319
(upbeat jazz music)
275
00:13:45,319 --> 00:13:47,600
- Bacteria thrive
on the perspiration released
276
00:13:47,600 --> 00:13:49,720
by our apocrine glands,
277
00:13:49,720 --> 00:13:52,200
but they aren't active
until we reach puberty
278
00:13:52,200 --> 00:13:55,720
which is why babies smell sweet,
279
00:13:55,720 --> 00:13:57,119
- Good morning.
280
00:13:57,119 --> 00:13:59,879
- But teenagers don't.
281
00:14:01,079 --> 00:14:04,039
So why are we feeling
microbes in our armpits?
282
00:14:04,039 --> 00:14:05,360
- We have hints.
283
00:14:06,560 --> 00:14:10,079
We have parts of answers in other species.
284
00:14:11,119 --> 00:14:12,600
Lemurs have these same glands
285
00:14:12,600 --> 00:14:15,119
that kind of go across the chest
286
00:14:15,119 --> 00:14:17,119
and in that case the
lemurs seem to use them
287
00:14:17,119 --> 00:14:19,119
for identifying each other.
288
00:14:19,119 --> 00:14:22,600
Are you my cousin or not my cousin?
289
00:14:22,600 --> 00:14:24,119
- Body odor helps the lemur
290
00:14:24,119 --> 00:14:26,039
to determine if a prospective partner
291
00:14:26,039 --> 00:14:27,920
is too closely related.
292
00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:33,519
Sexual attraction is
literally about chemistry.
293
00:14:35,000 --> 00:14:38,720
Other mammals don't have
their glands in their armpits.
294
00:14:38,720 --> 00:14:42,400
They're around their
anus and sexual organs.
295
00:14:43,959 --> 00:14:47,119
- It looks like as we
started to stand up more
296
00:14:47,119 --> 00:14:49,680
and as we interacted
with each other like this
297
00:14:49,680 --> 00:14:51,879
that if we were gonna sniff each other
298
00:14:51,879 --> 00:14:55,560
the hair and this smell had to move up.
299
00:14:55,560 --> 00:14:57,800
- Meaning our
armpits have a major influence
300
00:14:57,800 --> 00:14:59,800
on how we date and mate.
301
00:15:01,639 --> 00:15:03,600
It's not just muscles or bikinis
302
00:15:03,600 --> 00:15:05,680
that brings men and women together.
303
00:15:05,680 --> 00:15:09,000
It's the smell of our personal wildlife.
304
00:15:11,439 --> 00:15:14,680
(heart beating and slow breathing)
305
00:15:14,680 --> 00:15:18,839
Bacteria thrive in every
nook and cranny of your body.
306
00:15:22,839 --> 00:15:26,920
And one of the richest
eco systems is your navel.
307
00:15:29,519 --> 00:15:31,119
It's a tiny crater.
308
00:15:31,119 --> 00:15:34,200
A scar that we carry through life
309
00:15:34,200 --> 00:15:37,119
and we barely give a thought to it,
310
00:15:39,479 --> 00:15:40,639
but for scientists at the
311
00:15:40,639 --> 00:15:43,479
North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences
312
00:15:43,479 --> 00:15:46,879
the navel is a place of infinite mystery.
313
00:15:48,639 --> 00:15:53,119
This is the home of the Belly
Button Biodiversity Project.
314
00:15:53,119 --> 00:15:55,519
Hundreds of volunteers have been recruited
315
00:15:55,519 --> 00:15:58,079
to twirl a cotton swab
in their belly button
316
00:15:58,079 --> 00:16:00,159
to help find new species.
317
00:16:01,879 --> 00:16:02,839
- Hi, how are you?
318
00:16:02,839 --> 00:16:03,879
- The power of our research
319
00:16:03,879 --> 00:16:05,879
comes from the fact that
it will be able to sample
320
00:16:05,879 --> 00:16:09,280
so many different citizens as scientists
321
00:16:09,280 --> 00:16:11,800
and you kind of can't harness that power
322
00:16:11,800 --> 00:16:14,360
unless people are engaged in a project.
323
00:16:14,360 --> 00:16:16,159
- Welcome to the Daily Planet Theater.
324
00:16:16,159 --> 00:16:18,119
- Brian Mellow bills himself
325
00:16:18,119 --> 00:16:19,879
as a microbial comedian.
326
00:16:19,879 --> 00:16:23,200
- We'll be talking about some
citizens science projects
327
00:16:23,200 --> 00:16:24,879
and about the life that lives on us.
328
00:16:24,879 --> 00:16:26,519
We'll be talking about tiny life
329
00:16:26,519 --> 00:16:28,159
which is really fascinating.
330
00:16:28,159 --> 00:16:30,879
An infectious disease walks into a bar.
331
00:16:30,879 --> 00:16:31,680
The bartender says,
332
00:16:31,680 --> 00:16:33,680
"We don't serves infectious
disease in this bar."
333
00:16:33,680 --> 00:16:34,680
The infectious disease says,
334
00:16:34,680 --> 00:16:36,400
"Well you're not a very good host."
335
00:16:36,400 --> 00:16:37,600
(laughter)
336
00:16:37,600 --> 00:16:39,920
If I can make you laugh maybe that'll
337
00:16:39,920 --> 00:16:42,159
make you more open minded to the subject
338
00:16:42,159 --> 00:16:43,879
and maybe it'll make it more memorable.
339
00:16:43,879 --> 00:16:45,479
- And we want you to take this swab
340
00:16:45,479 --> 00:16:46,839
and be really careful.
341
00:16:46,839 --> 00:16:48,720
Just loosen it up, k?
342
00:16:48,720 --> 00:16:50,519
Lift up, get it nice and good.
343
00:16:50,519 --> 00:16:51,600
Get all the gunk out.
- Anything getting on here?
344
00:16:51,600 --> 00:16:52,800
- All the microbes out.
345
00:16:52,800 --> 00:16:54,280
- Yeah so while that's happening
you're actually getting
346
00:16:54,280 --> 00:16:56,959
individual living organisms on that swab.
347
00:16:56,959 --> 00:16:58,039
- Just by touching to it yeah.
348
00:16:58,039 --> 00:16:59,119
- Not squirrels or anything,
349
00:16:59,119 --> 00:17:02,280
but like bacteria, Archeanas, Proteus,
350
00:17:03,239 --> 00:17:04,360
um, fungus
- Dogs, cats.
351
00:17:04,360 --> 00:17:05,319
- Yeah, dogs are really unlikely
352
00:17:05,319 --> 00:17:06,839
although it is a deep belly button
353
00:17:06,839 --> 00:17:08,000
so I can't, yeah.
- Small dogs, chihuahuas,
354
00:17:08,000 --> 00:17:09,519
- I can't rule anything out.
- not Great Danes.
355
00:17:09,519 --> 00:17:10,879
- I'm not looking, I'm trying not to look,
356
00:17:10,879 --> 00:17:12,639
but we'll see it if it's on the swab.
357
00:17:12,639 --> 00:17:14,519
- No I keep it clean.
358
00:17:14,519 --> 00:17:17,000
I probably don't have anything in there.
359
00:17:17,000 --> 00:17:18,400
(water running)
360
00:17:18,400 --> 00:17:20,159
- In fact, the belly button
361
00:17:20,159 --> 00:17:22,000
is crawling with life.
362
00:17:23,400 --> 00:17:27,920
It's protected from the
chemical warfare of soap
363
00:17:27,920 --> 00:17:32,920
and it's usually covered up
from the ravages of weather.
364
00:17:32,920 --> 00:17:35,280
All of which makes it a prime candidate
365
00:17:35,280 --> 00:17:37,519
for the discovery of new species.
366
00:17:37,519 --> 00:17:38,560
- Twirl it good.
367
00:17:38,560 --> 00:17:39,800
- For a long time it's been argued
368
00:17:39,800 --> 00:17:43,759
that the tropical rain forest
canopy is the last frontier
369
00:17:43,759 --> 00:17:48,119
and it's true that we know
very little about that canopy,
370
00:17:48,119 --> 00:17:51,560
but we know no more about our own bodies.
371
00:17:53,159 --> 00:17:54,360
- The belly button survey
372
00:17:54,360 --> 00:17:59,280
has revealed previously
unimagined species on our body.
373
00:17:59,280 --> 00:18:02,639
One person was carrying
a form of archaic life
374
00:18:02,639 --> 00:18:04,000
only ever seen before in the
375
00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:06,839
most extreme environment on Earth.
376
00:18:07,680 --> 00:18:09,360
In deep ocean fence.
377
00:18:12,920 --> 00:18:16,680
(slow orchestra music)
378
00:18:16,680 --> 00:18:17,839
- What's interesting is that if we look
379
00:18:17,839 --> 00:18:21,680
at bacterial diversity
in the human belly button
380
00:18:21,680 --> 00:18:24,400
we have a huge amount of variations
381
00:18:24,400 --> 00:18:27,280
you know, among 60 individuals.
382
00:18:27,280 --> 00:18:29,680
There was not one species of bacterium
383
00:18:29,680 --> 00:18:33,200
that was found in all
60 of those individuals.
384
00:18:33,200 --> 00:18:35,839
- Like our retinal patterns,
385
00:18:35,839 --> 00:18:36,879
fingerprints,
386
00:18:38,079 --> 00:18:39,079
and our DNA,
387
00:18:40,000 --> 00:18:43,600
the wildlife in our
belly button is unique.
388
00:18:45,519 --> 00:18:48,439
It's our microbial signature,
389
00:18:48,439 --> 00:18:51,720
but it's in a constant state of flux.
390
00:18:51,720 --> 00:18:53,519
The places we go
391
00:18:53,519 --> 00:18:55,400
the food we eat
392
00:18:55,400 --> 00:18:57,680
the people we meet
393
00:18:57,680 --> 00:19:01,119
they all affect our microbial jungle.
394
00:19:01,119 --> 00:19:02,439
- This is our Costa Rica, right?
395
00:19:02,439 --> 00:19:04,159
This is our area where we go on the body
396
00:19:04,159 --> 00:19:07,079
to really find our huge
amount of diversity.
397
00:19:07,079 --> 00:19:11,159
Um, compared to the armpit
that's certainly true.
398
00:19:12,800 --> 00:19:15,000
- So far
the North Carolina team
399
00:19:15,000 --> 00:19:18,159
has identified 2,300 bacteria species.
400
00:19:19,920 --> 00:19:21,560
That's four times the diversity
401
00:19:21,560 --> 00:19:25,079
of all bird species in North America.
402
00:19:25,079 --> 00:19:27,119
And this abundant harvest has come
403
00:19:27,119 --> 00:19:30,119
from just 60 belly buttons.
404
00:19:30,119 --> 00:19:34,039
- So on your body overall you
have thousands of species.
405
00:19:34,039 --> 00:19:36,200
Most of them are not named.
406
00:19:36,200 --> 00:19:38,959
- Some people maybe have
a lot less than others?
407
00:19:38,959 --> 00:19:41,000
- Some people have hundreds of species
408
00:19:41,000 --> 00:19:42,319
living in their belly button.
409
00:19:42,319 --> 00:19:44,119
Some people have as few as six species
410
00:19:44,119 --> 00:19:45,560
living in their belly button
411
00:19:45,560 --> 00:19:48,239
and having fewer species is associated
412
00:19:48,239 --> 00:19:50,119
with poorer health outcomes
413
00:19:50,119 --> 00:19:52,400
and so it increases your
odds of getting sick.
414
00:19:52,400 --> 00:19:54,639
- Maybe the words bacteria, microbes,
415
00:19:54,639 --> 00:19:58,839
they have all sort of negative
connotations to most people
416
00:19:58,839 --> 00:20:01,479
so maybe they need a re-branding.
417
00:20:01,479 --> 00:20:03,360
- Diminutive super friends.
418
00:20:03,360 --> 00:20:05,639
(laughing)
419
00:20:07,000 --> 00:20:08,959
- Just as we need biodiversity
420
00:20:08,959 --> 00:20:10,839
to support life on Earth
421
00:20:10,839 --> 00:20:13,079
we need a variety of microorganisms
422
00:20:13,079 --> 00:20:16,600
to guard the health of
our human ecosystems.
423
00:20:16,600 --> 00:20:18,759
(bouncy flute music)
424
00:20:18,759 --> 00:20:22,200
(water splashing gently)
425
00:20:23,200 --> 00:20:25,479
On each square centimeter on your skin
426
00:20:25,479 --> 00:20:28,360
there are more than a billion bacteria.
427
00:20:28,360 --> 00:20:30,959
For them, it's a land of abundance
428
00:20:30,959 --> 00:20:33,119
with plenty of food supplies.
429
00:20:33,119 --> 00:20:34,759
(razor scraping skin)
430
00:20:34,759 --> 00:20:39,639
You shed 30,000 to 40,000
dead skin cells every hour.
431
00:20:39,639 --> 00:20:42,680
That's two kilograms in a year.
432
00:20:42,680 --> 00:20:43,560
- Part of what they're consuming
433
00:20:43,560 --> 00:20:46,119
is our dead skin, our dead bits,
434
00:20:46,119 --> 00:20:48,920
and so there's some
decomposition happening there.
435
00:20:48,920 --> 00:20:51,119
They're at war with each other
436
00:20:51,119 --> 00:20:52,280
and so even our good bacteria
437
00:20:52,280 --> 00:20:53,639
are actively fighting each other
438
00:20:53,639 --> 00:20:55,639
producing antibiotics.
439
00:20:55,639 --> 00:20:57,079
They're all trying to win.
440
00:20:57,079 --> 00:20:58,200
I mean, none of them want to just
441
00:20:58,200 --> 00:20:59,600
be confined to our armpit, right?
442
00:20:59,600 --> 00:21:01,959
Each and every species,
they would all benefit
443
00:21:01,959 --> 00:21:05,519
if they could colonize
us from head to toe.
444
00:21:06,519 --> 00:21:08,159
- One of our
microscopic residents
445
00:21:08,159 --> 00:21:12,280
engaged in chemical warfare
is Bacillus subtilis.
446
00:21:13,360 --> 00:21:17,119
They patrol the skin
looking for fungi to attack.
447
00:21:17,119 --> 00:21:21,159
Without them we'd wake up covered in mold.
448
00:21:21,159 --> 00:21:24,519
Other microbes like
Staphylococcus epidermis
449
00:21:24,519 --> 00:21:27,119
colonize our skin in numbers so vast
450
00:21:27,119 --> 00:21:30,639
that there is little
room for invading rivals,
451
00:21:30,639 --> 00:21:34,400
but the true power of bacteria
comes when they act together
452
00:21:34,400 --> 00:21:38,680
and this coordination
requires a special language.
453
00:21:38,680 --> 00:21:39,959
- Their genes are encoding proteins
454
00:21:39,959 --> 00:21:41,879
that are allowing them
to talk with each other
455
00:21:41,879 --> 00:21:43,519
and to detect each other
456
00:21:43,519 --> 00:21:45,800
and to control each other's growth
457
00:21:45,800 --> 00:21:48,239
and basically to allow other bacteria
458
00:21:48,239 --> 00:21:51,119
that are more beneficial or
less competitive with them
459
00:21:51,119 --> 00:21:53,319
you know, to grow in greater abundance.
460
00:21:53,319 --> 00:21:55,879
(slow rock music)
461
00:21:55,879 --> 00:21:58,319
- By tapping
into a cell to cell network
462
00:21:58,319 --> 00:22:01,119
microbes conspire with their own species
463
00:22:01,119 --> 00:22:03,039
and build alliances with other bacteria
464
00:22:03,039 --> 00:22:04,800
to outsmart invaders.
465
00:22:08,959 --> 00:22:12,360
Bacteria are the most
successful organisms on Earth
466
00:22:12,360 --> 00:22:14,759
and part of their success is
that they're able to steal
467
00:22:14,759 --> 00:22:18,079
the genes they need to adapt and thrive.
468
00:22:18,079 --> 00:22:21,000
- They're able to change
their genomes very easily
469
00:22:21,000 --> 00:22:23,000
and so this is why it's really important
470
00:22:23,000 --> 00:22:26,959
to study the bacteria that
grow on and with us and in us
471
00:22:26,959 --> 00:22:29,920
to understand in a sense like
what is the stable state,
472
00:22:29,920 --> 00:22:32,119
because when a pathogen emerges
473
00:22:32,119 --> 00:22:34,879
it's often one of these typical bacteria
474
00:22:34,879 --> 00:22:37,639
that have co-evolved with us and have been
475
00:22:37,639 --> 00:22:41,400
not a problem until ooh
they picked up something
476
00:22:41,400 --> 00:22:43,759
perhaps from a virus,
from another bacterium,
477
00:22:43,759 --> 00:22:44,680
who knows what?
478
00:22:44,680 --> 00:22:47,879
And now they just change the game.
479
00:22:47,879 --> 00:22:49,839
- This genetic flexibility
480
00:22:49,839 --> 00:22:51,879
can transform our harmless microbes
481
00:22:51,879 --> 00:22:55,879
from docile skin grazers
into vicious killers.
482
00:22:55,879 --> 00:22:57,879
- I suddenly felt very ill
483
00:22:57,879 --> 00:23:01,720
and I went to the gentleman's toilets
484
00:23:01,720 --> 00:23:05,759
and basically I collapsed on the floor.
485
00:23:05,759 --> 00:23:07,959
- But how can a tiny bacteria
486
00:23:07,959 --> 00:23:11,560
destroy a healthy body
in just a few hours?
487
00:23:15,879 --> 00:23:17,319
- Human or inhuman
488
00:23:17,319 --> 00:23:20,759
not even the world's greatest
scientific minds can answer.
489
00:23:20,759 --> 00:23:21,600
- Gentleman do you realize?
490
00:23:21,600 --> 00:23:23,959
Try the light switch.
491
00:23:23,959 --> 00:23:26,360
- When good bacteria go bad
492
00:23:26,360 --> 00:23:30,319
the result can be scarier
than any science fiction.
493
00:23:30,319 --> 00:23:33,079
(haunting music)
494
00:23:36,319 --> 00:23:39,879
- For Andrew Ferguson a
visit to an Alpine resort
495
00:23:39,879 --> 00:23:43,200
became a life and death
struggle with a rogue pathogen.
496
00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:45,759
- I was vomiting and had
blood coming out of my mouth
497
00:23:45,759 --> 00:23:49,600
and nose and all sorts of strange places.
498
00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:51,759
- On arrival
Andrew had a quick swim
499
00:23:51,759 --> 00:23:53,519
in the hotel pool.
500
00:23:53,519 --> 00:23:56,439
Completely unaware that
a rare skin bacteria
501
00:23:56,439 --> 00:23:58,959
had already entered his body.
502
00:23:58,959 --> 00:24:01,639
(ominous music)
503
00:24:02,519 --> 00:24:04,800
- The bug, the Strep
B bug, actually got in
504
00:24:04,800 --> 00:24:09,319
through a cut on the leg and
I was having a rigors attack.
505
00:24:09,319 --> 00:24:12,159
It's actually where the body
gets overwhelmed by bugs
506
00:24:12,159 --> 00:24:15,319
and you go into a constant shaking
507
00:24:15,319 --> 00:24:19,479
and I ended up at
Garmisch-Partenkirchen Hospital.
508
00:24:20,319 --> 00:24:22,360
Over the next 12 hours I must have had
509
00:24:22,360 --> 00:24:24,079
every test known to man.
510
00:24:24,079 --> 00:24:27,319
They just didn't know
what the problem was.
511
00:24:27,319 --> 00:24:29,319
Eventually after taking blood cultures
512
00:24:29,319 --> 00:24:33,360
they discovered that I had
a Streptococcal B infection
513
00:24:33,360 --> 00:24:35,600
and then over a period of three days
514
00:24:35,600 --> 00:24:37,879
I was given increasing dosages
515
00:24:37,879 --> 00:24:40,879
of different types of penicillin,
516
00:24:40,879 --> 00:24:42,879
but nothing was working.
517
00:24:44,879 --> 00:24:46,200
- It's like being in a canoe
518
00:24:46,200 --> 00:24:49,600
and going down the Niagara River.
519
00:24:49,600 --> 00:24:54,159
If we're in it early enough
someone can rescue us,
520
00:24:54,159 --> 00:24:56,639
but if we're far enough down that river
521
00:24:56,639 --> 00:24:59,000
eventually nothing is going to help us
522
00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:01,639
and unfortunately that's
the situation we have
523
00:25:01,639 --> 00:25:04,119
with these invasive infections
524
00:25:04,119 --> 00:25:07,680
where at the very last moment
we have to get a surgeon
525
00:25:07,680 --> 00:25:11,319
to get in and remove
that destroyed tissue.
526
00:25:12,600 --> 00:25:14,479
- The surgeon said, "We're probably gonna
527
00:25:14,479 --> 00:25:16,119
"have to amputate the leg.
528
00:25:16,119 --> 00:25:18,400
"The infection is spreading
into a main artery
529
00:25:18,400 --> 00:25:21,280
"and if we don't get it
it's gonna go to your heart
530
00:25:21,280 --> 00:25:23,280
"and you'll be dead."
531
00:25:23,280 --> 00:25:24,479
I remember saying to the surgeon
532
00:25:24,479 --> 00:25:26,360
as I went into that operating theater,
533
00:25:26,360 --> 00:25:27,200
"I can do without the leg,
534
00:25:27,200 --> 00:25:31,519
"but I certainly can't
do without my life."
535
00:25:31,519 --> 00:25:33,039
- Flesh eating disease
536
00:25:33,039 --> 00:25:35,319
is an infection that
literally eats its way
537
00:25:35,319 --> 00:25:39,519
through the layers of tissue
that surrounds the muscles
538
00:25:39,519 --> 00:25:40,680
and it's fast.
539
00:25:42,639 --> 00:25:45,879
It can cause death within 12 hours.
540
00:25:45,879 --> 00:25:48,879
- It can spread amazingly quickly.
541
00:25:48,879 --> 00:25:53,720
Sometimes we can even see
it before our very eyes.
542
00:25:53,720 --> 00:25:57,280
- This bug
needs serious vigilance.
543
00:25:57,280 --> 00:26:00,439
160,000 people are killed worldwide
544
00:26:00,439 --> 00:26:04,439
by this bacterial onslaught every year.
545
00:26:04,439 --> 00:26:07,000
- I still have my leg
and um, as you will see,
546
00:26:07,000 --> 00:26:08,639
I'm actually still have it.
547
00:26:08,639 --> 00:26:10,879
The aftermath of all of this is
548
00:26:10,879 --> 00:26:13,639
I have to take penicillin twice a day
549
00:26:13,639 --> 00:26:15,800
and that has its implications as well
550
00:26:15,800 --> 00:26:18,600
because unfortunately
overuse of penicillin
551
00:26:18,600 --> 00:26:22,759
tends to cause killing off the
good bugs that sit in the gut
552
00:26:23,920 --> 00:26:26,920
and then I ended up
with other complications
553
00:26:26,920 --> 00:26:28,319
as a result of that.
554
00:26:28,319 --> 00:26:30,639
- These are dreadful infections.
555
00:26:30,639 --> 00:26:33,839
To go from a perfectly
healthy person one day
556
00:26:33,839 --> 00:26:38,000
to dying or only being saved
by very aggressive surgery
557
00:26:39,319 --> 00:26:42,959
is an indication of these
bacteria's potential
558
00:26:42,959 --> 00:26:44,239
for harm to us.
559
00:26:46,439 --> 00:26:48,680
- But what
could turn Streptococcus,
560
00:26:48,680 --> 00:26:51,360
usually no more dangerous
than a sore throat
561
00:26:51,360 --> 00:26:53,959
into such an aggressive killer?
562
00:26:55,560 --> 00:26:58,039
Microbiologist Professor Mark Walker
563
00:26:58,039 --> 00:27:00,439
was intrigued by the mystery.
564
00:27:02,600 --> 00:27:05,879
- It was quite a surprise
there being quite low levels
565
00:27:05,879 --> 00:27:09,680
of very invasive diseases
caused by this bug.
566
00:27:11,319 --> 00:27:14,039
- With some
ingenious genetic detective work
567
00:27:14,039 --> 00:27:18,639
Professor Walker tracked the
origin of the deadly disease.
568
00:27:18,639 --> 00:27:22,200
- In the mid 1980's in
the Rocky Mountain region
569
00:27:22,200 --> 00:27:26,839
of the US there was an outbreak
of flesh eating disease
570
00:27:26,839 --> 00:27:29,039
caused by Streptococcus.
571
00:27:29,039 --> 00:27:32,839
This outbreak was investigated
and what was found
572
00:27:32,839 --> 00:27:36,039
was that a new Group A Streptococcus
573
00:27:36,039 --> 00:27:37,879
had come onto the scene
574
00:27:37,879 --> 00:27:40,439
which was more virulent and better able
575
00:27:40,439 --> 00:27:42,600
to cause invasive disease.
576
00:27:44,839 --> 00:27:47,680
- This virulence
was caused by a virus
577
00:27:47,680 --> 00:27:50,720
called bacteriophage
which invaded the strep
578
00:27:50,720 --> 00:27:52,680
and modified its DNA.
579
00:27:52,680 --> 00:27:56,639
- It inserts its genetic
information into the bacteria
580
00:27:56,639 --> 00:27:59,519
and that's the reprogramming
that takes place
581
00:27:59,519 --> 00:28:03,159
when a bacteriophage infects the bacteria.
582
00:28:03,159 --> 00:28:06,159
- This modified
bacteria was so successful
583
00:28:06,159 --> 00:28:08,560
that the clone of that single bacterium
584
00:28:08,560 --> 00:28:10,159
spread across the world.
585
00:28:10,159 --> 00:28:12,839
(radio chatter)
586
00:28:15,079 --> 00:28:16,560
- And in other
news a young mother died.
587
00:28:16,560 --> 00:28:17,720
- Hi
- Hi, how are you?
588
00:28:17,720 --> 00:28:19,079
- I'm Sharon Lewin.
589
00:28:19,079 --> 00:28:20,119
Nice to meet you.
- How are you?
590
00:28:20,119 --> 00:28:21,479
- Tell us about what's happened to you
591
00:28:21,479 --> 00:28:22,519
and what brought you to the Alfred?
592
00:28:22,519 --> 00:28:24,400
- I arrived by ambulance.
593
00:28:24,400 --> 00:28:27,560
I'm waking up from the anesthetic
from the first surgery.
594
00:28:27,560 --> 00:28:29,759
Being told that I've lost my small toe
595
00:28:29,759 --> 00:28:31,759
and quite a lot of flesh from my foot.
596
00:28:31,759 --> 00:28:33,079
- Did you have any injury to the foot
597
00:28:33,079 --> 00:28:35,000
or it just, it just came out of the blue?
598
00:28:35,000 --> 00:28:36,319
- It just sort of come out of the blue.
599
00:28:36,319 --> 00:28:39,360
Like even the cut, the
small cut that I had,
600
00:28:39,360 --> 00:28:42,200
and then I've worked out
recently talking to the doctors
601
00:28:42,200 --> 00:28:45,280
trying to investigate more
into this horrible bug
602
00:28:45,280 --> 00:28:48,839
that um, basically you
can get it from coral.
603
00:28:48,839 --> 00:28:49,879
You can get it from dirt.
604
00:28:49,879 --> 00:28:53,680
You can get it from potting
mixes and things to my belief.
605
00:28:53,680 --> 00:28:56,280
And I think I've got it through
walking around my garden.
606
00:28:56,280 --> 00:28:57,159
- Think we can have a look?
607
00:28:57,159 --> 00:28:58,119
- Absolutely.
608
00:28:58,119 --> 00:28:58,920
Get ready!
609
00:29:02,879 --> 00:29:04,879
So that's the flap as you can see.
610
00:29:04,879 --> 00:29:06,079
- Where's the flap here?
611
00:29:06,079 --> 00:29:09,600
- The flaps come from the your
whole top side of your back.
612
00:29:09,600 --> 00:29:12,280
So I've got a massive
scar from under my armpit
613
00:29:12,280 --> 00:29:14,759
right down basically to my bum.
614
00:29:14,759 --> 00:29:16,920
- Yeah, from here to here.
615
00:29:16,920 --> 00:29:19,680
- Luckily the
chance of catching such serious
616
00:29:19,680 --> 00:29:22,519
invasive infection is still small.
617
00:29:23,479 --> 00:29:26,879
- Usually we're able to
live with these bacteria
618
00:29:26,879 --> 00:29:31,319
within our throat or on our
skin without getting disease.
619
00:29:31,319 --> 00:29:34,519
So people should not be freaked out
620
00:29:34,519 --> 00:29:36,879
the next time they have a sore throat
621
00:29:36,879 --> 00:29:39,079
because that's just a normal event
622
00:29:39,079 --> 00:29:40,720
and our immune system is able
623
00:29:40,720 --> 00:29:43,319
to deal with it very adequately.
624
00:29:43,319 --> 00:29:44,879
- But for those who cross paths
625
00:29:44,879 --> 00:29:48,920
with the mutant form,
Streptococcus can be fatal.
626
00:29:51,639 --> 00:29:54,680
(lighthearted music)
627
00:29:58,319 --> 00:30:01,519
Most of the wildlife on
our bodies is harmless.
628
00:30:01,519 --> 00:30:03,360
Even if we might horrified to discover
629
00:30:03,360 --> 00:30:05,039
what they get up to.
630
00:30:06,280 --> 00:30:09,920
Meet the tiny parasitic
mite called Demodex.
631
00:30:12,439 --> 00:30:15,519
It takes up residence in your eyelashes
632
00:30:15,519 --> 00:30:18,560
burrowing head first into your pores.
633
00:30:19,879 --> 00:30:22,720
- They're these long
sort of narrow things.
634
00:30:22,720 --> 00:30:24,879
They come out at night
when you're sleeping.
635
00:30:24,879 --> 00:30:27,039
Come out onto your face and have sex
636
00:30:27,039 --> 00:30:29,319
and then crawl back into the pores.
637
00:30:29,319 --> 00:30:30,159
It's an animal.
638
00:30:30,159 --> 00:30:31,959
It's on your face and we
don't know very much about it.
639
00:30:31,959 --> 00:30:33,680
That's enough for me.
640
00:30:35,479 --> 00:30:37,680
- Rob Dunn's
meet your mites project
641
00:30:37,680 --> 00:30:39,200
is trying to shed light on one
642
00:30:39,200 --> 00:30:42,360
of our most overlooked hangers on.
643
00:30:42,360 --> 00:30:43,879
- We can ask questions
like how do the mites
644
00:30:43,879 --> 00:30:46,119
in one human population relate to those
645
00:30:46,119 --> 00:30:48,400
in another human population?
646
00:30:48,400 --> 00:30:50,720
Pacific Islanders, they
have different mite species
647
00:30:50,720 --> 00:30:53,319
as a function of the
relatively long isolation
648
00:30:53,319 --> 00:30:55,800
from other people's.
649
00:30:55,800 --> 00:30:57,479
Aboriginal people's of Australia,
650
00:30:57,479 --> 00:30:59,479
what do their mites look like?
651
00:30:59,479 --> 00:31:03,319
How have these mites changed
as our faces have changed?
652
00:31:03,319 --> 00:31:04,319
It's super exciting.
653
00:31:04,319 --> 00:31:06,879
People get to see whether
or not they have mites.
654
00:31:06,879 --> 00:31:09,600
People get to see what they look like.
655
00:31:09,600 --> 00:31:10,680
- Let's take those glasses off
656
00:31:10,680 --> 00:31:13,119
because we're gonna try to
get in your sort of t-zone.
657
00:31:13,119 --> 00:31:14,439
- What if you're wiping
the mites off right now?
658
00:31:14,439 --> 00:31:15,920
- Well you know I don't think so
659
00:31:15,920 --> 00:31:17,400
'cause I think they like to clink tight
660
00:31:17,400 --> 00:31:20,360
to deep inside the pores on your face.
661
00:31:20,360 --> 00:31:22,360
- That's always good to know,
they're clinging tightly.
662
00:31:22,360 --> 00:31:23,200
- They're clinging on.
663
00:31:23,200 --> 00:31:24,400
I think 'cause they
like to live in the oil
664
00:31:24,400 --> 00:31:26,000
in your sebaceous glands
665
00:31:26,000 --> 00:31:26,959
- Oh.
- And so
666
00:31:26,959 --> 00:31:27,879
it just feels like home.
667
00:31:27,879 --> 00:31:28,959
- Good oil out here.
668
00:31:28,959 --> 00:31:31,879
- Yeah, exactly.
- Come and get it.
669
00:31:31,879 --> 00:31:34,879
- They eat oil from our pores.
670
00:31:34,879 --> 00:31:37,360
It'd probably eat microbes.
671
00:31:37,360 --> 00:31:39,439
They probably have a pretty specific suite
672
00:31:39,439 --> 00:31:42,239
of microbes in their guts which are just
673
00:31:42,239 --> 00:31:46,680
you know, little hints
about what's going on there.
674
00:31:46,680 --> 00:31:48,119
- Apart from eating, crawling,
675
00:31:48,119 --> 00:31:50,720
and having sex on your
face while you sleep
676
00:31:50,720 --> 00:31:53,639
Demodex may be linked to
a common skin problem,
677
00:31:53,639 --> 00:31:54,479
rosacea.
678
00:31:55,439 --> 00:31:57,319
- The connection hasn't
really been well defined,
679
00:31:57,319 --> 00:31:59,319
but one of the hypotheses is that
680
00:31:59,319 --> 00:32:02,319
is the bacteria inside the mite
681
00:32:02,319 --> 00:32:06,280
that is what's causing the
flare up of the rosacea.
682
00:32:06,280 --> 00:32:08,159
- I'm prone to rosacea.
683
00:32:08,159 --> 00:32:09,159
- Oh.
- So if there's
684
00:32:09,159 --> 00:32:12,280
a connection between mites and rosacea
685
00:32:12,280 --> 00:32:15,000
lucky for you, I'm having
a flare up right now.
686
00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:16,079
(mite clicking)
687
00:32:16,079 --> 00:32:18,759
- But it's not
the mite that's the problem.
688
00:32:18,759 --> 00:32:21,959
Like a Russian doll, there
are bugs within bugs,
689
00:32:21,959 --> 00:32:25,039
and in this case they have no way out.
690
00:32:25,039 --> 00:32:28,879
- So it turns out that
mites do not have an anus.
691
00:32:28,879 --> 00:32:30,560
They have no exit.
692
00:32:30,560 --> 00:32:31,519
- So they eat and eat and eat
693
00:32:31,519 --> 00:32:34,400
and the feces just
accumulates in their back end
694
00:32:34,400 --> 00:32:36,360
and eventually they sort of fill up
695
00:32:36,360 --> 00:32:38,560
and then it's all over.
696
00:32:38,560 --> 00:32:41,800
You know, we thing about what
our fate is determined by.
697
00:32:41,800 --> 00:32:44,479
I'm grateful my fate is not determined by
698
00:32:44,479 --> 00:32:48,400
how long it takes me
to fill out with shit.
699
00:32:48,400 --> 00:32:49,839
- As it turned out
700
00:32:49,839 --> 00:32:51,600
Brian's face mites have made
701
00:32:51,600 --> 00:32:54,879
a significant contribution to science.
702
00:32:54,879 --> 00:32:56,079
This is the first time mites
703
00:32:56,079 --> 00:32:59,000
have ever been filmed giving birth.
704
00:32:59,879 --> 00:33:03,879
They too are part of our private wildlife.
705
00:33:03,879 --> 00:33:05,360
- The truth is, is you're
not really separate
706
00:33:05,360 --> 00:33:06,479
from these critters.
707
00:33:06,479 --> 00:33:09,239
Like who you are is defined
by your interactions
708
00:33:09,239 --> 00:33:10,079
with other species.
709
00:33:10,079 --> 00:33:11,319
- What would we be without them?
710
00:33:11,319 --> 00:33:13,159
- Yeah, what would we be without them?
711
00:33:13,159 --> 00:33:15,639
And who are we when we
have bad species on us?
712
00:33:15,639 --> 00:33:18,720
So for example to take a
really extreme example.
713
00:33:18,720 --> 00:33:22,519
A Toxoplasma gondii is this
Proteus that gets into the brain
714
00:33:22,519 --> 00:33:24,639
and when it gets into our brain
715
00:33:24,639 --> 00:33:27,319
it changes what happens in our brain.
716
00:33:27,319 --> 00:33:28,400
(game beeping)
717
00:33:28,400 --> 00:33:32,119
- Toxoplasma
gondii is a cunning parasite.
718
00:33:32,119 --> 00:33:35,319
It's a real life zombie
bug and it's unmasking
719
00:33:35,319 --> 00:33:39,519
is one of the strangest
stories in science.
720
00:33:39,519 --> 00:33:41,879
(birds chirping)
721
00:33:41,879 --> 00:33:45,720
(suspenseful orchestra music)
722
00:33:47,319 --> 00:33:50,360
Normally a self respecting
mouse steers well clear
723
00:33:50,360 --> 00:33:54,079
of anything that smells like a cat,
724
00:33:54,079 --> 00:33:56,720
but for mice infected with the zombie bug
725
00:33:56,720 --> 00:33:58,680
cats are like a magnet.
726
00:33:59,959 --> 00:34:02,639
Mice pick up Toxoplasma from soil,
727
00:34:02,639 --> 00:34:05,319
but to reproduce the
parasite has to find its way
728
00:34:05,319 --> 00:34:07,680
into the intestines of a cat
729
00:34:09,360 --> 00:34:11,400
and the best way to meet up with a cat
730
00:34:11,400 --> 00:34:13,879
is to alter the mouses natural fear
731
00:34:13,879 --> 00:34:16,879
and make felines fatally attractive.
732
00:34:21,879 --> 00:34:25,200
The brainwashed rodent is now easy prey,
733
00:34:27,159 --> 00:34:30,519
but it's Toxoplasma that's
the real winner here.
734
00:34:30,519 --> 00:34:33,560
Once inside the cat it can reproduce.
735
00:34:40,000 --> 00:34:43,479
(grass crushing)
736
00:34:43,479 --> 00:34:46,119
The trail of the zombie bug led to Prague
737
00:34:46,119 --> 00:34:49,680
and one of the world's
oldest universities.
738
00:34:52,479 --> 00:34:55,560
Professor Jaroslav Flegr
is a renowned specialist
739
00:34:55,560 --> 00:34:57,720
in the study of parasites.
740
00:34:59,400 --> 00:35:01,159
By a complete coincidence
741
00:35:01,159 --> 00:35:03,920
just as he was looking
for a new subject to study
742
00:35:03,920 --> 00:35:08,119
he was tested for Toxoplasma
and the result was positive.
743
00:35:09,400 --> 00:35:13,560
- I was not very happy to be
infected by some parasite,
744
00:35:15,720 --> 00:35:18,720
but uh, at the same time it was very
745
00:35:20,479 --> 00:35:21,800
hmm
746
00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:22,639
interesting.
747
00:35:22,639 --> 00:35:26,159
I mean this idea that it can explain
748
00:35:26,159 --> 00:35:29,000
some behavioral pattern of me.
749
00:35:29,000 --> 00:35:32,119
- Normally
Flegr was a cautious person
750
00:35:32,119 --> 00:35:36,079
but he began to exhibit
some very risky habits.
751
00:35:36,959 --> 00:35:41,319
Not unlike the mouse who
is attracted to cats.
752
00:35:41,319 --> 00:35:45,680
- For example I'm not
very afraid in situation
753
00:35:45,680 --> 00:35:47,959
when I should be afraid.
754
00:35:47,959 --> 00:35:48,800
It's a
755
00:35:50,879 --> 00:35:52,720
very strange behavior.
756
00:35:53,720 --> 00:35:56,680
For example I was in Gorjestan
757
00:35:56,680 --> 00:35:59,439
and there was a lot of shooting around
758
00:35:59,439 --> 00:36:01,519
and I was quite calm.
759
00:36:01,519 --> 00:36:03,159
And it's not the only situation.
760
00:36:03,159 --> 00:36:07,319
Also my startle reactions
are a little bit unusual.
761
00:36:08,680 --> 00:36:12,839
When somebody hits the horn
behind me in some traffic
762
00:36:14,319 --> 00:36:18,079
I stay in the same place,
look slowly behind,
763
00:36:18,079 --> 00:36:19,560
what has happened?
764
00:36:20,759 --> 00:36:23,079
- Before
Flegr no one ever thought
765
00:36:23,079 --> 00:36:26,920
of linking human behavior
to Toxoplasma infections
766
00:36:26,920 --> 00:36:28,720
and if Flegr's hunt was right
767
00:36:28,720 --> 00:36:33,079
it was messing with the brains
of many other people as well.
768
00:36:33,079 --> 00:36:36,119
- I started to study this hypothesis
769
00:36:36,119 --> 00:36:40,200
on the cheapest material
which is available here.
770
00:36:41,159 --> 00:36:43,360
I mean on our students
771
00:36:43,360 --> 00:36:47,200
and 25% of them were Toxoplasma infected.
772
00:36:49,879 --> 00:36:52,000
- These studies
show that those infected
773
00:36:52,000 --> 00:36:54,239
by the zombie bug were far more likely
774
00:36:54,239 --> 00:36:57,400
to put themselves in risky situations.
775
00:36:58,680 --> 00:37:00,239
- The risk of traffic accident
776
00:37:00,239 --> 00:37:04,400
of Toxoplasma infected subject
is about 2.6 time higher
777
00:37:05,879 --> 00:37:10,680
than the risk of traffic
accident of non-infected.
778
00:37:10,680 --> 00:37:12,879
- The implications
of this discovery
779
00:37:12,879 --> 00:37:14,680
are unsettling.
780
00:37:14,680 --> 00:37:18,839
Toxoplasma is one of the
most common human parasites.
781
00:37:20,079 --> 00:37:24,680
- We used to think that
our mind is really our,
782
00:37:24,680 --> 00:37:28,519
but our results show
that maybe it's not true.
783
00:37:30,680 --> 00:37:31,519
- We can be infected
784
00:37:31,519 --> 00:37:33,319
by eating unwashed vegetables
785
00:37:33,319 --> 00:37:35,319
and under-cooked meat.
786
00:37:35,319 --> 00:37:37,600
(speaking foreign language)
787
00:37:37,600 --> 00:37:40,800
In some countries it's rampant.
788
00:37:40,800 --> 00:37:43,680
In France where barely
cooked meat is popular
789
00:37:43,680 --> 00:37:47,839
infection rates are as high
as 55% of the population.
790
00:37:50,600 --> 00:37:53,519
So the next time you meet
a reckless French driver
791
00:37:53,519 --> 00:37:57,879
beware, it may be a zombie
bug behind the wheel.
792
00:37:57,879 --> 00:37:59,879
(upbeat French cafe music)
793
00:37:59,879 --> 00:38:02,519
(tires screech)
794
00:38:03,800 --> 00:38:06,560
(dramatic music)
795
00:38:07,519 --> 00:38:09,079
- The hair on your head
796
00:38:09,079 --> 00:38:11,959
is the equivalent of a rain forest.
797
00:38:11,959 --> 00:38:15,079
Shaded, moist, and rich in nutrients.
798
00:38:17,439 --> 00:38:21,200
It's the home for an
annoying little critter,
799
00:38:22,680 --> 00:38:23,920
the head louse.
800
00:38:24,920 --> 00:38:27,119
- There are really interesting
evolutionary stories
801
00:38:27,119 --> 00:38:29,079
going on in our bodies.
802
00:38:29,079 --> 00:38:33,079
And so hair lice in that
regard are fascinating.
803
00:38:35,680 --> 00:38:38,479
Head lice are living fossils.
804
00:38:38,479 --> 00:38:41,800
They are the ultimate survival machines.
805
00:38:42,879 --> 00:38:45,000
- Lice approximately appeared on Earth
806
00:38:45,000 --> 00:38:49,159
somewhere in the region of
115 to 130 million years ago.
807
00:38:52,479 --> 00:38:54,159
- This means that they predate
808
00:38:54,159 --> 00:38:57,039
the great extinction event
that killed off dinosaurs
809
00:38:57,039 --> 00:39:00,200
and wiped out 75% of all species.
810
00:39:03,200 --> 00:39:05,680
At London's natural history museum
811
00:39:05,680 --> 00:39:07,839
Dr. Vincent Smith takes a special interest
812
00:39:07,839 --> 00:39:10,600
in these blood sucking parasites.
813
00:39:13,239 --> 00:39:17,280
- There are about 5,000
species of lice in total.
814
00:39:17,280 --> 00:39:20,280
This one here is a human head louse.
815
00:39:20,280 --> 00:39:21,479
This is a female.
816
00:39:21,479 --> 00:39:24,079
It's highly adapted to living on humans.
817
00:39:24,079 --> 00:39:26,680
So they have these thick sharp claws
818
00:39:26,680 --> 00:39:30,280
and a groove under the
louse where the hair sits
819
00:39:30,280 --> 00:39:32,479
so that they can cling on.
820
00:39:33,759 --> 00:39:36,119
- Lice must live on their host.
821
00:39:36,119 --> 00:39:39,600
If they fall off, that's it, they're dead.
822
00:39:40,720 --> 00:39:42,519
- Right at the front is the mouth
823
00:39:42,519 --> 00:39:45,639
where tiny sharp tubes get out
824
00:39:45,639 --> 00:39:49,519
and they find a blood vessel
and they feed on the blood.
825
00:39:49,519 --> 00:39:52,319
- Yet despite
these advanced features
826
00:39:52,319 --> 00:39:54,879
lice can't walk, crawl, or fly.
827
00:39:56,920 --> 00:39:58,759
They live lonely lives
828
00:40:00,959 --> 00:40:03,639
until we come together.
829
00:40:03,639 --> 00:40:05,800
(children playing and laughing)
830
00:40:05,800 --> 00:40:07,519
When our body parts meet
831
00:40:07,519 --> 00:40:12,119
lice don't miss the
opportunity to jump ship.
832
00:40:12,119 --> 00:40:15,039
- One of the reasons why lice
spread particularly quickly
833
00:40:15,039 --> 00:40:17,079
in young children is because many
834
00:40:17,079 --> 00:40:20,119
of the social barriers that we
would normally have as adults
835
00:40:20,119 --> 00:40:22,319
don't exist in young kids.
836
00:40:23,280 --> 00:40:26,360
You'll see them touching,
hugging each other all the time,
837
00:40:26,360 --> 00:40:30,519
and that is a perfect medium
for the transfer of lice.
838
00:40:31,680 --> 00:40:33,079
- In a school room head lice
839
00:40:33,079 --> 00:40:36,680
can pass over several
heads within an hour.
840
00:40:38,560 --> 00:40:41,879
- The head lice can be really
difficult to get rid of.
841
00:40:41,879 --> 00:40:44,360
Almost none of the traditional
insecticides will work
842
00:40:44,360 --> 00:40:46,119
and you have to use other means
843
00:40:46,119 --> 00:40:50,560
usually physical means
simply to get rid of lice.
844
00:40:50,560 --> 00:40:53,319
- But lice are
more than just an irritation.
845
00:40:53,319 --> 00:40:56,600
They've changed us in fundamental ways.
846
00:40:56,600 --> 00:41:00,200
(heavy breathing)
847
00:41:00,200 --> 00:41:03,959
(triumphant horn music)
848
00:41:03,959 --> 00:41:06,879
One of the striking things
about the human body
849
00:41:06,879 --> 00:41:08,519
is its hairlessness.
850
00:41:10,600 --> 00:41:13,159
- Fur was an evolutionary breakthrough.
851
00:41:13,159 --> 00:41:15,280
A warm hug on a cold day
852
00:41:15,280 --> 00:41:17,600
that allowed mammals to live
in conditions too hostile
853
00:41:17,600 --> 00:41:20,200
for reptiles and birds.
854
00:41:20,200 --> 00:41:23,479
And once hair evolved
120 million years ago
855
00:41:23,479 --> 00:41:25,079
it was rarely lost.
856
00:41:25,959 --> 00:41:29,680
Yet we ended up virtually hairless.
857
00:41:29,680 --> 00:41:30,519
Why?
858
00:41:31,759 --> 00:41:34,200
- Some people think that it's
859
00:41:34,200 --> 00:41:39,119
it was actually to help
lose our lousy infestations.
860
00:41:39,119 --> 00:41:41,519
That there were fewer exoparasites,
861
00:41:41,519 --> 00:41:42,920
lice, and fleas, and other things
862
00:41:42,920 --> 00:41:46,920
because they can't really
cling to a naked skin.
863
00:41:46,920 --> 00:41:48,959
- A furry coat is a safe haven
864
00:41:48,959 --> 00:41:53,239
for ticks, lice, fleas,
and other blood suckers.
865
00:41:53,239 --> 00:41:55,000
And they're not only annoying
866
00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:58,800
but some of them can
carry lethal diseases.
867
00:41:58,800 --> 00:42:01,319
- Lice and fleas and their kin
868
00:42:01,319 --> 00:42:03,639
they don't kill us in and of themselves
869
00:42:03,639 --> 00:42:07,079
but because most
exoparasites take our blood
870
00:42:07,079 --> 00:42:11,079
they also have the capability
of transmitting disease.
871
00:42:11,079 --> 00:42:14,239
And so that those
individuals who had less fur
872
00:42:14,239 --> 00:42:17,680
were actually at a reduced risk of disease
873
00:42:17,680 --> 00:42:19,680
from these exoparasites.
874
00:42:22,159 --> 00:42:23,959
- Hairlessness
was an attractive sign
875
00:42:23,959 --> 00:42:25,560
of good health.
876
00:42:25,560 --> 00:42:27,119
Just like the bright plumage of birds
877
00:42:27,119 --> 00:42:31,119
is an advertisement for
being free of parasites.
878
00:42:32,479 --> 00:42:34,800
It was favored by sexual selection
879
00:42:34,800 --> 00:42:36,839
and this ensured that the naked genes
880
00:42:36,839 --> 00:42:40,159
were passed down to the next generation.
881
00:42:42,079 --> 00:42:46,239
And ever since we've become
obsessed with removing hair.
882
00:42:47,560 --> 00:42:51,319
We spend billions annually on razor blades
883
00:42:51,319 --> 00:42:52,800
and getting waxed,
884
00:42:54,560 --> 00:42:56,959
but some parts of our body are hairy.
885
00:42:56,959 --> 00:42:59,119
This puzzled Professor Robin Weiss
886
00:42:59,119 --> 00:43:01,280
at University College London.
887
00:43:01,280 --> 00:43:03,519
- Why do we have pubic hair?
888
00:43:03,519 --> 00:43:06,560
My guess, and this is just hand waving,
889
00:43:06,560 --> 00:43:09,839
is that pubic hair isn't just a remnant
890
00:43:09,839 --> 00:43:11,319
of when we were furry,
891
00:43:11,319 --> 00:43:14,479
but it's an active evolutionary selection
892
00:43:14,479 --> 00:43:16,319
of a big bush of hair.
893
00:43:18,959 --> 00:43:20,839
- And if this idea is right
894
00:43:20,839 --> 00:43:22,519
then we wouldn't expect to find pubic hair
895
00:43:22,519 --> 00:43:24,280
on our furry cousins.
896
00:43:25,479 --> 00:43:28,119
Professor Weiss wanted to find out.
897
00:43:28,119 --> 00:43:30,680
- Well that was a great
excuse to go to the zoo
898
00:43:30,680 --> 00:43:32,720
with two of my grandchildren
899
00:43:32,720 --> 00:43:35,839
and while they were looking
at the antics of the apes
900
00:43:35,839 --> 00:43:39,239
I was looking at the
ape's genital regions.
901
00:43:39,239 --> 00:43:42,920
And sure enough they
don't have pubic hair.
902
00:43:42,920 --> 00:43:45,560
They have some fur, but if anything,
903
00:43:45,560 --> 00:43:50,439
amongst apes and monkeys
it's shorter and smoother
904
00:43:50,439 --> 00:43:52,079
than on other parts of the body.
905
00:43:52,079 --> 00:43:53,600
They're the very opposite of humans.
906
00:43:53,600 --> 00:43:57,759
They have less hair
around the genital region.
907
00:43:57,759 --> 00:44:00,839
- So if our primate
cousins don't have pubic hair
908
00:44:00,839 --> 00:44:03,039
where does ours come from?
909
00:44:03,039 --> 00:44:07,319
- Sexually immature humans,
children don't have it,
910
00:44:07,319 --> 00:44:09,400
but males and females do.
911
00:44:10,680 --> 00:44:12,400
- Could pubic
hair have evolved then
912
00:44:12,400 --> 00:44:16,280
to indicate that mating could be fruitful?
913
00:44:16,280 --> 00:44:20,879
The clue to this puzzle is
those pesky parasites, lice.
914
00:44:20,879 --> 00:44:23,360
(salsa music)
915
00:44:26,680 --> 00:44:29,000
It was assumed the pubic lice
916
00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:31,360
were a close relative of head lice
917
00:44:31,360 --> 00:44:33,439
which makes sense if they
both came from a time
918
00:44:33,439 --> 00:44:35,759
when we were furry all over,
919
00:44:39,360 --> 00:44:41,600
but on closer examination
920
00:44:41,600 --> 00:44:45,200
the two couldn't be more different.
921
00:44:45,200 --> 00:44:49,959
- The crabs or pubic lice
have these great big claws
922
00:44:49,959 --> 00:44:52,400
to clasp around coarse hairs.
923
00:44:53,280 --> 00:44:55,319
- They
couldn't live on our head
924
00:44:55,319 --> 00:44:57,959
which means we got them and pubic hair
925
00:44:57,959 --> 00:45:00,119
after we lost our fur.
926
00:45:00,119 --> 00:45:04,079
- Closest known relative
to the humam pubic louse
927
00:45:04,079 --> 00:45:06,439
is the gorilla hair louse.
928
00:45:06,439 --> 00:45:09,119
Gorilla's have coarse hair and those lice
929
00:45:09,119 --> 00:45:12,560
are already adapted to live on coarse hair
930
00:45:12,560 --> 00:45:15,600
like pubic hair should
they get across to humans.
931
00:45:15,600 --> 00:45:20,039
- And so it looks as though
around eight million years ago
932
00:45:20,039 --> 00:45:21,839
an ancestor of modern gorillas
933
00:45:21,839 --> 00:45:26,000
and one of our ancestors came
close enough to exchange lice.
934
00:45:26,959 --> 00:45:29,920
- There must have been
some close physical contact
935
00:45:29,920 --> 00:45:32,439
for us to have acquired that louse.
936
00:45:32,439 --> 00:45:33,680
- What happened in that moment
937
00:45:33,680 --> 00:45:37,720
only the gorilla ancestor
and our ancestor know.
938
00:45:37,720 --> 00:45:40,800
I suspect it was a little bit tawdry.
939
00:45:41,759 --> 00:45:44,680
- I mean the suggestion is it was sexual.
940
00:45:44,680 --> 00:45:46,879
- One thing's for sure
941
00:45:46,879 --> 00:45:50,400
one way or another we got crabs from them.
942
00:45:51,600 --> 00:45:55,600
Since then, genital lice have
traveled the world with us,
943
00:45:55,600 --> 00:45:58,439
but now we're getting our revenge.
944
00:46:00,519 --> 00:46:03,479
(upbeat salsa music)
945
00:46:03,479 --> 00:46:08,039
In 1987 seven Brazilian
women, the Padilha sisters,
946
00:46:08,039 --> 00:46:09,800
opened the J. Sisters salon
947
00:46:09,800 --> 00:46:13,280
to offer what they had
done, the Brazilian wax.
948
00:46:13,280 --> 00:46:17,360
The complete removal of
hair from the pubic area.
949
00:46:18,680 --> 00:46:21,600
- The first time I did it it
was a little uncomfortable,
950
00:46:21,600 --> 00:46:25,239
but I noticed right away a lot of changes.
951
00:46:25,239 --> 00:46:27,839
I sweat less in the summer.
952
00:46:27,839 --> 00:46:30,479
- In only a few
years this form of waxing
953
00:46:30,479 --> 00:46:33,879
has gone from the exotic to the everyday.
954
00:46:34,759 --> 00:46:38,920
- It went like all over,
people coming from television,
955
00:46:38,920 --> 00:46:40,000
from all over.
956
00:46:40,000 --> 00:46:42,319
They wanted to know what is this?
957
00:46:42,319 --> 00:46:44,039
- It's the
most successful innovation
958
00:46:44,039 --> 00:46:47,319
in hairdressing since the permanent wave.
959
00:46:47,319 --> 00:46:49,319
- I Get mine done about every five weeks
960
00:46:49,319 --> 00:46:51,920
and I'm addicted to it.
961
00:46:51,920 --> 00:46:53,759
- But this
addiction to the Brazilian
962
00:46:53,759 --> 00:46:57,479
is actually threatening
pubic lice with extinction.
963
00:46:57,479 --> 00:46:58,879
- You take away their habitat
964
00:46:58,879 --> 00:47:01,879
and they can crawl on,
but they can't hold on.
965
00:47:01,879 --> 00:47:04,400
- I feel very proud of ourselves
966
00:47:04,400 --> 00:47:07,319
that they might be extinct.
967
00:47:07,319 --> 00:47:08,479
It's ugly.
968
00:47:08,479 --> 00:47:09,680
It's very ugly.
969
00:47:12,079 --> 00:47:14,159
- Imagine a whole suite
of species like this
970
00:47:14,159 --> 00:47:16,680
that were used to holding onto us
971
00:47:16,680 --> 00:47:19,600
and then as our hair fell away
972
00:47:19,600 --> 00:47:21,600
they lost their habitat.
973
00:47:23,759 --> 00:47:25,439
- We evolved hairlessness
974
00:47:25,439 --> 00:47:27,879
to rid ourselves of parasites.
975
00:47:27,879 --> 00:47:31,800
Exposing our dark skin to the African sun,
976
00:47:31,800 --> 00:47:34,000
but as we ventured to cooler climates
977
00:47:34,000 --> 00:47:35,720
our skin became pale.
978
00:47:37,119 --> 00:47:40,000
We owe these differences in our skin color
979
00:47:40,000 --> 00:47:43,319
to our interaction with
the bugs that live on us.
980
00:47:43,319 --> 00:47:44,879
- These are very fundamental aspects
981
00:47:44,879 --> 00:47:47,119
of what it is to be us
982
00:47:47,119 --> 00:47:50,680
that are plausibly linked
to these little organisms
983
00:47:50,680 --> 00:47:52,319
that crawl around in our skin
984
00:47:52,319 --> 00:47:53,759
and hang onto our fur.
985
00:47:53,759 --> 00:47:56,439
(intense music)
986
00:48:00,639 --> 00:48:03,119
- We are not alone.
987
00:48:04,000 --> 00:48:07,600
Bugs have been our constant companions.
988
00:48:07,600 --> 00:48:10,319
The hidden force behind your health,
989
00:48:10,319 --> 00:48:13,639
your skin color, and even your behavior.
990
00:48:16,119 --> 00:48:18,920
Whatever you are, you owe to them.
991
00:48:20,680 --> 00:48:23,680
Microbes have been the making of us.
992
00:48:29,400 --> 00:48:31,439
(dramatic music)
993
00:48:31,439 --> 00:48:33,519
Life is an endless fight.
994
00:48:35,319 --> 00:48:37,519
A battle for food and sex,
995
00:48:39,720 --> 00:48:43,879
but often the winning strategy
is a balance of power.
996
00:48:43,879 --> 00:48:45,800
A truce between rivals.
997
00:48:49,759 --> 00:48:52,319
The same happens inside our bodies
998
00:48:52,319 --> 00:48:56,239
where trillions of organisms
have evolved to share us.
999
00:48:56,239 --> 00:48:59,319
(ants scratching)
1000
00:48:59,319 --> 00:49:01,800
There are worms in your bowel.
1001
00:49:04,400 --> 00:49:06,519
- You're nearly finished.
- Colonies of bacteria
1002
00:49:06,519 --> 00:49:07,680
on your teeth.
1003
00:49:11,720 --> 00:49:13,879
Fungi thrive in your lungs
1004
00:49:17,079 --> 00:49:20,519
and viruses embed themselves in your DNA.
1005
00:49:22,519 --> 00:49:25,119
Collectively this menagerie of bugs
1006
00:49:25,119 --> 00:49:27,200
is called your microbiome
1007
00:49:29,400 --> 00:49:31,280
and it's as much apart of you
1008
00:49:31,280 --> 00:49:33,319
as any of your organs.
1009
00:49:33,319 --> 00:49:34,600
We are essentially an assembly
1010
00:49:34,600 --> 00:49:38,879
of a lot of different
organisms, ourselves included.
1011
00:49:38,879 --> 00:49:41,439
- Microbes
have helped us to evolve.
1012
00:49:41,439 --> 00:49:44,319
They've made us who we are.
1013
00:49:44,319 --> 00:49:48,039
- They were there right from
the evolution of human beings
1014
00:49:48,039 --> 00:49:49,720
as hunter gatherers.
1015
00:49:49,720 --> 00:49:52,319
Even right back to the
evolution of mammals.
1016
00:49:52,319 --> 00:49:54,400
(spraying)
1017
00:49:54,400 --> 00:49:56,119
- But in the blink of an eye
1018
00:49:56,119 --> 00:49:58,839
we've cut ourselves adrift from nature.
1019
00:49:58,839 --> 00:50:00,039
(toothbrush brushing)
1020
00:50:00,039 --> 00:50:03,439
- We've gone from a daily
life in which we were exposed
1021
00:50:03,439 --> 00:50:05,479
to thousands and thousands of species
1022
00:50:05,479 --> 00:50:06,800
of many different kinds.
1023
00:50:06,800 --> 00:50:10,119
Where we ate food with dirt still on it.
1024
00:50:10,119 --> 00:50:11,639
Where we had worms
1025
00:50:11,639 --> 00:50:14,159
and then all of a sudden we
move into these environments
1026
00:50:14,159 --> 00:50:15,959
where we've convinced ourselves
1027
00:50:15,959 --> 00:50:18,119
that all other species aside from our dogs
1028
00:50:18,119 --> 00:50:21,119
and our lovers and our kids are bad.
1029
00:50:22,360 --> 00:50:24,280
- Believing
it makes us healthier
1030
00:50:24,280 --> 00:50:28,639
we do our best to scrub
bugs off our bodies.
1031
00:50:28,639 --> 00:50:31,800
We've unleashed a war on germs
1032
00:50:31,800 --> 00:50:34,479
and now we are paying the price.
1033
00:50:34,479 --> 00:50:35,439
(water pouring)
1034
00:50:35,439 --> 00:50:38,519
- Modern medicine is
about killing bad species.
1035
00:50:38,519 --> 00:50:39,959
We are really good at thinking
1036
00:50:39,959 --> 00:50:41,800
about medicine in that context.
1037
00:50:41,800 --> 00:50:43,600
You know, something bad makes us sick
1038
00:50:43,600 --> 00:50:45,680
we kill it, we get better,
1039
00:50:45,680 --> 00:50:49,000
but the idea that
something good is missing
1040
00:50:49,000 --> 00:50:50,839
and that that makes us sick
1041
00:50:50,839 --> 00:50:54,400
we don't have much of
a framework for that.
1042
00:50:54,400 --> 00:50:55,800
The medicine that would be required
1043
00:50:55,800 --> 00:50:58,000
to think about this in the right way
1044
00:50:58,000 --> 00:51:02,119
would need to think about
the body as an ecosystem.
1045
00:51:02,119 --> 00:51:04,519
- In this
revolution in medicine
1046
00:51:04,519 --> 00:51:07,200
it's the bugs that will save us.
1047
00:51:10,759 --> 00:51:13,800
This is a journey into the human body.
1048
00:51:13,800 --> 00:51:16,079
Your insides are a battle ground
1049
00:51:16,079 --> 00:51:19,479
and it's your health that's at stake.
1050
00:51:19,479 --> 00:51:22,319
(machine drilling)
1051
00:51:22,319 --> 00:51:24,720
Our tour begins at the mouth.
1052
00:51:26,319 --> 00:51:29,759
All is not well with the main entrance.
1053
00:51:29,759 --> 00:51:32,600
- Dental decay in this world now
1054
00:51:32,600 --> 00:51:35,319
in talking about all countries is
1055
00:51:36,439 --> 00:51:38,319
uh, plague proportions.
1056
00:51:39,680 --> 00:51:41,879
- Tooth decay
now effects around 90%
1057
00:51:41,879 --> 00:51:46,039
of children worldwide and
can lead to serious diseases.
1058
00:51:47,680 --> 00:51:50,519
It's an epidemic of the modern age.
1059
00:51:50,519 --> 00:51:54,319
Compared to us our
ancestors had pearly whites
1060
00:51:55,959 --> 00:51:59,239
and they didn't even brush their teeth.
1061
00:52:00,479 --> 00:52:03,639
It's a mystery that
fascinated DNA detective
1062
00:52:03,639 --> 00:52:05,839
Professor Alan Cooper.
1063
00:52:05,839 --> 00:52:08,800
He's been studying teeth
throughout the ages.
1064
00:52:08,800 --> 00:52:10,639
- When you do look at the
hunter gatherer populations
1065
00:52:10,639 --> 00:52:13,319
you see very little
signs of dental caries,
1066
00:52:13,319 --> 00:52:14,319
the holes in your teeth.
1067
00:52:14,319 --> 00:52:16,839
They look in really good nick.
1068
00:52:17,920 --> 00:52:19,920
- But the closer
we come to modern people
1069
00:52:19,920 --> 00:52:22,200
the worse the teeth become.
1070
00:52:22,200 --> 00:52:25,639
- As soon as you start moving
from the hunter gatherer phase
1071
00:52:25,639 --> 00:52:28,800
into the farming phase
the teeth look terrible.
1072
00:52:28,800 --> 00:52:30,639
You know, there's dental carries.
1073
00:52:30,639 --> 00:52:32,680
There's gum disease 'cause of the bacteria
1074
00:52:32,680 --> 00:52:34,239
around the base of the teeth.
1075
00:52:34,239 --> 00:52:36,079
Um, nasty pathologies.
1076
00:52:37,639 --> 00:52:38,680
- And the consequences
1077
00:52:38,680 --> 00:52:42,600
are far more profound than bad teeth.
1078
00:52:42,600 --> 00:52:46,200
If Cooper could discover what's
gone wrong inside our mouths
1079
00:52:46,200 --> 00:52:47,600
it might help explain the rise
1080
00:52:47,600 --> 00:52:50,680
of some of our most serious diseases.
1081
00:52:51,800 --> 00:52:55,000
- We think oh well, we
get a bit of bleeding.
1082
00:52:55,000 --> 00:52:57,560
Gums, we have to go to the
dentist a bit, no big deal.
1083
00:52:57,560 --> 00:52:58,879
We got holes in our teeth.
1084
00:52:58,879 --> 00:53:01,439
What we don't realize is that the bacteria
1085
00:53:01,439 --> 00:53:04,319
are leaking down through
those inflamed gums
1086
00:53:04,319 --> 00:53:05,639
into our blood system
1087
00:53:05,639 --> 00:53:08,119
and stimulating all
sorts of immune responses
1088
00:53:08,119 --> 00:53:11,720
and these immune responses are
now being linked increasingly
1089
00:53:11,720 --> 00:53:15,159
to a huge range of
modern western diseases.
1090
00:53:15,159 --> 00:53:17,879
Cardiovascular disease,
diabetes, hypertension,
1091
00:53:17,879 --> 00:53:19,560
premature birth, cancer.
1092
00:53:19,560 --> 00:53:21,560
The list goes on and on.
1093
00:53:22,720 --> 00:53:24,280
- In one way or another
1094
00:53:24,280 --> 00:53:26,759
the key to it all is bacteria.
1095
00:53:29,519 --> 00:53:31,319
(soft piano music)
1096
00:53:31,319 --> 00:53:33,879
There are more than a
hundred million bacteria
1097
00:53:33,879 --> 00:53:36,639
in every drop of saliva.
1098
00:53:36,639 --> 00:53:40,519
An eco system of 700
hundred different species.
1099
00:53:42,519 --> 00:53:44,200
And there is no place they like better
1100
00:53:44,200 --> 00:53:47,119
than the wet surfaces of our teeth.
1101
00:53:48,119 --> 00:53:50,959
Here they form a layer or biofilm
1102
00:53:50,959 --> 00:53:52,759
that dentists call plaque.
1103
00:53:52,759 --> 00:53:54,879
- It happens every night
when we're sleeping.
1104
00:53:54,879 --> 00:53:56,759
The plaque, the layer of bacteria
1105
00:53:56,759 --> 00:53:58,839
on our teeth gets calcified
1106
00:53:58,839 --> 00:54:00,439
and slowly builds up over time.
1107
00:54:00,439 --> 00:54:03,680
This is what the dentist is removing.
1108
00:54:03,680 --> 00:54:06,360
- We provide
bacteria with a home
1109
00:54:06,360 --> 00:54:08,400
which is just as well because without them
1110
00:54:08,400 --> 00:54:09,959
we'd have no teeth.
1111
00:54:10,839 --> 00:54:15,000
The microbes in our mouth
protect us from the food we eat.
1112
00:54:15,000 --> 00:54:17,119
- We have evolved in
the presence of acids.
1113
00:54:17,119 --> 00:54:18,119
Most foods that we eat
1114
00:54:18,119 --> 00:54:21,879
most of our diet is essentially acidic.
1115
00:54:21,879 --> 00:54:24,239
At the same time the enamel
1116
00:54:24,239 --> 00:54:27,479
which makes up the outside
surface of the tooth
1117
00:54:27,479 --> 00:54:29,680
is inorganic and will dissolve in acid.
1118
00:54:29,680 --> 00:54:32,519
So here we've got this conundrum
1119
00:54:32,519 --> 00:54:35,239
trying to work out well
what's happening here?
1120
00:54:35,239 --> 00:54:39,360
How does a tooth stop
itself from dissolving?
1121
00:54:39,360 --> 00:54:41,360
- The answer is biofilm,
1122
00:54:41,360 --> 00:54:44,959
a dense layer of bacteria
that's stuck on our teeth.
1123
00:54:44,959 --> 00:54:49,600
As acid eats away at the enamel
bacteria fills in the holes.
1124
00:54:49,600 --> 00:54:51,759
- The tooth starts to dissolve
1125
00:54:51,759 --> 00:54:54,759
then the raw products of this process
1126
00:54:54,759 --> 00:54:58,680
get caught into the biofilm
and the right environment
1127
00:54:58,680 --> 00:55:01,079
get reused to heal the tooth.
1128
00:55:04,200 --> 00:55:07,200
- In a healthy mouth
everything works in balance
1129
00:55:07,200 --> 00:55:10,079
and the good bacteria
protects us from decay.
1130
00:55:10,079 --> 00:55:10,879
(spitting loudly)
1131
00:55:10,879 --> 00:55:11,839
(water running)
1132
00:55:11,839 --> 00:55:15,400
- These microscopic dentists
have looked after our teeth
1133
00:55:15,400 --> 00:55:17,879
for much of our evolution.
1134
00:55:17,879 --> 00:55:19,800
So what's changed?
1135
00:55:19,800 --> 00:55:21,079
- We can only judge that
1136
00:55:21,079 --> 00:55:24,519
if we've got an idea about what
it looked like before hand.
1137
00:55:24,519 --> 00:55:26,600
- But there was a problem.
1138
00:55:26,600 --> 00:55:28,360
There's no bacteria left alive
1139
00:55:28,360 --> 00:55:31,600
on the teeth of museum skulls.
1140
00:55:31,600 --> 00:55:34,519
- There seemed to be no way
that we could actually get
1141
00:55:34,519 --> 00:55:37,039
a look at what a bacterial microbiome
1142
00:55:37,039 --> 00:55:39,119
would look like in the past
1143
00:55:39,119 --> 00:55:43,280
until we thought about those
calcified plaque on the teeth.
1144
00:55:45,119 --> 00:55:47,639
- It was an ingenious solution
1145
00:55:47,639 --> 00:55:50,479
locked in the plaque of our ancestors
1146
00:55:50,479 --> 00:55:55,479
were the fossilized remains
of vast numbers of bacteria
1147
00:55:55,479 --> 00:55:59,879
and compared to us there
was a striking difference.
1148
00:55:59,879 --> 00:56:02,519
- Everything goes completely strange
1149
00:56:02,519 --> 00:56:06,159
when the industrial
revolution comes in 1850
1150
00:56:06,159 --> 00:56:09,159
and suddenly you're getting
large amounts of processed sugar
1151
00:56:09,159 --> 00:56:10,839
and flour become available.
1152
00:56:10,839 --> 00:56:13,159
And at that point the diversity
1153
00:56:13,159 --> 00:56:16,519
of the bacteria in the
mouth just drops away
1154
00:56:16,519 --> 00:56:19,200
and huge amounts of
these pathogenic bacteria
1155
00:56:19,200 --> 00:56:22,879
become very obvious in
everybody we look at.
1156
00:56:24,560 --> 00:56:26,680
- A bunch of
disease causing bacteria
1157
00:56:26,680 --> 00:56:28,759
has taken over our mouth.
1158
00:56:28,759 --> 00:56:32,079
They thrive on our modern
diet of processed food
1159
00:56:32,079 --> 00:56:34,800
and that's changed the game.
1160
00:56:34,800 --> 00:56:36,000
- These organisms tend to make,
1161
00:56:36,000 --> 00:56:38,119
be little acid factories
1162
00:56:38,119 --> 00:56:40,560
producing acid onto the tooth's surface
1163
00:56:40,560 --> 00:56:43,319
which then starts to
dissolve the enamel away
1164
00:56:43,319 --> 00:56:45,560
and lower the pH of the environment.
1165
00:56:45,560 --> 00:56:48,119
And they're able to withstand that low pH.
1166
00:56:48,119 --> 00:56:52,280
That harsh condition that other
microbes in the mouth have.
1167
00:56:53,439 --> 00:56:55,959
- And the good bacteria that don't
1168
00:56:55,959 --> 00:56:58,600
like living in acid conditions
1169
00:56:58,600 --> 00:57:00,079
good bacteria that normally keep
1170
00:57:00,079 --> 00:57:02,479
the bad bacteria under control
1171
00:57:02,479 --> 00:57:03,680
just like in the gut
1172
00:57:03,680 --> 00:57:05,319
then these die off.
1173
00:57:08,000 --> 00:57:09,159
- Our changing diet
1174
00:57:09,159 --> 00:57:11,839
unleashed a war inside our mouth
1175
00:57:13,319 --> 00:57:15,720
and the bad guys are winning.
1176
00:57:18,959 --> 00:57:21,800
Acidity in our mouth is a problem,
1177
00:57:21,800 --> 00:57:26,079
but there's one place where
we couldn't do without it,
1178
00:57:26,079 --> 00:57:27,079
our stomach.
1179
00:57:29,280 --> 00:57:31,319
- It's a filter that
kills lots of pathogens.
1180
00:57:31,319 --> 00:57:33,439
We eat food full of microbes
1181
00:57:33,439 --> 00:57:35,800
and one of the reasons
those don't just colonize
1182
00:57:35,800 --> 00:57:37,319
and take over our gut
1183
00:57:37,319 --> 00:57:39,680
is that we have this
stomach with adaptations
1184
00:57:39,680 --> 00:57:42,159
for dealing with the microbes.
1185
00:57:42,159 --> 00:57:45,079
- In fact healthy humans
can eat just about anything
1186
00:57:45,079 --> 00:57:48,439
because 99% of the bacteria in your food
1187
00:57:48,439 --> 00:57:51,000
are killed by the stomach acid.
1188
00:57:51,879 --> 00:57:55,079
It's certainly enough to dissolve nails
1189
00:57:55,079 --> 00:57:56,639
and you have these stories over the years
1190
00:57:56,639 --> 00:57:58,680
of people who try to kill themselves
1191
00:57:58,680 --> 00:58:01,200
by eating razor blades,
or nails, et cetera,
1192
00:58:01,200 --> 00:58:03,839
and a few months later
you look in this stomach
1193
00:58:03,839 --> 00:58:06,639
and you can only find a
few old rusty fragments.
1194
00:58:06,639 --> 00:58:09,039
It's almost totally digested.
1195
00:58:10,639 --> 00:58:13,839
- The only bacteria
that survives the acid bath
1196
00:58:13,839 --> 00:58:16,600
is the bug called the gastric demon,
1197
00:58:16,600 --> 00:58:18,879
Helicobacter pylori.
1198
00:58:18,879 --> 00:58:20,319
- Helicobacter is very very interesting.
1199
00:58:20,319 --> 00:58:23,280
It's somewhere in between a harmful one
1200
00:58:23,280 --> 00:58:25,280
and a harmless beneficial one.
1201
00:58:25,280 --> 00:58:27,839
(trumpet music)
1202
00:58:27,839 --> 00:58:29,319
- No one knows this bug
1203
00:58:29,319 --> 00:58:31,879
better than Australian Barry Marshall.
1204
00:58:31,879 --> 00:58:34,759
In 2005 he shared the Nobel Prize
1205
00:58:34,759 --> 00:58:38,519
with Robin Warren for
discovering its power over us.
1206
00:58:38,519 --> 00:58:41,600
- The reason people didn't look
for bacteria in the stomach
1207
00:58:41,600 --> 00:58:45,200
before the 1970's when
Dr. Warren first saw them
1208
00:58:45,200 --> 00:58:46,200
uh, was that
1209
00:58:47,239 --> 00:58:50,839
they knew that bacteria
could not live in acid.
1210
00:58:50,839 --> 00:58:52,079
It's too dangerous.
1211
00:58:52,079 --> 00:58:55,039
(sizzling)
1212
00:58:55,039 --> 00:58:57,119
- But we now know some bacteria
1213
00:58:57,119 --> 00:59:00,639
have learned to survive
in extreme environments.
1214
00:59:00,639 --> 00:59:04,079
And the gastric demon is one of them.
1215
00:59:04,079 --> 00:59:05,079
- So the question is then,
1216
00:59:05,079 --> 00:59:07,879
how do bacteria survive in acid?
1217
00:59:07,879 --> 00:59:10,079
And the next discovery was that
1218
00:59:10,079 --> 00:59:12,879
the bacteria can make ammonia
1219
00:59:12,879 --> 00:59:15,519
and ammonia neutralizes acid.
1220
00:59:15,519 --> 00:59:18,439
(haunting music)
1221
00:59:18,439 --> 00:59:21,360
- Helicobacter
has a nasty reputation.
1222
00:59:21,360 --> 00:59:24,759
It's called the gastric
demon for a reason.
1223
00:59:24,759 --> 00:59:29,119
It causes stomach cancer
and gastric ulcers.
1224
00:59:29,119 --> 00:59:31,319
(beeping)
1225
00:59:32,479 --> 00:59:34,239
Marshall and Warren were the first to show
1226
00:59:34,239 --> 00:59:36,200
that ulcers weren't triggered by stress
1227
00:59:36,200 --> 00:59:39,000
or spicy food as it was commonly thought
1228
00:59:39,000 --> 00:59:42,479
but by infection with Helicobacter.
1229
00:59:42,479 --> 00:59:44,319
- However we could never
get over this issue
1230
00:59:44,319 --> 00:59:47,959
that lots of people had the
bacteria and never got an ulcer
1231
00:59:47,959 --> 00:59:50,879
and so the skeptics could always say,
1232
00:59:50,879 --> 00:59:54,360
"You must be wrong because
I had lots of people
1233
00:59:54,360 --> 00:59:56,159
"with Helicobacter and they never
1234
00:59:56,159 --> 00:59:58,519
"had a days illness in their life."
1235
00:59:58,519 --> 00:59:59,720
(calypso music)
1236
00:59:59,720 --> 01:00:01,319
- And even more puzzling
1237
01:00:01,319 --> 01:00:03,200
is that in the developing world
1238
01:00:03,200 --> 01:00:05,200
where the gastric demon is rampant
1239
01:00:05,200 --> 01:00:07,920
hardly anyone gets ulcers.
1240
01:00:07,920 --> 01:00:10,839
Somehow a dangerous bacteria for the rich
1241
01:00:10,839 --> 01:00:12,839
is harmless for the poor
1242
01:00:14,079 --> 01:00:18,319
and the difference between
the two is another parasite,
1243
01:00:18,319 --> 01:00:19,159
worms.
1244
01:00:20,879 --> 01:00:24,600
- Helicobacter pylori causes ulcers
1245
01:00:24,600 --> 01:00:27,239
if you don't also have parasitic worms.
1246
01:00:27,239 --> 01:00:29,680
You can't just have a
part of the ecosystem.
1247
01:00:29,680 --> 01:00:32,119
You need the whole ecosystem.
1248
01:00:33,319 --> 01:00:36,239
- It's all
a question of balance.
1249
01:00:36,239 --> 01:00:38,360
The proportion of worms and bacteria
1250
01:00:38,360 --> 01:00:41,600
needs to be just right for a healthy body.
1251
01:00:41,600 --> 01:00:43,759
- But just to show how
subtle all of this is
1252
01:00:43,759 --> 01:00:46,319
if you remove Helicobacter pylori
1253
01:00:46,319 --> 01:00:48,519
which is what we're doing
nowadays with antibiotic
1254
01:00:48,519 --> 01:00:50,400
we get another problem.
1255
01:00:53,639 --> 01:00:55,119
- The eviction of Helicobacter
1256
01:00:55,119 --> 01:00:57,239
in the western world has contributed
1257
01:00:57,239 --> 01:00:59,639
to the rise of new diseases,
1258
01:00:59,639 --> 01:01:02,360
like asthma and allergies.
1259
01:01:02,360 --> 01:01:03,959
- So it's in this gray area.
1260
01:01:03,959 --> 01:01:05,680
Causes cancer or ulcers.
1261
01:01:05,680 --> 01:01:07,560
Possibly prevents asthma,
1262
01:01:07,560 --> 01:01:08,759
but the reason it prevents asthma
1263
01:01:08,759 --> 01:01:10,879
is possible more important than
1264
01:01:10,879 --> 01:01:12,600
all the terrible things it does.
1265
01:01:12,600 --> 01:01:14,519
(birds chirping)
1266
01:01:14,519 --> 01:01:16,119
- Helicobacter is an invader
1267
01:01:16,119 --> 01:01:18,519
that keeps our immune system busy
1268
01:01:18,519 --> 01:01:19,879
and if it's not present
1269
01:01:19,879 --> 01:01:24,879
we can overreact against harmless
stuff like pollen or pets.
1270
01:01:24,879 --> 01:01:27,119
- If you could find the correct strain
1271
01:01:27,119 --> 01:01:29,839
which you could control
1272
01:01:29,839 --> 01:01:32,639
then I think it would
resurrect Helicobacter
1273
01:01:32,639 --> 01:01:34,400
as a useful bacteria.
1274
01:01:37,200 --> 01:01:39,800
- If we could
tame the gastric demon
1275
01:01:39,800 --> 01:01:43,119
it might become a live
vaccine against allergies.
1276
01:01:43,119 --> 01:01:44,680
- So I think there are all
kinds of possibilities.
1277
01:01:44,680 --> 01:01:46,720
I'm quite excited about it
1278
01:01:46,720 --> 01:01:50,759
and we are already testing
Helicobacter products
1279
01:01:50,759 --> 01:01:53,439
in human volunteers at the
University of Western Australia.
1280
01:01:53,439 --> 01:01:55,319
(water splashing)
1281
01:01:55,319 --> 01:01:56,680
(dog barking)
1282
01:01:56,680 --> 01:01:59,319
- Bacteria, fungi, and worms,
1283
01:01:59,319 --> 01:02:02,159
are invading us all the time.
1284
01:02:02,159 --> 01:02:06,319
In fact they come as a side
order with every bit you take,
1285
01:02:07,720 --> 01:02:11,600
but some people can't get
enough of these nasty parasites.
1286
01:02:11,600 --> 01:02:12,839
They want more.
1287
01:02:17,680 --> 01:02:18,879
(bouncy guitar music)
1288
01:02:18,879 --> 01:02:21,200
(water pouring)
1289
01:02:21,200 --> 01:02:22,039
(sizzling)
1290
01:02:22,039 --> 01:02:25,079
Our food contains more
than we bargained for.
1291
01:02:25,079 --> 01:02:27,680
It's loaded with bacteria, fungi,
1292
01:02:27,680 --> 01:02:31,159
and sometimes the eggs of parasitic worms.
1293
01:02:32,839 --> 01:02:35,759
Richard Faulks loves his ham and eggs,
1294
01:02:35,759 --> 01:02:37,680
but this breakfast is being sacrificed
1295
01:02:37,680 --> 01:02:39,600
in the name of science.
1296
01:02:43,119 --> 01:02:45,920
Faulks built the world's
first artificial stomach
1297
01:02:45,920 --> 01:02:47,479
and today he is out to discover
1298
01:02:47,479 --> 01:02:51,519
if worm eggs survive the gut's acid test.
1299
01:02:51,519 --> 01:02:53,639
- This is my breakfast
1300
01:02:53,639 --> 01:02:55,600
and I'm now going to add just a pinch
1301
01:02:55,600 --> 01:02:58,200
of intestinal parasite eggs
1302
01:02:58,200 --> 01:03:01,680
and mix it before putting
it into the stomach.
1303
01:03:01,680 --> 01:03:03,560
(water pouring)
1304
01:03:03,560 --> 01:03:05,879
(bouncy guitar music)
1305
01:03:05,879 --> 01:03:08,600
- Ahead lies
a hydrochloric acid bath
1306
01:03:08,600 --> 01:03:12,079
that will kill just about anything.
1307
01:03:12,079 --> 01:03:14,079
- Everything was normal.
1308
01:03:15,119 --> 01:03:16,319
(liquid pouring)
1309
01:03:16,319 --> 01:03:20,200
The whole thing is operating
at 37 degrees centigrade
1310
01:03:20,200 --> 01:03:22,600
which is the same temperature as the body.
1311
01:03:22,600 --> 01:03:25,239
The first sample is
now just being ejected.
1312
01:03:25,239 --> 01:03:29,039
This is the material which
actually ends up going down
1313
01:03:29,039 --> 01:03:32,720
into the duodenum and into the intestine.
1314
01:03:32,720 --> 01:03:35,519
- But do the
parasites survive the journey?
1315
01:03:35,519 --> 01:03:38,879
(intense orchestra music)
1316
01:03:38,879 --> 01:03:40,200
- Well as we expected
1317
01:03:40,200 --> 01:03:44,039
most of these parasite
eggs seem to be viable.
1318
01:03:46,319 --> 01:03:50,039
- Worms are one
of nature's great survivors.
1319
01:03:50,039 --> 01:03:51,560
They thrive in some of the planet's
1320
01:03:51,560 --> 01:03:54,319
most inhospitable environments
1321
01:03:54,319 --> 01:03:56,280
including your insides.
1322
01:03:58,479 --> 01:04:02,639
The ones in our gut look like
aliens from a sci-fi movie
1323
01:04:03,879 --> 01:04:06,119
and incredibly they originally came
1324
01:04:06,119 --> 01:04:09,119
from the murky depths of the oceans.
1325
01:04:14,839 --> 01:04:16,560
They were able to come on land
1326
01:04:16,560 --> 01:04:19,639
by colonizing the guts of animals
1327
01:04:19,639 --> 01:04:20,680
including us.
1328
01:04:22,879 --> 01:04:25,920
They're after a rich food supply,
1329
01:04:25,920 --> 01:04:26,879
your blood.
1330
01:04:29,879 --> 01:04:31,759
Parasitic worms love us
1331
01:04:32,639 --> 01:04:36,680
and in turn we are
beginning to love them back.
1332
01:04:36,680 --> 01:04:40,280
- If I had Crohn's disease,
or ulcerative colitis,
1333
01:04:40,280 --> 01:04:41,879
or multiple sclerosis,
1334
01:04:41,879 --> 01:04:45,319
I would infect myself without hesitation.
1335
01:04:47,759 --> 01:04:51,800
- A colleague and I
gave ourselves hookworms
1336
01:04:51,800 --> 01:04:55,000
and my colleague had 20 hookworms
1337
01:04:55,000 --> 01:04:56,639
and I only had six
1338
01:04:56,639 --> 01:04:58,680
and being a competitive person
1339
01:04:58,680 --> 01:05:01,720
I thought well I'm going to get more.
1340
01:05:02,720 --> 01:05:03,759
I gather you've got--
1341
01:05:03,759 --> 01:05:06,200
- Dr. John
Croese and Alex Lucas
1342
01:05:06,200 --> 01:05:07,879
are hooked on worms.
1343
01:05:09,360 --> 01:05:12,000
- Worms are both bad and good.
1344
01:05:12,000 --> 01:05:14,720
In developed countries
where we are well nourished
1345
01:05:14,720 --> 01:05:16,959
worms are potentially good.
1346
01:05:18,119 --> 01:05:19,479
- The medical use of worms
1347
01:05:19,479 --> 01:05:21,879
is now being put to the test.
1348
01:05:23,200 --> 01:05:26,879
Hugh Sheardon is suffering
from celiac disease,
1349
01:05:26,879 --> 01:05:28,879
a nasty reaction to gluten
1350
01:05:28,879 --> 01:05:31,920
that causes severe diarrhea and pain.
1351
01:05:33,079 --> 01:05:37,200
He and Judy Noonan are part of
a pioneering clinical trial.
1352
01:05:37,200 --> 01:05:38,560
- We are experimentally infecting
1353
01:05:38,560 --> 01:05:40,319
these people with hookworms
1354
01:05:40,319 --> 01:05:43,479
to see if the infection
has a therapeutic benefit
1355
01:05:43,479 --> 01:05:47,839
on their Crohn's disease
or celiac disease.
1356
01:05:47,839 --> 01:05:48,879
- These are diseases where
1357
01:05:48,879 --> 01:05:51,920
the immune system attacks
the lining of the intestines
1358
01:05:51,920 --> 01:05:54,360
causing chronic inflammation.
1359
01:05:55,319 --> 01:05:57,839
So how can worms fix the problem?
1360
01:05:57,839 --> 01:05:59,079
- The last thing a worm wants to do
1361
01:05:59,079 --> 01:06:01,319
is have our immune system eject it.
1362
01:06:01,319 --> 01:06:02,759
They modulate the immune system
1363
01:06:02,759 --> 01:06:04,439
and send it in a direction
1364
01:06:04,439 --> 01:06:07,039
that just generally dampens inflammation
1365
01:06:07,039 --> 01:06:08,119
and that protects them.
1366
01:06:08,119 --> 01:06:10,519
Stops them from being attacked,
1367
01:06:10,519 --> 01:06:13,319
but the benefit of that
is that inflammation
1368
01:06:13,319 --> 01:06:15,439
in general is suppressed.
1369
01:06:16,680 --> 01:06:19,839
- As it turns
out it's the worms spit
1370
01:06:19,839 --> 01:06:23,200
that carries the magic ingredient.
1371
01:06:23,200 --> 01:06:25,400
- As a hookworm attaches
it releases all sorts
1372
01:06:25,400 --> 01:06:27,119
of salivary proteins
1373
01:06:27,119 --> 01:06:29,639
and some of those have immunized
suppressive properties.
1374
01:06:29,639 --> 01:06:31,680
(stove clicking)
1375
01:06:31,680 --> 01:06:33,200
- With worms on board
1376
01:06:33,200 --> 01:06:35,519
Hugh's immune system is turned down
1377
01:06:35,519 --> 01:06:39,159
and should stop overreacting
to gluten in pasta.
1378
01:06:39,159 --> 01:06:41,959
- The aim is to use hookworm
1379
01:06:41,959 --> 01:06:45,639
to change the immune response to gluten.
1380
01:06:45,639 --> 01:06:47,600
- For people
with celiac disease
1381
01:06:47,600 --> 01:06:50,680
any amount of pasta can be dangerous.
1382
01:06:51,839 --> 01:06:56,200
Six weeks with worms and
Hugh's reached a milestone.
1383
01:06:56,200 --> 01:06:57,879
It's a tiny morsel,
1384
01:06:57,879 --> 01:07:02,360
but previously even this
would have made him sick.
1385
01:07:02,360 --> 01:07:05,119
- When we reintroduce gluten to celiacs
1386
01:07:05,119 --> 01:07:07,159
who have hook work infection
1387
01:07:07,159 --> 01:07:09,680
that their response will be muted
1388
01:07:09,680 --> 01:07:13,519
and now start to tolerate
low doses of gluten.
1389
01:07:15,079 --> 01:07:16,360
- For Hugh Sheardon
1390
01:07:16,360 --> 01:07:19,079
the experiment was a success.
1391
01:07:19,079 --> 01:07:24,039
At the end of the trial he
could eat a full bowl of pasta.
1392
01:07:24,039 --> 01:07:27,239
- Live worm therapy is
a good proof of concept,
1393
01:07:27,239 --> 01:07:28,600
but I don't think it will ever become
1394
01:07:28,600 --> 01:07:33,119
a scalable, widely used method
of treating inflammation.
1395
01:07:33,119 --> 01:07:35,319
However if we can identify and harness
1396
01:07:35,319 --> 01:07:37,920
the actual molecules that are responsible
1397
01:07:37,920 --> 01:07:39,639
we can then turn those into a much more
1398
01:07:39,639 --> 01:07:41,800
conventional type of drug.
1399
01:07:43,239 --> 01:07:47,720
- But desperate
patients aren't willing to wait.
1400
01:07:47,720 --> 01:07:51,119
An approved drug will take
many years to develop.
1401
01:07:51,119 --> 01:07:51,959
- Nice to see you.
1402
01:07:51,959 --> 01:07:52,800
Come on.
- Nice to see you too.
1403
01:07:52,800 --> 01:07:54,159
- Come on please take a seat.
1404
01:07:54,159 --> 01:07:55,000
Welcome.
1405
01:07:55,000 --> 01:07:56,200
- So the seriously ill
1406
01:07:56,200 --> 01:08:00,280
are signing up for treatments
in the hookworm underground.
1407
01:08:00,280 --> 01:08:03,319
- Originally I was diagnosed
with ulcerative colitis.
1408
01:08:03,319 --> 01:08:04,119
- Yes.
1409
01:08:04,119 --> 01:08:07,519
- And because those medications
weren't working for me
1410
01:08:07,519 --> 01:08:09,839
they switched it to
irritable bowel syndrome.
1411
01:08:09,839 --> 01:08:11,039
- Can I have your arm please.
1412
01:08:11,039 --> 01:08:11,879
Just pull here.
1413
01:08:11,879 --> 01:08:16,039
- People should be allowed to
pursue alternative therapies.
1414
01:08:17,119 --> 01:08:21,280
Especially when the other
possibility seems not so great.
1415
01:08:22,479 --> 01:08:24,400
On the other hand if
it's not proven to work
1416
01:08:24,400 --> 01:08:25,560
then you don't know it works.
1417
01:08:25,560 --> 01:08:27,680
Then you're basically
just buying into a dream.
1418
01:08:27,680 --> 01:08:29,519
(calm guitar music)
1419
01:08:29,519 --> 01:08:32,200
- Valesquez-Manoff
is a science writer,
1420
01:08:32,200 --> 01:08:36,680
but his interest in alternative
therapy is very personal.
1421
01:08:36,680 --> 01:08:39,519
- My whole life I've had asthma.
1422
01:08:39,519 --> 01:08:40,680
I've had food allergies
1423
01:08:40,680 --> 01:08:42,639
and I've had, starting at age 11,
1424
01:08:42,639 --> 01:08:45,639
I have an auto immune disorder
called alopecia areata
1425
01:08:45,639 --> 01:08:48,879
which means my immune system
turned on my hair follicles
1426
01:08:48,879 --> 01:08:51,319
basically shutting them down.
1427
01:08:52,879 --> 01:08:55,280
- After researching
his health problems
1428
01:08:55,280 --> 01:08:57,280
Moises made arrangements to be inoculated
1429
01:08:57,280 --> 01:09:00,439
with the so called American murderer,
1430
01:09:00,439 --> 01:09:02,000
Necator americanus.
1431
01:09:03,479 --> 01:09:07,639
It's a parasite that has
plagued humanity for centuries.
1432
01:09:08,879 --> 01:09:12,159
Moises traveled to a
private clinic in Mexico
1433
01:09:12,159 --> 01:09:14,119
just across the border from the US
1434
01:09:14,119 --> 01:09:18,479
where using worms for medical
purposes remains illegal.
1435
01:09:18,479 --> 01:09:20,600
- Of course I was a little bit nervous
1436
01:09:20,600 --> 01:09:22,159
because I'm doing something that frankly
1437
01:09:22,159 --> 01:09:24,879
most people will tell you is
stupid and it probably is.
1438
01:09:24,879 --> 01:09:26,479
I wasn't that scared though 'cause I knew
1439
01:09:26,479 --> 01:09:30,360
that scientists around the
world had self infected
1440
01:09:30,360 --> 01:09:32,280
'cause the reality is you
can't study these things
1441
01:09:32,280 --> 01:09:34,039
unless you keep a colony alive somewhere.
1442
01:09:34,039 --> 01:09:35,000
They only live in humans
1443
01:09:35,000 --> 01:09:37,000
so they just have them in their own guts
1444
01:09:37,000 --> 01:09:38,759
and then when they need
them they cultivate them.
1445
01:09:38,759 --> 01:09:41,759
(slow guitar music)
1446
01:09:41,759 --> 01:09:43,920
- One of those
who cultivated his own worms
1447
01:09:43,920 --> 01:09:48,239
is the owner of the Mexican
clinic, Garin Aglietti.
1448
01:09:48,239 --> 01:09:52,439
- Parasitology has a story
tradition of self experimentation
1449
01:09:52,439 --> 01:09:54,439
and so what we're trying to do
1450
01:09:54,439 --> 01:09:57,839
is remove the barriers to access for this
1451
01:09:58,920 --> 01:10:02,519
because I don't want everyone
to have to do what I did
1452
01:10:02,519 --> 01:10:04,319
was basically when I became ill
1453
01:10:04,319 --> 01:10:06,479
and was looking for access,
1454
01:10:06,479 --> 01:10:08,400
you go to the professional scientists
1455
01:10:08,400 --> 01:10:09,680
and they can't help you.
1456
01:10:09,680 --> 01:10:12,079
They're bound by
institutional review boards
1457
01:10:12,079 --> 01:10:13,159
and professional standards
1458
01:10:13,159 --> 01:10:16,159
and appropriate treatment corridors.
1459
01:10:17,039 --> 01:10:18,879
- Garin
Aglietti's life was plagued
1460
01:10:18,879 --> 01:10:21,439
by chronic immune disorders.
1461
01:10:21,439 --> 01:10:24,400
Conventional medicine offered no help
1462
01:10:24,400 --> 01:10:27,839
so in desperation he turned to worms,
1463
01:10:27,839 --> 01:10:30,839
but first he had to find them.
1464
01:10:30,839 --> 01:10:33,439
(plane engine)
1465
01:10:34,560 --> 01:10:36,159
He traveled to Peru
1466
01:10:36,159 --> 01:10:39,879
where the American murderer was common.
1467
01:10:39,879 --> 01:10:43,200
Collecting worms is not
for the faint hearted.
1468
01:10:43,200 --> 01:10:44,839
The process requires doing something
1469
01:10:44,839 --> 01:10:46,839
called a latrine survey.
1470
01:10:48,119 --> 01:10:49,400
- A latrine survey basically means
1471
01:10:49,400 --> 01:10:51,479
just taking samples of soil and feces
1472
01:10:51,479 --> 01:10:53,519
and collecting it and cataloging it.
1473
01:10:53,519 --> 01:10:56,079
It's just about as much fun as it sounds.
1474
01:10:56,079 --> 01:10:57,639
I think it was the Ortiz family
1475
01:10:57,639 --> 01:10:59,879
was the one that turned
out to be the hottest one
1476
01:10:59,879 --> 01:11:03,319
and the thing that I wasn't prepared for
1477
01:11:03,319 --> 01:11:05,600
is that I had to beat the chickens
1478
01:11:05,600 --> 01:11:07,759
'cause the chickens were
going down to eat it
1479
01:11:07,759 --> 01:11:09,519
and if they got there first
1480
01:11:09,519 --> 01:11:11,319
then everything was gonna be gone
1481
01:11:11,319 --> 01:11:16,119
so I had to go me run around
trying to get to the chickens.
1482
01:11:16,119 --> 01:11:18,479
- After harvesting his medicine
1483
01:11:18,479 --> 01:11:22,879
Aglietti infested himself
with seven microscopic larvae
1484
01:11:22,879 --> 01:11:24,959
and the offspring of those worms
1485
01:11:24,959 --> 01:11:29,119
are now used by doctors to
treat patients in his clinic.
1486
01:11:31,119 --> 01:11:35,239
Once inside us the hookworms
face a perilous journey.
1487
01:11:35,239 --> 01:11:37,119
Yet they are well
adapted to the challenges
1488
01:11:37,119 --> 01:11:38,879
our body throws at them.
1489
01:11:38,879 --> 01:11:43,039
- If you apply 50 live
hookworm larvae to the skin
1490
01:11:44,519 --> 01:11:46,879
you can be assured that those 50 larvae
1491
01:11:46,879 --> 01:11:48,680
will get into the gut.
1492
01:11:51,239 --> 01:11:53,680
- The larvae
hitchhike aboard blood vessels
1493
01:11:53,680 --> 01:11:58,280
and flow through the bloodstream
like rafters on a river.
1494
01:11:58,280 --> 01:12:02,319
They will pass through the
heart before reaching the lung.
1495
01:12:02,319 --> 01:12:04,439
- They're going to irritate
the lung a little bit.
1496
01:12:04,439 --> 01:12:07,119
Lungs are going to produce
a little bit more phlegm.
1497
01:12:07,119 --> 01:12:08,920
The phlegm goes all the way to your throat
1498
01:12:08,920 --> 01:12:10,519
and you swallow it, okay?
1499
01:12:10,519 --> 01:12:13,879
So they got into the stomach
which is full of acid,
1500
01:12:13,879 --> 01:12:16,600
but the phlegm is actually
protecting the worm
1501
01:12:16,600 --> 01:12:20,159
so they don't get burned by the acid.
1502
01:12:20,159 --> 01:12:21,319
That's nature.
1503
01:12:24,079 --> 01:12:26,479
- Once the
worms reach the intestines
1504
01:12:26,479 --> 01:12:29,039
they announce themselves
to the immune system
1505
01:12:29,039 --> 01:12:33,519
by taking their first
bloody meal and that sucks.
1506
01:12:33,519 --> 01:12:36,879
- The side effect phase
was a bit of an experience
1507
01:12:36,879 --> 01:12:38,319
and had I not been so committed
1508
01:12:38,319 --> 01:12:40,639
to never doing a latrine survey again
1509
01:12:40,639 --> 01:12:44,200
I don't know if I would
have gotten through it.
1510
01:12:44,200 --> 01:12:46,519
- Those side
effects include cramps,
1511
01:12:46,519 --> 01:12:48,839
nausea, and diarrhea,
1512
01:12:48,839 --> 01:12:50,439
the body's natural response to shake
1513
01:12:50,439 --> 01:12:53,119
itself free of the parasites.
1514
01:12:53,119 --> 01:12:55,239
- They are painful to have.
1515
01:12:55,239 --> 01:12:57,879
Those symptoms sort of waned over time
1516
01:12:57,879 --> 01:12:59,519
and I also saw some benefits.
1517
01:12:59,519 --> 01:13:02,239
Like, about a few, let's say four months
1518
01:13:02,239 --> 01:13:06,159
after I took the parasites
was hay fever season.
1519
01:13:06,159 --> 01:13:08,439
For the first half of hay fever season
1520
01:13:08,439 --> 01:13:09,680
I completely lost my allergies.
1521
01:13:09,680 --> 01:13:10,519
It was amazing.
1522
01:13:10,519 --> 01:13:11,439
I never lost my food allergies.
1523
01:13:11,439 --> 01:13:13,280
I still had those.
1524
01:13:13,280 --> 01:13:14,879
(intense music)
1525
01:13:14,879 --> 01:13:18,280
- The worms can
manipulate our immune system
1526
01:13:18,280 --> 01:13:21,680
in a way that modern
medicine is yet to match.
1527
01:13:21,680 --> 01:13:24,600
- So I think just 'cause
you can kill all the worms
1528
01:13:24,600 --> 01:13:27,239
doesn't mean it's necessarily a good idea
1529
01:13:27,239 --> 01:13:29,360
to kill all the worms.
1530
01:13:29,360 --> 01:13:31,239
- It does work for some people.
1531
01:13:31,239 --> 01:13:32,119
It also doesn't work.
1532
01:13:32,119 --> 01:13:34,400
I interviewed some people who got worse.
1533
01:13:34,400 --> 01:13:37,479
So actually would not recommend it.
1534
01:13:37,479 --> 01:13:39,560
On the other hand it doesn't change
1535
01:13:39,560 --> 01:13:42,839
any of the evolutionary
argument that we're making here
1536
01:13:42,839 --> 01:13:43,959
and that is that our immune system
1537
01:13:43,959 --> 01:13:46,119
comes to expect stimuli like these
1538
01:13:46,119 --> 01:13:48,920
and we need to replace it somehow.
1539
01:13:50,159 --> 01:13:52,560
- These
therapies remain unproven,
1540
01:13:52,560 --> 01:13:55,280
but one way or another
worms are forcing us
1541
01:13:55,280 --> 01:13:59,439
to reconsider our approach
to treating western diseases,
1542
01:14:01,039 --> 01:14:05,319
but they are just one of
our microscopic tenants.
1543
01:14:05,319 --> 01:14:07,879
There are a hundred trillion more
1544
01:14:07,879 --> 01:14:10,479
in the most unloved place of our body,
1545
01:14:10,479 --> 01:14:11,319
the colon.
1546
01:14:12,439 --> 01:14:14,800
Gastroenterologist, Thomas Borody,
1547
01:14:14,800 --> 01:14:17,600
discovered the power of poo
1548
01:14:17,600 --> 01:14:20,119
and he's saving lives with it.
1549
01:14:25,639 --> 01:14:28,920
- Amongst the last
unexplored regions on Earth
1550
01:14:28,920 --> 01:14:29,759
are caves.
1551
01:14:31,039 --> 01:14:35,239
They hold species that
are unknown to science.
1552
01:14:35,239 --> 01:14:39,600
Yet they are no match for the
dark corridors of your bowel.
1553
01:14:39,600 --> 01:14:41,519
Here there are more bacteria on
1554
01:14:41,519 --> 01:14:43,759
just a single square centimeter
1555
01:14:43,759 --> 01:14:46,360
than all the humans who've ever lived.
1556
01:14:46,360 --> 01:14:50,119
- There's ten times more
living cells in the stool
1557
01:14:50,119 --> 01:14:50,959
than there is in our body.
1558
01:14:50,959 --> 01:14:55,119
So in effect we are 10% human and 90% poo.
1559
01:14:55,959 --> 01:14:57,319
- The microbes in the gut
1560
01:14:57,319 --> 01:14:59,560
aren't just along for the ride.
1561
01:14:59,560 --> 01:15:02,319
They are essential for the
development of the brain,
1562
01:15:02,319 --> 01:15:04,839
the immune system, our overall health,
1563
01:15:04,839 --> 01:15:07,759
and even our mood, and body shape.
1564
01:15:07,759 --> 01:15:10,159
- These bacteria depending
on the composition
1565
01:15:10,159 --> 01:15:12,439
can control weight gain, weight loss,
1566
01:15:12,439 --> 01:15:14,720
and develop in to have insulin resistance.
1567
01:15:14,720 --> 01:15:18,079
So there's a large sort of vast mechanisms
1568
01:15:18,079 --> 01:15:21,560
that are inside our bowel
flora that are responsible
1569
01:15:21,560 --> 01:15:23,560
which are just emerging.
1570
01:15:24,680 --> 01:15:27,000
- Yet we are
damaging our gut flora
1571
01:15:27,000 --> 01:15:29,879
even before understanding it.
1572
01:15:29,879 --> 01:15:33,000
- We know that when you
take too many antibiotics
1573
01:15:33,000 --> 01:15:34,000
that one of the things that happens
1574
01:15:34,000 --> 01:15:36,839
is it puts you at extreme
risk for pathogens.
1575
01:15:36,839 --> 01:15:38,239
- It kills off all of the friendlies
1576
01:15:38,239 --> 01:15:42,400
and so then bad bacterium takes
over and the patient dies.
1577
01:15:45,159 --> 01:15:47,000
- So instead
of prescribing antibiotics
1578
01:15:47,000 --> 01:15:48,680
to kill the bacteria
1579
01:15:48,680 --> 01:15:53,519
Gastroenterologist Thomas
Borody does the opposite.
1580
01:15:53,519 --> 01:15:54,920
He adds bacteria.
1581
01:15:56,280 --> 01:15:57,759
Trillions of them.
1582
01:15:59,039 --> 01:16:00,879
- Start going forward.
1583
01:16:03,800 --> 01:16:05,920
- Professor
Borody is the pioneer
1584
01:16:05,920 --> 01:16:07,879
of fecal transplants.
1585
01:16:07,879 --> 01:16:12,039
To treat digestive diseases
he replaces infected gut flora
1586
01:16:12,039 --> 01:16:13,479
with healthy poo.
1587
01:16:14,879 --> 01:16:16,319
- Well it's still
disgusting to me as well.
1588
01:16:16,319 --> 01:16:18,119
I'm just like anybody else,
1589
01:16:18,119 --> 01:16:22,959
but you see the potential
because in its healthy form
1590
01:16:22,959 --> 01:16:25,200
with full diversity and lots of bacteria
1591
01:16:25,200 --> 01:16:27,800
is able to enter another person's bowel
1592
01:16:27,800 --> 01:16:30,879
and kill off bugs that cause disease.
1593
01:16:32,959 --> 01:16:34,119
- Despite all we've learned
1594
01:16:34,119 --> 01:16:36,319
of poo being smelly waste
1595
01:16:36,319 --> 01:16:38,400
for Borody it's medicine.
1596
01:16:39,959 --> 01:16:42,920
Our colon is a factory producing bacteria
1597
01:16:42,920 --> 01:16:46,119
that thrives on foods we can't digest.
1598
01:16:47,039 --> 01:16:48,319
- The bacteria eat them.
1599
01:16:48,319 --> 01:16:50,200
When bacteria eat them they multiply
1600
01:16:50,200 --> 01:16:51,519
so we have to let them out the other end
1601
01:16:51,519 --> 01:16:54,119
and that's why we defecate.
1602
01:16:54,119 --> 01:16:57,079
- And defecate we do.
1603
01:16:57,079 --> 01:16:58,680
An average person will produce
1604
01:16:58,680 --> 01:17:02,639
more than four tons of
feces in their lifetime.
1605
01:17:02,639 --> 01:17:06,439
(upbeat orchestra music)
1606
01:17:06,439 --> 01:17:10,319
Borody has opened a new
frontier in medicine.
1607
01:17:10,319 --> 01:17:13,479
Every morning healthy
donors arrive at his clinic
1608
01:17:13,479 --> 01:17:15,720
with a fresh supply to cater for people
1609
01:17:15,720 --> 01:17:18,319
with gastrointestinal diseases.
1610
01:17:20,560 --> 01:17:24,879
Kati Angelidis suffers from
debilitating bowel problems.
1611
01:17:24,879 --> 01:17:26,879
- I was used to that blank stare
1612
01:17:26,879 --> 01:17:29,280
you know when I'd ask them
what was wrong with me.
1613
01:17:29,280 --> 01:17:30,920
How can you help me?
1614
01:17:32,319 --> 01:17:34,879
When you have got issues you've been
1615
01:17:34,879 --> 01:17:36,600
to hell and back with your sympoms
1616
01:17:36,600 --> 01:17:39,319
so you will do anything to, you know,
1617
01:17:39,319 --> 01:17:41,720
get some kind of improvement.
1618
01:17:43,039 --> 01:17:44,680
- Professor Borody will perform
1619
01:17:44,680 --> 01:17:47,519
seven to ten treatments like this everyday
1620
01:17:47,519 --> 01:17:51,159
and many more would come
if they could afford it.
1621
01:17:51,159 --> 01:17:52,879
- The cost is prohibitive to get it done
1622
01:17:52,879 --> 01:17:54,759
in a clinic for them
1623
01:17:54,759 --> 01:17:57,280
so they're doing it at home
1624
01:17:57,280 --> 01:17:59,280
plenty of them.
1625
01:17:59,280 --> 01:18:01,800
A lot of parents doing
it for kids, you know,
1626
01:18:01,800 --> 01:18:03,159
with Crohn's disease or whatever
1627
01:18:03,159 --> 01:18:05,639
and they're desperate, they're helpless.
1628
01:18:05,639 --> 01:18:07,360
You know, they'll do anything.
1629
01:18:07,360 --> 01:18:10,159
So yeah it's a bit underground, isn't it?
1630
01:18:10,159 --> 01:18:12,119
But yeah it's happening.
1631
01:18:12,119 --> 01:18:13,119
- People are still trying to work out
1632
01:18:13,119 --> 01:18:14,119
the best way of doing it.
1633
01:18:14,119 --> 01:18:16,239
I mean do you put it in that way
1634
01:18:16,239 --> 01:18:17,319
or that way
1635
01:18:17,319 --> 01:18:18,119
(laughing)
1636
01:18:18,119 --> 01:18:20,079
or like radio controlled capsule
1637
01:18:20,079 --> 01:18:21,239
you just swallow and open up
1638
01:18:21,239 --> 01:18:22,759
with some sort of radio controlled signal
1639
01:18:22,759 --> 01:18:23,839
and then the capsule carries on?
1640
01:18:23,839 --> 01:18:25,439
You know, the technologies
are being developed.
1641
01:18:25,439 --> 01:18:28,920
There are going to be some
very clever ways of doing this.
1642
01:18:28,920 --> 01:18:31,000
- Tending our microbial garden
1643
01:18:31,000 --> 01:18:33,319
also helps with diseases
that having nothing to do
1644
01:18:33,319 --> 01:18:35,319
with digestive problems.
1645
01:18:39,439 --> 01:18:41,680
20 years ago William Kostopoulos
1646
01:18:41,680 --> 01:18:43,839
had his wisdom teeth removed.
1647
01:18:43,839 --> 01:18:45,519
It didn't go well.
1648
01:18:45,519 --> 01:18:46,920
- My body went into trauma.
1649
01:18:46,920 --> 01:18:49,239
They thought actually I had a stroke.
1650
01:18:49,239 --> 01:18:51,039
They sent me to a neurologist
1651
01:18:51,039 --> 01:18:53,519
and then they gave me an MRI scan
1652
01:18:53,519 --> 01:18:55,680
and um, after the MRI scan
1653
01:18:57,680 --> 01:19:01,839
they told me that I had a
mass multiple sclerosis.
1654
01:19:02,759 --> 01:19:05,239
- It was devastating news.
1655
01:19:05,239 --> 01:19:07,319
- There was times you feel
like just killing yourself.
1656
01:19:07,319 --> 01:19:11,039
Your life is revolving around medication,
1657
01:19:11,039 --> 01:19:12,039
and doctors,
1658
01:19:12,879 --> 01:19:14,680
and MRI scans,
1659
01:19:14,680 --> 01:19:16,280
and treatments,
1660
01:19:16,280 --> 01:19:17,319
and hospital.
1661
01:19:20,280 --> 01:19:22,680
- Realizing the
disease couldn't be beaten...
1662
01:19:22,680 --> 01:19:23,680
- Good to see you.
1663
01:19:23,680 --> 01:19:26,079
- He went to
see Professor Borody.
1664
01:19:26,079 --> 01:19:30,239
- We spoke about some sort of transplant.
1665
01:19:30,239 --> 01:19:33,159
A poo transplant as he puts it
1666
01:19:33,159 --> 01:19:36,519
and um, I was open to
anything at that stage
1667
01:19:36,519 --> 01:19:39,079
because I was suffering through
1668
01:19:39,079 --> 01:19:41,959
three and a half years, four years,
1669
01:19:43,159 --> 01:19:45,360
- William had the transplant
1670
01:19:45,360 --> 01:19:49,159
and incredibly he has
completely recovered.
1671
01:19:49,159 --> 01:19:50,400
- Things are fantastic.
1672
01:19:50,400 --> 01:19:52,000
Things couldn't be better.
1673
01:19:52,000 --> 01:19:53,680
I mean I'm 49 now.
1674
01:19:53,680 --> 01:19:55,879
I'm heading to 50 so, you know,
1675
01:19:55,879 --> 01:19:56,720
(scoffs)
1676
01:19:56,720 --> 01:19:57,560
but I don't feel 50.
1677
01:19:57,560 --> 01:19:59,600
I still feel like I'm 20.
1678
01:19:59,600 --> 01:20:01,400
(speaking lowly into recorder)
1679
01:20:01,400 --> 01:20:03,039
- That was a fortuitous finding
1680
01:20:03,039 --> 01:20:04,879
and we had three such patients
1681
01:20:04,879 --> 01:20:06,519
and we went on treating their MS
1682
01:20:06,519 --> 01:20:08,720
they did not come to us for that purpose.
1683
01:20:08,720 --> 01:20:11,959
We were treating the bowel disturbance.
1684
01:20:14,159 --> 01:20:17,680
- For now these
are anecdotal results.
1685
01:20:17,680 --> 01:20:20,479
Yet the treatment designed
for digestive diseases
1686
01:20:20,479 --> 01:20:24,759
seems to be having even more
intriguing side effects.
1687
01:20:24,759 --> 01:20:26,639
- We have had at least two patients
1688
01:20:26,639 --> 01:20:29,680
in whom profound depression
was able to be reversed
1689
01:20:29,680 --> 01:20:31,159
and I didn't notice that.
1690
01:20:31,159 --> 01:20:33,519
The patient said to me after he had
1691
01:20:33,519 --> 01:20:35,959
a transplant done for a different cause
1692
01:20:35,959 --> 01:20:38,400
he said, "My depression is gone."
1693
01:20:38,400 --> 01:20:41,079
I said to him, "What do you
mean your depression's gone?
1694
01:20:41,079 --> 01:20:42,519
"How can that be?"
1695
01:20:42,519 --> 01:20:45,159
He said, "Well I've had
depression for 25 years doc.
1696
01:20:45,159 --> 01:20:47,039
"I know when the depression is gone."
1697
01:20:47,039 --> 01:20:49,759
So I wasn't gonna argue with him.
1698
01:20:50,720 --> 01:20:53,400
- Gut microbes
influence our body and mind
1699
01:20:53,400 --> 01:20:56,519
in fundamental yet inexplicable ways.
1700
01:20:58,360 --> 01:21:01,680
There's so many changes
that we've seen patients
1701
01:21:01,680 --> 01:21:05,519
that are difficult to believe
when we change patients flora.
1702
01:21:05,519 --> 01:21:07,119
Why is this so?
1703
01:21:07,119 --> 01:21:11,119
There are so many
questions to be answered.
1704
01:21:11,119 --> 01:21:12,400
- If we can explain the links
1705
01:21:12,400 --> 01:21:16,680
between our microbial
ecosystem and chronic disease
1706
01:21:16,680 --> 01:21:19,280
it will revolutionize medicine.
1707
01:21:22,759 --> 01:21:26,039
As the first step microbiome explorers
1708
01:21:26,039 --> 01:21:29,680
are signing up volunteers
to donate a dollop of poop.
1709
01:21:29,680 --> 01:21:31,800
(toilet flushing)
1710
01:21:31,800 --> 01:21:34,519
- They're currently sequencing
lots of shit in the US
1711
01:21:34,519 --> 01:21:37,439
and I heard that's just
been expanded worldwide now.
1712
01:21:37,439 --> 01:21:40,600
So when we do the survey,
a very wide survey,
1713
01:21:40,600 --> 01:21:43,280
that's important too that we can see
1714
01:21:43,280 --> 01:21:45,800
across the whole human
population what the variety is
1715
01:21:45,800 --> 01:21:49,479
and we can see how that
relates to people's health
1716
01:21:49,479 --> 01:21:50,959
or lack of health.
1717
01:21:52,400 --> 01:21:53,879
- These initial surveys have
1718
01:21:53,879 --> 01:21:58,079
already revealed thousands of
bacteria we never knew before.
1719
01:21:59,879 --> 01:22:03,600
Our inner continent is terra incognita.
1720
01:22:03,600 --> 01:22:05,560
- Every person is colonized
with these species
1721
01:22:05,560 --> 01:22:09,079
that have an enormous
effect on how they live,
1722
01:22:09,079 --> 01:22:11,560
their health and well
being for their entire life
1723
01:22:11,560 --> 01:22:15,280
and in many cases we
can't give them names.
1724
01:22:15,280 --> 01:22:17,119
- But we've
already discovered bugs
1725
01:22:17,119 --> 01:22:19,239
that make us fat or thin.
1726
01:22:20,879 --> 01:22:23,800
A group of bacteria called Firnicutes
1727
01:22:23,800 --> 01:22:27,119
helps the absorption of fat by the body.
1728
01:22:28,479 --> 01:22:30,319
Depending on which ones you have
1729
01:22:30,319 --> 01:22:34,159
you may have absolutely
complete digestion of your food
1730
01:22:34,159 --> 01:22:36,680
and I suppose the theory is that
1731
01:22:36,680 --> 01:22:38,119
then you're one of these people
1732
01:22:38,119 --> 01:22:41,759
that has a small about of food
and puts on a kilo everyday.
1733
01:22:41,759 --> 01:22:44,759
Whereas other people
might eat the same amount
1734
01:22:44,759 --> 01:22:46,920
and not put on any weight.
1735
01:22:48,079 --> 01:22:50,479
- Having
these fat bugs on board
1736
01:22:50,479 --> 01:22:54,720
is the equivalent of eating
a slice of cake everyday.
1737
01:22:54,720 --> 01:22:57,039
- Historically if you
had a group of microbes
1738
01:22:57,039 --> 01:22:59,720
that gave you lots of
energy from your food
1739
01:22:59,720 --> 01:23:02,319
it would be enormously beneficial
1740
01:23:02,319 --> 01:23:05,039
because you could go longer
without food and survive.
1741
01:23:05,039 --> 01:23:07,159
You would need less food everyday
1742
01:23:07,159 --> 01:23:09,000
but now we're all fat.
1743
01:23:10,119 --> 01:23:11,600
- Luckily there is a bug
1744
01:23:11,600 --> 01:23:14,000
that helps keep you thin.
1745
01:23:14,000 --> 01:23:17,800
Accermansia may one day lead
to a treatment for obesity.
1746
01:23:17,800 --> 01:23:19,560
- I think we might have
yogurts in the future
1747
01:23:19,560 --> 01:23:21,280
or something like this which will give you
1748
01:23:21,280 --> 01:23:24,239
the sort of skinny
yogurt together with bugs
1749
01:23:24,239 --> 01:23:27,360
and I'll be eating a lot of those.
1750
01:23:27,360 --> 01:23:29,680
- Ultimately our
health will be determined
1751
01:23:29,680 --> 01:23:32,159
by the diversity of bugs in our gut
1752
01:23:32,159 --> 01:23:36,119
and the balance between
the beneficial and the bad
1753
01:23:36,119 --> 01:23:39,759
and that varies from
one culture to the next.
1754
01:23:39,759 --> 01:23:41,879
(children laughing)
1755
01:23:41,879 --> 01:23:44,039
- If you look at the gut flora
1756
01:23:44,039 --> 01:23:46,639
or for instance people living
in a little African village
1757
01:23:46,639 --> 01:23:48,439
and compare that with the gut flora
1758
01:23:48,439 --> 01:23:52,439
of people living in Italy
they are so different.
1759
01:23:54,200 --> 01:23:56,079
- People in
developing countries
1760
01:23:56,079 --> 01:23:58,119
have a richer and more balanced gut flora
1761
01:23:58,119 --> 01:24:00,119
than those in the west.
1762
01:24:00,119 --> 01:24:02,119
And that helps explain why the affluent
1763
01:24:02,119 --> 01:24:04,879
are more prone to modern diseases.
1764
01:24:04,879 --> 01:24:06,519
- Now one reason is clearly diet.
1765
01:24:06,519 --> 01:24:07,680
We eat crap.
1766
01:24:07,680 --> 01:24:09,519
(meat sizzling)
1767
01:24:09,519 --> 01:24:12,200
- When you eat
you don't only feed yourself.
1768
01:24:12,200 --> 01:24:14,920
You're also feeding your mirobes,
1769
01:24:14,920 --> 01:24:16,959
but in the west we are nourishing
1770
01:24:16,959 --> 01:24:19,879
the bugs that make us sick.
1771
01:24:19,879 --> 01:24:23,000
These bad bugs release toxins that trigger
1772
01:24:23,000 --> 01:24:25,759
a violent response from our immune system
1773
01:24:25,759 --> 01:24:27,879
and that causes inflammation.
1774
01:24:27,879 --> 01:24:30,560
- What happens when you eat junk food
1775
01:24:30,560 --> 01:24:32,600
is that you become immediately inflamed.
1776
01:24:32,600 --> 01:24:34,039
Your microbes actually inflame you
1777
01:24:34,039 --> 01:24:36,519
in the presence of junk food.
1778
01:24:36,519 --> 01:24:38,439
- And that inflammation runs
1779
01:24:38,439 --> 01:24:41,119
through your body like wildfire.
1780
01:24:41,119 --> 01:24:42,519
- And the higher that low level
1781
01:24:42,519 --> 01:24:44,079
of background inflammation is
1782
01:24:44,079 --> 01:24:48,800
the more susceptible you are
to all sorts of disorders.
1783
01:24:48,800 --> 01:24:50,000
- These are diseases
1784
01:24:50,000 --> 01:24:52,600
of an out of balance immune system
1785
01:24:52,600 --> 01:24:54,879
ranging from inflammatory bowel syndrome
1786
01:24:54,879 --> 01:24:58,159
to multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease,
1787
01:24:58,159 --> 01:25:00,079
obesity, and allergies.
1788
01:25:01,639 --> 01:25:06,360
- Inflammation is at the
sort of root of all of them.
1789
01:25:06,360 --> 01:25:08,239
- Just as our mouth microbiome
1790
01:25:08,239 --> 01:25:12,119
has been disturbed by
eating too much carbohydrate
1791
01:25:12,119 --> 01:25:16,959
antibiotics and bad diet have
turned the bacteria in our gut
1792
01:25:16,959 --> 01:25:18,720
from friend into foe.
1793
01:25:20,119 --> 01:25:23,079
- We've moved in
incredibly few generations
1794
01:25:23,079 --> 01:25:25,039
from lives as hunter gatherers,
1795
01:25:25,039 --> 01:25:27,000
to lives as agriculturalists,
1796
01:25:27,000 --> 01:25:29,879
to lives in places like Hong Kong
1797
01:25:29,879 --> 01:25:32,119
where people live in 60 story buildings
1798
01:25:32,119 --> 01:25:33,720
and they're totally disconnected
1799
01:25:33,720 --> 01:25:37,119
from any of the wildlife around them.
1800
01:25:37,119 --> 01:25:40,439
This whole web, this
whole ecosystem, or biome,
1801
01:25:40,439 --> 01:25:43,280
it's changing and so what
we need moving forward
1802
01:25:43,280 --> 01:25:44,839
is to figure out how do we garden
1803
01:25:44,839 --> 01:25:47,560
the beneficial parts of this web?
1804
01:25:49,000 --> 01:25:51,039
- This idea of reconnecting us
1805
01:25:51,039 --> 01:25:53,600
to what we are missing
from the environment
1806
01:25:53,600 --> 01:25:56,439
is the life's work of British scientist,
1807
01:25:56,439 --> 01:25:58,439
Professor John Stanford.
1808
01:26:00,319 --> 01:26:03,119
He's found something in
an African mud puddle
1809
01:26:03,119 --> 01:26:06,200
that some are calling the wonder bug.
1810
01:26:11,439 --> 01:26:14,079
Cynthia Stanford had a rare condition
1811
01:26:14,079 --> 01:26:16,280
called Raynaud's disease.
1812
01:26:16,280 --> 01:26:20,039
Her fingers turn numb and
white when exposed to cold.
1813
01:26:20,039 --> 01:26:21,639
- Jobs in the kitchen were a problem
1814
01:26:21,639 --> 01:26:25,200
washing up or peeling
carrots, peeling potatoes.
1815
01:26:25,200 --> 01:26:29,879
My fingers used to go into
total white out and be unusable.
1816
01:26:29,879 --> 01:26:32,039
- By coincidence her husband
1817
01:26:32,039 --> 01:26:33,759
Professor John Stanford was testing
1818
01:26:33,759 --> 01:26:36,200
a new vaccine for leprosy.
1819
01:26:36,200 --> 01:26:38,400
It contained a bacteria he'd isolated
1820
01:26:38,400 --> 01:26:40,400
in a mud puddle in Uganda.
1821
01:26:40,400 --> 01:26:42,400
It was called M. vaccae.
1822
01:26:43,239 --> 01:26:45,879
- Since we were the ones
that were had developed it
1823
01:26:45,879 --> 01:26:47,639
we wanted to try it on ourselves first
1824
01:26:47,639 --> 01:26:51,079
before we gave it to anybody else.
1825
01:26:51,079 --> 01:26:52,680
- John and I had a dose each
1826
01:26:52,680 --> 01:26:54,920
and I realized that my Raynaud's disease
1827
01:26:54,920 --> 01:26:59,560
that I'd had since I was
a small girl had gone away
1828
01:26:59,560 --> 01:27:02,079
and so after that we lined up
1829
01:27:02,079 --> 01:27:05,119
all the rest of the family who
also had Raynaud's disease,
1830
01:27:05,119 --> 01:27:07,720
but they also had other things.
1831
01:27:10,879 --> 01:27:12,519
- The vaccine
appeared to be helpful
1832
01:27:12,519 --> 01:27:16,839
in dealing with the other
diseases that run in the family
1833
01:27:16,839 --> 01:27:18,680
including even cancer.
1834
01:27:19,759 --> 01:27:21,680
- My mother had cancer at the same time
1835
01:27:21,680 --> 01:27:23,560
as her Raynaud's disease
1836
01:27:23,560 --> 01:27:26,759
which disappeared including
spinal secondaries.
1837
01:27:26,759 --> 01:27:28,680
- She had her M. vaccae injection
1838
01:27:28,680 --> 01:27:30,519
and then a month or so afterward
1839
01:27:30,519 --> 01:27:32,759
when she went for radiological assessment
1840
01:27:32,759 --> 01:27:35,039
before having the radiation
1841
01:27:35,039 --> 01:27:38,119
they say, "Well they've disappeared."
1842
01:27:39,079 --> 01:27:42,560
- These results
were entirely anecdotal,
1843
01:27:42,560 --> 01:27:44,079
but the bacterial treatment began
1844
01:27:44,079 --> 01:27:47,639
to have surprising results elsewhere too.
1845
01:27:47,639 --> 01:27:51,720
- I asked an Indian doctor
who was doing leprosy work
1846
01:27:51,720 --> 01:27:53,680
if he would look out for
any other indications
1847
01:27:53,680 --> 01:27:57,319
that it seemed to be helpful with.
1848
01:27:57,319 --> 01:27:58,759
- The first one that he noticed
1849
01:27:58,759 --> 01:28:01,439
which was really quite important
1850
01:28:01,439 --> 01:28:03,800
was a patient with leprosy and cirrhosis.
1851
01:28:03,800 --> 01:28:05,959
Remarkably the cirrhosis got better.
1852
01:28:05,959 --> 01:28:09,280
He was so pleased that when
we were out there visiting
1853
01:28:09,280 --> 01:28:12,879
he brought us um, a small
goat to give us in exchange
1854
01:28:12,879 --> 01:28:15,879
for the good that we've done to him.
1855
01:28:16,879 --> 01:28:18,000
- Stanford's discovery
1856
01:28:18,000 --> 01:28:21,039
is now being tested in clinical trials
1857
01:28:21,039 --> 01:28:24,800
and one of the most
promising is for depression.
1858
01:28:24,800 --> 01:28:27,680
- Drugs that are commonly
used to treat depression
1859
01:28:27,680 --> 01:28:29,879
have anti inflammatory effects
1860
01:28:29,879 --> 01:28:31,600
and so one of the ways that they
1861
01:28:31,600 --> 01:28:35,319
may be improving the health
of depressed patients
1862
01:28:35,319 --> 01:28:38,119
is by suppressing the inflammation
1863
01:28:38,119 --> 01:28:41,519
which is exactly what
microbacteria M. vaccae does.
1864
01:28:41,519 --> 01:28:44,039
(flute and bell music)
1865
01:28:44,039 --> 01:28:45,319
- Inflammatory diseases
1866
01:28:45,319 --> 01:28:48,119
are problems of the immune system,
1867
01:28:48,119 --> 01:28:50,439
but how could something so complex
1868
01:28:50,439 --> 01:28:53,720
be controlled by a bacterium from Africa?
1869
01:28:53,720 --> 01:28:56,400
- Humans co-evolved with these bacteria
1870
01:28:56,400 --> 01:29:00,519
throughout evolution
and so it's thought that
1871
01:29:00,519 --> 01:29:02,680
until about the last 50 years or so
1872
01:29:02,680 --> 01:29:04,600
we would have consumed
milligram quantities
1873
01:29:04,600 --> 01:29:05,879
of these bacteria.
1874
01:29:05,879 --> 01:29:08,239
- So the immune system began to rely
1875
01:29:08,239 --> 01:29:10,039
on the presence of these things
1876
01:29:10,039 --> 01:29:12,119
to turn on the police force if you'd like
1877
01:29:12,119 --> 01:29:13,560
of the immune system.
1878
01:29:13,560 --> 01:29:16,039
(intense music)
1879
01:29:16,039 --> 01:29:18,759
- Without
microbes like M. vaccae
1880
01:29:18,759 --> 01:29:21,079
the immune system becomes overactive
1881
01:29:21,079 --> 01:29:23,800
and causes constant inflammation.
1882
01:29:24,680 --> 01:29:25,800
- You spend all this time thinking
1883
01:29:25,800 --> 01:29:27,680
about our immune system as this machine
1884
01:29:27,680 --> 01:29:30,119
that repelled microbes.
1885
01:29:30,119 --> 01:29:32,319
That just zapped them left and right
1886
01:29:32,319 --> 01:29:34,280
like one of those fly zappers
1887
01:29:34,280 --> 01:29:35,680
and it turns out that the immune system
1888
01:29:35,680 --> 01:29:39,519
that we thought had
evolved to kill microbes
1889
01:29:39,519 --> 01:29:43,280
is actually controlled by microbes.
1890
01:29:43,280 --> 01:29:45,039
- Our modern lives however
1891
01:29:45,039 --> 01:29:46,879
are isolating us from the very thing
1892
01:29:46,879 --> 01:29:48,879
we need to stay healthy.
1893
01:29:49,959 --> 01:29:52,000
- Now of course we don't
consume these bacteria
1894
01:29:52,000 --> 01:29:55,879
because we have sterilized
water and sterilized food
1895
01:29:55,879 --> 01:29:59,839
and it's thought that the
lack of these bacteria
1896
01:29:59,839 --> 01:30:03,000
is contributing to an increase in disease.
1897
01:30:03,000 --> 01:30:07,159
Specifically diseases that
are related to inflammations.
1898
01:30:08,360 --> 01:30:10,079
- The evidence
now strongly suggests
1899
01:30:10,079 --> 01:30:11,800
that the rise in these diseases
1900
01:30:11,800 --> 01:30:14,239
is a result of our isolation from
1901
01:30:14,239 --> 01:30:17,360
the microbes we've evolved with.
1902
01:30:17,360 --> 01:30:20,759
Soon we may be able to
treat immune disorders
1903
01:30:20,759 --> 01:30:24,159
by putting the bugs back into our bodies,
1904
01:30:26,280 --> 01:30:30,439
but the potential of bacterial
treatments goes even further.
1905
01:30:31,959 --> 01:30:34,759
Australian scientists are
now injecting bacteria
1906
01:30:34,759 --> 01:30:38,759
into mosquitoes to prevent
us from getting sick.
1907
01:30:39,759 --> 01:30:42,720
(crickets chirping)
1908
01:30:42,720 --> 01:30:45,519
Mozzies are annoying at the best of times.
1909
01:30:45,519 --> 01:30:46,479
(mosquito buzzing)
1910
01:30:46,479 --> 01:30:48,560
They've developed elaborate weapons
1911
01:30:48,560 --> 01:30:51,200
to get the food they need to survive,
1912
01:30:51,200 --> 01:30:52,039
our blood.
1913
01:30:53,079 --> 01:30:56,319
- Mosquitoes need blood
for protein to make eggs.
1914
01:30:56,319 --> 01:30:59,680
Only the female mosquito feeds on blood
1915
01:30:59,680 --> 01:31:03,839
and without it she really won't
develop enough eggs to lie.
1916
01:31:05,680 --> 01:31:09,159
- But these
syringes don't only draw blood.
1917
01:31:09,159 --> 01:31:12,759
They also often inject us with
potentially lethal parasites
1918
01:31:12,759 --> 01:31:16,519
causing serious infections
like dengue fever.
1919
01:31:17,560 --> 01:31:20,360
- Dengue is actually cause by
four quite different viruses
1920
01:31:20,360 --> 01:31:24,680
and each of them has quite a
different effect on the host.
1921
01:31:24,680 --> 01:31:27,319
- So you literally have to have
1922
01:31:27,319 --> 01:31:29,800
four vaccines rolled into one.
1923
01:31:31,800 --> 01:31:33,959
- But scientists
at Monash University
1924
01:31:33,959 --> 01:31:37,839
have discovered an elegant
way to combat the disease.
1925
01:31:37,839 --> 01:31:39,759
Instead of vaccinating humans
1926
01:31:39,759 --> 01:31:42,759
they are vaccinating the mosquitoes.
1927
01:31:44,920 --> 01:31:47,039
These mosquito eggs are being injected
1928
01:31:47,039 --> 01:31:51,319
with a powerful bacteria called Wolbachia.
1929
01:31:51,319 --> 01:31:54,280
(enchanting music)
1930
01:31:54,280 --> 01:31:56,800
Professor Scott O'Neill has
spent much of his career
1931
01:31:56,800 --> 01:31:59,680
studying this intriguing bacteria.
1932
01:31:59,680 --> 01:32:02,000
- I got introduces to
it at a very early age
1933
01:32:02,000 --> 01:32:02,879
and it hooked me enough.
1934
01:32:02,879 --> 01:32:05,680
Been studying it my whole life.
1935
01:32:05,680 --> 01:32:08,319
And so one of the most
amazing things about wolbachia
1936
01:32:08,319 --> 01:32:10,119
is just how common it is.
1937
01:32:10,119 --> 01:32:13,519
If you were to look in a bush
land environment like this
1938
01:32:13,519 --> 01:32:15,239
and look at the insects within it
1939
01:32:15,239 --> 01:32:17,039
around 70% of those insects
1940
01:32:17,039 --> 01:32:18,879
would all carry wolbachia natrually.
1941
01:32:18,879 --> 01:32:20,400
And when you think on the planet
1942
01:32:20,400 --> 01:32:21,920
that there are to to five million
1943
01:32:21,920 --> 01:32:24,600
different species of
insect that's a huge number
1944
01:32:24,600 --> 01:32:27,759
that naturally carry wolbachia.
1945
01:32:27,759 --> 01:32:30,720
- Just as gut
bacteria can be good for us
1946
01:32:30,720 --> 01:32:33,119
wolbachia is beneficial to insects.
1947
01:32:33,119 --> 01:32:36,239
Protecting them against
invading parasites.
1948
01:32:36,239 --> 01:32:38,680
- By having wolbachia within
the body of the insect
1949
01:32:38,680 --> 01:32:41,439
it's acting like a probiotic
for the insect if you'd like.
1950
01:32:41,439 --> 01:32:42,959
It's making the insect healthier
1951
01:32:42,959 --> 01:32:46,319
and makes it able to fend off
some of these other pathogens
1952
01:32:46,319 --> 01:32:48,000
like dengue viruses.
1953
01:32:49,519 --> 01:32:51,119
- But there's a catch.
1954
01:32:51,119 --> 01:32:53,680
Mozzies that spread diseases like dengue
1955
01:32:53,680 --> 01:32:55,720
don't have wolbachia.
1956
01:32:55,720 --> 01:32:59,879
So the challenge was to
find a way to infect them.
1957
01:32:59,879 --> 01:33:01,720
- In fact, you know, we
spent years and years
1958
01:33:01,720 --> 01:33:03,360
trying to do that experiment.
1959
01:33:03,360 --> 01:33:07,639
Had many poor students
fail in that endeavor
1960
01:33:07,639 --> 01:33:10,959
until finally we were able to
succeed about four years ago.
1961
01:33:10,959 --> 01:33:13,920
(suspenseful music)
1962
01:33:13,920 --> 01:33:17,519
- These
mosquitoes host wolbachia.
1963
01:33:17,519 --> 01:33:19,759
They are so precious that volunteers
1964
01:33:19,759 --> 01:33:23,879
will gladly sacrifice
their ankles to feed them.
1965
01:33:23,879 --> 01:33:28,319
- We're rearing thousands,
occasionally tens of thousands,
1966
01:33:28,319 --> 01:33:32,239
hundreds of thousands of
mosquitoes and releasing them.
1967
01:33:32,239 --> 01:33:33,639
Not killing them.
1968
01:33:36,319 --> 01:33:37,720
- There have
been outbreaks of dengue
1969
01:33:37,720 --> 01:33:40,879
in Australia's tropical
north in recent years.
1970
01:33:40,879 --> 01:33:42,680
So to test their theory researchers
1971
01:33:42,680 --> 01:33:46,879
have been releasing the
vaccinated mosquitoes in Cairns.
1972
01:33:47,879 --> 01:33:51,879
Once released wolbachia spreads quickly.
1973
01:33:51,879 --> 01:33:53,280
Every week they monitor how many
1974
01:33:53,280 --> 01:33:57,039
of the wild mosquitoes
now have the bacteria
1975
01:33:57,039 --> 01:33:59,519
and the results are paying off.
1976
01:33:59,519 --> 01:34:01,560
- The releases that we did in 2011
1977
01:34:01,560 --> 01:34:05,519
are close to 100% infected with wolbachia.
1978
01:34:06,959 --> 01:34:07,879
- Wherever the mosquitoes
1979
01:34:07,879 --> 01:34:12,039
have been released dengue has
been stopped in its tracks.
1980
01:34:13,879 --> 01:34:15,839
Following the success in Cairns
1981
01:34:15,839 --> 01:34:19,239
new trials have begun all over the world.
1982
01:34:23,319 --> 01:34:27,479
But even super bacteria
like wolbachia have enemies.
1983
01:34:28,680 --> 01:34:30,920
Like all living things it's prey
1984
01:34:30,920 --> 01:34:33,839
for the ultimate parasite, viruses.
1985
01:34:36,680 --> 01:34:38,879
They are all around us.
1986
01:34:38,879 --> 01:34:42,479
In the air, in the soil, in the oceans,
1987
01:34:42,479 --> 01:34:46,119
and right now three
trillion are inside you.
1988
01:34:48,319 --> 01:34:52,159
- Most of them are probably
doing us no harm at all,
1989
01:34:52,159 --> 01:34:56,319
but a few of them are deadly,
cause deadly diseases.
1990
01:34:58,680 --> 01:35:01,839
- From flu,
to AIDS, to smallpox,
1991
01:35:01,839 --> 01:35:05,680
viruses have killed
untold millions of people,
1992
01:35:07,519 --> 01:35:11,000
but some viruses, the retroviruses,
1993
01:35:11,000 --> 01:35:14,239
have an even more extraordinary power.
1994
01:35:14,239 --> 01:35:18,400
They have found a way into
the very core of us, our DNA.
1995
01:35:20,000 --> 01:35:23,439
- On occasion the virus will infect cells
1996
01:35:23,439 --> 01:35:25,759
of what we call the germ line.
1997
01:35:25,759 --> 01:35:28,319
Those are the cells that are destined
1998
01:35:28,319 --> 01:35:32,000
to become eggs in females
and sperm in males
1999
01:35:32,920 --> 01:35:37,560
and if they infect those cells
and get into the chromosomes
2000
01:35:37,560 --> 01:35:40,639
then these retroviruses get a free ride
2001
01:35:40,639 --> 01:35:42,519
to the next generation.
2002
01:35:45,759 --> 01:35:48,159
- Robin Weiss
was the first to prove
2003
01:35:48,159 --> 01:35:51,159
that viruses not only cause disease
2004
01:35:51,159 --> 01:35:53,839
they can become genes.
2005
01:35:53,839 --> 01:35:56,319
- It was an eureka moment to realize
2006
01:35:56,319 --> 01:35:59,759
that something that we think
of as an infectious agent
2007
01:35:59,759 --> 01:36:02,319
as a virus going form
one person to another
2008
01:36:02,319 --> 01:36:05,479
can be part of the normal inheritance.
2009
01:36:07,280 --> 01:36:10,200
- This was a
mind blowing discovery.
2010
01:36:10,200 --> 01:36:12,959
By transforming into genes retroviruses
2011
01:36:12,959 --> 01:36:15,959
can replicate for millions of years.
2012
01:36:17,039 --> 01:36:19,680
They are the ultimate survivors.
2013
01:36:20,800 --> 01:36:23,759
- Their reason for living
is to replicate themselves
2014
01:36:23,759 --> 01:36:26,000
so if you can embed
yourself into another host
2015
01:36:26,000 --> 01:36:28,639
that's going to replicate
your genome for you
2016
01:36:28,639 --> 01:36:31,360
you've probably reached nirvana.
2017
01:36:31,360 --> 01:36:35,319
- These viral
invasions of DNA are rare events
2018
01:36:35,319 --> 01:36:38,800
occurring perhaps once in a million years.
2019
01:36:38,800 --> 01:36:42,200
Yet amazingly one is unfolding right now
2020
01:36:42,200 --> 01:36:43,959
in front of our eyes.
2021
01:36:46,119 --> 01:36:49,519
Veterinarian John Hanger
noticed that something unusual
2022
01:36:49,519 --> 01:36:52,839
was killing the Australian icon,
2023
01:36:52,839 --> 01:36:53,879
the koala.
2024
01:36:53,879 --> 01:36:55,119
- It seemed almost inevitable
2025
01:36:55,119 --> 01:36:58,680
if they rang me up and said,
"Oh we've got a sick koala,"
2026
01:36:58,680 --> 01:37:01,479
nine times out of ten it
was a koala that was sick
2027
01:37:01,479 --> 01:37:03,439
with leukemia or lymphoma.
2028
01:37:03,439 --> 01:37:04,879
It was so common.
2029
01:37:07,800 --> 01:37:09,319
- When he investigated
2030
01:37:09,319 --> 01:37:13,519
Hanger discovered a retrovirus
in the cancerous tissues.
2031
01:37:13,519 --> 01:37:15,319
- Every single koala that we looked at
2032
01:37:15,319 --> 01:37:19,119
and every single tissue that we isolated
2033
01:37:19,119 --> 01:37:20,959
some DNA from and tested
2034
01:37:20,959 --> 01:37:23,800
they were all positive for the retrovirus.
2035
01:37:23,800 --> 01:37:25,920
- It's the first time we see it.
2036
01:37:25,920 --> 01:37:27,280
On the other hand it's an example
2037
01:37:27,280 --> 01:37:29,879
of what we know has been happening
2038
01:37:29,879 --> 01:37:32,479
during evolution in any case.
2039
01:37:32,479 --> 01:37:34,039
(slow guitar music)
2040
01:37:34,039 --> 01:37:37,119
- We are the
survivors of viral invasions
2041
01:37:37,119 --> 01:37:40,600
like the one that is waging war on koalas.
2042
01:37:41,560 --> 01:37:45,039
Human DNA is littered
with the fossil remains
2043
01:37:45,039 --> 01:37:47,600
of these ancient battles.
2044
01:37:47,600 --> 01:37:48,879
- It's amazing really
2045
01:37:48,879 --> 01:37:51,720
about 8% of our DNA sequences
2046
01:37:53,319 --> 01:37:55,239
in our human DNA
2047
01:37:55,239 --> 01:37:58,319
is derived from retroviruses.
2048
01:37:58,319 --> 01:38:02,119
We are chock a block
with fossil retroviruses.
2049
01:38:05,280 --> 01:38:07,119
- Until recently these genes
2050
01:38:07,119 --> 01:38:11,280
were considered insignificant,
nothing more than junk,
2051
01:38:13,680 --> 01:38:16,839
but we now understand
that these genetic fossils
2052
01:38:16,839 --> 01:38:20,879
have actually played a
key role in evolution.
2053
01:38:20,879 --> 01:38:25,039
In fact without them we couldn't be born.
2054
01:38:25,039 --> 01:38:28,319
The same trick a virus
uses to infect cells
2055
01:38:28,319 --> 01:38:31,319
now allows a mother and
fetus to fuse together
2056
01:38:31,319 --> 01:38:33,039
through the placenta.
2057
01:38:34,079 --> 01:38:37,800
- This makes a very good efficient barrier
2058
01:38:37,800 --> 01:38:41,239
between the mother and the fetus
2059
01:38:41,239 --> 01:38:44,479
that is protective but allows nutrients
2060
01:38:45,400 --> 01:38:48,159
and oxygen to get across.
2061
01:38:48,159 --> 01:38:52,560
Thanks to a protein that was
once millions of years ago
2062
01:38:52,560 --> 01:38:56,239
a protein used by the
virus to infect cells.
2063
01:38:57,079 --> 01:38:57,920
- We shouldn't think of them
2064
01:38:57,920 --> 01:39:00,759
as a scary part of our machinery.
2065
01:39:00,759 --> 01:39:04,920
They're an absolutely essential
component of what we are.
2066
01:39:06,680 --> 01:39:09,879
- An ancient
retrovirus now intimately bonds
2067
01:39:09,879 --> 01:39:12,039
with every person on Earth
2068
01:39:13,000 --> 01:39:15,600
and it's just one of the trillions
2069
01:39:15,600 --> 01:39:18,159
of organisms that call us home.
2070
01:39:20,680 --> 01:39:22,680
Microbes define our life
2071
01:39:23,519 --> 01:39:26,119
and even our evolution.
2072
01:39:26,119 --> 01:39:27,360
- Would your personality be different
2073
01:39:27,360 --> 01:39:28,439
without all your microbes?
2074
01:39:28,439 --> 01:39:30,280
I think probably.
2075
01:39:30,280 --> 01:39:32,239
Would what you get from
your food be different?
2076
01:39:32,239 --> 01:39:33,680
Certainly.
2077
01:39:33,680 --> 01:39:38,639
Would you differ in other ways
we haven't yet thought about?
2078
01:39:38,639 --> 01:39:40,039
Almost assuredly.
2079
01:39:41,519 --> 01:39:45,680
And so our existence is part
of this complexity of life.
2080
01:39:47,400 --> 01:39:49,879
(intense music)
2081
01:39:49,879 --> 01:39:52,360
(baby crying)
2082
01:39:53,680 --> 01:39:56,159
- We are not alone.
2083
01:39:57,119 --> 01:40:00,519
From the moment we are born until we die
2084
01:40:00,519 --> 01:40:03,639
we live in a delicately
balanced relationship
2085
01:40:03,639 --> 01:40:05,800
with our private wildlife.
2086
01:40:07,639 --> 01:40:10,000
We are more than human.
2087
01:40:10,000 --> 01:40:12,879
Together we have become superhuman.
2088
01:40:14,280 --> 01:40:17,600
(high intensity music)
151244
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