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[Music]
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throughout the glorious and terrible
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history of conquest one
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towers above them all
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one warrior one King one legend
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Alexander the Great never in all the
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world was there another like born of a
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ruthless mother he believed that she was
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a consort of some higher being educated
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by a brilliant philosopher one of the
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most influential thinkers in the world
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Aristotle driven by a domineering father
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they swiftly drew their swords them that
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what really flowed a Macedonian warrior
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at 14 a general at 18 King at 20
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commanding 40,000 troops hungry for
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total war leaving a grand legacy and
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that endured to this day
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[Music]
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more than two thousand years ago this
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was the home of a man who many consider
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to be the greatest warrior in history we
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are in northern Greece at the remains of
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the ancient city of Pella where once
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stood the palace of king philip ii of
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macedon the father of Alexander the
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Great
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in the 4th century BC Alexander was
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raised here to conquer the world we are
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going to explore the journey of those
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conquests which spanned 12 years
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22,000 miles and covered the territories
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of what are now Greece Turkey Lebanon
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Egypt Iran Iraq Afghanistan and Pakistan
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we're going to examine the complex
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personality of a man who may have
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considered himself to be a god
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yet who died a mere mortal at the age of
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32 like Alexander we too have a mission
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to answer questions that have been
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debated by historians for centuries who
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was Alexander what drove him on and how
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could he at such a young age have
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conquered such a vast empire
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most of what we know about Alexander the
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Great
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comes from four ancient historians who
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wrote several hundred years after
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Alexander died in 323 BC they based
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their manuscripts on the journals of men
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who lived and fought alongside the
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legendary warrior the historians include
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Arian a Greek author and statesman
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Diodorus of Sicily hirtius Rufus of Rome
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and the Greek philosopher Plutarch the
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only writer to document Alexander's
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boyhood and devote considerable time to
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analyzing his character when a portrait
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painter sets out to create a likeness he
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relies above all upon the face in the
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expression of the eyes and pays less
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attention to the other parts of the body
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in the same way it is my task to dwell
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upon those actions which illuminate the
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workings of the soul and so we begin the
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astonishing tale
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whose short life of 32 years gave him
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historic immortality
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it is 356 BC the year of Alexander's
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birth in an area of northern Greece
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known as Macedonia or Macedon king
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philip ii rules a population that other
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Greeks consider inferior we get this
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impression that the Macedonians are
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barely literate that they are boorish
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that they are beneath the high level of
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culture that is exhibited by many
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Athenians and and furthermore that
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they're dangerous as represented by the
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king philip ii but the Macedonians are
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very wealthy they control areas filled
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with gold and silver mines Philip
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exploit these riches to the fullest
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he assembles trains and equips an army
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that is one of the finest in the world
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[Music]
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the reign of Philip with a developing
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awful shock for them that this
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disorganized Macedonian Kingdom had
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suddenly become organized thanks to the
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minds it had enormous economic power but
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where there is power there is also
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passion in 357 BC at age 26
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Philip becomes passionately involved
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with a young woman named Olympius from
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the Greek region of Epirus
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he asks her hand in marriage and
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Olympius agrees to become one of his
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numerous brides
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he certainly did have the reputation of
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the married afresh wife with every
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campaign he undertook the object of that
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room hot be that he wanted to make
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himself diplomatically safe by
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contracting these various alliances
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Phillip is smitten with the beauty of
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Olympius but he is not fully aware that
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she has an eccentric wild side
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associating herself with mystic cults
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and mythologies she's a fiery character
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and she is political she is religious
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but above all she's domestic
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make no mistake about it Olympia's main
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interest throughout her life was clearly
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getting her son Alexander onto the
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throne I think she was as far as the
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succession of her son Alexander was
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concerned absolutely ruthless
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Philips marriage to Olympius brings the
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king greater worries and challenges than
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he ever faced on a field of battle on
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the night before the marriage was
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consummated the bride dreamed that her
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womb was struck by a thunderbolt Philip
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saw himself in a dream in the act of
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sealing up his wife's womb and upon the
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seal there was the figure of a lion at
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another time a serpent was seen
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stretched out that Olympus's side as she
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slept and this weekend Philips passion
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and cooled his affection for her from
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that time on he seldom came to sleep
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with her either he was afraid she would
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cast an evil spell upon him or else he
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believed that she was a consort of some
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higher being
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the relationship between Filip and
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Olympius is destined to be a tumultuous
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one
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Philip himself secretly witnesses this
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serpent lying in bed with Olympius the
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experience concerns him greatly as the
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king of all Greek gods Zeus is
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frequently represented in the form of a
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serpent Philip feels a burning desire to
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find out if the child to be born to
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Olympius was fathered by himself or
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possibly though unimaginably by Zeus
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there is only one place for Philip to
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obtain an answer the Oracle of Apollo at
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Delphi
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this is how Delfy appeared in the fourth
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century BC a bustling center of worship
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Commerce and athletic competition
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this is Delfy today the columns of the
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temple of apollo still stand
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majestically on a magnificent hillside
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overlooking the Gulf of Corinth
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[Music]
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for us when we hear the word the Oracle
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of Delphi what we understand is the
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place the person is the Prophet what C
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told us was a prophecy so that's the
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holy place that is dedicated to Apollo
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and Apollo was the Sun God the god of
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music and poetry on the other hand in
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Delphi Apollo could tell people the
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future so he had that special charisma
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therefore we call it an Oracle so that's
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the Oracle of Delphi inside the Oracle
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you can see the Treasuries the starts
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use the dedications the temple that's
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the most important building
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[Music]
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underneath was the cellar the holy room
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our Vuitton there was the priestess from
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there they would tell people the future
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in the months before Alexander's birth
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in 356 BC there is only one question
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that Philip wants to ask the Oracle at
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Delphi will his child be the son of a
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mortal or a God
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Philip sends an emissary here to Delfy
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to consult with the oracle of apollo
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about the meaning of what he is
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witnessed the oracle while not directly
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acknowledging that alexander would be
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the son of a god tells philip to make
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sacrifices to zeus and to revere him
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above all other deities the oracle adds
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that philip will lose the sight of the
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eye with which he peered through into
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the bedroom and saw Olympius with the
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serpent a prophecy which is fulfilled
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two years later when philip is seriously
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wounded in battle stories such as this
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reported by ancient historians are
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viewed with skepticism today everybody
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says oh well you look through the
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keyhole there is your wife frolicking
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around with a great anaconda you know it
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tends perhaps to something put you off
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your mark a little
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regardless of his status as a deity the
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child born to Olympius during the summer
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of 356 BC
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is destined to bring triumph and tragedy
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to his homeland his family and himself
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as Alexander the Great
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[Music]
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at the time of Alexander the Great's
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birth in 356 BC the troops of philip ii
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are engaged in expanding his kingdom
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two cities in the Macedonian region of
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northern Greece are prominent eg now
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called Virgina is the first Macedonian
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capital and continues to be an active
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place of ancestral worship politics and
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art
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remains of a large palace still exist as
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well as an outdoor theater where
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celebrations performances and athletic
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competitions are held
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in the 4th century BC Pella becomes the
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active Macedonian capital and home of
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king philip ii this is where Alexander
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the Great
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grows up he lives a life of royalty but
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he is by no means a spoiled rich kid his
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ambition and curiosity about the world
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are limitless Alexander is a boy of
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incredible intellect his favorite author
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is Homer and he regularly sleeps with a
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copy of Homer's poems by his bedside at
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Pella he is educated in a school
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reserved for the children of Macedonian
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nobility at this Academy is given the
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finest training academic athletic and
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military but at the age of 13 an event
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occurs which convinces Philip that his
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son's intelligence is only surpassed by
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his courage there came a day when Phil
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annika surface alien brought Philip a
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horse named Bucephalus which he offered
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herself for 13 talents the king and his
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friends went down to the plain towards
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the horses giants and came to the
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conclusion that he was wild and
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unmanageable Philip ordered it to be led
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away but Alexander who was standing
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close by he remarked what a horse
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they're losing and all because they do
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not know how to handle him or dare not
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try Alexander worked quickly up the
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Bucephalus took hold of his bridle and
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turned him towards the Sun for he had
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noticed that the horse was shying at the
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sight of his own shadow
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[Music]
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Alexander vaulted safely in his back he
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urged them forward using a commanding
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voice and a touch of a food at first
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Philip and his friends held their breath
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and looked on in an agony of surprise
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until they saw Alexander Rybak
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triumphant
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[Music]
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his father we're doing actually wept for
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joy when Alexander had this mountain he
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kissed him and said my boy
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you must find the kingdom big enough for
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your ambitions Macedonia is too small
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for you wither factor fiction legend has
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it that Bucephalus becomes Alexander's
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favorite horse one he ultimately rides
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into battle for years to come
277
00:14:14,389 --> 00:14:18,319
King Phillip is so impressed with his
278
00:14:16,220 --> 00:14:20,360
son he decides that the teachers at the
279
00:14:18,320 --> 00:14:22,480
Macedonian port do not provide him with
280
00:14:20,360 --> 00:14:25,820
the intellectual challenge he deserves
281
00:14:22,480 --> 00:14:27,710
Phillip brings in a new tutor a man who
282
00:14:25,820 --> 00:14:30,129
has gone down in history as one of the
283
00:14:27,710 --> 00:14:33,379
most influential thinkers in the world
284
00:14:30,129 --> 00:14:35,929
Aristotle Phillip also provides his son
285
00:14:33,379 --> 00:14:38,259
with a magical environment in which to
286
00:14:35,929 --> 00:14:38,259
learn
287
00:14:39,600 --> 00:14:45,089
this is the precinct of the Nimitz at
288
00:14:42,299 --> 00:14:46,919
Musa part of the legendary gardens of
289
00:14:45,089 --> 00:14:50,070
Midas
290
00:14:46,919 --> 00:14:52,458
these streams grottoes and shaded walks
291
00:14:50,070 --> 00:14:54,540
were believed to be sacred to the Nimbus
292
00:14:52,458 --> 00:14:58,189
mythological goddesses who were the
293
00:14:54,539 --> 00:15:00,719
spirits of nature according to Plutarch
294
00:14:58,190 --> 00:15:03,019
Alexander used to say that his father
295
00:15:00,720 --> 00:15:06,269
Philip had given him the gift of life
296
00:15:03,019 --> 00:15:09,060
but Aristotle had taught him how to live
297
00:15:06,269 --> 00:15:11,879
well each day as a young teenager
298
00:15:09,059 --> 00:15:16,638
Alexander would walk this path towards
299
00:15:11,879 --> 00:15:16,639
the cave where Aristotle teaches
300
00:15:20,820 --> 00:15:24,670
Aristotle was one of the widest ranging
301
00:15:23,350 --> 00:15:27,070
minds that ever lived
302
00:15:24,669 --> 00:15:29,699
a philosopher whose teachings covered
303
00:15:27,070 --> 00:15:33,610
ethics politics music medicine
304
00:15:29,700 --> 00:15:37,629
embryology astronomy botany magnets
305
00:15:33,610 --> 00:15:40,778
optics history zoology rhetoric poetry
306
00:15:37,629 --> 00:15:43,059
and most important curiosity
307
00:15:40,778 --> 00:15:46,289
he teaches Alexander to make no
308
00:15:43,059 --> 00:15:49,419
assumptions every situation is different
309
00:15:46,289 --> 00:15:52,599
organize analyze the facts before
310
00:15:49,419 --> 00:15:54,579
drawing conclusions add this to
311
00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:58,800
Alexander's natural spontaneity and you
312
00:15:54,580 --> 00:15:58,800
have a recipe for genius
313
00:16:00,070 --> 00:16:05,320
it is at this time when Alexander moves
314
00:16:03,009 --> 00:16:07,299
from adolescence into manhood that he
315
00:16:05,320 --> 00:16:10,090
meets have feast children the son of a
316
00:16:07,299 --> 00:16:12,969
Macedonian noblemen have feasted
317
00:16:10,090 --> 00:16:15,820
ultimately becomes Alexander's closest
318
00:16:12,970 --> 00:16:20,410
friend and many believe an intimate
319
00:16:15,820 --> 00:16:24,310
companion as Alexander was dragged into
320
00:16:20,409 --> 00:16:27,879
a teenager both Philip and Olympius was
321
00:16:24,309 --> 00:16:31,389
scared that he was growing up as what
322
00:16:27,879 --> 00:16:36,279
the Greeks call a guineas which is a
323
00:16:31,389 --> 00:16:38,889
femme homosexual and in order to put him
324
00:16:36,279 --> 00:16:42,519
right what they both suggested was
325
00:16:38,889 --> 00:16:45,909
importing high-class call girls to show
326
00:16:42,519 --> 00:16:50,559
him what he should be up to and it does
327
00:16:45,909 --> 00:16:55,689
raise the question of what do you do if
328
00:16:50,559 --> 00:16:59,669
you are a slightly feminine youth with
329
00:16:55,690 --> 00:17:03,689
an ultra masculine heavily bearded
330
00:16:59,669 --> 00:17:08,349
militarily a successful hard-drinking
331
00:17:03,688 --> 00:17:13,259
dominant alpha male father and it does
332
00:17:08,349 --> 00:17:16,509
make one wonder whether the lifelong
333
00:17:13,259 --> 00:17:19,838
devotion and friendship that he had with
334
00:17:16,509 --> 00:17:25,199
efficient it was with the one person
335
00:17:19,838 --> 00:17:25,198
with whom he could relax and be himself
336
00:17:26,449 --> 00:17:31,529
what really motivated Alexander in which
337
00:17:29,519 --> 00:17:34,500
is I think what everyone coming to grips
338
00:17:31,529 --> 00:17:36,779
with him has to realize is he enjoyed
339
00:17:34,500 --> 00:17:39,869
the problems involved in putting
340
00:17:36,779 --> 00:17:42,660
together a massive army and using that
341
00:17:39,869 --> 00:17:45,599
massive army to gain strategic
342
00:17:42,660 --> 00:17:47,190
objectives that's what turned him on in
343
00:17:45,599 --> 00:17:49,529
a sort of brutal way he would say
344
00:17:47,190 --> 00:17:51,840
killing other armies is what really
345
00:17:49,529 --> 00:17:53,730
turned him on and for him that was much
346
00:17:51,839 --> 00:17:56,389
more of a rush than the kind of rush he
347
00:17:53,730 --> 00:17:58,549
got from sex
348
00:17:56,390 --> 00:18:01,850
it is believed that the philosophy of
349
00:17:58,549 --> 00:18:04,039
Aristotle the warrior instinct of Philip
350
00:18:01,849 --> 00:18:06,619
and the passion for mythology of
351
00:18:04,039 --> 00:18:10,519
Olympius combined to create the
352
00:18:06,619 --> 00:18:12,169
extraordinary human being Alexander he
353
00:18:10,519 --> 00:18:15,109
would soon have his first chance to
354
00:18:12,170 --> 00:18:17,750
prove himself on a battlefield but he
355
00:18:15,109 --> 00:18:19,569
would also make an enemy of his own
356
00:18:17,750 --> 00:18:27,390
father
357
00:18:19,569 --> 00:18:31,889
[Music]
358
00:18:27,390 --> 00:18:36,900
340 BC king philip ii of macedon father
359
00:18:31,890 --> 00:18:42,660
of 16 year old Alexander is at war his
360
00:18:36,900 --> 00:18:45,420
goal to control Greece the Macedonian
361
00:18:42,660 --> 00:18:48,570
phalanx is Philips most powerful tool of
362
00:18:45,420 --> 00:18:51,420
war highly trained soldiers carrying
363
00:18:48,569 --> 00:18:54,919
Pike's or ceressus marching in tight
364
00:18:51,420 --> 00:18:58,350
formation a massive moving war machine
365
00:18:54,920 --> 00:19:00,419
practically unstoppable Philip adapted
366
00:18:58,349 --> 00:19:05,548
the formation from the traditional Greek
367
00:19:00,419 --> 00:19:08,520
phalanx the main difference with Philips
368
00:19:05,548 --> 00:19:10,529
phalanx is the fact that the body armor
369
00:19:08,519 --> 00:19:13,200
of the individual infantry soldier is
370
00:19:10,529 --> 00:19:17,099
less but it's compensated for by the
371
00:19:13,200 --> 00:19:20,548
fact that the soldier carries a pipe the
372
00:19:17,099 --> 00:19:23,039
pike is between 15 and 18 feet long it's
373
00:19:20,548 --> 00:19:25,500
got a counterweight on the end which is
374
00:19:23,039 --> 00:19:28,079
closest to the soldier which allows the
375
00:19:25,500 --> 00:19:30,630
fulcrum to move back so that the end of
376
00:19:28,079 --> 00:19:33,359
the pike can be lifted now of course if
377
00:19:30,630 --> 00:19:35,100
you've got a pike that's 15 to 18 feet
378
00:19:33,359 --> 00:19:37,709
long you have to drill those men
379
00:19:35,099 --> 00:19:39,980
extremely well so that they can move
380
00:19:37,710 --> 00:19:39,980
them around
381
00:19:40,119 --> 00:19:44,048
if you are faced with a macedonian
382
00:19:43,329 --> 00:19:48,119
phallanx
383
00:19:44,048 --> 00:19:52,179
you're faced with a front thousands wide
384
00:19:48,119 --> 00:19:55,928
with these pipes you had this enormous
385
00:19:52,179 --> 00:19:59,528
hedge of Lisa still coming at you and
386
00:19:55,929 --> 00:20:02,200
you just couldn't reach the opposition
387
00:19:59,528 --> 00:20:05,140
with your own much shorter thrusting
388
00:20:02,200 --> 00:20:07,808
shields so provided the Phalanx kept
389
00:20:05,140 --> 00:20:11,200
leveled to nickel just literally walked
390
00:20:07,808 --> 00:20:13,069
through any opposition which it did
391
00:20:11,200 --> 00:20:16,049
[Music]
392
00:20:13,069 --> 00:20:20,039
by the time Alexander turned 16
393
00:20:16,049 --> 00:20:21,869
Philip controls most of Greece but when
394
00:20:20,039 --> 00:20:27,839
news of each additional triumph reaches
395
00:20:21,869 --> 00:20:29,549
Alexander he shows no pride whenever he
396
00:20:27,839 --> 00:20:31,919
heard that Philip had captured some
397
00:20:29,549 --> 00:20:34,799
famous city or won an overwhelming
398
00:20:31,920 --> 00:20:37,140
victory Alexander would show no pleasure
399
00:20:34,799 --> 00:20:40,259
at the news but would declare to his
400
00:20:37,140 --> 00:20:42,480
friends boys my father were forced all
401
00:20:40,259 --> 00:20:44,609
mean everything there will be nothing
402
00:20:42,480 --> 00:20:47,549
great or spectacular for you and for me
403
00:20:44,609 --> 00:20:49,289
to show to the world Alexander had no
404
00:20:47,549 --> 00:20:51,539
desire to inherit a kingdom which
405
00:20:49,289 --> 00:20:54,269
offered him riches luxuries and the
406
00:20:51,539 --> 00:20:56,869
pleasure of the senses his choice was a
407
00:20:54,269 --> 00:21:01,109
life of struggle of wars and of
408
00:20:56,869 --> 00:21:04,879
unrelenting ambition at the ancient
409
00:21:01,109 --> 00:21:07,919
Macedonian capital of AG in 339 BC
410
00:21:04,880 --> 00:21:09,750
Alexander spends much time studying the
411
00:21:07,920 --> 00:21:13,769
records and accounts of his father's
412
00:21:09,750 --> 00:21:16,619
exploits it is obvious to many that he
413
00:21:13,769 --> 00:21:19,680
grows increasingly anxious to engage in
414
00:21:16,619 --> 00:21:23,849
battle and that one day he will lead his
415
00:21:19,680 --> 00:21:26,250
own conquests on one occasion when
416
00:21:23,849 --> 00:21:27,769
Philip is away from AG some ambassadors
417
00:21:26,250 --> 00:21:29,910
from Persia arrive
418
00:21:27,769 --> 00:21:31,920
Alexander receives them in his father's
419
00:21:29,910 --> 00:21:34,080
place and impresses them greatly with
420
00:21:31,920 --> 00:21:36,450
his intelligence his maturity and his
421
00:21:34,079 --> 00:21:38,549
knowledge of politics they come away
422
00:21:36,450 --> 00:21:40,920
convinced that Philips reputation for
423
00:21:38,549 --> 00:21:43,230
astute Ness is nothing compared to the
424
00:21:40,920 --> 00:21:46,670
adventurous spirit and dangerous
425
00:21:43,230 --> 00:21:46,670
ambitions of his son
426
00:21:47,299 --> 00:21:53,639
but Phillip also continues to have
427
00:21:50,009 --> 00:21:55,440
ambition to control Greece standing in
428
00:21:53,640 --> 00:21:58,230
his way are his two most formidable
429
00:21:55,440 --> 00:21:58,990
opponents the armies of Thebes and
430
00:21:58,230 --> 00:22:00,920
Athens
431
00:21:58,990 --> 00:22:04,039
[Music]
432
00:22:00,920 --> 00:22:07,430
in particular a unique group of soldiers
433
00:22:04,039 --> 00:22:11,149
has a ferocious reputation the sacred
434
00:22:07,430 --> 00:22:14,480
band of thebes is made up of 150 couples
435
00:22:11,150 --> 00:22:16,310
of male lovers who eat together sleep
436
00:22:14,480 --> 00:22:19,579
together and fight together
437
00:22:16,309 --> 00:22:24,500
never retreating always fighting to the
438
00:22:19,579 --> 00:22:27,079
death to further challenge philip the
439
00:22:24,500 --> 00:22:29,509
Thebans and athenians had been supported
440
00:22:27,079 --> 00:22:33,769
with weapons soldiers and money from
441
00:22:29,509 --> 00:22:36,650
persia consider the world's most
442
00:22:33,769 --> 00:22:38,599
powerful nation the Persian king knows
443
00:22:36,650 --> 00:22:43,180
that a Philip completes his conquest of
444
00:22:38,599 --> 00:22:43,179
Greece he has Persia in his sights
445
00:22:45,309 --> 00:22:50,210
Philips motive is revenge for a
446
00:22:48,259 --> 00:22:52,220
generation of Persian meddling in the
447
00:22:50,210 --> 00:22:55,970
political affairs of both Greece and
448
00:22:52,220 --> 00:22:58,130
Macedon the Persian rulers would be
449
00:22:55,970 --> 00:23:02,319
pleased to see Philips ambition halted
450
00:22:58,130 --> 00:23:02,320
by the troops of Thebes and Athens
451
00:23:03,039 --> 00:23:06,579
the showdown is to occur at a place
452
00:23:05,559 --> 00:23:11,679
called Chaeronea
453
00:23:06,579 --> 00:23:15,579
in central Greece today a vast sea of
454
00:23:11,680 --> 00:23:18,460
cotton fields a defeat for Phillip would
455
00:23:15,579 --> 00:23:20,649
mean the end of his conquests a victory
456
00:23:18,460 --> 00:23:28,150
would motivate him to move his army
457
00:23:20,650 --> 00:23:30,700
toward Asia in August 338 BC the day
458
00:23:28,150 --> 00:23:32,550
arrives for the battle at Chaeronea to
459
00:23:30,700 --> 00:23:34,630
take place
460
00:23:32,549 --> 00:23:37,839
Alexander is 18
461
00:23:34,630 --> 00:23:43,180
Philip decides it is time for his son to
462
00:23:37,839 --> 00:23:45,459
become a Macedonian commander he places
463
00:23:43,180 --> 00:23:48,490
him in charge of the companion cavalry a
464
00:23:45,460 --> 00:23:51,190
force of 2,000 horsemen who always
465
00:23:48,490 --> 00:23:53,769
perform a key strategic role in Philips
466
00:23:51,190 --> 00:23:57,580
battles attacking the enemy from a
467
00:23:53,769 --> 00:24:00,339
flight position it is with the battle at
468
00:23:57,579 --> 00:24:04,919
Chaeronea that the historian Diodorus
469
00:24:00,339 --> 00:24:04,919
begins his accounts of Alexander's life
470
00:24:04,950 --> 00:24:10,630
the armies deployed at dawn and the king
471
00:24:08,230 --> 00:24:13,000
stationed his son Alexander young in age
472
00:24:10,630 --> 00:24:16,090
but noted for his valor and swiftness of
473
00:24:13,000 --> 00:24:18,279
action on one wing placing beside him
474
00:24:16,089 --> 00:24:21,189
his most seasoned generals while he
475
00:24:18,279 --> 00:24:23,920
himself at the head of pikmin exercised
476
00:24:21,190 --> 00:24:25,480
the command over the other individual
477
00:24:23,920 --> 00:24:28,720
units were stationed where the occasion
478
00:24:25,480 --> 00:24:30,759
required on the other side dividing the
479
00:24:28,720 --> 00:24:32,589
line according to nationality the
480
00:24:30,759 --> 00:24:35,019
athenians assigned one wing to the
481
00:24:32,589 --> 00:24:36,589
Thebans and kept command of the others
482
00:24:35,019 --> 00:24:38,900
themselves
483
00:24:36,589 --> 00:24:43,849
I am standing on the site of the Battle
484
00:24:38,900 --> 00:24:45,740
of Chaeronea King Phillip begins the
485
00:24:43,849 --> 00:24:48,369
battle by sending his Macedonian phalanx
486
00:24:45,740 --> 00:24:48,370
forward
487
00:24:52,799 --> 00:24:57,559
they smash into the Athenian left-wing
488
00:24:59,680 --> 00:25:05,110
but suddenly the signal for a treat is
489
00:25:02,289 --> 00:25:07,539
given now for a masked facts of infantry
490
00:25:05,109 --> 00:25:09,399
to move backwards keeping formation is
491
00:25:07,539 --> 00:25:11,319
an almost impossible achievement only
492
00:25:09,400 --> 00:25:13,920
made possible because these are the
493
00:25:11,319 --> 00:25:16,779
finest infantry troops in the world
494
00:25:13,920 --> 00:25:18,850
the Athenians and their allies now move
495
00:25:16,779 --> 00:25:20,319
forwards and were left across the
496
00:25:18,849 --> 00:25:22,839
battlefield toward to be apparently
497
00:25:20,319 --> 00:25:24,819
retreating Macedonians but the Thebans
498
00:25:22,839 --> 00:25:26,980
of more disciplined troops stay where
499
00:25:24,819 --> 00:25:29,379
they are which turns out to be a mistake
500
00:25:26,980 --> 00:25:32,740
because between the Thebans and the
501
00:25:29,380 --> 00:25:37,030
Allies a gap opens up and that gap is
502
00:25:32,740 --> 00:25:40,029
seen by Alexander he's waiting with the
503
00:25:37,029 --> 00:25:42,940
cavalry when he sees that gap he charges
504
00:25:40,029 --> 00:25:45,009
forward smashes through it he encircled
505
00:25:42,940 --> 00:25:48,400
the Thebans and is able to attack the
506
00:25:45,009 --> 00:25:50,890
Allies in their flank at the same time
507
00:25:48,400 --> 00:25:54,450
the Macedonian phalanx now stops and
508
00:25:50,890 --> 00:25:54,450
starts to advance
509
00:25:55,849 --> 00:26:01,769
they steamroller through the Athenians
510
00:25:58,660 --> 00:26:03,369
cut them down
511
00:26:01,769 --> 00:26:07,849
[Applause]
512
00:26:03,368 --> 00:26:08,778
2,000 of them surrender the Thebans are
513
00:26:07,849 --> 00:26:11,269
not so lucky
514
00:26:08,778 --> 00:26:13,849
completely surrounded by Alexander and
515
00:26:11,269 --> 00:26:16,179
his cavalry they are killed almost to a
516
00:26:13,849 --> 00:26:16,178
man
517
00:26:19,250 --> 00:26:24,869
following the bloody battle in August
518
00:26:21,509 --> 00:26:28,190
338 BC the fields of Chaeronea are
519
00:26:24,869 --> 00:26:28,189
filled with carnage
520
00:26:28,720 --> 00:26:34,279
[Music]
521
00:26:30,970 --> 00:26:39,980
Philip with the aid of his son achieves
522
00:26:34,279 --> 00:26:42,109
his goal of controlling Greece the
523
00:26:39,980 --> 00:26:44,720
sacred band of Thebes is buried here
524
00:26:42,109 --> 00:26:47,329
underneath the statue of a lion the
525
00:26:44,720 --> 00:26:49,339
Athenian Dead were cremated the Battle
526
00:26:47,329 --> 00:26:51,710
of Chaeronea did two things on a
527
00:26:49,339 --> 00:26:53,779
personal level it proved Alexander to be
528
00:26:51,710 --> 00:26:55,309
an efficient and courageous commander of
529
00:26:53,779 --> 00:26:57,279
what was probably the finest cavalry
530
00:26:55,309 --> 00:26:59,569
force the world has ever seen
531
00:26:57,279 --> 00:27:01,609
politically it established Philips
532
00:26:59,569 --> 00:27:03,649
control over Athens and most of the
533
00:27:01,609 --> 00:27:04,279
Greek city-states he could afford to be
534
00:27:03,650 --> 00:27:06,259
generous
535
00:27:04,279 --> 00:27:08,859
he offered peace and the release of all
536
00:27:06,259 --> 00:27:11,660
prisoners his terms were accepted
537
00:27:08,859 --> 00:27:14,569
Alexander himself was sent with an honor
538
00:27:11,660 --> 00:27:17,180
guard to Athens bearing the ashes of the
539
00:27:14,569 --> 00:27:19,089
Athenian dead but relations between
540
00:27:17,180 --> 00:27:22,400
father and son were about to change
541
00:27:19,089 --> 00:27:25,959
never again would Philip trust Alexander
542
00:27:22,400 --> 00:27:25,960
with so important a task
543
00:27:28,319 --> 00:27:32,849
the Battle of Chaeronea could have been
544
00:27:30,329 --> 00:27:35,939
the beginning of a father-son Macedonian
545
00:27:32,849 --> 00:27:39,269
dynasty but the future holds in store a
546
00:27:35,940 --> 00:27:41,160
far different fate one that inspires not
547
00:27:39,269 --> 00:27:45,650
mutual respect between Philip and
548
00:27:41,160 --> 00:27:45,650
Alexander but hatred and distrust
549
00:27:49,920 --> 00:27:55,610
[Music]
550
00:27:53,279 --> 00:27:57,049
[Applause]
551
00:27:55,609 --> 00:28:01,189
[Music]
552
00:27:57,049 --> 00:28:04,960
by the fall of 338 BC can philip ii of
553
00:28:01,190 --> 00:28:07,759
macedon controls most of greece a
554
00:28:04,960 --> 00:28:09,590
decisive victory at cara mia' in which
555
00:28:07,759 --> 00:28:13,160
alexander plays a significant role
556
00:28:09,589 --> 00:28:16,069
defeating the athenians gives Macedonian
557
00:28:13,160 --> 00:28:19,820
troops respect for a new father-son
558
00:28:16,069 --> 00:28:21,950
leadership team by the time Alexander
559
00:28:19,819 --> 00:28:23,629
reaches the age of 18 he has proven
560
00:28:21,950 --> 00:28:26,090
himself a worthy successor to his
561
00:28:23,630 --> 00:28:28,460
Father's throne he naturally assumes
562
00:28:26,089 --> 00:28:31,459
that this palace at AG will one day be
563
00:28:28,460 --> 00:28:33,079
his to rule and to call home but a
564
00:28:31,460 --> 00:28:35,860
series of events alters those
565
00:28:33,079 --> 00:28:38,019
expectations events prompted not by war
566
00:28:35,859 --> 00:28:40,538
but by love
567
00:28:38,019 --> 00:28:42,368
[Music]
568
00:28:40,538 --> 00:28:44,888
within months of his victory at
569
00:28:42,368 --> 00:28:49,178
Chaeronea philip decides to take another
570
00:28:44,888 --> 00:28:52,838
bride 20 year old cleopatra from an
571
00:28:49,179 --> 00:28:56,919
elite macedonian family degrees to
572
00:28:52,838 --> 00:28:58,719
become his newest bride i think it came
573
00:28:56,919 --> 00:29:02,649
down to the fact that here he is a
574
00:28:58,719 --> 00:29:05,078
middle-aged man and he finds himself an
575
00:29:02,648 --> 00:29:06,939
appropriate young woman who will make a
576
00:29:05,078 --> 00:29:10,229
marriage alliance with a strong
577
00:29:06,940 --> 00:29:12,879
Macedonian family and he went for it
578
00:29:10,229 --> 00:29:15,219
here we've got a guy who's almost 50
579
00:29:12,878 --> 00:29:17,978
taking up with a woman who is you know
580
00:29:15,219 --> 00:29:20,849
30 years is younger so I'll let you draw
581
00:29:17,979 --> 00:29:20,848
the conclusions on that
582
00:29:21,609 --> 00:29:26,409
regardless of his reasoning Philips
583
00:29:24,130 --> 00:29:28,840
decision to Wed Cleopatra creates a
584
00:29:26,410 --> 00:29:32,890
major rift with Alexander and his mother
585
00:29:28,839 --> 00:29:35,589
Olympus should the Macedonian Cleopatra
586
00:29:32,890 --> 00:29:38,050
give birth to a male child the boy would
587
00:29:35,589 --> 00:29:42,009
take Alexander's place as legitimate
588
00:29:38,049 --> 00:29:44,710
heir to Philips throne for Alexander's
589
00:29:42,009 --> 00:29:50,500
mother is from Epirus not part of
590
00:29:44,710 --> 00:29:54,430
Macedonia Alexander who had been brought
591
00:29:50,500 --> 00:29:56,519
up on the Iliad and the flattery of his
592
00:29:54,430 --> 00:30:00,279
tutors that he was a second achilles
593
00:29:56,519 --> 00:30:05,619
fancied himself in the road on the other
594
00:30:00,279 --> 00:30:11,139
hand there was daddy who clearly had
595
00:30:05,619 --> 00:30:15,219
prior claim to the job and now daddy had
596
00:30:11,140 --> 00:30:20,280
remarried and was busy soaring children
597
00:30:15,220 --> 00:30:20,279
on Cleopatra as fast as he could go
598
00:30:20,400 --> 00:30:25,269
growing tension between family members
599
00:30:22,720 --> 00:30:29,309
comes to a head on the couple's wedding
600
00:30:25,269 --> 00:30:29,309
night in the fall of 338 BC
601
00:30:30,470 --> 00:30:35,160
the Macedonians were renowned for their
602
00:30:33,210 --> 00:30:41,910
drinking parties many of which took
603
00:30:35,160 --> 00:30:44,009
place right here in the palace following
604
00:30:41,910 --> 00:30:46,560
the wedding of Philip and Cleopatra the
605
00:30:44,009 --> 00:30:48,629
traditional Macedonian banquet takes
606
00:30:46,559 --> 00:30:52,169
place at which all the men become
607
00:30:48,630 --> 00:30:55,260
seriously drunk at Alice the bride's
608
00:30:52,170 --> 00:30:57,300
uncle raises a toast praying that the
609
00:30:55,259 --> 00:31:01,829
God's may bless the union with the
610
00:30:57,299 --> 00:31:03,930
legitimate heir to the throne enraged
611
00:31:01,829 --> 00:31:06,990
Alexander shouts out what do you take me
612
00:31:03,930 --> 00:31:09,600
for a bastard he curls a goblet of wine
613
00:31:06,990 --> 00:31:11,670
at a talisman Philip stands draws his
614
00:31:09,599 --> 00:31:17,959
sword advances across the room towards
615
00:31:11,670 --> 00:31:17,960
his son he's so drunk he trips and falls
616
00:31:19,989 --> 00:31:25,759
Alexandr jeers at his father saying here
617
00:31:23,808 --> 00:31:28,338
is the man who is planning to cross from
618
00:31:25,759 --> 00:31:32,499
europe into asia and he cannot even
619
00:31:28,338 --> 00:31:32,499
cross from one table to another
620
00:31:33,660 --> 00:31:39,710
[Music]
621
00:31:36,710 --> 00:31:42,500
this incident devastates a father-son
622
00:31:39,710 --> 00:31:47,090
relationship which took 18 years to
623
00:31:42,500 --> 00:31:49,669
build it destroys the potential of a
624
00:31:47,089 --> 00:31:55,759
military partnership upon which family
625
00:31:49,669 --> 00:31:57,919
dynasties are often founded following
626
00:31:55,759 --> 00:31:59,839
the scandalous wedding banquet Alexander
627
00:31:57,919 --> 00:32:02,360
and his mother Olympius go into exile
628
00:31:59,839 --> 00:32:04,579
but Philip soon realizes that the state
629
00:32:02,359 --> 00:32:06,139
needs a recognized heir to the throne
630
00:32:04,579 --> 00:32:08,960
and he needs a valuable military
631
00:32:06,140 --> 00:32:13,570
commander he convinces Alexander to
632
00:32:08,960 --> 00:32:15,769
return home but Olympius does not return
633
00:32:13,569 --> 00:32:17,990
despite the reconciliation there is no
634
00:32:15,769 --> 00:32:21,038
guarantee that Alexander will one day be
635
00:32:17,990 --> 00:32:25,278
king within a year of Philips marriage
636
00:32:21,038 --> 00:32:27,798
cleopatra gives birth to a son if Philip
637
00:32:25,278 --> 00:32:29,630
lives long enough the throne will not go
638
00:32:27,798 --> 00:32:30,379
to Alexander it will go to his
639
00:32:29,630 --> 00:32:34,510
half-brother
640
00:32:30,380 --> 00:32:34,510
a purebred Macedonian
641
00:32:35,630 --> 00:32:40,920
while the intense discord among Philip
642
00:32:38,400 --> 00:32:41,900
Alexander and Olympius is far from
643
00:32:40,920 --> 00:32:45,140
reconciled
644
00:32:41,900 --> 00:32:47,430
Philip now focuses on his ultimate goal
645
00:32:45,140 --> 00:32:50,100
with Greece under control
646
00:32:47,430 --> 00:32:54,180
he considers expanding his kingdom into
647
00:32:50,099 --> 00:32:56,159
Asia Philip sends a small expedition of
648
00:32:54,180 --> 00:32:59,610
troops under the command of his general
649
00:32:56,160 --> 00:33:01,920
Parmenio to Asia's western coasts to
650
00:32:59,609 --> 00:33:06,240
assess obstacles and establish a
651
00:33:01,920 --> 00:33:09,630
bridgehead plumeria was his senior
652
00:33:06,240 --> 00:33:12,240
general extremely important to him he
653
00:33:09,630 --> 00:33:16,530
was his right-hand man absolutely
654
00:33:12,240 --> 00:33:20,059
trusted he was also a conniving
655
00:33:16,529 --> 00:33:24,210
political bastard of the first order and
656
00:33:20,059 --> 00:33:27,509
his great advantage clearly was a his
657
00:33:24,210 --> 00:33:34,500
absolute loyalty to Philip and be his
658
00:33:27,509 --> 00:33:36,599
undoubted extreme skill as a general but
659
00:33:34,500 --> 00:33:39,930
before Philip himself risks the journey
660
00:33:36,599 --> 00:33:45,000
to Asia he decides once again to consult
661
00:33:39,930 --> 00:33:47,039
the garlands Philip sends an emissary to
662
00:33:45,000 --> 00:33:49,109
Delfy to ask whether or not he will
663
00:33:47,039 --> 00:33:52,649
conquer Darius the great king of Persia
664
00:33:49,109 --> 00:33:55,049
the answer he receives is ambiguous the
665
00:33:52,650 --> 00:33:55,820
ball is garland 'add the sacrifice is
666
00:33:55,049 --> 00:33:58,169
ready
667
00:33:55,819 --> 00:34:00,240
Philip interprets this to mean that
668
00:33:58,170 --> 00:34:02,850
Neriah will be slaughtered like a victim
669
00:34:00,240 --> 00:34:04,890
at the altar a true fulfillment of the
670
00:34:02,849 --> 00:34:06,349
prophecy however turns out to be quite
671
00:34:04,890 --> 00:34:09,059
different
672
00:34:06,349 --> 00:34:12,278
[Music]
673
00:34:09,059 --> 00:34:15,639
straightaway Philip sets in motion plans
674
00:34:12,278 --> 00:34:17,739
for gorgeous sacrifices he wanted as
675
00:34:15,639 --> 00:34:20,019
many Greeks as possible to take part in
676
00:34:17,739 --> 00:34:22,599
the festivities so he planned brilliant
677
00:34:20,018 --> 00:34:24,998
musical contests and lavish banquets for
678
00:34:22,599 --> 00:34:27,190
his friends and guests he was determined
679
00:34:24,998 --> 00:34:32,768
to show himself to the Greeks as an
680
00:34:27,190 --> 00:34:34,329
amiable person Philips celebration takes
681
00:34:32,768 --> 00:34:37,689
place on the palace grounds of the
682
00:34:34,329 --> 00:34:42,669
ancient capital city of Agee it is
683
00:34:37,690 --> 00:34:44,619
October of 336 BC this is the theatre in
684
00:34:42,668 --> 00:34:47,230
the grounds of the Royal Palace at egg G
685
00:34:44,619 --> 00:34:49,568
here thousands of Macedonians gather
686
00:34:47,230 --> 00:34:54,059
together with King Philip and Alexander
687
00:34:49,568 --> 00:34:54,058
for a festival in honor of the gods
688
00:35:01,980 --> 00:35:09,588
it's a happy occasion for all except one
689
00:35:04,619 --> 00:35:11,700
man pase Gnaeus a royal bodyguard
690
00:35:09,588 --> 00:35:14,849
according to the ancient historian
691
00:35:11,699 --> 00:35:17,819
Diodorus passe Gnaeus is beloved by
692
00:35:14,849 --> 00:35:19,650
philip because of his beauty but when
693
00:35:17,820 --> 00:35:23,280
the king becomes enamored of another
694
00:35:19,650 --> 00:35:24,900
young man passe Gnaeus reacts poorly he
695
00:35:23,280 --> 00:35:28,589
accuses the young man of being a
696
00:35:24,900 --> 00:35:29,760
promiscuous hermaphrodite for this post
697
00:35:28,588 --> 00:35:32,119
Aeneas is punished
698
00:35:29,760 --> 00:35:34,829
he is plied with wine until drunk
699
00:35:32,119 --> 00:35:37,320
unconscious he is thrown to the Kings
700
00:35:34,829 --> 00:35:40,769
mule drivers to abuse and drunken
701
00:35:37,320 --> 00:35:43,289
licentiousness later he complains to
702
00:35:40,769 --> 00:35:44,608
Philip about this abuse but the King
703
00:35:43,289 --> 00:35:48,329
takes no action against those
704
00:35:44,608 --> 00:35:52,519
responsible in anger boss Aeneas runs up
705
00:35:48,329 --> 00:35:52,519
to Philip stabs him and runs off
706
00:35:53,338 --> 00:35:57,588
but he is killed before making his
707
00:35:55,440 --> 00:35:57,588
escape
708
00:35:59,690 --> 00:36:03,570
Alexander rushes to his father but it's
709
00:36:02,849 --> 00:36:06,699
too late
710
00:36:03,570 --> 00:36:16,350
Philip dies in 336 BC
711
00:36:06,699 --> 00:36:18,399
[Music]
712
00:36:16,349 --> 00:36:21,759
conspiracy theories are immediately
713
00:36:18,400 --> 00:36:24,460
considered good Philips wife Olympius
714
00:36:21,760 --> 00:36:27,820
have been involved to assure her son
715
00:36:24,460 --> 00:36:30,340
Alexander inheriting the throne could
716
00:36:27,820 --> 00:36:32,830
Alexander himself have played a role in
717
00:36:30,340 --> 00:36:35,590
planning the assassination while such
718
00:36:32,829 --> 00:36:37,989
issues are investigated an even more
719
00:36:35,590 --> 00:36:42,130
important question of urgency must be
720
00:36:37,989 --> 00:36:44,579
decided will Greece accept Alexander as
721
00:36:42,130 --> 00:36:44,579
its king
722
00:36:46,179 --> 00:36:55,440
[Music]
723
00:36:52,250 --> 00:36:59,099
when king philip of macedon is killed in
724
00:36:55,440 --> 00:37:02,000
336 BC there is no doubt that his own
725
00:36:59,099 --> 00:37:04,260
bodyguard dealt the fatal blow
726
00:37:02,000 --> 00:37:06,599
but as with modern-day murders
727
00:37:04,260 --> 00:37:09,240
attributed to lone assassins questions
728
00:37:06,599 --> 00:37:11,990
arise about others being involved in the
729
00:37:09,239 --> 00:37:11,989
assassination plot
730
00:37:14,199 --> 00:37:20,449
conspiracy theories were thought of
731
00:37:16,849 --> 00:37:26,019
right from the beginning particularly
732
00:37:20,449 --> 00:37:30,199
after porcini as himself was very
733
00:37:26,019 --> 00:37:33,679
conveniently assassinated during the
734
00:37:30,199 --> 00:37:35,509
chase by Alexander's oldest school
735
00:37:33,679 --> 00:37:41,839
friends which would have made it
736
00:37:35,510 --> 00:37:46,190
impossible for him to talk the immediate
737
00:37:41,840 --> 00:37:49,820
suspicion fell on Olympius and strew
738
00:37:46,190 --> 00:37:52,690
Olympius on alexander and the truth we
739
00:37:49,820 --> 00:37:52,690
never gain to know
740
00:37:53,619 --> 00:38:00,369
[Music]
741
00:37:56,820 --> 00:38:02,110
after a ceremonial cremation Philips
742
00:38:00,369 --> 00:38:04,420
bones and most precious personal
743
00:38:02,110 --> 00:38:06,760
possessions are placed inside an
744
00:38:04,420 --> 00:38:10,240
elaborate burial chamber which is then
745
00:38:06,760 --> 00:38:12,970
covered with tons of soil by ancient
746
00:38:10,239 --> 00:38:22,739
custom the higher the mound the more
747
00:38:12,969 --> 00:38:24,939
important the person centuries later
748
00:38:22,739 --> 00:38:28,359
archeologists would consider this fact
749
00:38:24,940 --> 00:38:31,539
when deciding where first to dig in an
750
00:38:28,360 --> 00:38:38,170
area of Virgina Greece not far from the
751
00:38:31,539 --> 00:38:40,570
ancient royal palace and AG this is
752
00:38:38,170 --> 00:38:42,700
working philip ii was buried near his
753
00:38:40,570 --> 00:38:44,080
palace underneath a man-made mound of
754
00:38:42,699 --> 00:38:46,659
earth which has become known as the
755
00:38:44,079 --> 00:38:49,329
great tim ulis the tomb itself remained
756
00:38:46,659 --> 00:38:51,399
hidden for more than 2,000 years until
757
00:38:49,329 --> 00:38:53,940
discovered in 1977 by the greek
758
00:38:51,400 --> 00:38:57,099
archaeologist Manolis and veronica's
759
00:38:53,940 --> 00:39:01,889
fifteen years later a magnificent Museum
760
00:38:57,099 --> 00:39:01,889
was built literally inside the tomb ulis
761
00:39:02,639 --> 00:39:10,119
the Virgina museum is a marvel of modern
762
00:39:06,429 --> 00:39:12,250
architecture and design exquisitely
763
00:39:10,119 --> 00:39:13,029
exhibiting the items found in several
764
00:39:12,250 --> 00:39:16,378
tombs
765
00:39:13,030 --> 00:39:16,379
[Music]
766
00:39:20,000 --> 00:39:25,039
this is the burial chamber of philip ii
767
00:39:22,940 --> 00:39:26,990
when i first heard of this discovery i
768
00:39:25,039 --> 00:39:29,869
could hardly believe it an awkward many
769
00:39:26,989 --> 00:39:32,119
archaeologists know macedonian tomb on
770
00:39:29,869 --> 00:39:34,969
this scale had ever been discovered but
771
00:39:32,119 --> 00:39:37,339
here it is the facade is designed like a
772
00:39:34,969 --> 00:39:40,250
temple a marble entrance flanked by two
773
00:39:37,340 --> 00:39:42,710
half columns or pilasters above the
774
00:39:40,250 --> 00:39:44,769
entrance is a frieze with the painting
775
00:39:42,710 --> 00:39:47,840
of a royal hunt
776
00:39:44,769 --> 00:39:49,699
philip is depicted hunting lion boar and
777
00:39:47,840 --> 00:39:53,570
other wild animals in a macedonian
778
00:39:49,699 --> 00:39:56,480
forest here a young man on horseback
779
00:39:53,570 --> 00:40:00,740
prepares to throw his weapon this is
780
00:39:56,480 --> 00:40:02,929
Alexander himself to discover the tomb
781
00:40:00,739 --> 00:40:04,729
of Alexander the Great's father was
782
00:40:02,929 --> 00:40:06,019
remarkable enough but what the
783
00:40:04,730 --> 00:40:08,719
archaeologists were not prepared for
784
00:40:06,019 --> 00:40:10,519
what no one could even have imagined was
785
00:40:08,719 --> 00:40:13,359
the amazing treasure that they found
786
00:40:10,519 --> 00:40:13,360
inside
787
00:40:15,039 --> 00:40:23,679
incredibly the actual bones of philip ii
788
00:40:18,800 --> 00:40:23,680
were found inside this solid gold case
789
00:40:24,369 --> 00:40:31,269
also inside the burial chamber his
790
00:40:27,980 --> 00:40:31,269
gold-leafed crown
791
00:40:31,929 --> 00:40:38,219
and wore armor including breastplates
792
00:40:36,260 --> 00:40:41,330
helmets
793
00:40:38,219 --> 00:40:41,329
and shields
794
00:40:42,789 --> 00:40:48,130
following his father's burial Alexander
795
00:40:45,940 --> 00:40:50,289
immediately faces the greatest challenge
796
00:40:48,130 --> 00:40:53,050
of his young life proving to the
797
00:40:50,289 --> 00:41:01,630
citizens of Macedonia that he deserves
798
00:40:53,050 --> 00:41:03,960
to be king Alexander was only twenty
799
00:41:01,630 --> 00:41:06,220
years old when he inherited his kingdom
800
00:41:03,960 --> 00:41:09,150
which at that moment was beset by
801
00:41:06,219 --> 00:41:11,799
formidable jealousies and fumes
802
00:41:09,150 --> 00:41:14,590
Alexander's Macedonian advisors feared
803
00:41:11,800 --> 00:41:16,420
that a crisis was at hand and urged the
804
00:41:14,590 --> 00:41:19,150
young king to leave the Greek states to
805
00:41:16,420 --> 00:41:21,059
their own devices and refrain from using
806
00:41:19,150 --> 00:41:24,369
any force against them
807
00:41:21,059 --> 00:41:27,460
Alexander however shows the opposite
808
00:41:24,369 --> 00:41:30,190
course and decided that the only way to
809
00:41:27,460 --> 00:41:33,849
make his kingdom safe was to act with
810
00:41:30,190 --> 00:41:36,280
audacity and a lofty spirit he was
811
00:41:33,849 --> 00:41:38,440
certain that if he were to heal even a
812
00:41:36,280 --> 00:41:41,820
fraction of his authority all his
813
00:41:38,440 --> 00:41:44,619
enemies would attack him at once
814
00:41:41,820 --> 00:41:47,950
[Music]
815
00:41:44,619 --> 00:41:50,440
within six months Alexander leads the
816
00:41:47,949 --> 00:41:53,589
Macedonian army to regain control of
817
00:41:50,440 --> 00:41:56,510
Greece earning the respect of his troops
818
00:41:53,590 --> 00:41:59,869
with decisive courageous direction
819
00:41:56,510 --> 00:41:59,869
[Music]
820
00:42:00,820 --> 00:42:05,289
to the horror of Cleopatra who later
821
00:42:03,190 --> 00:42:07,840
commits suicide Alexander's mother
822
00:42:05,289 --> 00:42:11,380
Olympius orders the execution of Philips
823
00:42:07,840 --> 00:42:15,900
newborn son leaving himself as the only
824
00:42:11,380 --> 00:42:15,900
possible heir to the Macedonian throne
825
00:42:16,068 --> 00:42:22,038
King Alexander then turns his attention
826
00:42:19,829 --> 00:42:28,589
toward what would become his life's goal
827
00:42:22,039 --> 00:42:30,960
the conquest of Persia but first in the
828
00:42:28,588 --> 00:42:33,088
tradition of his father Alexander
829
00:42:30,960 --> 00:42:36,059
decides to seek counsel from the Oracle
830
00:42:33,088 --> 00:42:39,690
at Delphi to determine if he is indeed
831
00:42:36,059 --> 00:42:42,979
destined by the gods to defeat Duras and
832
00:42:39,690 --> 00:42:42,979
rule all of Asia
833
00:42:43,559 --> 00:42:49,409
unlike Philip however who always sent an
834
00:42:46,260 --> 00:42:56,790
emissary Alexander goes himself in
835
00:42:49,409 --> 00:42:58,649
November of 335 BC when Alexander
836
00:42:56,789 --> 00:42:59,789
arrives here at Delphi he is told that
837
00:42:58,650 --> 00:43:02,099
he has come at the wrong time of year
838
00:42:59,789 --> 00:43:02,849
the Oracle cannot be consulted during
839
00:43:02,099 --> 00:43:06,029
the winter months
840
00:43:02,849 --> 00:43:08,219
he must returned in the spring Alexander
841
00:43:06,030 --> 00:43:10,560
not being one to take no for an answer
842
00:43:08,219 --> 00:43:13,709
goes to the priestess and tries to drag
843
00:43:10,559 --> 00:43:15,690
her by force here to the temple at last
844
00:43:13,710 --> 00:43:19,349
overcome by his persistence she cries
845
00:43:15,690 --> 00:43:21,059
out you are invincible my son when he
846
00:43:19,349 --> 00:43:23,940
hears this Alexander declares that he
847
00:43:21,059 --> 00:43:26,849
needs no other prophecy he has obtained
848
00:43:23,940 --> 00:43:29,460
the answer he was seeking
849
00:43:26,849 --> 00:43:32,279
as with many stories describing
850
00:43:29,460 --> 00:43:35,280
Alexander it is difficult to separate
851
00:43:32,280 --> 00:43:37,580
myth from reality in the accounts of his
852
00:43:35,280 --> 00:43:40,380
visit to Delphine
853
00:43:37,579 --> 00:43:42,480
but Alexander's passionate desire to
854
00:43:40,380 --> 00:43:47,670
please the gods and seek their guidance
855
00:43:42,480 --> 00:43:49,380
is a recurring theme in his life as he
856
00:43:47,670 --> 00:43:52,550
is about to embark on what will be a
857
00:43:49,380 --> 00:43:55,920
12-year jerkey Alexander may or may not
858
00:43:52,550 --> 00:43:59,600
have a notion that he himself has some
859
00:43:55,920 --> 00:43:59,599
form of deified lineage
860
00:44:03,429 --> 00:44:07,899
when he leaves for Asia his mother
861
00:44:05,949 --> 00:44:11,108
Olympius and tells him that upon his
862
00:44:07,900 --> 00:44:14,769
return she will reveal an incredible
863
00:44:11,108 --> 00:44:16,719
secret about his life many believed
864
00:44:14,769 --> 00:44:19,739
Olympius will address the haunting
865
00:44:16,719 --> 00:44:22,409
question that only she can answer is
866
00:44:19,739 --> 00:44:26,569
Alexander the son of a God
867
00:44:22,409 --> 00:44:26,569
or is he a mere mortal man
868
00:44:28,460 --> 00:44:35,909
[Music]
869
00:44:38,019 --> 00:44:45,429
the years 334 BC King philip ii of
870
00:44:42,190 --> 00:44:46,670
macedon is dead assassinated by his own
871
00:44:45,429 --> 00:44:48,569
bodyguard
872
00:44:46,670 --> 00:44:50,769
[Music]
873
00:44:48,570 --> 00:44:54,190
conspiracy theories suggests that his
874
00:44:50,769 --> 00:44:57,099
wife Olympius and son alexander may have
875
00:44:54,190 --> 00:44:59,280
been involved but no one can say for
876
00:44:57,099 --> 00:44:59,279
certain
877
00:45:01,380 --> 00:45:07,519
Alexander at age 20 becomes king and
878
00:45:04,630 --> 00:45:11,250
wastes no time asserting his authority
879
00:45:07,519 --> 00:45:13,929
[Music]
880
00:45:11,250 --> 00:45:16,480
he chooses to continue a massive
881
00:45:13,929 --> 00:45:20,079
offensive his father had begun the
882
00:45:16,480 --> 00:45:23,199
conquest of Asia and the defeat of the
883
00:45:20,079 --> 00:45:30,730
most powerful ruler on earth Persian
884
00:45:23,199 --> 00:45:33,159
King Darius P rarely had no choice but
885
00:45:30,730 --> 00:45:35,920
either to withdraw that force or
886
00:45:33,159 --> 00:45:39,309
reinforce it and have a full-scale war
887
00:45:35,920 --> 00:45:42,070
of annexation which was of course the
888
00:45:39,309 --> 00:45:45,489
alternative that he chose I don't think
889
00:45:42,070 --> 00:45:48,220
he ever thought of anything else and I
890
00:45:45,489 --> 00:45:51,399
don't think even from the beginning that
891
00:45:48,219 --> 00:45:54,089
there was any limit on his ambition of
892
00:45:51,400 --> 00:45:54,090
conquest
893
00:45:55,690 --> 00:46:00,220
alexander's invasion starts with a
894
00:45:57,829 --> 00:46:03,440
daunting logistical maneuver
895
00:46:00,219 --> 00:46:05,929
transporting his army of 40,000 across
896
00:46:03,440 --> 00:46:09,130
the body of water separating Europe and
897
00:46:05,929 --> 00:46:12,048
Asia the Hellespont
898
00:46:09,130 --> 00:46:15,019
today the Hellespont is known as the
899
00:46:12,048 --> 00:46:18,409
dardanelles ferry boats travel back and
900
00:46:15,018 --> 00:46:21,528
forth across the street here Alexander's
901
00:46:18,409 --> 00:46:25,960
troops cross into Asia transported on an
902
00:46:21,528 --> 00:46:25,960
assortment of man-powered rowing vessels
903
00:46:26,768 --> 00:46:30,439
moving such a massive forces fraught
904
00:46:29,599 --> 00:46:32,329
with peril
905
00:46:30,440 --> 00:46:34,490
due to the possibility of foul weather
906
00:46:32,329 --> 00:46:39,400
and the fact that the navy of Persian
907
00:46:34,489 --> 00:46:39,399
King Darius is three times as large
908
00:46:40,900 --> 00:46:44,740
this is the Asian shore of the
909
00:46:43,000 --> 00:46:47,139
Hellespont the current here is strong
910
00:46:44,739 --> 00:46:49,089
and the winds can be brutal Alexander's
911
00:46:47,139 --> 00:46:52,029
ships could be very vulnerable to naval
912
00:46:49,090 --> 00:46:54,070
attack as they ferry the army across but
913
00:46:52,030 --> 00:46:56,320
Alexander has two strokes of luck the
914
00:46:54,070 --> 00:46:58,600
weather is fine and the huge Persian
915
00:46:56,320 --> 00:47:01,630
fleet is far away quelling a revolt in
916
00:46:58,599 --> 00:47:03,670
Egypt Alexander doesn't hesitate he's
917
00:47:01,630 --> 00:47:06,039
been dreaming of this moment leading his
918
00:47:03,670 --> 00:47:08,940
troops into Asia to begin the conquest
919
00:47:06,039 --> 00:47:11,800
of the Persian Empire he set sail
920
00:47:08,940 --> 00:47:14,200
halfway across sacrificing a ball to the
921
00:47:11,800 --> 00:47:16,630
sea god Poseidon he's first to set foot
922
00:47:14,199 --> 00:47:19,210
on the Asian Shore hurling a spear into
923
00:47:16,630 --> 00:47:23,769
the sand claiming to receive Asia from
924
00:47:19,210 --> 00:47:25,480
the gods he's not aware but nearby the
925
00:47:23,769 --> 00:47:26,949
forces of Neriah are gathering
926
00:47:25,480 --> 00:47:29,740
determined that this should be
927
00:47:26,949 --> 00:47:30,389
Alexander's first and last trial of
928
00:47:29,739 --> 00:47:33,488
strength
929
00:47:30,389 --> 00:47:33,489
[Music]
930
00:47:34,358 --> 00:47:39,409
Persian King Darius considers young
931
00:47:37,039 --> 00:47:42,528
Alexander an upstart to be quickly
932
00:47:39,409 --> 00:47:44,028
vanquished the Persian ruler chooses not
933
00:47:42,528 --> 00:47:47,268
to waste his time commanding the troops
934
00:47:44,028 --> 00:47:50,119
himself instead he sends his most
935
00:47:47,268 --> 00:47:52,218
trusted general memnon a Greek mercenary
936
00:47:50,119 --> 00:47:54,920
who chooses a battleground where the
937
00:47:52,219 --> 00:47:57,699
terrain will work in his favor the
938
00:47:54,920 --> 00:47:57,699
Granicus river
939
00:47:59,690 --> 00:48:05,480
this is the Granicus today in
940
00:48:02,719 --> 00:48:16,939
Alexander's time it is three times as
941
00:48:05,480 --> 00:48:20,059
wide and deep Alexander is accompanied
942
00:48:16,940 --> 00:48:23,150
by his own trusted advisors military
943
00:48:20,059 --> 00:48:26,690
commander Parmenio his close friend have
944
00:48:23,150 --> 00:48:29,420
fistula and callus Tony's a nephew of
945
00:48:26,690 --> 00:48:33,829
Aristotle who serves as Alexander's
946
00:48:29,420 --> 00:48:36,440
personal historian on the hi opposite
947
00:48:33,829 --> 00:48:40,060
bank of the Granicus River the Persian
948
00:48:36,440 --> 00:48:42,980
army waits with 20,000 cavalry and
949
00:48:40,059 --> 00:48:46,279
20,000 infantry many of them Greek
950
00:48:42,980 --> 00:48:49,400
mercenaries Greek author and general
951
00:48:46,280 --> 00:48:51,760
Arian wrote about Alexander's first test
952
00:48:49,400 --> 00:48:51,760
of will
953
00:48:53,090 --> 00:48:58,880
our menu came to Alexander and argue we
954
00:48:56,690 --> 00:49:01,639
cannot take the army across the river on
955
00:48:58,880 --> 00:49:03,440
a broad front a failure in our first
956
00:49:01,639 --> 00:49:06,139
action will at once have serious
957
00:49:03,440 --> 00:49:09,110
consequences and will put at risk the
958
00:49:06,139 --> 00:49:13,219
result of the whole war Alexander
959
00:49:09,110 --> 00:49:14,990
replied I know that bar me but I would
960
00:49:13,219 --> 00:49:17,449
be ashamed if I could cross the
961
00:49:14,989 --> 00:49:19,759
Hellespont easily and then found that
962
00:49:17,449 --> 00:49:22,730
this little stream could prevent us from
963
00:49:19,760 --> 00:49:24,960
crossing it does not fit in with the way
964
00:49:22,730 --> 00:49:29,130
I react when I meet danger
965
00:49:24,960 --> 00:49:31,750
[Music]
966
00:49:29,130 --> 00:49:34,869
Alexander proceeds to organize his army
967
00:49:31,750 --> 00:49:37,500
for a bold attack one that many military
968
00:49:34,869 --> 00:49:39,608
leaders might consider foolhardy
969
00:49:37,500 --> 00:49:42,369
Alexander plays a key role in the
970
00:49:39,608 --> 00:49:45,400
offensive raising me wearing a white
971
00:49:42,369 --> 00:49:47,700
plumed helmet marking him as the prime
972
00:49:45,400 --> 00:49:50,950
target of every enemy soldier
973
00:49:47,699 --> 00:49:50,949
[Music]
974
00:49:51,750 --> 00:49:57,519
Alexander's battle strategy at the river
975
00:49:54,309 --> 00:50:00,000
Granicus utilizes tactics he learned
976
00:49:57,519 --> 00:50:00,000
from his father
977
00:50:02,090 --> 00:50:07,940
thousands of highly trained soldiers on
978
00:50:04,820 --> 00:50:11,990
foot and horseback would boldly cross
979
00:50:07,940 --> 00:50:15,329
the river and meet the Persians at all
980
00:50:11,989 --> 00:50:17,759
[Music]
981
00:50:15,329 --> 00:50:20,469
Alexander would cross the river upstream
982
00:50:17,760 --> 00:50:24,120
leading his companion cavalry to attack
983
00:50:20,469 --> 00:50:24,119
the enemy from the right flank
984
00:50:25,230 --> 00:50:31,000
[Music]
985
00:50:26,460 --> 00:50:32,920
there was a profound hush as both armies
986
00:50:31,000 --> 00:50:35,409
stood for a while motionless on the
987
00:50:32,920 --> 00:50:39,130
brink of the river as if in awe of what
988
00:50:35,409 --> 00:50:40,899
was to come then Alexander himself at
989
00:50:39,130 --> 00:50:43,990
the head of the right wing of the army
990
00:50:40,900 --> 00:50:46,510
with trumpets blaring and the shout
991
00:50:43,989 --> 00:50:49,919
going up to the god of battle moved
992
00:50:46,510 --> 00:50:49,920
forward into the river
993
00:50:53,679 --> 00:50:56,940
[Music]
994
00:50:57,909 --> 00:51:02,889
it seemed the act of a desperate man
995
00:51:00,219 --> 00:51:04,509
rather than a coolant commander to
996
00:51:02,889 --> 00:51:06,489
charge into a swiftly flowing river
997
00:51:04,510 --> 00:51:09,160
which swept men off their feet and
998
00:51:06,489 --> 00:51:10,959
surged about them and then to advance
999
00:51:09,159 --> 00:51:13,149
through a hail of missiles toward a
1000
00:51:10,960 --> 00:51:15,789
steep Bank which was strongly defended
1001
00:51:13,150 --> 00:51:19,889
by infantry and cavalry but in spite of
1002
00:51:15,789 --> 00:51:19,890
this Alexander press forward
1003
00:51:21,289 --> 00:51:27,320
[Applause]
1004
00:51:22,969 --> 00:51:30,500
he was foolhardy but there was a method
1005
00:51:27,320 --> 00:51:33,410
in his madness one of the things about
1006
00:51:30,500 --> 00:51:37,219
leading from the front rather than the
1007
00:51:33,409 --> 00:51:40,639
rear is that it really makes people
1008
00:51:37,219 --> 00:51:45,609
follow you are not asking them to do
1009
00:51:40,639 --> 00:51:45,609
anything which are not doing itself
1010
00:51:45,940 --> 00:51:50,559
there are many historical accounts about
1011
00:51:48,530 --> 00:51:53,510
what happened here at the Granicus
1012
00:51:50,559 --> 00:51:55,460
suspiciously none of them agree except
1013
00:51:53,510 --> 00:51:58,490
that it was an extremely hard-fought
1014
00:51:55,460 --> 00:52:00,289
battle it may be that Alexander's first
1015
00:51:58,489 --> 00:52:02,659
assault against the Persian Bank was
1016
00:52:00,289 --> 00:52:05,630
beating back and he was forced to change
1017
00:52:02,659 --> 00:52:07,639
his tactics in propaganda terms this
1018
00:52:05,630 --> 00:52:10,608
initial defeat would be disastrous so
1019
00:52:07,639 --> 00:52:13,339
perhaps it was hushed up from a military
1020
00:52:10,608 --> 00:52:15,279
point of view it would seem suicidal to
1021
00:52:13,340 --> 00:52:19,579
send men against determined opposition
1022
00:52:15,280 --> 00:52:21,140
across this river and up that Bank but
1023
00:52:19,579 --> 00:52:23,449
it seems that that is exactly what
1024
00:52:21,139 --> 00:52:25,190
Alexander did and it may be that the
1025
00:52:23,449 --> 00:52:26,689
hard fighting Macedonians with the
1026
00:52:25,190 --> 00:52:29,019
advantage of their long Pike's
1027
00:52:26,690 --> 00:52:30,769
did manage to get a foothold up there
1028
00:52:29,019 --> 00:52:32,780
[Music]
1029
00:52:30,769 --> 00:52:37,389
when Alexander reaches the opposite
1030
00:52:32,780 --> 00:52:37,390
riverbank he leads a cavalry charge
1031
00:52:37,719 --> 00:52:42,179
Alexander is struck on the helmet he
1032
00:52:40,150 --> 00:52:45,099
loses his spear and his handed another
1033
00:52:42,179 --> 00:52:46,989
he is in the act of killing one Persian
1034
00:52:45,099 --> 00:52:49,990
noble when another one raises his sword
1035
00:52:46,989 --> 00:52:51,669
to strike down an Alexander just in time
1036
00:52:49,989 --> 00:52:55,929
his arm is severed by a Macedonian
1037
00:52:51,670 --> 00:52:57,730
swords through the Persians by pulling
1038
00:52:55,929 --> 00:53:00,368
their forces away from the riverbank
1039
00:52:57,730 --> 00:53:02,139
have weakened their center and now the
1040
00:53:00,369 --> 00:53:05,019
Macedonians can cross the river in
1041
00:53:02,139 --> 00:53:08,049
strength squeeze between the pipes of
1042
00:53:05,019 --> 00:53:11,639
the Phalanx and Alexander's cavalry -
1043
00:53:08,050 --> 00:53:11,640
Persians break and run
1044
00:53:13,159 --> 00:53:20,170
against all odds Alexander defeats the
1045
00:53:16,760 --> 00:53:20,170
Persian army and Granicus
1046
00:53:23,858 --> 00:53:27,998
this was perhaps the greatest stroke
1047
00:53:26,289 --> 00:53:30,160
that Alexander could have hoped for
1048
00:53:27,998 --> 00:53:32,588
because when the enemy withdrew from the
1049
00:53:30,159 --> 00:53:34,690
field he had achieved everything that he
1050
00:53:32,588 --> 00:53:37,239
wanted to achieve which was to say
1051
00:53:34,690 --> 00:53:41,249
basically you've totally underestimated
1052
00:53:37,239 --> 00:53:41,249
me and I'm gonna whip your butt
1053
00:53:43,110 --> 00:53:48,130
alexander's victory of Granicus allows
1054
00:53:46,030 --> 00:53:52,090
his army to continue its invasion of
1055
00:53:48,130 --> 00:53:54,400
Persia general memnon survives the
1056
00:53:52,090 --> 00:53:57,640
battle and reports to Persian King
1057
00:53:54,400 --> 00:54:00,910
Darius who determines that the next time
1058
00:53:57,639 --> 00:54:02,529
the two forces meet he personally will
1059
00:54:00,909 --> 00:54:08,420
command the Persian troops
1060
00:54:02,530 --> 00:54:08,420
[Music]
1061
00:54:11,030 --> 00:54:17,100
334 BC having defeated Persian forces at
1062
00:54:15,300 --> 00:54:20,490
the Granicus River and gained control
1063
00:54:17,099 --> 00:54:22,529
over key Aegean Sea ports Alexander
1064
00:54:20,489 --> 00:54:25,229
moves his army to the city of gordium
1065
00:54:22,530 --> 00:54:31,250
which offers no resistance to the
1066
00:54:25,230 --> 00:54:33,510
powerful Macedonian army since 1950
1067
00:54:31,250 --> 00:54:35,820
gordium has been excavated by
1068
00:54:33,510 --> 00:54:41,370
archaeologists from the University of
1069
00:54:35,820 --> 00:54:44,490
Pennsylvania walls of the city
1070
00:54:41,369 --> 00:54:47,069
remnants of houses even the entrance
1071
00:54:44,489 --> 00:54:52,649
through which Alexander once passed have
1072
00:54:47,070 --> 00:54:54,900
all been preserved in Alexander's time
1073
00:54:52,650 --> 00:54:57,059
this great walled Citadel of gaudium is
1074
00:54:54,900 --> 00:54:58,769
a vital link on the royal road that
1075
00:54:57,059 --> 00:55:01,320
leads deep into the heart of the Persian
1076
00:54:58,769 --> 00:55:02,849
Empire when the all-conquering Alexander
1077
00:55:01,320 --> 00:55:04,890
arrives at the gates they are thrown
1078
00:55:02,849 --> 00:55:07,079
open to him and he decides to wait here
1079
00:55:04,889 --> 00:55:09,719
for reinforcements four hundred years
1080
00:55:07,079 --> 00:55:12,179
earlier gaudium had been the city of
1081
00:55:09,719 --> 00:55:14,609
king midas now Alexander has been
1082
00:55:12,179 --> 00:55:16,849
educated in the gardens of Midas so he
1083
00:55:14,610 --> 00:55:19,829
must have known the local legend
1084
00:55:16,849 --> 00:55:21,809
glorious might as his father had also
1085
00:55:19,829 --> 00:55:25,139
come here from Macedonia but he had
1086
00:55:21,809 --> 00:55:27,480
arrived in an ox cart when gaudiest
1087
00:55:25,139 --> 00:55:31,349
became King he dedicated the ox cart
1088
00:55:27,480 --> 00:55:33,449
here in the shrine of Zeus the shaft of
1089
00:55:31,349 --> 00:55:35,250
the cart was connected to the yoke by a
1090
00:55:33,449 --> 00:55:37,799
great knot the ends of which were
1091
00:55:35,250 --> 00:55:40,349
invisible it was said that whoever could
1092
00:55:37,800 --> 00:55:43,110
untie this knot would be the ruler of
1093
00:55:40,349 --> 00:55:45,869
Asia this is a time in which people
1094
00:55:43,110 --> 00:55:48,480
absolutely believe in gods in legends
1095
00:55:45,869 --> 00:55:51,210
and in symbols and this is a great
1096
00:55:48,480 --> 00:55:53,250
symbol once Alexander has publicly
1097
00:55:51,210 --> 00:55:56,130
accepted this challenge he has to
1098
00:55:53,250 --> 00:55:58,500
succeed he looks at the knot but like
1099
00:55:56,130 --> 00:56:01,470
everyone else he can't see how to untie
1100
00:55:58,500 --> 00:56:05,070
it then as usual Alexander thinks out of
1101
00:56:01,469 --> 00:56:08,009
the box he says it doesn't matter how
1102
00:56:05,070 --> 00:56:11,450
the knot is loosened he draws his sword
1103
00:56:08,010 --> 00:56:14,910
and cuts the Gordian knot
1104
00:56:11,449 --> 00:56:18,960
he hacks aware a lot until he opens it
1105
00:56:14,909 --> 00:56:21,149
up and then he finds the ends and unties
1106
00:56:18,960 --> 00:56:23,099
it now some people say this is cheating
1107
00:56:21,150 --> 00:56:25,470
but that night a great thunderstorm
1108
00:56:23,099 --> 00:56:27,960
breaks over gaudium Alexander believes
1109
00:56:25,469 --> 00:56:32,109
that Zeus approves
1110
00:56:27,960 --> 00:56:32,110
[Music]
1111
00:56:32,199 --> 00:56:37,250
some modern-day historians believe
1112
00:56:34,989 --> 00:56:39,500
Alexander's experience at Gordian
1113
00:56:37,250 --> 00:56:41,869
reflects his mastery of the art of
1114
00:56:39,500 --> 00:56:48,860
public relations as much as his
1115
00:56:41,869 --> 00:56:52,639
religious friend Alexander was a master
1116
00:56:48,860 --> 00:56:55,309
at the photo op when there was a time
1117
00:56:52,639 --> 00:56:58,819
when he could use it for propaganda
1118
00:56:55,309 --> 00:57:01,849
purposes or for PR purposes he did it
1119
00:56:58,820 --> 00:57:04,160
and and he used it primarily to impress
1120
00:57:01,849 --> 00:57:09,199
his army but also to impress the people
1121
00:57:04,159 --> 00:57:11,359
over whom he was to rule for Alexander's
1122
00:57:09,199 --> 00:57:13,909
troops there has never been a time of
1123
00:57:11,360 --> 00:57:18,410
higher troop morale but the most
1124
00:57:13,909 --> 00:57:20,599
difficult tests are yet to come upon
1125
00:57:18,409 --> 00:57:22,339
leaving gordium Alexander heads south
1126
00:57:20,599 --> 00:57:25,009
when he learns that Persian King Darius
1127
00:57:22,340 --> 00:57:27,380
is personally leading a massive army
1128
00:57:25,010 --> 00:57:30,200
towards Issus to halt Alexander's
1129
00:57:27,380 --> 00:57:33,320
conquest Jiraiya's his troops have been
1130
00:57:30,199 --> 00:57:36,889
estimated to number 600,000 but most
1131
00:57:33,320 --> 00:57:40,400
historians agree that 60 to 100,000 is
1132
00:57:36,889 --> 00:57:42,589
far more likely nevertheless Alexander's
1133
00:57:40,400 --> 00:57:46,329
troops thirty to forty thousand strong
1134
00:57:42,590 --> 00:57:46,329
are severely outnumbered
1135
00:57:47,159 --> 00:57:51,579
despite the advantage the size of his
1136
00:57:49,719 --> 00:57:53,409
army provides him Duras
1137
00:57:51,579 --> 00:57:56,799
seeks counsel from one of his most
1138
00:57:53,409 --> 00:58:01,210
trusted generals Roman historian hirtius
1139
00:57:56,800 --> 00:58:03,519
rufus described the encounter Persian
1140
00:58:01,210 --> 00:58:05,559
King Darius turned to Cara Dimas who was
1141
00:58:03,519 --> 00:58:07,119
an experienced soldier and proceeded to
1142
00:58:05,559 --> 00:58:10,599
ask whether he was well enough equipped
1143
00:58:07,119 --> 00:58:13,389
to crush his enemy Kara Dimas answered
1144
00:58:10,599 --> 00:58:15,759
your magnificent army can strike terror
1145
00:58:13,389 --> 00:58:18,759
into your neighbors it gleams with
1146
00:58:15,760 --> 00:58:21,210
purple and gold the Macedonian lion is
1147
00:58:18,760 --> 00:58:25,690
certainly course and inelegant but
1148
00:58:21,210 --> 00:58:27,670
protects behind it shields tough densely
1149
00:58:25,690 --> 00:58:30,519
packed soldiers when they are tired the
1150
00:58:27,670 --> 00:58:32,500
earth is their Bend and their sleeping
1151
00:58:30,519 --> 00:58:35,619
time is of shorter duration in the
1152
00:58:32,500 --> 00:58:39,730
darkness but you need to strength like
1153
00:58:35,619 --> 00:58:45,369
theirs send off your gold and silver and
1154
00:58:39,730 --> 00:58:48,250
higher soldiers to rious unable to take
1155
00:58:45,369 --> 00:58:51,150
the truth at Kara Dimas dragged off to
1156
00:58:48,250 --> 00:58:51,150
execution
1157
00:58:54,610 --> 00:58:59,720
Jiraiya's is confident that the Persian
1158
00:58:57,469 --> 00:59:03,109
army under his personal command will
1159
00:58:59,719 --> 00:59:04,969
defeat Alexander but to give himself
1160
00:59:03,110 --> 00:59:07,579
even greater advantage
1161
00:59:04,969 --> 00:59:12,349
Jiraiya smake SAS strategic move that
1162
00:59:07,579 --> 00:59:14,509
takes Alexander by surprise the
1163
00:59:12,349 --> 00:59:16,960
Macedonians anticipate to rious
1164
00:59:14,510 --> 00:59:19,880
attacking from the south
1165
00:59:16,960 --> 00:59:22,639
Alexander moves his forces south from
1166
00:59:19,880 --> 00:59:26,360
his Issus Basecamp to await the Persian
1167
00:59:22,639 --> 00:59:29,269
army but then Alexander receives
1168
00:59:26,360 --> 00:59:32,240
startling news undetected
1169
00:59:29,269 --> 00:59:35,230
Jiraiya smoove his army north through a
1170
00:59:32,239 --> 00:59:39,459
mountain pass and captures business
1171
00:59:35,230 --> 00:59:42,079
severing Alexander's supply lines to
1172
00:59:39,460 --> 00:59:46,699
rious is now prepared to it
1173
00:59:42,079 --> 00:59:53,090
the north Alexander has no choice but to
1174
00:59:46,699 --> 00:59:55,819
reverse his direction it is November 333
1175
00:59:53,090 --> 00:59:57,440
BC when Alexander finds his enemy
1176
00:59:55,820 --> 00:59:59,300
waiting on the opposite bank of the
1177
00:59:57,440 --> 01:00:02,240
river Penrice where it meets the
1178
00:59:59,300 --> 01:00:04,789
Mediterranean Sea this is the location
1179
01:00:02,239 --> 01:00:06,250
today the shoreline to the west and the
1180
01:00:04,789 --> 01:00:08,929
hills to the east
1181
01:00:06,250 --> 01:00:11,570
Alexander halts his army several hundred
1182
01:00:08,929 --> 01:00:13,759
yards before the river the Durai escape
1183
01:00:11,570 --> 01:00:15,820
his army a great advantage by cutting
1184
01:00:13,760 --> 01:00:20,150
off the Macedonians from their supplies
1185
01:00:15,820 --> 01:00:22,340
geography is in Alexander's favour with
1186
01:00:20,150 --> 01:00:24,230
the sea limiting one flank and the hills
1187
01:00:22,340 --> 01:00:26,150
the other there is less chance that the
1188
01:00:24,230 --> 01:00:29,889
smaller Macedonian army can be
1189
01:00:26,150 --> 01:00:34,700
completely surrounded by Persian forces
1190
01:00:29,889 --> 01:00:37,089
Alexander surveys the situation a huge
1191
01:00:34,699 --> 01:00:39,469
body of men was sighted in the distance
1192
01:00:37,090 --> 01:00:42,289
Alexander ordered his men to pitch camp
1193
01:00:39,469 --> 01:00:44,539
just where they were he was delighted
1194
01:00:42,289 --> 01:00:48,619
that the issue would be decided there in
1195
01:00:44,539 --> 01:00:52,670
the past however his confidence gave way
1196
01:00:48,619 --> 01:00:55,210
to worry only a single night now
1197
01:00:52,670 --> 01:00:58,280
separated him from a critical event
1198
01:00:55,210 --> 01:01:01,010
while this victory might be in doubt one
1199
01:00:58,280 --> 01:01:03,800
thing was quite certain that he would
1200
01:01:01,010 --> 01:01:05,480
die in honourable death which would
1201
01:01:03,800 --> 01:01:07,550
bring him great praise
1202
01:01:05,480 --> 01:01:10,969
[Music]
1203
01:01:07,550 --> 01:01:15,200
when we consider Alexander in all his
1204
01:01:10,969 --> 01:01:19,189
battles one of the things obviously we
1205
01:01:15,199 --> 01:01:25,969
have to take into account is how did he
1206
01:01:19,190 --> 01:01:31,220
feel about it was he afraid and to be
1207
01:01:25,969 --> 01:01:38,059
honest in just about every case I see no
1208
01:01:31,219 --> 01:01:41,569
evidence of any fear whatsoever did he
1209
01:01:38,059 --> 01:01:45,710
have any fears he may have had fears
1210
01:01:41,570 --> 01:01:47,780
does he act like he had any fears no he
1211
01:01:45,710 --> 01:01:50,599
is one of the few people that I can say
1212
01:01:47,780 --> 01:01:54,560
in history that I have examined who acts
1213
01:01:50,599 --> 01:01:57,409
with supreme confidence the lines are
1214
01:01:54,559 --> 01:02:00,639
drawn for what will be known as the
1215
01:01:57,409 --> 01:02:00,639
battle at Issus
1216
01:02:00,690 --> 01:02:06,309
like the Granicus River the Penrice
1217
01:02:04,000 --> 01:02:09,699
now becomes the Persian Army's primary
1218
01:02:06,309 --> 01:02:12,219
defense Jiraiya's Alliance infantry and
1219
01:02:09,699 --> 01:02:15,839
cavalry along the riverbank and in a
1220
01:02:12,219 --> 01:02:15,839
flanking position at the foothills
1221
01:02:16,320 --> 01:02:20,890
riding in his chariot Jiraiya sticks a
1222
01:02:19,210 --> 01:02:24,480
central position from where he can
1223
01:02:20,889 --> 01:02:27,219
observe the action and dispatch orders
1224
01:02:24,480 --> 01:02:33,190
Alexander prepares to do what he does
1225
01:02:27,219 --> 01:02:35,409
best anticipate react and adapt dereyes
1226
01:02:33,190 --> 01:02:37,510
believes that his huge force of cavalry
1227
01:02:35,409 --> 01:02:39,460
will win the battle so sensibly he
1228
01:02:37,510 --> 01:02:40,990
places them here on the flat ground by
1229
01:02:39,460 --> 01:02:44,019
the mediterranean sea shore
1230
01:02:40,989 --> 01:02:46,119
this is Alexander's left wing where his
1231
01:02:44,019 --> 01:02:48,820
Macedonian infantry are led by his
1232
01:02:46,119 --> 01:02:51,699
trusted general Parmenio but at the last
1233
01:02:48,820 --> 01:02:54,070
minute Alexander sees where the Persian
1234
01:02:51,699 --> 01:02:57,699
blow will fall so he reinforces this
1235
01:02:54,070 --> 01:03:00,789
area with this allied cavalry as
1236
01:02:57,699 --> 01:03:03,909
Alexander's army advances towards a
1237
01:03:00,789 --> 01:03:07,869
Persian cavalry strike hard a Macedonian
1238
01:03:03,909 --> 01:03:09,279
left wing holds but just barely an even
1239
01:03:07,869 --> 01:03:11,440
more serious situation is developing
1240
01:03:09,280 --> 01:03:13,400
further inland at the center of the
1241
01:03:11,440 --> 01:03:15,860
battle
1242
01:03:13,400 --> 01:03:17,840
the troupe set forward into the midst of
1243
01:03:15,860 --> 01:03:20,120
the Persians were now totally surrounded
1244
01:03:17,840 --> 01:03:22,039
obliged to fight hand to hand Lee
1245
01:03:20,119 --> 01:03:25,279
swiftly through their swords and then
1246
01:03:22,039 --> 01:03:26,750
the blood really fled the two lines were
1247
01:03:25,280 --> 01:03:28,430
so closely interlocked that they were
1248
01:03:26,750 --> 01:03:30,440
striking each other's weapons with their
1249
01:03:28,429 --> 01:03:32,989
own and driving their blades into their
1250
01:03:30,440 --> 01:03:35,320
opponent's faces only by bringing down
1251
01:03:32,989 --> 01:03:37,579
his opponent could each man advance
1252
01:03:35,320 --> 01:03:39,800
exhausted as they were they will
1253
01:03:37,579 --> 01:03:41,840
continually be met by fresh adversary
1254
01:03:39,800 --> 01:03:43,430
and the wounded could not retire from
1255
01:03:41,840 --> 01:03:45,410
the battle as on that of occasions
1256
01:03:43,429 --> 01:03:47,089
because the enemy bearing down on them
1257
01:03:45,409 --> 01:03:50,629
in front while their own men were
1258
01:03:47,090 --> 01:03:53,960
pushing them from behind even
1259
01:03:50,630 --> 01:03:56,590
Alexander's powerful phalanx is in peril
1260
01:03:53,960 --> 01:03:59,460
at Issus
1261
01:03:56,590 --> 01:04:03,880
now the Phalanx has one great weakness
1262
01:03:59,460 --> 01:04:05,740
this rough ground in this kind of
1263
01:04:03,880 --> 01:04:08,110
terrain it's impossible to keep the
1264
01:04:05,739 --> 01:04:10,719
ranks level and the files tightly packed
1265
01:04:08,110 --> 01:04:13,180
and as the Macedonians stumble across
1266
01:04:10,719 --> 01:04:16,629
the river vain gaps open up in their
1267
01:04:13,179 --> 01:04:19,389
phalanx de rias's Greeks tear into the
1268
01:04:16,630 --> 01:04:22,390
disordered Macedonians desperately try
1269
01:04:19,389 --> 01:04:25,299
and keep their formations together here
1270
01:04:22,389 --> 01:04:27,659
in the center of a Sidonians phalanx is
1271
01:04:25,300 --> 01:04:30,860
stopped
1272
01:04:27,659 --> 01:04:30,859
and in serious trouble
1273
01:04:32,440 --> 01:04:42,869
[Music]
1274
01:04:39,960 --> 01:04:46,199
the Battle of Issus in November of 333
1275
01:04:42,869 --> 01:04:49,289
BC is critical to Alexander's conquest
1276
01:04:46,199 --> 01:04:52,349
of Asia but his army is outnumbered by
1277
01:04:49,289 --> 01:04:54,759
the forces of Persian King Darius
1278
01:04:52,349 --> 01:04:57,579
[Music]
1279
01:04:54,760 --> 01:04:59,650
rough ground hinders the progress of the
1280
01:04:57,579 --> 01:05:02,230
legendary Macedonian phalanx and
1281
01:04:59,650 --> 01:05:06,720
infantry which find themselves engaged
1282
01:05:02,230 --> 01:05:06,719
in the bloodiest of hand-to-hand combat
1283
01:05:08,739 --> 01:05:14,829
the only chance for Macedonian victory
1284
01:05:11,170 --> 01:05:17,130
lies with the cavalry led by Alexander
1285
01:05:14,829 --> 01:05:17,130
himself
1286
01:05:18,030 --> 01:05:23,490
Alexander was as much a soldier as a
1287
01:05:20,289 --> 01:05:26,980
commander riding high in his chariot
1288
01:05:23,489 --> 01:05:28,899
dryest caught a conspicuous figure his
1289
01:05:26,980 --> 01:05:31,300
brother accessories saw Alexander
1290
01:05:28,900 --> 01:05:33,130
bearing down on der iose and moved the
1291
01:05:31,300 --> 01:05:35,890
cavalry under his command right in front
1292
01:05:33,130 --> 01:05:38,670
of the Kings chariot then the carnage
1293
01:05:35,889 --> 01:05:41,319
truly took on cataclysmic proportions
1294
01:05:38,670 --> 01:05:43,180
around rias's chariot lay his most
1295
01:05:41,320 --> 01:05:45,039
famous generals who had succumbed to a
1296
01:05:43,179 --> 01:05:47,739
glorious death before the eyes of their
1297
01:05:45,039 --> 01:05:49,858
king and who now all later they had been
1298
01:05:47,739 --> 01:05:53,709
fighting
1299
01:05:49,858 --> 01:05:55,590
Persian King Darius begins to panic but
1300
01:05:53,710 --> 01:05:58,059
the battle is far from over
1301
01:05:55,590 --> 01:06:00,579
Alexander turns his attention to his
1302
01:05:58,059 --> 01:06:05,340
bloodied and beaten phalanx and infantry
1303
01:06:00,579 --> 01:06:05,340
still bravely tried to hold their ground
1304
01:06:07,460 --> 01:06:13,519
at this point Alexander alone holds the
1305
01:06:10,699 --> 01:06:15,289
key to victory or defeat the usual
1306
01:06:13,519 --> 01:06:18,320
problem with cavalry is that once you
1307
01:06:15,289 --> 01:06:20,360
let it go it's gone that infantry
1308
01:06:18,320 --> 01:06:22,940
running away there is a perfect target
1309
01:06:20,360 --> 01:06:25,400
for cavalry and just beyond them is the
1310
01:06:22,940 --> 01:06:28,039
Persian camp with all its loot but
1311
01:06:25,400 --> 01:06:31,010
Alexander has sufficient command to stop
1312
01:06:28,039 --> 01:06:33,619
his cavalry charge and the control to
1313
01:06:31,010 --> 01:06:37,190
regroup them turn them left and smash
1314
01:06:33,619 --> 01:06:39,589
into the Persian center here derailleurs
1315
01:06:37,190 --> 01:06:43,250
himself is directly attacked by
1316
01:06:39,590 --> 01:06:45,410
Alexander to late Darius discovers that
1317
01:06:43,250 --> 01:06:48,199
the Macedonian strongest force is their
1318
01:06:45,409 --> 01:06:50,179
cavalry in the savage fighting that
1319
01:06:48,199 --> 01:06:51,429
follows Alexander himself is wounded in
1320
01:06:50,179 --> 01:06:54,559
the thigh
1321
01:06:51,429 --> 01:06:56,989
Duras as he sees his royal bodyguard
1322
01:06:54,559 --> 01:07:00,110
being cut to pieces turns his chariot
1323
01:06:56,989 --> 01:07:03,619
round and runs for his life the Persian
1324
01:07:00,110 --> 01:07:07,240
line folds up and as evening falls their
1325
01:07:03,619 --> 01:07:07,239
retreat becomes a rout
1326
01:07:08,239 --> 01:07:13,848
following this battle in late 333 BC
1327
01:07:10,909 --> 01:07:16,549
Alexander receives word that derives his
1328
01:07:13,849 --> 01:07:19,550
mother wife and two unmarried daughters
1329
01:07:16,550 --> 01:07:21,589
are among those taken prisoner and that
1330
01:07:19,550 --> 01:07:28,730
they wrongly believed that to rious has
1331
01:07:21,588 --> 01:07:30,980
been killed when he heard this Alexander
1332
01:07:28,730 --> 01:07:33,440
sent word to them that the rious was not
1333
01:07:30,980 --> 01:07:36,440
dead and that they need have no fear of
1334
01:07:33,440 --> 01:07:38,659
ill example it was fighting Darius for
1335
01:07:36,440 --> 01:07:40,730
the empire of Asia but they should be
1336
01:07:38,659 --> 01:07:44,049
provided with everything they had been
1337
01:07:40,730 --> 01:07:46,608
accustomed to when the riots was King
1338
01:07:44,050 --> 01:07:48,680
Alexander allowed them to keep the same
1339
01:07:46,608 --> 01:07:51,348
attendance and privileges they had
1340
01:07:48,679 --> 01:07:56,919
previously enjoyed and even increased
1341
01:07:51,349 --> 01:08:00,289
their revenues and what he's doing is
1342
01:07:56,920 --> 01:08:04,190
presenting himself as the next person
1343
01:08:00,289 --> 01:08:07,250
king he is the legitimate Persian King
1344
01:08:04,190 --> 01:08:10,909
and it is his duty to take care of the
1345
01:08:07,250 --> 01:08:13,699
women fur and by doing that he's sending
1346
01:08:10,909 --> 01:08:16,519
out a huge message to the rest of the
1347
01:08:13,699 --> 01:08:19,309
world that I have the Persian women
1348
01:08:16,520 --> 01:08:22,480
I am the Persian King the Persian nobles
1349
01:08:19,310 --> 01:08:22,480
are coming over to me
1350
01:08:24,488 --> 01:08:29,379
for Alexander the Great the victory at
1351
01:08:27,219 --> 01:08:33,009
Issus in 333 BC
1352
01:08:29,380 --> 01:08:34,960
is a dramatic turning point he has
1353
01:08:33,009 --> 01:08:39,719
defeated the most powerful army in the
1354
01:08:34,960 --> 01:08:39,719
world led by the most powerful ruler
1355
01:08:40,960 --> 01:08:47,270
Alexander continues his conquest of the
1356
01:08:43,850 --> 01:08:50,539
Asiatic seaports Cyprus and Phoenicia
1357
01:08:47,270 --> 01:08:52,940
come easily under his control during
1358
01:08:50,539 --> 01:08:58,189
this time Alexander receives a letter
1359
01:08:52,939 --> 01:09:00,859
from Persian King Darius Darius appealed
1360
01:08:58,189 --> 01:09:03,649
to Alexander to accept ransom for his
1361
01:09:00,859 --> 01:09:05,059
Persian prisoners he further offered him
1362
01:09:03,649 --> 01:09:07,849
all the territory west of the Euphrates
1363
01:09:05,060 --> 01:09:10,310
and the hand of one of his daughters in
1364
01:09:07,850 --> 01:09:13,060
marriage and in these terms proposed
1365
01:09:10,310 --> 01:09:15,289
that tisha become friends and allies
1366
01:09:13,060 --> 01:09:18,740
Alexander told his companions of this
1367
01:09:15,289 --> 01:09:21,489
offering whereupon Parmenio said I would
1368
01:09:18,739 --> 01:09:26,779
accept these terms if I were Alexander
1369
01:09:21,489 --> 01:09:30,619
so would I by Zeus retorted Alexander if
1370
01:09:26,779 --> 01:09:34,460
I were Purnima Alexander wrote is
1371
01:09:30,619 --> 01:09:37,609
replied to Darius first I defeated your
1372
01:09:34,460 --> 01:09:41,210
generals now I have defeated yourself
1373
01:09:37,609 --> 01:09:43,309
and the army you led in the future let
1374
01:09:41,210 --> 01:09:45,970
any communication you wish to make with
1375
01:09:43,310 --> 01:09:48,940
me be addressed to the king of all Asia
1376
01:09:45,970 --> 01:09:52,520
do not write to me as an equal
1377
01:09:48,939 --> 01:09:55,279
everything you possess is now mine if
1378
01:09:52,520 --> 01:09:56,300
you wish to dispute your throne stand
1379
01:09:55,279 --> 01:09:58,469
and fight for it
1380
01:09:56,300 --> 01:10:01,829
and do not run
1381
01:09:58,469 --> 01:10:03,359
wherever you may hide yourself be sure I
1382
01:10:01,829 --> 01:10:09,710
shall seek you out
1383
01:10:03,359 --> 01:10:12,839
[Music]
1384
01:10:09,710 --> 01:10:14,909
Alexander his communications with Darius
1385
01:10:12,840 --> 01:10:17,640
only fueling his desire for conquest
1386
01:10:14,909 --> 01:10:20,819
leads his army toward the navel center
1387
01:10:17,640 --> 01:10:26,280
of Tyre Alexander wishes to control tyre
1388
01:10:20,819 --> 01:10:27,750
because of its strategic location the
1389
01:10:26,279 --> 01:10:30,929
older part of the city is on the
1390
01:10:27,750 --> 01:10:34,050
mainland but a half a mile offshore is a
1391
01:10:30,930 --> 01:10:35,810
heavily walled impregnable Island also
1392
01:10:34,050 --> 01:10:39,000
considered part of Tyre
1393
01:10:35,810 --> 01:10:41,640
[Music]
1394
01:10:39,000 --> 01:10:44,369
I'm standing on the southern edge of the
1395
01:10:41,640 --> 01:10:46,560
island of Tyre later earthquakes caused
1396
01:10:44,369 --> 01:10:48,510
this area to slip into the sea but this
1397
01:10:46,560 --> 01:10:51,660
line of rocks marks with the ancient
1398
01:10:48,510 --> 01:10:53,760
walls of the city once stood behind me
1399
01:10:51,659 --> 01:10:55,859
was the southern harbor one of two
1400
01:10:53,760 --> 01:10:58,829
harbors in which the Tyrians kept their
1401
01:10:55,859 --> 01:11:00,420
Navy if Alexander had his own ships
1402
01:10:58,829 --> 01:11:02,970
he could have mounted an amphibious
1403
01:11:00,420 --> 01:11:04,949
assault from the sea but more than a
1404
01:11:02,970 --> 01:11:07,680
year earlier at Meletis he'd taken the
1405
01:11:04,949 --> 01:11:10,319
bold decision to disband his own ships
1406
01:11:07,680 --> 01:11:13,200
and defeat the Persian fleet from the
1407
01:11:10,319 --> 01:11:16,019
land by destroying its harbors and its
1408
01:11:13,199 --> 01:11:21,239
bases of supply among the most important
1409
01:11:16,020 --> 01:11:23,340
of those was tire itself controlling the
1410
01:11:21,239 --> 01:11:26,000
island of Tyre means controlling the
1411
01:11:23,340 --> 01:11:29,449
vast naval Harbor
1412
01:11:26,000 --> 01:11:33,109
when Alexander arrives in January of 332
1413
01:11:29,449 --> 01:11:37,760
BC the king of Tyre is away serving with
1414
01:11:33,109 --> 01:11:41,739
the Persian fleet Tyrion envoys are sent
1415
01:11:37,760 --> 01:11:41,739
to determine Alexander's desires
1416
01:11:43,488 --> 01:11:48,529
at first Alexander tries diplomacy this
1417
01:11:46,760 --> 01:11:51,560
later Roman arch is close to where the
1418
01:11:48,529 --> 01:11:53,988
old shoreline was here the Tyrians come
1419
01:11:51,560 --> 01:11:55,610
to greet Alexander he tells them he
1420
01:11:53,988 --> 01:11:57,579
wishes to visit their Island to
1421
01:11:55,609 --> 01:12:00,019
sacrifice at the temple of Heracles
1422
01:11:57,579 --> 01:12:02,510
materials know that to allow Alexander
1423
01:12:00,020 --> 01:12:04,370
in means a surrender of the city to him
1424
01:12:02,510 --> 01:12:06,530
so they politely point out that there is
1425
01:12:04,369 --> 01:12:09,500
a perfectly good temple of Heracles here
1426
01:12:06,529 --> 01:12:11,960
on the mainland Alexander is reported to
1427
01:12:09,500 --> 01:12:14,988
have become furious and to say I will
1428
01:12:11,960 --> 01:12:18,199
show you that your island is part of the
1429
01:12:14,988 --> 01:12:22,000
mainland he must have known then there
1430
01:12:18,199 --> 01:12:22,000
was only one way to conquer Tyre
1431
01:12:22,729 --> 01:12:29,029
to the amazement of the Tyrians and even
1432
01:12:25,909 --> 01:12:31,059
his own army alexander threatens to
1433
01:12:29,029 --> 01:12:35,090
conquer the walled city in a manner
1434
01:12:31,060 --> 01:12:38,620
unimaginable even today by building a
1435
01:12:35,090 --> 01:12:41,970
mole for causeway 1/2 mile long
1436
01:12:38,619 --> 01:12:41,970
to connect the island
1437
01:12:42,609 --> 01:12:48,639
Alexander himself has no idea how
1438
01:12:45,850 --> 01:12:51,840
difficult it will be to accomplish such
1439
01:12:48,640 --> 01:12:51,840
a bold endeavor
1440
01:12:58,908 --> 01:13:04,039
when Alexander the Great encounters
1441
01:13:01,369 --> 01:13:06,590
unexpected resistance to his desire to
1442
01:13:04,039 --> 01:13:08,840
conquer the walled island of Tyre his
1443
01:13:06,590 --> 01:13:11,119
plan of action to build a mold or
1444
01:13:08,840 --> 01:13:14,250
causeway allowing him to lay siege to
1445
01:13:11,119 --> 01:13:22,309
the city bewilders even his own men
1446
01:13:14,250 --> 01:13:22,310
[Music]
1447
01:13:23,420 --> 01:13:28,680
the site of the fathomless Deep filled
1448
01:13:26,069 --> 01:13:30,509
the soldiers with despair but it could
1449
01:13:28,680 --> 01:13:31,440
scarcely be filled even if they had
1450
01:13:30,510 --> 01:13:34,020
divine aid
1451
01:13:31,439 --> 01:13:36,960
how could rocks big enough be file for
1452
01:13:34,020 --> 01:13:38,760
trees tall enough to make a mound to
1453
01:13:36,960 --> 01:13:41,640
fill such a void they would have to Dinu
1454
01:13:38,760 --> 01:13:43,320
whole regions the straight was
1455
01:13:41,640 --> 01:13:45,210
perpetually stormy and the more
1456
01:13:43,319 --> 01:13:48,090
constricted the area of its movement
1457
01:13:45,210 --> 01:13:53,220
between the island and the mainland more
1458
01:13:48,090 --> 01:13:56,520
fierce it became the Tyrians view
1459
01:13:53,220 --> 01:14:00,079
Alexander's plan as absurd and consider
1460
01:13:56,520 --> 01:14:00,080
the threat an idol one
1461
01:14:01,399 --> 01:14:06,689
how did the people of Tyre have the
1462
01:14:03,689 --> 01:14:09,029
confidence to resist Alexander well tyre
1463
01:14:06,689 --> 01:14:11,099
was a mighty City these Roman remains
1464
01:14:09,029 --> 01:14:13,609
are from the 1st and 3rd centuries ad
1465
01:14:11,100 --> 01:14:15,450
but down here are some of the original
1466
01:14:13,609 --> 01:14:19,559
fortifications of the city from
1467
01:14:15,449 --> 01:14:23,429
Alexander's time these stone blocks are
1468
01:14:19,560 --> 01:14:25,380
around 2,500 years old they formed part
1469
01:14:23,430 --> 01:14:29,880
of the massive walls and towers which
1470
01:14:25,380 --> 01:14:32,010
then surrounded this city 300 years
1471
01:14:29,880 --> 01:14:34,440
before Alexander's time king
1472
01:14:32,010 --> 01:14:36,360
nebuchadnezzar of babylon laid siege to
1473
01:14:34,439 --> 01:14:39,989
this place for thirteen years in
1474
01:14:36,359 --> 01:14:42,869
succession he failed to conquer it so
1475
01:14:39,989 --> 01:14:44,969
this is the outside wall alley baduy is
1476
01:14:42,869 --> 01:14:47,939
chief archaeologist at the ruins of Tyre
1477
01:14:44,970 --> 01:14:51,390
he explains that during Alexander's time
1478
01:14:47,939 --> 01:14:54,149
two walls separated by approximately six
1479
01:14:51,390 --> 01:14:56,220
feet of space protected the island the
1480
01:14:54,149 --> 01:15:00,779
foundation for the outer wall was below
1481
01:14:56,220 --> 01:15:03,659
sea level they took in consideration if
1482
01:15:00,779 --> 01:15:06,449
somebody is going to invade the the
1483
01:15:03,659 --> 01:15:09,539
island he will try to look for a small
1484
01:15:06,449 --> 01:15:11,519
piece of land to land the army to start
1485
01:15:09,539 --> 01:15:13,649
the attack on the wall so for this
1486
01:15:11,520 --> 01:15:16,610
reason when they built the walls of the
1487
01:15:13,649 --> 01:15:19,920
city they built it just in the edge of
1488
01:15:16,609 --> 01:15:22,339
the rock at that time so next to it you
1489
01:15:19,920 --> 01:15:22,340
have just
1490
01:15:23,319 --> 01:15:28,729
as his troops prepare to construct the
1491
01:15:26,300 --> 01:15:31,430
mole alexander hopes the mere sight of
1492
01:15:28,729 --> 01:15:36,319
his Army's determination will influence
1493
01:15:31,430 --> 01:15:38,619
the leaders of time he tries one more
1494
01:15:36,319 --> 01:15:41,319
effort at conquest by diplomacy
1495
01:15:38,619 --> 01:15:43,760
[Music]
1496
01:15:41,319 --> 01:15:46,460
Alexander sent heralds to urge the
1497
01:15:43,760 --> 01:15:48,440
Tyrians to accept peace terms but the
1498
01:15:46,460 --> 01:15:50,659
latter violating international
1499
01:15:48,439 --> 01:15:53,569
conventions killed them and threw their
1500
01:15:50,659 --> 01:15:56,840
bodies into the sea outraged by the
1501
01:15:53,569 --> 01:16:03,949
disgraceful murder of his men Alexander
1502
01:15:56,840 --> 01:16:06,380
resolved to lay siege to the city the
1503
01:16:03,949 --> 01:16:10,639
massive task of building the bull begins
1504
01:16:06,380 --> 01:16:12,920
in January 332 BC with large quantities
1505
01:16:10,640 --> 01:16:15,680
of rock being transported from old
1506
01:16:12,920 --> 01:16:17,810
mainland tyre and timber from the nearby
1507
01:16:15,680 --> 01:16:19,280
mountain
1508
01:16:17,810 --> 01:16:22,039
[Music]
1509
01:16:19,279 --> 01:16:24,050
little by little the mole began to rise
1510
01:16:22,039 --> 01:16:27,109
above the surface and the mounds with
1511
01:16:24,050 --> 01:16:28,880
increased as it approached the city but
1512
01:16:27,109 --> 01:16:31,489
as the mole proceeded further from the
1513
01:16:28,880 --> 01:16:35,020
shore the materials piled on it were
1514
01:16:31,489 --> 01:16:38,719
increasingly sucked into the Seas depths
1515
01:16:35,020 --> 01:16:41,420
with their light skips the Tyrians began
1516
01:16:38,720 --> 01:16:43,810
to encircle the structure attacking with
1517
01:16:41,420 --> 01:16:46,430
missiles the men stand-in by the work
1518
01:16:43,810 --> 01:16:48,110
Alexander had hides and sheets of canvas
1519
01:16:46,430 --> 01:16:50,810
stretched before the workmen to screen
1520
01:16:48,109 --> 01:16:52,819
them from the missiles and he erected
1521
01:16:50,810 --> 01:16:54,650
two turrets on top of the mole from
1522
01:16:52,819 --> 01:16:58,189
which weapons could be directed at
1523
01:16:54,649 --> 01:17:00,379
approaching focuses as the structure of
1524
01:16:58,189 --> 01:17:03,079
the mole finally reaches close to the
1525
01:17:00,380 --> 01:17:07,460
walled island the Tyrians make their
1526
01:17:03,079 --> 01:17:09,529
boldest move materials fill a ship with
1527
01:17:07,460 --> 01:17:10,880
combustible material from the boughs
1528
01:17:09,529 --> 01:17:13,099
they hang pots of what was probably
1529
01:17:10,880 --> 01:17:15,650
naphtha a sort of napalm of ancient
1530
01:17:13,100 --> 01:17:19,190
times they tow the ship towards the mole
1531
01:17:15,649 --> 01:17:21,469
and set fire to it the pots of naphtha
1532
01:17:19,189 --> 01:17:24,710
burst and the siege towers and wooden
1533
01:17:21,470 --> 01:17:26,840
Palisades catch fire simultaneously they
1534
01:17:24,710 --> 01:17:28,789
attack with small boats from both sides
1535
01:17:26,840 --> 01:17:30,680
killing Alexander's workers and
1536
01:17:28,789 --> 01:17:34,010
defenders the attack is a complete
1537
01:17:30,680 --> 01:17:36,730
success Alexander's mole is a pile of
1538
01:17:34,010 --> 01:17:36,730
smoking rubble
1539
01:17:37,090 --> 01:17:43,640
undaunted Alexander sets his soldiers to
1540
01:17:40,609 --> 01:17:46,309
work building a new mole but he also
1541
01:17:43,640 --> 01:17:49,579
comes to realize that tyre can only be
1542
01:17:46,310 --> 01:17:52,670
taken by siege waged simultaneously from
1543
01:17:49,579 --> 01:17:57,050
land and sea
1544
01:17:52,670 --> 01:17:59,920
in July 332 BC the second mole is
1545
01:17:57,050 --> 01:17:59,920
finally ready
1546
01:17:59,958 --> 01:18:03,539
so our warships obtained from nearby
1547
01:18:02,658 --> 01:18:10,698
Cyprus
1548
01:18:03,539 --> 01:18:10,698
[Applause]
1549
01:18:11,618 --> 01:18:16,569
as the Macedonian infantry attacks the
1550
01:18:14,738 --> 01:18:19,538
walls of tyre from the morning
1551
01:18:16,569 --> 01:18:23,618
Alexander leads forces across gangways
1552
01:18:19,538 --> 01:18:26,469
from the ships a Macedonian commander
1553
01:18:23,618 --> 01:18:29,018
named Admetus leads the assault and pays
1554
01:18:26,469 --> 01:18:31,389
for it with his life Alexander himself
1555
01:18:29,019 --> 01:18:34,360
takes his place and after bitter
1556
01:18:31,389 --> 01:18:37,059
fighting his men break through and gain
1557
01:18:34,359 --> 01:18:39,368
a small part of the wall it is all they
1558
01:18:37,059 --> 01:18:41,949
need I am standing on the inner
1559
01:18:39,368 --> 01:18:44,168
defensive walls of Tyre and here sure
1560
01:18:41,948 --> 01:18:47,558
enough the archaeologists have found a
1561
01:18:44,168 --> 01:18:50,139
small breach in the wall they believe
1562
01:18:47,559 --> 01:18:52,840
that it is in this place that the
1563
01:18:50,139 --> 01:18:55,569
Macedonians poured through the defenses
1564
01:18:52,840 --> 01:18:57,668
they cut down the exhausted periods
1565
01:18:55,569 --> 01:19:00,069
drove them north into the main part of
1566
01:18:57,668 --> 01:19:01,269
the city attack from the land and the
1567
01:19:00,069 --> 01:19:04,078
sea tyre
1568
01:19:01,269 --> 01:19:04,079
could not hold
1569
01:19:04,279 --> 01:19:12,109
the siege of Tyre by Alexander's troops
1570
01:19:07,520 --> 01:19:16,280
takes seven months truth of the matter
1571
01:19:12,109 --> 01:19:18,769
is that in the end he went through with
1572
01:19:16,279 --> 01:19:22,369
it because he was damn well not going to
1573
01:19:18,770 --> 01:19:25,340
be beaten because they had really
1574
01:19:22,369 --> 01:19:28,970
irritated him past belief because he was
1575
01:19:25,340 --> 01:19:32,029
going to put her sacrifice in that damn
1576
01:19:28,970 --> 01:19:33,140
temple if he had to kill ten thousand
1577
01:19:32,029 --> 01:19:34,359
people to do it
1578
01:19:33,140 --> 01:19:37,520
[Music]
1579
01:19:34,359 --> 01:19:40,159
some turians made a hopeless last stand
1580
01:19:37,520 --> 01:19:42,620
at their Citadel the Agra nor iam others
1581
01:19:40,159 --> 01:19:45,229
fled for their lives here to the temple
1582
01:19:42,619 --> 01:19:47,210
of Heracles like most ancient sites this
1583
01:19:45,229 --> 01:19:49,129
one has been built over a medieval
1584
01:19:47,210 --> 01:19:53,060
cathedral was constructed on top of it
1585
01:19:49,130 --> 01:19:55,159
but down here was the old temple here
1586
01:19:53,060 --> 01:19:57,890
Alexander comes to finally make his
1587
01:19:55,159 --> 01:20:00,889
sacrifice to Heracles after seven bloody
1588
01:19:57,890 --> 01:20:02,869
months those found in here are spared
1589
01:20:00,890 --> 01:20:06,320
but outside these walls
1590
01:20:02,869 --> 01:20:09,680
a terrible Massacre takes place 8000
1591
01:20:06,319 --> 01:20:12,309
Tyrians are slaughtered 30,000 more sold
1592
01:20:09,680 --> 01:20:12,310
into slavery
1593
01:20:13,260 --> 01:20:19,320
today this roadway is built literally on
1594
01:20:16,679 --> 01:20:24,510
top of the mole constructed by order of
1595
01:20:19,319 --> 01:20:27,569
Alexander his unrelenting successful
1596
01:20:24,510 --> 01:20:29,760
siege of Tyre sent a message to every
1597
01:20:27,569 --> 01:20:30,599
other city in the path of his future
1598
01:20:29,760 --> 01:20:32,690
conquests
1599
01:20:30,600 --> 01:20:35,510
[Music]
1600
01:20:32,689 --> 01:20:36,979
what Alexander proves is that if he
1601
01:20:35,510 --> 01:20:39,739
believes something is strategically
1602
01:20:36,979 --> 01:20:41,500
necessary he will stay at it and fight
1603
01:20:39,738 --> 01:20:43,750
for as long as it takes in order to
1604
01:20:41,500 --> 01:20:46,159
attain that goal
1605
01:20:43,750 --> 01:20:49,130
conquering the walled island city of
1606
01:20:46,159 --> 01:20:51,469
Tyre has gone down in history as one of
1607
01:20:49,130 --> 01:20:55,159
the most incredible achievements of any
1608
01:20:51,469 --> 01:20:57,198
army Alexander more confident than ever
1609
01:20:55,159 --> 01:21:00,079
in the abilities of his troops in
1610
01:20:57,198 --> 01:21:02,359
himself continues toward the goal of
1611
01:21:00,079 --> 01:21:05,479
defeating King Darius and conquering
1612
01:21:02,359 --> 01:21:07,579
Persia but first he sets out to discover
1613
01:21:05,479 --> 01:21:10,609
something even more personally
1614
01:21:07,579 --> 01:21:14,619
significant proof that he is not only a
1615
01:21:10,609 --> 01:21:14,619
man but a God
1616
01:21:15,569 --> 01:21:18,769
[Applause]
1617
01:21:18,960 --> 01:21:25,510
332 BC following a seven-month siege
1618
01:21:23,189 --> 01:21:28,928
Alexander has achieved what most would
1619
01:21:25,510 --> 01:21:32,139
consider impossible the conquest of the
1620
01:21:28,929 --> 01:21:37,828
walled island city of Tyre by building
1621
01:21:32,139 --> 01:21:37,828
not one but two half mile long cosway's
1622
01:21:39,819 --> 01:21:43,689
with the Aegean Sea port under his
1623
01:21:42,649 --> 01:21:46,099
control
1624
01:21:43,689 --> 01:21:51,649
Alexander confidently leads his army
1625
01:21:46,100 --> 01:21:52,850
into Egypt there he has given the title
1626
01:21:51,649 --> 01:21:55,849
of Pharaoh
1627
01:21:52,850 --> 01:22:00,310
by tradition making him both a king and
1628
01:21:55,850 --> 01:22:00,310
a son of Rao or God
1629
01:22:01,960 --> 01:22:07,300
after traveling through Heliopolis and
1630
01:22:04,359 --> 01:22:10,869
Memphis Alexander comes upon a shoreline
1631
01:22:07,300 --> 01:22:13,590
so magnificent he envisions a grand
1632
01:22:10,869 --> 01:22:13,590
Seaport
1633
01:22:14,798 --> 01:22:19,128
Alexandria is the first of more than 30
1634
01:22:17,059 --> 01:22:21,739
cities founded by Alexander in his own
1635
01:22:19,128 --> 01:22:23,988
name but why here well it's an excellent
1636
01:22:21,738 --> 01:22:26,298
location between Lake Mary Otis in the
1637
01:22:23,988 --> 01:22:29,118
Mediterranean Sea it has a mild healthy
1638
01:22:26,298 --> 01:22:31,878
climate and an excellent natural harbour
1639
01:22:29,118 --> 01:22:33,828
deep and well sheltered further improved
1640
01:22:31,878 --> 01:22:36,139
when Alexander commands the offshore
1641
01:22:33,828 --> 01:22:41,179
island of Pharos to be connected to the
1642
01:22:36,139 --> 01:22:43,368
mainland by a mul Alexandria would be
1643
01:22:41,179 --> 01:22:46,099
the new Emporium for the world's trade a
1644
01:22:43,368 --> 01:22:49,568
cornerstone for Alexander's Empire and a
1645
01:22:46,099 --> 01:22:52,369
crossroads of the ancient world today
1646
01:22:49,569 --> 01:22:56,899
the population of Alexandria is
1647
01:22:52,368 --> 01:22:59,658
approximately 4 million 80 percent of
1648
01:22:56,899 --> 01:23:03,109
Egypt's imports and exports move through
1649
01:22:59,658 --> 01:23:05,058
its harbors to many buildings such a
1650
01:23:03,109 --> 01:23:08,209
city would be an achievement of a
1651
01:23:05,059 --> 01:23:10,309
lifetime but for Alexander the Great it
1652
01:23:08,208 --> 01:23:13,358
is merely a brief distraction from
1653
01:23:10,309 --> 01:23:13,359
Greater priorities
1654
01:23:13,699 --> 01:23:19,859
one of those is a visit to the temple of
1655
01:23:16,859 --> 01:23:24,839
the god Amon at the desert oasis of
1656
01:23:19,859 --> 01:23:26,849
Syrah while Alexander was in Egypt the
1657
01:23:24,840 --> 01:23:29,310
entire resources of the greatest empire
1658
01:23:26,850 --> 01:23:31,230
on earth were mobilizing to fight him he
1659
01:23:29,310 --> 01:23:33,330
had to get back to war to defeat the
1660
01:23:31,229 --> 01:23:35,699
Persians before their vast armies cut
1661
01:23:33,329 --> 01:23:38,159
him off from Macedonia but at this
1662
01:23:35,699 --> 01:23:40,109
crucial moment he chose to spend six
1663
01:23:38,159 --> 01:23:45,059
weeks traveling through the Sahara
1664
01:23:40,109 --> 01:23:47,039
Desert the journey was a spiritual
1665
01:23:45,060 --> 01:23:48,630
preparation for what was perhaps the
1666
01:23:47,039 --> 01:23:50,640
greatest religious experience of
1667
01:23:48,630 --> 01:23:53,480
Alexander's life and it was a journey
1668
01:23:50,640 --> 01:23:53,480
that nearly killed him
1669
01:23:56,050 --> 01:24:00,159
when Alexander came to the desert he
1670
01:23:58,270 --> 01:24:02,360
began to cross the country covered with
1671
01:24:00,159 --> 01:24:04,368
an infinite expanse of sand
1672
01:24:02,359 --> 01:24:07,519
in four days their water had given out
1673
01:24:04,368 --> 01:24:09,768
they suffered from fearful thirst all
1674
01:24:07,520 --> 01:24:11,869
fell into despair
1675
01:24:09,769 --> 01:24:13,760
and suddenly a great storm of rain
1676
01:24:11,868 --> 01:24:15,259
bursts from the heavens ending their
1677
01:24:13,760 --> 01:24:19,969
shortage of water in a way that had not
1678
01:24:15,260 --> 01:24:21,679
been foreseen at one point when the road
1679
01:24:19,969 --> 01:24:24,050
could not be traced because of the sand
1680
01:24:21,679 --> 01:24:25,460
dunes the guide pointed out to the king
1681
01:24:24,050 --> 01:24:27,650
that the prose calling on the right
1682
01:24:25,460 --> 01:24:32,059
we're calling their attention to the
1683
01:24:27,649 --> 01:24:34,219
route which led to the temple Alexander
1684
01:24:32,059 --> 01:24:36,619
took this as an omen and thinking that
1685
01:24:34,219 --> 01:24:37,399
the God was pleased by his visit pushed
1686
01:24:36,618 --> 01:24:41,269
on the speed
1687
01:24:37,399 --> 01:24:44,849
[Music]
1688
01:24:41,270 --> 01:24:47,730
to the Egyptians Amman was the
1689
01:24:44,850 --> 01:24:51,150
equivalent of the Greek god Zeus the
1690
01:24:47,729 --> 01:24:53,939
king of all gods frequently the deity
1691
01:24:51,149 --> 01:24:59,250
would be addressed using both names zeus
1692
01:24:53,939 --> 01:25:01,769
Amon Alexander has a burning desire to
1693
01:24:59,250 --> 01:25:06,090
find out from the Oracle at SEMA if he
1694
01:25:01,770 --> 01:25:13,620
is a son of God today the remains of the
1695
01:25:06,090 --> 01:25:15,360
temple still stand at CYO ASIS Alexander
1696
01:25:13,619 --> 01:25:17,369
and his companions climbed up into the
1697
01:25:15,359 --> 01:25:19,439
temple and it was here on these steps
1698
01:25:17,369 --> 01:25:21,750
that the high priest greeted Alexander
1699
01:25:19,439 --> 01:25:25,979
with a slip of the tongue he meant to
1700
01:25:21,750 --> 01:25:27,239
say or PI D on all my son but his Greek
1701
01:25:25,979 --> 01:25:29,669
wasn't up to much and what the
1702
01:25:27,239 --> 01:25:30,659
Macedonians heard him say was all PI
1703
01:25:29,670 --> 01:25:33,659
Dios
1704
01:25:30,659 --> 01:25:36,630
o son of Zeus after Alexander that was
1705
01:25:33,659 --> 01:25:38,699
quite a good start the sayings of the
1706
01:25:36,630 --> 01:25:40,949
Oracle were usually delivered in this
1707
01:25:38,699 --> 01:25:42,659
courtyard but Alexander was too
1708
01:25:40,949 --> 01:25:44,189
important a guest for a public show
1709
01:25:42,659 --> 01:25:46,920
besides he had some very private
1710
01:25:44,189 --> 01:25:50,549
questions so he alone was allowed to
1711
01:25:46,920 --> 01:25:51,569
question the God directly and enter the
1712
01:25:50,550 --> 01:25:54,720
inner chamber
1713
01:25:51,569 --> 01:25:54,719
[Music]
1714
01:25:57,699 --> 01:26:02,630
this is the holy shrine where the
1715
01:26:00,439 --> 01:26:04,239
bejeweled statue of the RAM headed God
1716
01:26:02,630 --> 01:26:06,770
Amon was kept
1717
01:26:04,239 --> 01:26:09,739
Alexander stood here alone on this very
1718
01:26:06,770 --> 01:26:11,540
spot to ask his questions he never
1719
01:26:09,739 --> 01:26:14,449
revealed what they were but in later
1720
01:26:11,539 --> 01:26:17,449
years they were said to be these would
1721
01:26:14,449 --> 01:26:20,149
he conquer the world had all his
1722
01:26:17,449 --> 01:26:24,769
father's murderers been punished and was
1723
01:26:20,149 --> 01:26:26,809
he indeed the son of Zeus Alexander
1724
01:26:24,770 --> 01:26:29,540
received his answers from the priests
1725
01:26:26,810 --> 01:26:32,930
who supposedly had not heard the
1726
01:26:29,539 --> 01:26:37,069
questions but in fact beside this
1727
01:26:32,930 --> 01:26:39,140
chamber is a narrow passageway here the
1728
01:26:37,069 --> 01:26:41,869
priests could listen in and then appear
1729
01:26:39,140 --> 01:26:44,119
to give the gods answers now is easy for
1730
01:26:41,869 --> 01:26:46,250
us to mock this as a fraud but remember
1731
01:26:44,119 --> 01:26:49,309
Oracle's don't last for 2,000 years
1732
01:26:46,250 --> 01:26:51,829
unless they're pretty accurate the
1733
01:26:49,310 --> 01:26:56,630
answers that Alexander received were
1734
01:26:51,829 --> 01:26:59,090
these yes he would conquer the world yes
1735
01:26:56,630 --> 01:27:01,159
all his father's murderers had been
1736
01:26:59,090 --> 01:27:03,560
punished which may have been a relief to
1737
01:27:01,159 --> 01:27:05,359
Alexander if he was in fact guilty of
1738
01:27:03,560 --> 01:27:07,730
involvement in his father's death he
1739
01:27:05,359 --> 01:27:09,539
needed to know if divine retribution was
1740
01:27:07,729 --> 01:27:11,879
on the way
1741
01:27:09,539 --> 01:27:14,819
the answer to the final question was
1742
01:27:11,880 --> 01:27:17,520
clear the priests told him that Philip
1743
01:27:14,819 --> 01:27:22,259
was not his father anyway and that he
1744
01:27:17,520 --> 01:27:28,080
was indeed a son of Zeus among a son of
1745
01:27:22,260 --> 01:27:29,760
God no one is with Alexander when the
1746
01:27:28,079 --> 01:27:33,449
priests at sea were supposedly
1747
01:27:29,760 --> 01:27:34,820
acknowledged him as the Son of God there
1748
01:27:33,449 --> 01:27:39,630
are no witnesses
1749
01:27:34,819 --> 01:27:41,250
only the word of Alexander himself but
1750
01:27:39,630 --> 01:27:44,789
as Alexander heads back through the
1751
01:27:41,250 --> 01:27:48,600
desert to rejoin his army his belief in
1752
01:27:44,789 --> 01:27:50,430
his own invincibility is heightened he
1753
01:27:48,600 --> 01:27:55,860
would need every bit of this confidence
1754
01:27:50,430 --> 01:27:58,829
in the months and years ahead Alexander
1755
01:27:55,859 --> 01:28:01,289
still faces a decisive battle with
1756
01:27:58,829 --> 01:28:04,289
perhaps the only other mortal who might
1757
01:28:01,289 --> 01:28:07,529
have considered himself a deity to rious
1758
01:28:04,289 --> 01:28:10,340
and the Persian king is preparing a
1759
01:28:07,529 --> 01:28:12,869
secret weapon for their next encounter
1760
01:28:10,340 --> 01:28:15,829
designed to render Alexander's most
1761
01:28:12,869 --> 01:28:17,039
powerful war machine the Phalanx
1762
01:28:15,829 --> 01:28:22,368
useless
1763
01:28:17,039 --> 01:28:22,368
[Music]
1764
01:28:24,239 --> 01:28:32,029
faul 331 BC despite dramatic victories
1765
01:28:29,340 --> 01:28:34,739
at the Granicus River Issus and tyre
1766
01:28:32,029 --> 01:28:36,389
Alexander the Great realizes he can
1767
01:28:34,739 --> 01:28:40,559
never claim to rule Asia
1768
01:28:36,390 --> 01:28:42,900
if King Darius remains free and to
1769
01:28:40,560 --> 01:28:45,000
realize --is he will never retain
1770
01:28:42,899 --> 01:28:47,989
control of Asia without defeating
1771
01:28:45,000 --> 01:28:47,989
Alexander
1772
01:28:48,100 --> 01:28:54,190
the two commanders know an ultimate
1773
01:28:50,710 --> 01:28:57,489
showdown must take place Duras uses the
1774
01:28:54,189 --> 01:29:01,649
location camping his forces at the river
1775
01:28:57,489 --> 01:29:04,510
beau menos near the village of Gaugamela
1776
01:29:01,649 --> 01:29:07,420
none of alexander's battles is better
1777
01:29:04,510 --> 01:29:08,980
documented by ancient historians than
1778
01:29:07,420 --> 01:29:13,619
the Battle of Gaugamela
1779
01:29:08,979 --> 01:29:13,619
[Music]
1780
01:29:13,829 --> 01:29:18,479
the rightest assembled his forces made
1781
01:29:15,960 --> 01:29:20,340
everything ready for battle in fashion
1782
01:29:18,479 --> 01:29:21,439
swords and Lance's much longer than his
1783
01:29:20,340 --> 01:29:24,360
earlier types
1784
01:29:21,439 --> 01:29:26,609
he had also constructed 200 scythe
1785
01:29:24,359 --> 01:29:29,549
baring chariots well designed to
1786
01:29:26,609 --> 01:29:31,259
astonish and terrify the enemy from each
1787
01:29:29,550 --> 01:29:34,230
of these will project it out beyond the
1788
01:29:31,260 --> 01:29:36,449
trace horses sized nearly a metre in
1789
01:29:34,229 --> 01:29:38,199
length presenting their cutting edges to
1790
01:29:36,449 --> 01:29:43,158
the front
1791
01:29:38,199 --> 01:29:45,619
[Music]
1792
01:29:43,158 --> 01:29:48,289
the night before the battle several
1793
01:29:45,619 --> 01:29:52,488
miles of rolling hills separate the two
1794
01:29:48,289 --> 01:29:54,590
armies Alexander's chief general
1795
01:29:52,488 --> 01:29:57,439
Parmenio and several of his most
1796
01:29:54,590 --> 01:30:02,270
prominent officers move forward to
1797
01:29:57,439 --> 01:30:04,658
survey the enemy position they were
1798
01:30:02,270 --> 01:30:07,250
filled with amazement at the site and
1799
01:30:04,658 --> 01:30:08,988
remarked to one another it would have
1800
01:30:07,250 --> 01:30:11,300
been a very difficult task to defeat an
1801
01:30:08,988 --> 01:30:15,169
enemy of such strength by engaging him
1802
01:30:11,300 --> 01:30:18,320
by day they therefore went to Alexander
1803
01:30:15,170 --> 01:30:20,060
to persuade him to attack by night so as
1804
01:30:18,319 --> 01:30:21,469
to conceal from his men the most
1805
01:30:20,060 --> 01:30:24,370
terrifying element in the coming
1806
01:30:21,469 --> 01:30:27,529
struggle that is the odds against them
1807
01:30:24,369 --> 01:30:31,340
it was then that Alexander gave him his
1808
01:30:27,529 --> 01:30:35,539
celebrated answer I will not steal my
1809
01:30:31,340 --> 01:30:38,179
victory he was determined that if their
1810
01:30:35,539 --> 01:30:40,250
highest were defeated he should have no
1811
01:30:38,179 --> 01:30:43,670
cause to someone up courage further
1812
01:30:40,250 --> 01:30:45,979
attempt he was not to be allowed to
1813
01:30:43,670 --> 01:30:49,100
blame darkness and night for his failure
1814
01:30:45,979 --> 01:30:51,529
on this occasion as a Issus he had
1815
01:30:49,100 --> 01:30:53,800
blamed the narrow mountain passes in the
1816
01:30:51,529 --> 01:30:53,800
sea
1817
01:30:58,408 --> 01:31:04,129
and there is this account of how he sat
1818
01:31:01,710 --> 01:31:07,219
there at night into the darkness
1819
01:31:04,130 --> 01:31:11,969
figuring out strategy and tactics
1820
01:31:07,219 --> 01:31:16,079
finally got what he wanted and this is
1821
01:31:11,969 --> 01:31:23,639
the point then just fell into a totally
1822
01:31:16,079 --> 01:31:25,679
undisturbed sleep and he slept on and he
1823
01:31:23,639 --> 01:31:29,639
said can I got it figured out I was
1824
01:31:25,679 --> 01:31:31,980
worried after that I was fine he army
1825
01:31:29,639 --> 01:31:35,340
got up in the morning the valley was
1826
01:31:31,979 --> 01:31:37,919
sounded Alexander slept on like a baby
1827
01:31:35,340 --> 01:31:43,980
until finally his staff officers had to
1828
01:31:37,920 --> 01:31:45,829
wake him at this point Alexander gives
1829
01:31:43,979 --> 01:31:48,000
his troops the pep talk of their lives
1830
01:31:45,829 --> 01:31:50,219
confidently telling them that this
1831
01:31:48,000 --> 01:31:53,069
battle would decide who would rule the
1832
01:31:50,219 --> 01:31:54,810
continent of Asia on the other side of
1833
01:31:53,069 --> 01:31:57,689
the battlefield the Persian King Darius
1834
01:31:54,810 --> 01:31:59,340
is giving a speech of his own but his
1835
01:31:57,689 --> 01:32:02,609
mood is more of desperation than of
1836
01:31:59,340 --> 01:32:05,190
confidence he tells his troops today
1837
01:32:02,609 --> 01:32:08,939
will consolidate or terminate an empire
1838
01:32:05,189 --> 01:32:10,888
greater than any age as seen now it is
1839
01:32:08,939 --> 01:32:13,769
not glory for which you must fight it is
1840
01:32:10,889 --> 01:32:16,679
survival our backs are to the wall
1841
01:32:13,770 --> 01:32:19,230
I beg you by our country's gods deliver
1842
01:32:16,679 --> 01:32:20,670
the Persian people and it's honor from
1843
01:32:19,229 --> 01:32:26,449
the depths of disgrace
1844
01:32:20,670 --> 01:32:29,550
[Music]
1845
01:32:26,449 --> 01:32:32,519
slowly but methodically Alexander's
1846
01:32:29,550 --> 01:32:37,579
phalanx marches forward in formation to
1847
01:32:32,520 --> 01:32:37,580
encountered arises new rolling weapons
1848
01:32:37,850 --> 01:32:43,260
the sight the chariots swung into action
1849
01:32:40,380 --> 01:32:45,900
full gallop and created great alarm and
1850
01:32:43,260 --> 01:32:48,630
terror among the Macedonians as the
1851
01:32:45,899 --> 01:32:50,339
Phalanx joined shields however all beat
1852
01:32:48,630 --> 01:32:52,260
upon their shields with their spears as
1853
01:32:50,340 --> 01:32:53,880
the king had commanded and a great
1854
01:32:52,260 --> 01:32:56,949
dinner rose
1855
01:32:53,880 --> 01:32:56,949
[Music]
1856
01:32:57,819 --> 01:33:02,590
in some instances the horses were killed
1857
01:33:00,069 --> 01:33:05,979
by javelin cows and in others they rode
1858
01:33:02,590 --> 01:33:08,199
through an escape but some of them using
1859
01:33:05,979 --> 01:33:10,000
the full force of their momentum and
1860
01:33:08,199 --> 01:33:13,179
applying their steel blades actively
1861
01:33:10,000 --> 01:33:16,180
brought death among the Macedonians many
1862
01:33:13,180 --> 01:33:19,000
in various firms they severed the arms
1863
01:33:16,180 --> 01:33:21,579
of many shields in all and in no small
1864
01:33:19,000 --> 01:33:23,770
number of cases cut through nets and
1865
01:33:21,579 --> 01:33:25,779
said heads tumbling to the ground with
1866
01:33:23,770 --> 01:33:28,150
the eyes still open and the expression
1867
01:33:25,779 --> 01:33:31,059
of the countenance unchanged in other
1868
01:33:28,149 --> 01:33:35,899
cases they sliced through ribs with
1869
01:33:31,060 --> 01:33:37,110
mortal gashes and inflicted quick death
1870
01:33:35,899 --> 01:33:39,868
[Music]
1871
01:33:37,109 --> 01:33:42,029
facing a king in his army fighting with
1872
01:33:39,868 --> 01:33:44,849
superhuman strength and passion to
1873
01:33:42,029 --> 01:33:47,250
retain control of Asia Alexander's
1874
01:33:44,850 --> 01:33:50,880
soldiers find themselves for the first
1875
01:33:47,250 --> 01:33:53,270
time struggling not to win but simply to
1876
01:33:50,880 --> 01:33:53,270
survive
1877
01:33:54,060 --> 01:33:58,770
the situation looks horribly bleak for
1878
01:33:56,970 --> 01:34:01,050
the Macedonian general Parmenio
1879
01:33:58,770 --> 01:34:03,750
who heroically attempts to maintain
1880
01:34:01,050 --> 01:34:05,270
order the valiant struggle with his
1881
01:34:03,750 --> 01:34:08,750
infantry
1882
01:34:05,270 --> 01:34:11,210
he realizes there is only one person who
1883
01:34:08,750 --> 01:34:15,319
has the capacity to turn the tide of
1884
01:34:11,210 --> 01:34:17,720
battle Alexander himself but Alexander
1885
01:34:15,319 --> 01:34:22,329
is preoccupied personally fighting his
1886
01:34:17,720 --> 01:34:22,329
way toward the chariot Baron King Darius
1887
01:34:24,988 --> 01:34:29,859
Alexander has cited his adversary
1888
01:34:27,849 --> 01:34:31,929
through the ranks of cavalry who were
1889
01:34:29,859 --> 01:34:34,868
closely master guard the lofty chariot
1890
01:34:31,929 --> 01:34:36,250
in what she stood the bravest stood fast
1891
01:34:34,868 --> 01:34:39,308
and were slaughtered in front of their
1892
01:34:36,250 --> 01:34:42,340
king they fell upon one another in heaps
1893
01:34:39,309 --> 01:34:44,320
as for the riots all the horrors of the
1894
01:34:42,340 --> 01:34:46,510
battle were now before his eyes
1895
01:34:44,319 --> 01:34:48,099
they had become difficult to turn his
1896
01:34:46,510 --> 01:34:50,380
chariot around to drive it away
1897
01:34:48,099 --> 01:34:54,578
since the wheels were encumbered and
1898
01:34:50,380 --> 01:34:57,190
entangled with bodies the king abandoned
1899
01:34:54,578 --> 01:34:59,948
his chariot and his armor mounted a
1900
01:34:57,189 --> 01:35:01,509
mayor and rode away it is believed that
1901
01:34:59,948 --> 01:35:03,039
you would have not have escaped at the
1902
01:35:01,510 --> 01:35:05,800
moment had now burning you send another
1903
01:35:03,039 --> 01:35:08,698
party of horsemen begging Alexander to
1904
01:35:05,800 --> 01:35:08,699
come to his rescue
1905
01:35:10,159 --> 01:35:15,139
when this news was brought to Alexander
1906
01:35:13,069 --> 01:35:17,479
he turned back again from further
1907
01:35:15,140 --> 01:35:19,910
pursuit and wheeling round with the
1908
01:35:17,479 --> 01:35:22,429
companion cavalry led them with great
1909
01:35:19,909 --> 01:35:24,889
speed against the right wing of der Isis
1910
01:35:22,430 --> 01:35:27,560
horsemen then ensued the most
1911
01:35:24,890 --> 01:35:30,560
obstinately contested cavalry fighting
1912
01:35:27,560 --> 01:35:33,260
the whole engagement here about sixty of
1913
01:35:30,560 --> 01:35:35,840
Alexander's companions fell but the
1914
01:35:33,260 --> 01:35:38,420
wisest troops were overcome by Alexander
1915
01:35:35,840 --> 01:35:40,940
and as many of them as could force their
1916
01:35:38,420 --> 01:35:43,569
way through his ranks fled with all
1917
01:35:40,939 --> 01:35:43,569
their might
1918
01:35:46,550 --> 01:35:52,020
what may have first appeared to be
1919
01:35:48,899 --> 01:35:53,698
impending doomed for Alexander proves to
1920
01:35:52,020 --> 01:35:56,929
be yet another episode confirming
1921
01:35:53,698 --> 01:35:59,339
Alexander's genius as a commander
1922
01:35:56,929 --> 01:36:02,368
realizing that de rious is relying not
1923
01:35:59,340 --> 01:36:05,400
on his infantry but massed squadrons of
1924
01:36:02,368 --> 01:36:07,679
heavily armed horsemen Alexander Temps
1925
01:36:05,399 --> 01:36:11,279
both of de rias's cavalry wings to
1926
01:36:07,679 --> 01:36:13,679
charge his Heschel on flanks
1927
01:36:11,279 --> 01:36:16,439
Alexandr hopes that the flanks can hold
1928
01:36:13,679 --> 01:36:18,960
out just long enough to create a gap in
1929
01:36:16,439 --> 01:36:21,808
the Persian line allowing Alexander's
1930
01:36:18,960 --> 01:36:24,840
companion cavalry to punch through which
1931
01:36:21,809 --> 01:36:27,940
they do with perfect timing
1932
01:36:24,840 --> 01:36:31,909
historians past and present consider the
1933
01:36:27,939 --> 01:36:34,829
strategy masterful
1934
01:36:31,908 --> 01:36:37,408
Alexander had attached to a brilliance
1935
01:36:34,829 --> 01:36:40,500
there the only thing that one can
1936
01:36:37,408 --> 01:36:42,929
perhaps criticize is that he left the
1937
01:36:40,500 --> 01:36:46,109
battlefield in pursuit of dereyes trying
1938
01:36:42,929 --> 01:36:48,670
to get hold of him live
1939
01:36:46,109 --> 01:36:50,920
Alexandr wheels around and starts off in
1940
01:36:48,670 --> 01:36:52,680
pursuit of Duras once more keeping up
1941
01:36:50,920 --> 01:36:55,149
the chase as long as there is daylight
1942
01:36:52,680 --> 01:36:57,970
Parmenio Brigade also follows
1943
01:36:55,149 --> 01:36:59,609
but when darkness falls Alexander stops
1944
01:36:57,970 --> 01:37:02,710
to rest his men and horses
1945
01:36:59,609 --> 01:37:06,880
Darius continues to ride away leaving
1946
01:37:02,710 --> 01:37:14,380
behind his chariot spear and bow again
1947
01:37:06,880 --> 01:37:17,260
Darius escapes although the Macedonian
1948
01:37:14,380 --> 01:37:19,329
army is grossly outnumbered the casualty
1949
01:37:17,260 --> 01:37:22,320
figures reported by historians are
1950
01:37:19,329 --> 01:37:25,319
nothing short of astounding some say
1951
01:37:22,319 --> 01:37:25,319
incredible
1952
01:37:25,618 --> 01:37:32,219
of alexander's men about 100 were killed
1953
01:37:28,889 --> 01:37:34,770
and more than 1,000 of his horses were
1954
01:37:32,219 --> 01:37:40,198
lost either from wounds or from fatigue
1955
01:37:34,770 --> 01:37:42,540
in the pursuit of the Rice's forces they
1956
01:37:40,198 --> 01:37:45,960
were said to have been three hundred
1957
01:37:42,539 --> 01:37:49,219
thousand slain and far more were taken
1958
01:37:45,960 --> 01:37:49,219
prisoner than were killed
1959
01:37:50,109 --> 01:37:55,389
the Battle of Gaugamela leaves no doubt
1960
01:37:53,050 --> 01:37:58,150
that Persia is now under Alexander's
1961
01:37:55,390 --> 01:37:59,920
control but a far greater importance for
1962
01:37:58,149 --> 01:38:03,460
the more your king is the capture of
1963
01:37:59,920 --> 01:38:05,409
King Darius Alexander knows to rious
1964
01:38:03,460 --> 01:38:07,569
will be far more valuable governing
1965
01:38:05,409 --> 01:38:09,809
Persia under his command and as a
1966
01:38:07,569 --> 01:38:12,210
deceased ruler
1967
01:38:09,810 --> 01:38:14,140
but would he be able to capture the
1968
01:38:12,210 --> 01:38:21,319
fallen king
1969
01:38:14,140 --> 01:38:24,150
[Music]
1970
01:38:21,319 --> 01:38:26,849
and Alexander's victory at the Battle of
1971
01:38:24,149 --> 01:38:29,699
Gaugamela is viewed by many as the most
1972
01:38:26,850 --> 01:38:31,910
significant triumph in his conquest of
1973
01:38:29,699 --> 01:38:31,909
Asia
1974
01:38:33,788 --> 01:38:39,189
after the battle had ended in this way
1975
01:38:36,300 --> 01:38:40,929
the authority of the Persian Empire was
1976
01:38:39,189 --> 01:38:44,768
regarded as having been completely
1977
01:38:40,929 --> 01:38:48,730
overthrown Alexander was proclaimed king
1978
01:38:44,769 --> 01:38:51,579
of Asia and after offering splendid
1979
01:38:48,729 --> 01:38:54,129
sacrifices to the gods he proceeded to
1980
01:38:51,578 --> 01:38:57,328
reward his friends with riches estates
1981
01:38:54,130 --> 01:38:57,328
and governorships
1982
01:38:59,220 --> 01:39:05,740
within four months of his victory at
1983
01:39:01,569 --> 01:39:08,829
Gaugamela in January of 330 BC Alexander
1984
01:39:05,739 --> 01:39:15,039
takes over de rias's palace and the city
1985
01:39:08,829 --> 01:39:18,489
of Persepolis in ancient Persia now all
1986
01:39:15,039 --> 01:39:21,189
of Persia its capital city and literally
1987
01:39:18,489 --> 01:39:24,389
tons of gold and silver bullion belong
1988
01:39:21,189 --> 01:39:24,389
to Alexander
1989
01:39:25,350 --> 01:39:33,490
the minimum estimate is of a hundred and
1990
01:39:29,680 --> 01:39:36,010
eighty thousand talents of it and you
1991
01:39:33,489 --> 01:39:40,779
have to remember that a talent is fifty
1992
01:39:36,010 --> 01:39:45,150
seven and a half pounds weight this made
1993
01:39:40,779 --> 01:39:49,539
him the richest man in the known world
1994
01:39:45,149 --> 01:39:53,529
he could do what he liked he could call
1995
01:39:49,539 --> 01:39:57,220
himself God if he wanted it's like
1996
01:39:53,529 --> 01:39:59,819
taking over the whole Fort Knox one
1997
01:39:57,220 --> 01:40:03,369
afternoon and that treasure was
1998
01:39:59,819 --> 01:40:08,789
evacuated and sent in a great bullion
1999
01:40:03,369 --> 01:40:08,789
train escorted by 6000 Macedonian
2000
01:40:09,569 --> 01:40:14,289
Alexander described Persepolis to the
2001
01:40:11,920 --> 01:40:16,600
Macedonians as the most hateful of the
2002
01:40:14,289 --> 01:40:20,170
cities of Asia and gave it over to his
2003
01:40:16,600 --> 01:40:21,160
soldiers to plunder the Macedonians
2004
01:40:20,170 --> 01:40:23,020
raced into it
2005
01:40:21,159 --> 01:40:26,800
slaughtering all the men whom they met
2006
01:40:23,020 --> 01:40:28,570
and plundering the residences such was
2007
01:40:26,800 --> 01:40:30,579
their exceeding lustful loot that they
2008
01:40:28,569 --> 01:40:32,409
fought with each other and killed many
2009
01:40:30,579 --> 01:40:35,050
of their fellows who had appropriated a
2010
01:40:32,409 --> 01:40:36,789
greater portion of it some cut off the
2011
01:40:35,050 --> 01:40:39,940
hands of those who are grasping at
2012
01:40:36,789 --> 01:40:42,930
disputed property being driven mad by
2013
01:40:39,939 --> 01:40:42,929
their passions
2014
01:40:43,359 --> 01:40:47,769
basking in the spoils of victory
2015
01:40:45,569 --> 01:40:50,289
Alexander remains with his army at
2016
01:40:47,770 --> 01:40:55,540
Persepolis for months before continuing
2017
01:40:50,289 --> 01:40:58,569
his conquest of Asia Alexander had some
2018
01:40:55,539 --> 01:41:01,029
great natural gifts but all those were
2019
01:40:58,569 --> 01:41:05,019
marred by his inexcusable fondness for
2020
01:41:01,029 --> 01:41:07,420
drink at a daytime drinking party a
2021
01:41:05,020 --> 01:41:10,270
courtesan claims that if Alexander gave
2022
01:41:07,420 --> 01:41:12,130
the order to burn the Persian palace he
2023
01:41:10,270 --> 01:41:16,210
would earn the deepest gratitude among
2024
01:41:12,130 --> 01:41:18,579
the Greeks the king was enthusiastic why
2025
01:41:16,210 --> 01:41:22,000
do we not revenge Greece then and put
2026
01:41:18,579 --> 01:41:24,909
the city to the torch Alexander took the
2027
01:41:22,000 --> 01:41:28,270
lead setting fire to the posts to be
2028
01:41:24,909 --> 01:41:30,579
followed by his drinking companions such
2029
01:41:28,270 --> 01:41:32,740
was the end of the palace that ruled all
2030
01:41:30,579 --> 01:41:35,420
the East
2031
01:41:32,739 --> 01:41:37,460
macedonians were ashamed that a city of
2032
01:41:35,420 --> 01:41:40,850
such distinction had been destroyed by
2033
01:41:37,460 --> 01:41:43,850
their king during of drunken orgy as for
2034
01:41:40,850 --> 01:41:45,770
Alexander it is generally agreed that
2035
01:41:43,850 --> 01:41:48,829
when sleep had brought him back to his
2036
01:41:45,770 --> 01:41:52,030
senses after his drunken bout he
2037
01:41:48,829 --> 01:41:52,029
regretted his actions
2038
01:41:53,350 --> 01:42:00,320
by the summer of 330 BC there is little
2039
01:41:57,439 --> 01:42:04,639
doubt at least in Alexander's mind that
2040
01:42:00,319 --> 01:42:06,799
he rules Asia but it isn't enough for
2041
01:42:04,640 --> 01:42:10,490
Alexander to control Jiraiya TSA's
2042
01:42:06,800 --> 01:42:13,820
kingdom he passionately continues to
2043
01:42:10,489 --> 01:42:19,729
pursue de rious not to kill him but to
2044
01:42:13,819 --> 01:42:22,819
take him prisoner it was I suppose the
2045
01:42:19,729 --> 01:42:25,759
ultimate in legitimizing the previous
2046
01:42:22,819 --> 01:42:26,509
ruler recognizes him not merely as the
2047
01:42:25,760 --> 01:42:29,930
Conqueror
2048
01:42:26,510 --> 01:42:34,460
but earth the natural monarch of Persia
2049
01:42:29,930 --> 01:42:35,750
and almost abdicates for him how long he
2050
01:42:34,460 --> 01:42:38,869
would have lived after that we don't
2051
01:42:35,750 --> 01:42:39,670
know but I'm sure that was the thinking
2052
01:42:38,869 --> 01:42:42,189
behind it
2053
01:42:39,670 --> 01:42:44,079
[Music]
2054
01:42:42,189 --> 01:42:46,149
the other important reason for getting
2055
01:42:44,079 --> 01:42:48,369
his hands on der iose either dead or
2056
01:42:46,149 --> 01:42:50,889
alive was to make sure and live is
2057
01:42:48,369 --> 01:42:53,800
better than dead to make sure that no
2058
01:42:50,890 --> 01:42:56,260
pretenders pop up he's fighting against
2059
01:42:53,800 --> 01:42:59,110
a culture that is used to having
2060
01:42:56,260 --> 01:43:02,560
pretenders pop up and say I'm dryers
2061
01:42:59,109 --> 01:43:04,269
no I'm dry no I'm driest and the reason
2062
01:43:02,560 --> 01:43:08,950
why this could occur is because there's
2063
01:43:04,270 --> 01:43:12,340
no ABC NBC CBS there's no CNN there's no
2064
01:43:08,949 --> 01:43:14,019
c-span the only way it could be
2065
01:43:12,340 --> 01:43:16,060
absolutely certain that you had gained
2066
01:43:14,020 --> 01:43:17,800
control of the king of the previous
2067
01:43:16,060 --> 01:43:20,320
dynasty and say we're done with this
2068
01:43:17,800 --> 01:43:22,440
dynasty is to have him alive in your
2069
01:43:20,319 --> 01:43:25,569
possession
2070
01:43:22,439 --> 01:43:26,109
when Alexander learns to rias's heading
2071
01:43:25,569 --> 01:43:32,469
north
2072
01:43:26,109 --> 01:43:34,989
he again takes up the chase so rapid was
2073
01:43:32,470 --> 01:43:38,289
the March that many of the men unable to
2074
01:43:34,989 --> 01:43:40,599
stand the pace dropped out the number of
2075
01:43:38,289 --> 01:43:43,149
horses were worked to death but
2076
01:43:40,600 --> 01:43:46,570
Alexander pressed on regardless of loss
2077
01:43:43,149 --> 01:43:48,909
at this juncture two important persons
2078
01:43:46,569 --> 01:43:51,789
in the Rice's army sought an interview
2079
01:43:48,909 --> 01:43:54,159
with our example they reported that the
2080
01:43:51,789 --> 01:43:57,149
rice had been forcibly seized and put
2081
01:43:54,159 --> 01:44:00,130
under arrest by his own commanders
2082
01:43:57,149 --> 01:44:04,779
Bessus one of his generals had assumed
2083
01:44:00,130 --> 01:44:06,880
power in his place instantly Alexander
2084
01:44:04,779 --> 01:44:08,219
was on the march again with greater
2085
01:44:06,880 --> 01:44:10,440
rapidity than ever
2086
01:44:08,220 --> 01:44:15,579
[Music]
2087
01:44:10,439 --> 01:44:17,379
June 330 BC Alexander's army marches day
2088
01:44:15,579 --> 01:44:20,199
and night to catch up with the Persian
2089
01:44:17,380 --> 01:44:22,449
army under the control of byssus within
2090
01:44:20,199 --> 01:44:24,609
two weeks Alexander has the Persian
2091
01:44:22,449 --> 01:44:26,500
troops in sight even though the Persian
2092
01:44:24,609 --> 01:44:29,019
army is still far greater in number than
2093
01:44:26,500 --> 01:44:33,340
that of Alexander thousands of Persian
2094
01:44:29,020 --> 01:44:37,560
soldiers surrender Bessus elemér would
2095
01:44:33,340 --> 01:44:40,210
not allow such a fate for Darius
2096
01:44:37,560 --> 01:44:42,700
esses and his fellow conspirators came
2097
01:44:40,210 --> 01:44:45,189
to drive as wagon started urging him to
2098
01:44:42,699 --> 01:44:48,250
mount a horse and flee to escape his
2099
01:44:45,189 --> 01:44:51,219
enemy rious however declared that the
2100
01:44:48,250 --> 01:44:53,979
gods had come to avenge him and calling
2101
01:44:51,220 --> 01:44:56,619
for Alexander's protection refused to go
2102
01:44:53,979 --> 01:44:59,709
along with the traders at this they were
2103
01:44:56,619 --> 01:45:01,779
furious they hurled their Spears of the
2104
01:44:59,710 --> 01:45:06,250
king and left him there run through many
2105
01:45:01,779 --> 01:45:08,939
times they also maimed his animals to
2106
01:45:06,250 --> 01:45:11,979
prevent them advancing any further
2107
01:45:08,939 --> 01:45:14,109
deprived of their leaders the barbarians
2108
01:45:11,979 --> 01:45:16,649
scattered wherever hope of panic
2109
01:45:14,109 --> 01:45:16,649
directed
2110
01:45:16,779 --> 01:45:22,908
with the great and powerful to rious
2111
01:45:19,670 --> 01:45:25,039
lying severely wounded only time would
2112
01:45:22,908 --> 01:45:28,089
dictate whether Alexander would be able
2113
01:45:25,039 --> 01:45:28,090
to capture him alive
2114
01:45:29,119 --> 01:45:33,130
[Music]
2115
01:45:35,060 --> 01:45:40,970
when Alexander's forces finally catch up
2116
01:45:38,300 --> 01:45:45,159
to the fleeing Persian troops they find
2117
01:45:40,970 --> 01:45:45,159
her iose barely clinging to life
2118
01:45:47,029 --> 01:45:52,819
they found it at his last gasp he asked
2119
01:45:50,569 --> 01:45:56,149
for a drink and he swallowed some cold
2120
01:45:52,819 --> 01:45:58,488
water which a Macedonian bought him he
2121
01:45:56,149 --> 01:46:00,618
said this is the final stroke of
2122
01:45:58,488 --> 01:46:02,118
misfortune that I should accept a
2123
01:46:00,618 --> 01:46:04,429
service from you and I'll be able to
2124
01:46:02,118 --> 01:46:06,500
return it but Alexander will reward you
2125
01:46:04,429 --> 01:46:08,359
for your kindness and the gods will
2126
01:46:06,500 --> 01:46:11,929
repay him for his courtesy towards my
2127
01:46:08,359 --> 01:46:14,420
mother and my wife and my children as he
2128
01:46:11,929 --> 01:46:19,639
said this he took the Macedonian by the
2129
01:46:14,420 --> 01:46:21,679
hand and died when Alexander came up he
2130
01:46:19,639 --> 01:46:24,409
showed his grief and distress at the
2131
01:46:21,679 --> 01:46:27,230
King's death and unfastening his own
2132
01:46:24,408 --> 01:46:29,738
king he threw it over the body and
2133
01:46:27,229 --> 01:46:29,738
covered it
2134
01:46:30,409 --> 01:46:37,619
later after he captured Bessus who had
2135
01:46:34,710 --> 01:46:39,989
murdered the king Alexander had the tops
2136
01:46:37,619 --> 01:46:42,689
of two straight trees bent down so that
2137
01:46:39,989 --> 01:46:46,050
they met and part of Bessus s body was
2138
01:46:42,689 --> 01:46:47,729
tied to each then when each tree was let
2139
01:46:46,050 --> 01:46:50,400
go and sprang back to its upright
2140
01:46:47,729 --> 01:46:53,899
position the part of a body attached to
2141
01:46:50,399 --> 01:46:53,899
him was torn off by the recoil
2142
01:46:54,470 --> 01:47:04,010
as for the rias's body he sent it to his
2143
01:46:57,680 --> 01:47:07,250
mother to be laid up in royal state with
2144
01:47:04,010 --> 01:47:10,250
Jiraiya's dead Alexander's conquest will
2145
01:47:07,250 --> 01:47:11,109
ultimately be assured but in the ensuing
2146
01:47:10,250 --> 01:47:14,210
months
2147
01:47:11,109 --> 01:47:16,509
Alexander faces new enemies within his
2148
01:47:14,210 --> 01:47:20,578
own army and within himself
2149
01:47:16,510 --> 01:47:20,579
[Music]
2150
01:47:22,429 --> 01:47:28,770
with Persia under Alexander's control
2151
01:47:25,408 --> 01:47:30,868
and King Darius dead the mission of
2152
01:47:28,770 --> 01:47:34,500
Alexander the Great is essentially
2153
01:47:30,868 --> 01:47:38,069
complete but Alexander now faces new
2154
01:47:34,500 --> 01:47:45,029
dilemmas far more complex than waging
2155
01:47:38,069 --> 01:47:49,170
war it's very revealing that it's after
2156
01:47:45,029 --> 01:47:52,800
gorga manga that the restlessness among
2157
01:47:49,170 --> 01:47:56,908
the troops really begins to start on the
2158
01:47:52,800 --> 01:48:00,889
very reasonable basis that look we've
2159
01:47:56,908 --> 01:48:04,829
done what we were Center set out to do
2160
01:48:00,889 --> 01:48:07,859
we have destroyed the control of the
2161
01:48:04,829 --> 01:48:10,399
Persian Empire we've done it now let's
2162
01:48:07,859 --> 01:48:10,399
go
2163
01:48:11,479 --> 01:48:20,449
at this time Alexander becomes acutely
2164
01:48:15,840 --> 01:48:20,449
aware of potential threats to his power
2165
01:48:21,140 --> 01:48:26,070
among the Macedonians at this time few
2166
01:48:24,329 --> 01:48:29,189
men enjoyed a more prominent position
2167
01:48:26,069 --> 01:48:31,710
than Philotas the son of premier went
2168
01:48:29,189 --> 01:48:33,539
awry 'as had been defeated a beautiful
2169
01:48:31,710 --> 01:48:39,119
Greek girl named that Teigen II was
2170
01:48:33,539 --> 01:48:40,890
handed over to Phyllis he confided to
2171
01:48:39,119 --> 01:48:42,599
her that all the greatest achievements
2172
01:48:40,890 --> 01:48:46,470
in this campaign had been the work of
2173
01:48:42,600 --> 01:48:50,400
his father in himself Antigone repeated
2174
01:48:46,470 --> 01:48:52,050
his remarks privately to Alexander once
2175
01:48:50,399 --> 01:48:52,979
the King had began to listen to these
2176
01:48:52,050 --> 01:48:55,949
insinuations
2177
01:48:52,979 --> 01:48:57,689
Philotas as enemies brought in numerable
2178
01:48:55,949 --> 01:48:58,699
accusations against them including
2179
01:48:57,689 --> 01:49:02,129
conspiracy
2180
01:48:58,699 --> 01:49:04,380
Philotas was executed and immediately
2181
01:49:02,130 --> 01:49:08,220
afterwards Alexander had Purnima put to
2182
01:49:04,380 --> 01:49:10,050
death as well this was a man who had
2183
01:49:08,220 --> 01:49:12,720
rendered many great services to Philip
2184
01:49:10,050 --> 01:49:15,210
and who of all Alexander's older friends
2185
01:49:12,720 --> 01:49:21,060
and urged him more strongly to undertake
2186
01:49:15,210 --> 01:49:23,279
the invasion of Asia it is now widely
2187
01:49:21,060 --> 01:49:25,800
believed that Alexander always had
2188
01:49:23,279 --> 01:49:28,710
concerns about the loyalty of Parmenio
2189
01:49:25,800 --> 01:49:30,960
and his son Philotas for all practical
2190
01:49:28,710 --> 01:49:33,359
purposes the account given to him by
2191
01:49:30,960 --> 01:49:35,760
Antigone gives Alexander the opportunity
2192
01:49:33,359 --> 01:49:38,929
to take strong action he may have been
2193
01:49:35,760 --> 01:49:38,930
considering three years
2194
01:49:39,220 --> 01:49:46,130
in October 330 BC Alexander makes his
2195
01:49:43,399 --> 01:49:49,129
close friend invest in joint commander
2196
01:49:46,130 --> 01:49:51,230
of the companion cavalry the Macedonian
2197
01:49:49,130 --> 01:49:54,380
army now in the March for more than
2198
01:49:51,229 --> 01:49:59,139
seven years moves towards India and
2199
01:49:54,380 --> 01:49:59,140
Alexander's erratic behavior continues
2200
01:50:00,100 --> 01:50:05,510
in 327 BC at the age of 29 Alexander
2201
01:50:04,369 --> 01:50:07,880
does something that is so out of
2202
01:50:05,510 --> 01:50:10,369
character it shocks even his closest
2203
01:50:07,880 --> 01:50:12,619
associates particularly his lifelong
2204
01:50:10,369 --> 01:50:17,599
male companion and rumored lover efface
2205
01:50:12,619 --> 01:50:20,809
Jian Alexander takes a wife this is
2206
01:50:17,600 --> 01:50:23,000
roxanne e the beautiful daughter of oxy
2207
01:50:20,810 --> 01:50:25,460
artis a baron whose mountain stronghold
2208
01:50:23,000 --> 01:50:28,520
of the Sogdian rocks has been captured
2209
01:50:25,460 --> 01:50:30,680
by Alexander but why does Alexander
2210
01:50:28,520 --> 01:50:32,300
marry well it's a good political
2211
01:50:30,680 --> 01:50:34,190
alliance with a local nobility and
2212
01:50:32,300 --> 01:50:37,279
there's a chance of producing a
2213
01:50:34,189 --> 01:50:39,289
legitimate heir for his vast empire but
2214
01:50:37,279 --> 01:50:41,449
some ancient historians write that
2215
01:50:39,289 --> 01:50:45,399
Alexander may indeed have had genuine
2216
01:50:41,449 --> 01:50:45,399
romantic feelings for rocks are they
2217
01:50:47,119 --> 01:50:52,079
men who took part in the campaign used
2218
01:50:49,979 --> 01:50:53,899
to say she was the loveliest woman they
2219
01:50:52,079 --> 01:50:56,369
had seen in Asia
2220
01:50:53,899 --> 01:50:59,819
Alexander fell in love with her insight
2221
01:50:56,369 --> 01:51:02,699
but captive though she was he refused
2222
01:50:59,819 --> 01:51:07,609
for all his passion to force her to his
2223
01:51:02,699 --> 01:51:07,609
will and condescended to marry Oh
2224
01:51:08,279 --> 01:51:13,509
Alexander confounds his associates even
2225
01:51:11,050 --> 01:51:16,180
further when he decides that those under
2226
01:51:13,510 --> 01:51:18,590
his rule should honor an ancient Persian
2227
01:51:16,180 --> 01:51:21,110
tradition
2228
01:51:18,590 --> 01:51:22,730
for the ruler of the Persian Empire it
2229
01:51:21,109 --> 01:51:26,089
was essential to be seen to receive
2230
01:51:22,729 --> 01:51:27,709
pristine Isis from his subjects now for
2231
01:51:26,090 --> 01:51:31,069
the Persians this is a matter of respect
2232
01:51:27,710 --> 01:51:33,649
a simple kiss of the hand it could be
2233
01:51:31,069 --> 01:51:36,609
combined with a bow with kneeling or
2234
01:51:33,649 --> 01:51:40,250
even prostration face down on the ground
2235
01:51:36,609 --> 01:51:42,979
but for the Greeks this gesture is a
2236
01:51:40,250 --> 01:51:46,099
form of worship exclusively reserved for
2237
01:51:42,979 --> 01:51:48,259
the gods Alexander's command is hotly
2238
01:51:46,099 --> 01:51:51,079
contested by his followers and Kalista
2239
01:51:48,260 --> 01:51:51,560
knees his official historian refuses to
2240
01:51:51,079 --> 01:51:54,309
do it
2241
01:51:51,560 --> 01:51:57,949
he speaks boldly to his longtime friend
2242
01:51:54,310 --> 01:51:59,830
you should remember Greece for her sake
2243
01:51:57,948 --> 01:52:02,359
you undertook this expedition into Asia
2244
01:51:59,829 --> 01:52:04,429
when you returned home will you force
2245
01:52:02,359 --> 01:52:08,988
the Greeks the greatest freedom lovers
2246
01:52:04,429 --> 01:52:09,440
of all to bow down before you from this
2247
01:52:08,988 --> 01:52:11,479
point
2248
01:52:09,439 --> 01:52:14,118
Kalista knees loses the favour of
2249
01:52:11,479 --> 01:52:19,329
Alexander and as so many have discovered
2250
01:52:14,118 --> 01:52:19,329
before him that can be a tragic mistake
2251
01:52:19,359 --> 01:52:26,649
Alexander orders Kalista knees his own
2252
01:52:22,368 --> 01:52:30,198
historian to be executed
2253
01:52:26,649 --> 01:52:32,329
all it meant to Alexander was that here
2254
01:52:30,198 --> 01:52:35,179
was this damned intellectual who'd
2255
01:52:32,329 --> 01:52:38,300
served his purpose and crew was now
2256
01:52:35,180 --> 01:52:41,719
becoming an becoming a nuisance and was
2257
01:52:38,300 --> 01:52:42,890
therefore expendable and being expended
2258
01:52:41,719 --> 01:52:47,840
well he was thereupon
2259
01:52:42,890 --> 01:52:51,260
expended Alexander's desire to pursue
2260
01:52:47,840 --> 01:52:56,989
Persian tradition slowly evolves into a
2261
01:52:51,260 --> 01:53:00,289
life of hedonism he clearly saw himself
2262
01:52:56,988 --> 01:53:02,929
as a god and he was being treated as a
2263
01:53:00,289 --> 01:53:06,369
God people have been reluctant to
2264
01:53:02,930 --> 01:53:11,060
believe this because they think of
2265
01:53:06,369 --> 01:53:13,550
Alexander through modern lenses and no
2266
01:53:11,060 --> 01:53:15,140
one these days thinks of himself as a
2267
01:53:13,550 --> 01:53:19,090
God unless he's nuts
2268
01:53:15,140 --> 01:53:19,090
but what if Alexander
2269
01:53:20,460 --> 01:53:26,198
Alexander now began to imitate the
2270
01:53:22,960 --> 01:53:30,270
Persian luxury he dressed himself in a
2271
01:53:26,198 --> 01:53:30,269
white robe in a Persian sash
2272
01:53:31,010 --> 01:53:37,070
he added concubines to his retinue in
2273
01:53:34,369 --> 01:53:39,099
the manner of Darius in numbering not
2274
01:53:37,069 --> 01:53:44,929
less than the days of the year and
2275
01:53:39,100 --> 01:53:47,180
outstanding and beauty each night
2276
01:53:44,930 --> 01:53:50,060
he's paraded about the couch of the king
2277
01:53:47,180 --> 01:53:53,350
so that he might select the one with
2278
01:53:50,060 --> 01:53:53,350
whom he would lie that night
2279
01:53:57,260 --> 01:54:04,139
Alexander could better cope with warfare
2280
01:53:59,878 --> 01:54:06,719
than peace and leisure as soon as he was
2281
01:54:04,139 --> 01:54:09,748
free of these worries that beset him he
2282
01:54:06,719 --> 01:54:11,668
yielded to dissipation and the man whom
2283
01:54:09,748 --> 01:54:16,738
the arms of Persia had failed to crush
2284
01:54:11,668 --> 01:54:18,809
fell before its vices they were parties
2285
01:54:16,738 --> 01:54:21,238
early in the day drinking and mad
2286
01:54:18,809 --> 01:54:23,338
revelry throughout the night it was a
2287
01:54:21,238 --> 01:54:27,238
general decline in to the ways of the
2288
01:54:23,338 --> 01:54:29,038
forum by affecting these as though they
2289
01:54:27,238 --> 01:54:31,799
were superior to those of his own
2290
01:54:29,038 --> 01:54:33,688
country Alexander so offended the
2291
01:54:31,800 --> 01:54:35,729
sensibilities and eyes of his people
2292
01:54:33,689 --> 01:54:39,139
that most of his friends began to regard
2293
01:54:35,729 --> 01:54:39,139
him as an enemy
2294
01:54:41,229 --> 01:54:46,359
his long-sought conquest of Asia
2295
01:54:43,449 --> 01:54:48,659
complete Alexander continues to want
2296
01:54:46,359 --> 01:54:48,659
more
2297
01:54:49,118 --> 01:54:56,198
in early 326 BC he begins a campaign in
2298
01:54:53,198 --> 01:54:58,199
India where King Porus attempts to stop
2299
01:54:56,198 --> 01:55:02,669
him at the river hide ESPYs
2300
01:54:58,199 --> 01:55:05,319
[Music]
2301
01:55:02,670 --> 01:55:07,000
alexander's forces find themselves
2302
01:55:05,319 --> 01:55:11,039
fighting an enemy not writing just
2303
01:55:07,000 --> 01:55:11,039
horses elephants
2304
01:55:13,670 --> 01:55:18,710
while the Macedonians prevail the
2305
01:55:16,130 --> 01:55:20,359
contest is the most difficult they have
2306
01:55:18,710 --> 01:55:25,908
fought
2307
01:55:20,359 --> 01:55:27,829
a consequence of this battle with pooris
2308
01:55:25,908 --> 01:55:29,599
was that it blunted the edge of the
2309
01:55:27,829 --> 01:55:31,158
Macedonians courage and made them
2310
01:55:29,600 --> 01:55:35,150
determined not to advance any further
2311
01:55:31,158 --> 01:55:36,769
into India at first Alexander was
2312
01:55:35,149 --> 01:55:39,289
overcome with disappointment and anger
2313
01:55:36,770 --> 01:55:41,960
as he shut himself up and lay posted his
2314
01:55:39,289 --> 01:55:43,550
tent his soldiers crowded around the
2315
01:55:41,960 --> 01:55:45,730
entrance and pleaded with him
2316
01:55:43,550 --> 01:55:48,350
uttering loud cries and lamentations
2317
01:55:45,729 --> 01:55:52,250
until finally he relented and gave
2318
01:55:48,350 --> 01:55:56,510
orders to break camp Alexander was now
2319
01:55:52,250 --> 01:55:58,729
eager to see the outer ocean he had a
2320
01:55:56,510 --> 01:56:01,699
large number of or propelled ferries and
2321
01:55:58,729 --> 01:56:05,479
rafts constructed and was rolled down
2322
01:56:01,698 --> 01:56:08,750
the rivers on these at a leisurely speed
2323
01:56:05,479 --> 01:56:13,429
but his voyage was by no means a
2324
01:56:08,750 --> 01:56:16,609
peaceful affair as Alexander travels
2325
01:56:13,430 --> 01:56:19,039
downstream he will land assault the
2326
01:56:16,609 --> 01:56:23,329
cities near the banks and subdue them
2327
01:56:19,039 --> 01:56:25,939
all then comes the walled city of Mali
2328
01:56:23,329 --> 01:56:30,738
home of the independent tribe of
2329
01:56:25,939 --> 01:56:34,279
mullions Alexander neared the city
2330
01:56:30,738 --> 01:56:36,199
thought to take it by storm one of the
2331
01:56:34,279 --> 01:56:37,849
seers came to him and reported that
2332
01:56:36,199 --> 01:56:40,609
there had been revealed to him a great
2333
01:56:37,850 --> 01:56:42,340
danger which would come to the king from
2334
01:56:40,609 --> 01:56:45,079
a wound in the course of the operation
2335
01:56:42,340 --> 01:56:47,239
he begged Alexander to leave the city
2336
01:56:45,079 --> 01:56:49,909
alone for the present and to turn his
2337
01:56:47,238 --> 01:56:52,099
mind to other activities the king
2338
01:56:49,909 --> 01:56:55,309
scolded him for dampening the enthusiasm
2339
01:56:52,100 --> 01:56:57,560
of the soldiers and then disposing his
2340
01:56:55,310 --> 01:57:00,380
army for the attack led the way in
2341
01:56:57,560 --> 01:57:02,270
person to the city eager to reduce it by
2342
01:57:00,380 --> 01:57:05,458
force
2343
01:57:02,270 --> 01:57:05,459
[Music]
2344
01:57:05,569 --> 01:57:10,889
Alexander stationed his infantry in a
2345
01:57:08,250 --> 01:57:14,130
ring around the outer defenses and moved
2346
01:57:10,890 --> 01:57:17,039
up in close formation the defenders took
2347
01:57:14,130 --> 01:57:19,949
refuge in there in a stronghold here
2348
01:57:17,039 --> 01:57:22,590
they continued to resist and not without
2349
01:57:19,948 --> 01:57:25,619
success for they turned and fell upon a
2350
01:57:22,590 --> 01:57:28,319
small party of Macedonians driving some
2351
01:57:25,619 --> 01:57:30,079
of them out again and killing about 25
2352
01:57:28,319 --> 01:57:33,000
before they could get away
2353
01:57:30,079 --> 01:57:35,399
Alexander meanwhile brought the scaling
2354
01:57:33,000 --> 01:57:38,789
ladders into position all round the
2355
01:57:35,399 --> 01:57:40,289
inner strong but the men with the
2356
01:57:38,789 --> 01:57:42,238
ladders are too slow for Alexander
2357
01:57:40,289 --> 01:57:44,010
impatiently he grabs one himself leans
2358
01:57:42,238 --> 01:57:46,198
against the fortress wall and it's the
2359
01:57:44,010 --> 01:57:48,150
very first to climb to the top cutting
2360
01:57:46,198 --> 01:57:51,869
down at the enemy left and right until
2361
01:57:48,149 --> 01:57:53,819
suddenly Alexander stands alone to the
2362
01:57:51,869 --> 01:57:56,698
horror of his men down below he is now a
2363
01:57:53,819 --> 01:57:59,159
perfect target for enemy archers what he
2364
01:57:56,698 --> 01:58:01,738
should do now is go back jump down to
2365
01:57:59,159 --> 01:58:04,649
rejoin his men but what he does do is
2366
01:58:01,738 --> 01:58:07,829
jump forward inside the enemy fortress
2367
01:58:04,649 --> 01:58:10,439
where in hand-to-hand combat he fights
2368
01:58:07,829 --> 01:58:12,390
for his life horrified the Macedonians
2369
01:58:10,439 --> 01:58:14,698
rush for the walls in such numbers they
2370
01:58:12,390 --> 01:58:16,230
break their own ladders only three of
2371
01:58:14,698 --> 01:58:18,000
them manage to join him inside the
2372
01:58:16,229 --> 01:58:20,968
fortress including the bearer of
2373
01:58:18,000 --> 01:58:22,500
Alexander's Trojan shield two of the
2374
01:58:20,969 --> 01:58:24,689
Macedonians are cut down by the enemy
2375
01:58:22,500 --> 01:58:26,520
and Alexander himself receives an arrow
2376
01:58:24,689 --> 01:58:29,189
which penetrates his body armor and
2377
01:58:26,520 --> 01:58:31,230
Pierce's his lung the fourth Macedonian
2378
01:58:29,189 --> 01:58:34,609
defends his leader with the great shield
2379
01:58:31,229 --> 01:58:37,409
of Troy desperately Alexander's army
2380
01:58:34,609 --> 01:58:40,139
finally manages to scale the walls and
2381
01:58:37,409 --> 01:58:42,329
their witness an impossible sight
2382
01:58:40,140 --> 01:58:45,880
[Music]
2383
01:58:42,329 --> 01:58:48,279
they're invincible leader lying on the
2384
01:58:45,880 --> 01:58:56,670
ground in a pool of blood
2385
01:58:48,279 --> 01:58:56,670
[Music]
2386
01:58:58,149 --> 01:59:04,789
for Alexander leading the charge to take
2387
01:59:01,488 --> 01:59:06,539
on the enemy of Mali in 326 BC is
2388
01:59:04,789 --> 01:59:09,670
nothing new
2389
01:59:06,539 --> 01:59:11,859
the wound he receives is but one of
2390
01:59:09,670 --> 01:59:14,560
several he suffers on the fields of
2391
01:59:11,859 --> 01:59:18,779
battle but for the seemingly invincible
2392
01:59:14,560 --> 01:59:21,940
warrior this injury is different
2393
01:59:18,779 --> 01:59:24,599
Alexander's troops realize in his
2394
01:59:21,939 --> 01:59:24,598
life-threatening
2395
01:59:25,590 --> 01:59:31,409
immediately the rumor ran through the
2396
01:59:28,119 --> 01:59:34,180
camp that Alexander had been killed
2397
01:59:31,409 --> 01:59:36,699
meanwhile his attendants with great
2398
01:59:34,180 --> 01:59:38,350
difficulty sawed off the wooden shaft of
2399
01:59:36,699 --> 01:59:41,500
the arrow and the succeeded in removing
2400
01:59:38,350 --> 01:59:43,750
his breastplate they then had to cut out
2401
01:59:41,500 --> 01:59:48,670
the arrowhead which was embedded between
2402
01:59:43,750 --> 01:59:50,649
his ribs what it was extracted the king
2403
01:59:48,670 --> 01:59:54,300
fainted away and came there near to
2404
01:59:50,649 --> 01:59:57,909
death even when the danger was past
2405
01:59:54,300 --> 02:00:02,350
humane week and for a long time needed
2406
01:59:57,909 --> 02:00:05,550
careful nursing slowly Alexander
2407
02:00:02,350 --> 02:00:08,610
recuperates during the next two years he
2408
02:00:05,550 --> 02:00:15,550
heads his army west back towards Greece
2409
02:00:08,609 --> 02:00:19,799
half by land half by sea in July of 324
2410
02:00:15,550 --> 02:00:22,800
BC Alexander suffers an even deeper hurt
2411
02:00:19,800 --> 02:00:28,130
his close friend affection dies of an
2412
02:00:22,800 --> 02:00:31,170
unknown illness Alexander is devastated
2413
02:00:28,130 --> 02:00:33,900
we're told that Alexander flung himself
2414
02:00:31,170 --> 02:00:37,199
on the body of his friend and lay there
2415
02:00:33,899 --> 02:00:39,449
nearly all day long in tears and refused
2416
02:00:37,199 --> 02:00:42,840
to be parted from him until he was
2417
02:00:39,449 --> 02:00:45,449
dragged away some have said that he had
2418
02:00:42,840 --> 02:00:48,480
a fist James dr. hanged for giving the
2419
02:00:45,449 --> 02:00:51,119
wrong medicine all the accounts agree
2420
02:00:48,479 --> 02:00:52,369
but for two whole days after her
2421
02:00:51,119 --> 02:00:55,559
festoons death
2422
02:00:52,369 --> 02:00:58,199
Alexander tasted no food and paid no
2423
02:00:55,560 --> 02:01:03,440
attention in any way to his bodily needs
2424
02:00:58,199 --> 02:01:03,439
but lay on his bed crying
2425
02:01:04,029 --> 02:01:09,279
I think FST on because of his close
2426
02:01:07,000 --> 02:01:11,680
personal relationship with Alexander was
2427
02:01:09,279 --> 02:01:14,649
one of these confidence and when
2428
02:01:11,680 --> 02:01:19,119
Alexander lost him he lost a very very
2429
02:01:14,649 --> 02:01:21,189
close ally in developing policy and you
2430
02:01:19,119 --> 02:01:25,269
might even say that he begins to go
2431
02:01:21,189 --> 02:01:29,829
downhill after half st annes death that
2432
02:01:25,270 --> 02:01:34,090
he shows signs of of losing some some
2433
02:01:29,829 --> 02:01:36,630
will after Hephaestus death less than
2434
02:01:34,090 --> 02:01:39,789
one year after him fest Ian dies
2435
02:01:36,630 --> 02:01:42,789
Alexander rests in Babylon planning a
2436
02:01:39,789 --> 02:01:46,779
possible conquest of Arabia when he too
2437
02:01:42,789 --> 02:01:49,779
becomes ill during a 10-day period what
2438
02:01:46,779 --> 02:01:54,759
begins as a mild fever evolves into a
2439
02:01:49,779 --> 02:01:57,489
mysterious life-threatening illness the
2440
02:01:54,760 --> 02:02:00,610
soldiers were passionately eager to see
2441
02:01:57,489 --> 02:02:01,889
him some hoped for a sight of him while
2442
02:02:00,609 --> 02:02:04,839
he was still alive
2443
02:02:01,890 --> 02:02:06,579
others wished to see his body for a
2444
02:02:04,840 --> 02:02:09,310
report had gone round that he was
2445
02:02:06,579 --> 02:02:11,670
already dead and they suspected that his
2446
02:02:09,310 --> 02:02:14,590
death was being concealed by his guards
2447
02:02:11,670 --> 02:02:17,739
but nothing could keep them from a sight
2448
02:02:14,590 --> 02:02:20,650
of him and the motive in almost every
2449
02:02:17,739 --> 02:02:22,599
heart was grief and a sort of helpless
2450
02:02:20,649 --> 02:02:25,379
bewilderment at the thought of losing
2451
02:02:22,600 --> 02:02:25,380
their king
2452
02:02:26,179 --> 02:02:31,618
it is at this critical moment when the
2453
02:02:29,189 --> 02:02:35,719
enormity of Alexander's influence is
2454
02:02:31,618 --> 02:02:35,719
acutely felt by all who know him
2455
02:02:36,430 --> 02:02:43,700
it is my belief that there was in those
2456
02:02:39,800 --> 02:02:45,199
days no nation no city no single
2457
02:02:43,699 --> 02:02:48,800
individual beyond the reach of
2458
02:02:45,199 --> 02:02:52,039
Alexander's name never in all the world
2459
02:02:48,800 --> 02:02:54,560
was there another like you and therefore
2460
02:02:52,039 --> 02:02:57,229
I cannot but feel that some power more
2461
02:02:54,560 --> 02:03:01,039
than human was concerned in his birth
2462
02:02:57,229 --> 02:03:05,119
I have admittedly found fault with some
2463
02:03:01,039 --> 02:03:08,119
of the things which Alexander did of the
2464
02:03:05,119 --> 02:03:12,430
man himself I'm not ashamed to express
2465
02:03:08,119 --> 02:03:12,430
ungrudgingly admiration
2466
02:03:13,180 --> 02:03:18,579
it is also at this moment when
2467
02:03:16,060 --> 02:03:23,140
Alexander's officers begin to question
2468
02:03:18,579 --> 02:03:26,979
what will happen if Alexander dies who
2469
02:03:23,140 --> 02:03:29,050
would rule the conquered territories the
2470
02:03:26,979 --> 02:03:32,369
prospect of ruling such a vast empire
2471
02:03:29,050 --> 02:03:35,020
without Alexander is a daunting one
2472
02:03:32,369 --> 02:03:37,390
there is no doubt along Alexander's
2473
02:03:35,020 --> 02:03:41,110
officers then no single human being
2474
02:03:37,390 --> 02:03:43,440
could ever take his place the
2475
02:03:41,109 --> 02:03:46,569
territories would have to be divided
2476
02:03:43,439 --> 02:03:49,119
they also know that if Alexander himself
2477
02:03:46,569 --> 02:03:52,299
does not proclaim who will inherit which
2478
02:03:49,119 --> 02:03:55,989
regions fierce jealousy would rear its
2479
02:03:52,300 --> 02:03:58,510
ugly head resulting in wars between the
2480
02:03:55,989 --> 02:04:01,498
very leaders who fought united under the
2481
02:03:58,510 --> 02:04:03,900
banner of one mighty king
2482
02:04:01,498 --> 02:04:09,179
would Alexander be able to defeat his
2483
02:04:03,899 --> 02:04:13,379
illness resume his conquest and lead his
2484
02:04:09,179 --> 02:04:15,840
loyal forces to even greater glory or
2485
02:04:13,380 --> 02:04:18,840
would he finally prove that he is not
2486
02:04:15,840 --> 02:04:21,279
the immortal son of Zeus by dying the
2487
02:04:18,840 --> 02:04:29,199
death of a mere mortal
2488
02:04:21,279 --> 02:04:32,050
[Music]
2489
02:04:29,198 --> 02:04:34,750
late in the evening of June the 9th 323
2490
02:04:32,050 --> 02:04:37,800
BC a group of Alexander's officers keep
2491
02:04:34,750 --> 02:04:42,039
vigil as their Kings condition worsens
2492
02:04:37,800 --> 02:04:45,760
he tells them I foresee a great funeral
2493
02:04:42,039 --> 02:04:47,738
battle over me towards the end they
2494
02:04:45,760 --> 02:04:50,920
gather round his bedside to ask the
2495
02:04:47,738 --> 02:04:53,529
critical question to who will he be cui
2496
02:04:50,920 --> 02:04:57,100
vindaloo
2497
02:04:53,529 --> 02:05:01,210
Alexander whispers his last words Crotty
2498
02:04:57,100 --> 02:05:04,000
stone to the strongest early in the
2499
02:05:01,210 --> 02:05:10,270
morning of June the 10th his eyes closed
2500
02:05:04,000 --> 02:05:12,719
forever for centuries historians have
2501
02:05:10,270 --> 02:05:16,600
debated the cause of Alexander's death
2502
02:05:12,719 --> 02:05:20,350
from alcoholism to poisoning to
2503
02:05:16,600 --> 02:05:22,690
compulsive self-destruction if we're
2504
02:05:20,350 --> 02:05:26,679
asking what killed him you've got a
2505
02:05:22,689 --> 02:05:30,238
whole smorgasbord to pick from and again
2506
02:05:26,679 --> 02:05:35,649
funnily enough it might be the case of
2507
02:05:30,238 --> 02:05:38,709
all things conspiring together he never
2508
02:05:35,649 --> 02:05:41,589
really got over them terrible trouble
2509
02:05:38,710 --> 02:05:45,399
headed arrow wound that he got in India
2510
02:05:41,590 --> 02:05:51,190
that really nearly killed him there is
2511
02:05:45,399 --> 02:05:55,920
also the probably endemic malaria
2512
02:05:51,189 --> 02:06:00,179
whatever disease it was that he had
2513
02:05:55,920 --> 02:06:00,180
during his last days
2514
02:06:01,140 --> 02:06:12,150
I feel that Alexander died ultimately
2515
02:06:07,500 --> 02:06:16,920
because he pushed himself too hard with
2516
02:06:12,149 --> 02:06:20,159
Alexander he has this wonderful military
2517
02:06:16,920 --> 02:06:22,050
campaign and then dies well for him
2518
02:06:20,159 --> 02:06:24,300
that's kind of a good thing for him
2519
02:06:22,050 --> 02:06:27,090
because I'm not sure he would have been
2520
02:06:24,300 --> 02:06:29,489
real good as an administrator again it
2521
02:06:27,090 --> 02:06:31,920
comes back to your own personal opinion
2522
02:06:29,489 --> 02:06:35,969
about what exactly made Alexander so
2523
02:06:31,920 --> 02:06:38,789
great but my feeling is that Alexander
2524
02:06:35,970 --> 02:06:41,940
would have pushed himself until he died
2525
02:06:38,789 --> 02:06:45,149
or burned out and and I think that had
2526
02:06:41,939 --> 02:06:46,439
it not happened in 323 there would have
2527
02:06:45,149 --> 02:06:48,299
happened in 321
2528
02:06:46,439 --> 02:06:50,460
there would have happened in 320 I don't
2529
02:06:48,300 --> 02:06:51,369
see Alexander mellowing out and living
2530
02:06:50,460 --> 02:06:54,128
into an old age
2531
02:06:51,369 --> 02:06:57,708
[Music]
2532
02:06:54,128 --> 02:07:01,998
just as in life Alexander was a powerful
2533
02:06:57,708 --> 02:07:04,578
figure so - in death his corpse while
2534
02:07:01,998 --> 02:07:07,578
enroute home to Greece finds its final
2535
02:07:04,578 --> 02:07:11,029
resting place instead in Alexandria
2536
02:07:07,578 --> 02:07:13,009
Egypt in the chaos that follows
2537
02:07:11,029 --> 02:07:15,889
Alexander's death his embalmed body
2538
02:07:13,010 --> 02:07:17,239
becomes a major asset Alexander had said
2539
02:07:15,889 --> 02:07:19,189
that he wished to be buried at sea were
2540
02:07:17,238 --> 02:07:22,069
with his spiritual father the god Zeus
2541
02:07:19,189 --> 02:07:24,979
Imam but the Macedonians want their
2542
02:07:22,069 --> 02:07:26,898
noble leader to be buried at home as the
2543
02:07:24,979 --> 02:07:30,079
body is being transported by land in a
2544
02:07:26,899 --> 02:07:31,399
golden sarcophagus it is hijacked by
2545
02:07:30,078 --> 02:07:33,529
soldiers under the command of
2546
02:07:31,399 --> 02:07:36,649
Alexander's former general Ptolemy now
2547
02:07:33,529 --> 02:07:39,408
the new ruler of Egypt controlling the
2548
02:07:36,649 --> 02:07:41,359
body of Alexander lenss new power to the
2549
02:07:39,408 --> 02:07:43,969
reputation of Ptolemy and his successors
2550
02:07:41,359 --> 02:07:46,399
for several hundred years Alexander's
2551
02:07:43,969 --> 02:07:49,399
sarcophagus is viewed here by thousands
2552
02:07:46,399 --> 02:07:52,039
including Julius Caesar but when the
2553
02:07:49,399 --> 02:07:54,800
Ptolemaic pharaohs fall from power after
2554
02:07:52,038 --> 02:07:59,569
the death of Cleopatra they lose control
2555
02:07:54,800 --> 02:08:01,519
of Alexander's remains today no one is
2556
02:07:59,569 --> 02:08:04,668
certain exactly where the remains of
2557
02:08:01,519 --> 02:08:06,320
Alexander are located most agree they
2558
02:08:04,668 --> 02:08:09,679
are buried beneath the streets of
2559
02:08:06,319 --> 02:08:12,679
Alexandria most probably near the mosque
2560
02:08:09,679 --> 02:08:16,600
of Daniel the mosque is very active with
2561
02:08:12,679 --> 02:08:19,380
prayer services held every day
2562
02:08:16,600 --> 02:08:22,150
[Music]
2563
02:08:19,380 --> 02:08:24,010
if Alexander the Great was indeed buried
2564
02:08:22,149 --> 02:08:25,299
somewhere near the mosque of Daniel and
2565
02:08:24,010 --> 02:08:27,850
it's likely that he would have been
2566
02:08:25,300 --> 02:08:30,180
brought here part of the labyrinth of
2567
02:08:27,850 --> 02:08:33,250
tunnels underneath all of Alexandria
2568
02:08:30,180 --> 02:08:35,530
these were designed as systems for the
2569
02:08:33,250 --> 02:08:41,229
storage of water in this particular one
2570
02:08:35,529 --> 02:08:43,539
is directly underneath the mosque this
2571
02:08:41,229 --> 02:08:45,189
is believed to be a holy place where the
2572
02:08:43,539 --> 02:08:47,769
bodies of religious leaders have long
2573
02:08:45,189 --> 02:08:51,159
been buried many attempts have been made
2574
02:08:47,770 --> 02:08:55,800
to find Alexander's remains but so far
2575
02:08:51,159 --> 02:08:55,800
none have come even close to success
2576
02:08:58,039 --> 02:09:03,619
the death of Alexander the Great brings
2577
02:09:01,159 --> 02:09:07,189
to a close a conquest never again
2578
02:09:03,619 --> 02:09:10,550
equaled by any warrior at any time in
2579
02:09:07,189 --> 02:09:14,569
history the statistics alone are
2580
02:09:10,550 --> 02:09:18,310
staggering one man leading 40,000
2581
02:09:14,569 --> 02:09:23,199
soldiers by foot and horseback more than
2582
02:09:18,310 --> 02:09:23,200
20,000 miles over 12 years
2583
02:09:24,130 --> 02:09:30,349
[Music]
2584
02:09:27,618 --> 02:09:33,670
the vast kingdom which Alexander fought
2585
02:09:30,349 --> 02:09:36,770
so hard to build over a 12-year period
2586
02:09:33,670 --> 02:09:39,849
ultimately becomes divided among more
2587
02:09:36,770 --> 02:09:39,849
than 20 rulers
2588
02:09:42,340 --> 02:09:47,960
today historians scholars and soldiers
2589
02:09:45,470 --> 02:09:51,409
continue to debate the complex character
2590
02:09:47,960 --> 02:09:53,359
of King Alexander of Macedon why do we
2591
02:09:51,409 --> 02:09:55,579
call him Alexander the Great
2592
02:09:53,359 --> 02:09:57,859
most agree he was the finest military
2593
02:09:55,579 --> 02:10:00,529
commander that ever lived he also
2594
02:09:57,859 --> 02:10:03,109
created a cultural exchange between east
2595
02:10:00,529 --> 02:10:06,199
and west that became a pivotal point in
2596
02:10:03,109 --> 02:10:09,250
human history but he gained his empire
2597
02:10:06,199 --> 02:10:12,500
at a huge cost of death and destruction
2598
02:10:09,250 --> 02:10:14,869
if he had lived how much further would
2599
02:10:12,500 --> 02:10:17,539
he have gone perhaps we're fortunate
2600
02:10:14,869 --> 02:10:19,970
that we will never know at the end of
2601
02:10:17,539 --> 02:10:24,880
his short life Alexander was walking a
2602
02:10:19,970 --> 02:10:24,880
fine line between genius and insanity
2603
02:10:25,729 --> 02:10:30,509
Alexander gives an example to the world
2604
02:10:28,199 --> 02:10:33,630
of a general the likes of which we have
2605
02:10:30,510 --> 02:10:36,360
never seen since every major-general
2606
02:10:33,630 --> 02:10:38,100
compares himself to Alexander and I
2607
02:10:36,359 --> 02:10:42,500
think most every major-general feels
2608
02:10:38,100 --> 02:10:42,500
that somehow he falls short of Alexander
2609
02:10:43,939 --> 02:10:52,039
Alexander himself was so powerful a
2610
02:10:47,600 --> 02:10:56,060
figure that during his lifetime men who
2611
02:10:52,039 --> 02:11:00,890
afterwards became great kings marshals
2612
02:10:56,060 --> 02:11:04,850
and leaders while he lived they were no
2613
02:11:00,890 --> 02:11:11,510
more than senior officers lands to his
2614
02:11:04,850 --> 02:11:14,750
long table and even after his death they
2615
02:11:11,510 --> 02:11:19,579
were still so scared of him that in
2616
02:11:14,750 --> 02:11:25,130
council meetings his crown and his
2617
02:11:19,579 --> 02:11:30,159
scepter his royal robe presided at the
2618
02:11:25,130 --> 02:11:33,480
head of the table he was still there for
2619
02:11:30,159 --> 02:11:36,429
them even though he was dead
2620
02:11:33,479 --> 02:11:38,928
[Music]
2621
02:11:36,429 --> 02:11:41,899
Alexander appears to have had not one
2622
02:11:38,929 --> 02:11:45,289
moment of self-doubt not one moment of
2623
02:11:41,899 --> 02:11:48,019
fear whether he was a god or not he
2624
02:11:45,289 --> 02:11:49,880
certainly had the confidence of one he
2625
02:11:48,020 --> 02:11:52,850
had an absolute vision of his own
2626
02:11:49,880 --> 02:11:55,489
greatness and in the end we are forced
2627
02:11:52,850 --> 02:12:00,969
to agree with him he is and will always
2628
02:11:55,488 --> 02:12:00,968
remain Alexander but the rate
2629
02:12:01,350 --> 02:12:32,739
[Music]
2630
02:12:36,869 --> 02:12:40,050
[Music]
2631
02:12:38,770 --> 02:12:42,729
you
2632
02:12:40,050 --> 02:12:42,729
[Music]
196979
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