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Beautiful,
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00:00:06,547 --> 00:00:08,081
elegant,
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00:00:08,082 --> 00:00:10,183
mysterious.
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00:00:10,184 --> 00:00:12,151
They're the most popular pet
in the world.
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00:00:13,254 --> 00:00:14,420
Cute,
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00:00:14,421 --> 00:00:16,356
cuddly and fun.
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00:00:16,357 --> 00:00:19,359
But in every way
built for the hunt.
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00:00:21,562 --> 00:00:24,030
One of the big appeals
to me about cats
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00:00:24,031 --> 00:00:25,999
is that they are these little...
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00:00:26,000 --> 00:00:28,269
little wild creatures that we
share our space with.
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00:00:29,904 --> 00:00:32,706
Is that touch
of the wild what we most admire,
12
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or something we want to change?
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Can these superlative hunters
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ever truly be domesticated?
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I think the cat,
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00:00:46,954 --> 00:00:49,656
if it's gonna persist as a...
as a popular companion animal,
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00:00:49,657 --> 00:00:51,926
is going to have to change
in some way.
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00:00:57,765 --> 00:01:01,402
What do you really
know about the lion in your
living room?
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A solitary hunter.
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One of nature's most
capable predators.
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A symbol of grace,
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balance,
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and elegance.
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It's hard to believe that
these clumsy kittens
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have inherited the hunting
prowess of their
wild ancestors.
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00:01:38,506 --> 00:01:39,973
Kittens play a great deal.
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It's one of the things
people find...
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very appealing about them.
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Enchanting even.
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- Kitten play is...
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is really just a whole load
of hunting-type behaviors,
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where they're pouncing
on things.
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00:01:52,620 --> 00:01:54,120
In the wild,
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play-hunting would soon give
way to the real thing.
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Powerful muscles,
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00:02:02,196 --> 00:02:03,797
flexible bodies,
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00:02:05,065 --> 00:02:06,700
sharp claws,
38
00:02:07,668 --> 00:02:09,736
the sensitive paws,
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00:02:09,737 --> 00:02:12,605
even the delicate whiskers
all play a role
40
00:02:12,606 --> 00:02:15,643
in the graceful movements
of a true hunter.
41
00:02:19,046 --> 00:02:20,513
Surprisingly,
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00:02:20,514 --> 00:02:23,650
the cat's elegant walk
is not very efficient
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compared to a dog's.
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00:02:32,927 --> 00:02:34,961
Their gait evolved
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00:02:34,962 --> 00:02:36,896
not to save energy...
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00:02:38,499 --> 00:02:40,334
but provide the stealth
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00:02:41,035 --> 00:02:42,035
to hide
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00:02:42,903 --> 00:02:43,804
and strike.
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00:02:47,641 --> 00:02:49,776
The same evolutionary demands
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00:02:49,777 --> 00:02:52,813
have shaped some of the cat's
cutest behaviors.
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00:02:55,082 --> 00:02:58,886
Like the instinct to find
a safe place to hide
from enemies,
52
00:03:00,254 --> 00:03:02,289
and to leap out at prey.
53
00:03:06,393 --> 00:03:07,828
Small but powerful,
54
00:03:09,864 --> 00:03:14,568
and average house cat can leap
five times its own height.
55
00:03:17,004 --> 00:03:18,305
Some even more.
56
00:03:26,046 --> 00:03:27,848
Climbing a tree in pursuit
of dinner
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can prove dangerous.
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00:03:30,718 --> 00:03:33,687
One slip could end in disaster.
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00:03:34,088 --> 00:03:36,189
Even if they fall upside down,
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00:03:36,190 --> 00:03:40,828
they can turn and land
on their feet in as little
as 30 centimeters.
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00:03:41,896 --> 00:03:43,997
That's not as simple
as it sounds.
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00:03:43,998 --> 00:03:47,735
In fact, at first it seems
to defy the laws of physics.
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00:03:52,506 --> 00:03:54,541
As the cat begins falling,
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00:03:54,542 --> 00:03:56,409
her legs rotate,
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00:03:56,410 --> 00:04:01,347
allowing her to perform
a seemly impossible
midair adjustment,
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00:04:01,348 --> 00:04:03,150
all in a fraction of a second.
67
00:04:04,185 --> 00:04:05,852
Before hitting the ground,
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00:04:05,853 --> 00:04:10,123
all four legs reach out
to act as shock absorbers.
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00:04:10,124 --> 00:04:12,592
An ability useful for survival
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00:04:12,593 --> 00:04:15,228
in forest or high-rise jungle,
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00:04:15,229 --> 00:04:17,965
where their curiosity
can trip them up.
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00:04:21,669 --> 00:04:23,336
I'm Dr Koharik Arman,
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00:04:23,337 --> 00:04:25,973
one of the veterinarians here
at Cats Only Veterinary Clinic
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00:04:26,006 --> 00:04:28,576
located in Vancouver, BC.
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00:04:29,009 --> 00:04:32,378
This is the time of the year now
that we start to see
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00:04:32,379 --> 00:04:33,848
what's called
high-rise syndrome.
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00:04:34,682 --> 00:04:37,650
And what that refers to is cats
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00:04:37,651 --> 00:04:40,186
falling or jumping off
of balconies,
79
00:04:40,187 --> 00:04:42,990
and then ending up
with injuries.
80
00:04:43,557 --> 00:04:46,259
Sometimes they come out
unscathed, and...
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00:04:46,260 --> 00:04:49,095
people always joke about those
nine lives that cats have,
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00:04:49,096 --> 00:04:52,031
and sometimes it seems there's
a bit of truth to that.
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00:04:54,668 --> 00:04:56,870
Cats can fall from
really quite high buildings
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00:04:56,871 --> 00:04:58,638
and they've got
a very effective, and...
85
00:04:58,639 --> 00:05:01,174
and presumably completely
instinctive, spontaneous
86
00:05:01,175 --> 00:05:03,943
and very rapid strategy
for dealing with that.
87
00:05:03,944 --> 00:05:07,013
If they are... do feel
themselves falling
a long distance,
88
00:05:07,014 --> 00:05:08,448
they're actually able
to parachute.
89
00:05:08,449 --> 00:05:11,217
They stick their legs out
literally sideways,
90
00:05:11,218 --> 00:05:13,653
which then stretches the skin
of the belly,
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00:05:13,654 --> 00:05:15,789
which does slow their
progress down.
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00:05:18,826 --> 00:05:20,793
Like their large
carnivore cousins,
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00:05:20,794 --> 00:05:24,732
domestic cats spend most
of their time between
hunts resting.
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00:05:25,432 --> 00:05:28,169
They spend at least half
their time asleep.
95
00:05:29,403 --> 00:05:30,703
But when they move,
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00:05:30,704 --> 00:05:32,906
they can move quickly.
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00:05:32,907 --> 00:05:36,109
A house cat can run almost
50 kilometers an hour.
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00:05:37,045 --> 00:05:38,646
At least for a short burst.
99
00:05:39,446 --> 00:05:42,282
And they have some unique
physical features
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00:05:42,283 --> 00:05:44,718
that can get them out
of tight spaces.
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00:05:46,220 --> 00:05:48,655
They have what are called
floating clavicles,
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00:05:48,656 --> 00:05:53,193
so their collarbones
are not fixed in place
to their skeleton.
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00:05:53,194 --> 00:05:55,828
They're floating
in their muscles,
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00:05:55,829 --> 00:05:58,198
and that's how they
can squeeze themselves
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00:05:58,199 --> 00:06:00,668
into and out of very
narrow spaces.
106
00:06:01,635 --> 00:06:03,736
And also they have
a compressible ribcage
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00:06:03,737 --> 00:06:06,105
which helps in that
department too.
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00:06:07,474 --> 00:06:09,409
A cat's evolutionary history
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00:06:09,410 --> 00:06:12,580
as a predator that stalks
and pounces for the kill,
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00:06:13,380 --> 00:06:15,815
is evident in how they play,
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00:06:15,816 --> 00:06:17,417
how they move,
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00:06:17,418 --> 00:06:19,453
and even in how their
senses work.
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00:06:23,257 --> 00:06:25,024
I'm Dr Kelly St Denis,
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I own the Charing Cross
Cat Clinic.
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It's an all-cat clinic,
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which makes a really
nice environment for us
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00:06:30,297 --> 00:06:32,198
and especially for the cats.
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00:06:32,199 --> 00:06:34,734
So these kittens were born
seven days ago.
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00:06:34,735 --> 00:06:36,336
When kittens are born,
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00:06:36,337 --> 00:06:38,705
they are able to already
smell fairly well,
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00:06:38,706 --> 00:06:41,741
so that allows them
to find the nipples
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so that they can nurse
and get milk.
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00:06:43,844 --> 00:06:45,578
They don't really
hear very well,
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00:06:45,579 --> 00:06:48,448
and they certainly can't see
at newborn age.
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00:06:48,449 --> 00:06:51,385
Their ears are flapped down
and their eyes are closed.
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00:06:52,052 --> 00:06:55,154
At about five days of age,
they are able to hear,
127
00:06:55,155 --> 00:06:59,092
and very gradually we can see
that their ear flaps are
starting to come up,
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00:06:59,093 --> 00:07:03,029
so that they will be able
to hear much better by
three weeks of age.
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00:07:05,499 --> 00:07:07,767
Despite being born deaf,
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00:07:07,768 --> 00:07:11,972
it's their sense of hearing
that best reveals their
wild ancestry.
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00:07:15,142 --> 00:07:16,777
A cat's ears can swivel
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to help them locate
the source of a sound,
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00:07:20,615 --> 00:07:21,981
pointing backwards,
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00:07:21,982 --> 00:07:24,017
forwards, or sideways.
135
00:07:26,187 --> 00:07:29,790
Once mature, they can hear two
octaves higher than a human,
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00:07:31,091 --> 00:07:33,426
and a full octave higher
even than a dog.
137
00:07:34,795 --> 00:07:36,763
Cats can hear
the squeaks of mice,
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00:07:36,764 --> 00:07:40,233
and it's probably very useful
to them in hunting where
they can hear...
139
00:07:40,234 --> 00:07:41,601
what we call ultrasound
140
00:07:41,602 --> 00:07:43,303
which is being generated
by their prey.
141
00:07:43,304 --> 00:07:44,605
It enables them to...
142
00:07:45,005 --> 00:07:47,041
track down their prey
and locate it better.
143
00:07:48,342 --> 00:07:51,077
Their ability
to hear ultrasonic squeaks
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00:07:51,078 --> 00:07:53,446
too high pitched for human ears,
145
00:07:53,447 --> 00:07:54,982
isn't the biggest surprise.
146
00:07:55,783 --> 00:07:57,184
Based on their physiology,
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00:07:57,885 --> 00:08:00,654
they shouldn't be able to hear
the low frequencies.
148
00:08:01,922 --> 00:08:04,791
To a biologist, the really
remarkable thing about
a cat's hearing
149
00:08:04,792 --> 00:08:07,260
is not that it can hear
the squeaks of mice,
150
00:08:07,261 --> 00:08:09,529
but that it can hear
human voices,
151
00:08:09,530 --> 00:08:12,298
in particular, low-pitched
male human voices...
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00:08:12,299 --> 00:08:15,135
Here, Marcel, come. Good boy.
153
00:08:16,170 --> 00:08:18,638
...which the size
of its head and its ears
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00:08:18,639 --> 00:08:21,041
therefore dictates that it
shouldn't be able to hear.
155
00:08:26,080 --> 00:08:28,281
It's not only
the range of their hearing
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00:08:28,282 --> 00:08:30,851
that makes cats
successful hunters.
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Something which I
think many people
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00:08:34,555 --> 00:08:36,022
don't appreciate about a cat,
159
00:08:36,023 --> 00:08:38,759
which is that it has a very
good sense of smell.
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00:08:40,094 --> 00:08:43,029
Everybody thinks
dogs are the species with
this amazing sense of smell,
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00:08:43,030 --> 00:08:44,864
and of course that is true.
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00:08:44,865 --> 00:08:45,865
But cats...
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are still about a thousand times
more sensitive than we are.
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00:08:50,938 --> 00:08:54,107
The area inside
the nose dedicated to
trapping smells
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is five times larger in
domestic cats than in humans.
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While we have perhaps
five million scent receptors,
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00:09:02,917 --> 00:09:03,884
the cat
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has sixty million, or more.
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00:09:08,722 --> 00:09:10,423
What many cat owners
don't appreciate
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00:09:10,424 --> 00:09:13,027
is that cats actually have
two olfactory systems.
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00:09:13,494 --> 00:09:14,961
So you have the regular one
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00:09:14,962 --> 00:09:17,030
which is the same one
that we have,
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where the air is drawn in
through the nose and over
the olfactory membranes.
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00:09:21,101 --> 00:09:23,703
But also, in common with
many other mammals,
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cats have a thing called
a vomeronasal organ,
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00:09:25,806 --> 00:09:28,509
which is another
olfactory organ.
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00:09:29,476 --> 00:09:33,213
The organ itself lies between
the roof of the mouth
and the nostrils,
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00:09:33,214 --> 00:09:37,283
and... they use this olfactory
apparatus, the vomeronasal organ
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00:09:37,284 --> 00:09:40,353
is used when sniffing
other cats.
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00:09:47,895 --> 00:09:50,798
Smell and hearing
are important to locate prey,
181
00:09:51,699 --> 00:09:54,634
but vision provides more
detailed information.
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00:09:56,237 --> 00:09:59,172
In about 7 to 14
days their eyes will open,
183
00:09:59,173 --> 00:10:01,174
and they'll start
to be able to see.
184
00:10:01,175 --> 00:10:04,844
They won't be able to see
very well until they're about
four months of age,
185
00:10:04,845 --> 00:10:09,015
at which point their vision
will be approximately as
it would for an adult.
186
00:10:19,560 --> 00:10:22,195
They can hunt
in the day or night,
187
00:10:22,196 --> 00:10:25,498
but their eyes reveal
that they prefer low light.
188
00:10:27,134 --> 00:10:30,771
Cats' pupils have evolved to
protect their sensitive retinas.
189
00:10:32,506 --> 00:10:35,875
They also have these
vertically constricting pupils,
190
00:10:35,876 --> 00:10:37,777
as opposed to our round ones.
191
00:10:37,778 --> 00:10:39,145
This allows their...
192
00:10:39,146 --> 00:10:41,514
their pupillary size
to change very quickly
193
00:10:41,515 --> 00:10:43,650
from contracted to dilated
194
00:10:43,651 --> 00:10:45,753
depending on what they're doing.
195
00:10:47,788 --> 00:10:49,622
These well-protected eyes
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00:10:49,623 --> 00:10:53,694
look out on a world that's very
different than the one we see.
197
00:10:55,329 --> 00:10:58,264
Cats' vision is
pretty different from our own.
198
00:10:58,265 --> 00:11:02,101
They don't see as much
in the way of color as we do.
199
00:11:02,102 --> 00:11:04,270
They see mostly blues and greys.
200
00:11:04,271 --> 00:11:06,873
They don't differentiate
well between...
201
00:11:06,874 --> 00:11:09,809
orange and brown
and red and green,
202
00:11:09,810 --> 00:11:13,013
but they have a few advantages
that we don't.
203
00:11:13,948 --> 00:11:16,416
They can see colors
that we can't,
204
00:11:16,417 --> 00:11:20,654
like ultraviolet,
perfect for tracking
their prey's urine trails.
205
00:11:21,422 --> 00:11:24,123
And these aren't the only ways
in which the cat's eyes
206
00:11:24,124 --> 00:11:26,426
are adapted to hunting
in the dark.
207
00:11:28,629 --> 00:11:32,799
Everybody
has generally seen those
reflective eyes at night,
208
00:11:32,800 --> 00:11:34,100
or in photos,
209
00:11:34,101 --> 00:11:36,369
and that is because of...
210
00:11:36,370 --> 00:11:39,739
a special area on their retina,
the back of the eye,
211
00:11:39,740 --> 00:11:42,041
called the tapetum lucidum.
212
00:11:42,042 --> 00:11:44,344
And it acts almost
like a mirror.
213
00:11:44,345 --> 00:11:46,145
It's iridescent, and...
214
00:11:46,146 --> 00:11:48,481
basically bounces light
off of it,
215
00:11:48,482 --> 00:11:51,851
so that then it has a second
chance to go through the lens,
216
00:11:51,852 --> 00:11:56,155
basically enabling kitties
to bring more light into
their vision
217
00:11:56,156 --> 00:11:59,292
than is actually in the room...
218
00:11:59,293 --> 00:12:00,728
and see in the dark.
219
00:12:01,862 --> 00:12:05,199
The cat's night vision allows
it to hunt in the dark.
220
00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:09,036
But their eyes don't work well
at close range.
221
00:12:10,237 --> 00:12:13,439
What that means
is that things, as they
approach the cat,
222
00:12:13,440 --> 00:12:14,974
will go out of focus.
223
00:12:14,975 --> 00:12:17,810
Probably around six to eight
inches away from the cat's nose
224
00:12:17,811 --> 00:12:19,512
it starts to go out of focus,
225
00:12:19,513 --> 00:12:21,581
and they lose binocular
vision at that point.
226
00:12:21,582 --> 00:12:22,849
They start seeing double,
227
00:12:22,850 --> 00:12:24,718
the things that are close
to them.
228
00:12:25,853 --> 00:12:27,687
When the prey
is close enough,
229
00:12:27,688 --> 00:12:31,158
their whiskers can feel
its exact location.
230
00:12:33,427 --> 00:12:35,528
Whiskers are thicker
than other hairs
231
00:12:35,529 --> 00:12:38,799
and are full of blood vessels
and sensitive nerve endings.
232
00:12:40,100 --> 00:12:42,368
Each of these specialized hairs
233
00:12:42,369 --> 00:12:47,874
transmits information about
how fast and how far
it's being bent,
234
00:12:47,875 --> 00:12:52,046
allowing them to chase prey
through the twists and turns
of narrow tunnels,
235
00:12:53,113 --> 00:12:55,416
even in total darkness.
236
00:12:56,684 --> 00:12:58,184
This is Oswald.
237
00:12:58,185 --> 00:13:00,753
He is neutered male
purebred Ragdoll,
238
00:13:00,754 --> 00:13:03,456
and he's been coming to us
since he was a kitten.
239
00:13:03,457 --> 00:13:05,925
The whiskers that most people
are familiar with in cats
240
00:13:05,926 --> 00:13:08,729
are the ones that are at
the sides of their cheeks.
241
00:13:09,129 --> 00:13:10,430
They also have whiskers
242
00:13:10,431 --> 00:13:12,398
or vibrissae, is the other name
for these,
243
00:13:12,399 --> 00:13:13,800
above their eye.
244
00:13:13,801 --> 00:13:17,171
Cats also have whiskers
on the inside of their paws.
245
00:13:18,239 --> 00:13:21,207
These whiskers also help
with their spatial orientation.
246
00:13:21,208 --> 00:13:23,777
It helps them to know
where they can move to,
247
00:13:24,545 --> 00:13:26,179
and what types of spaces.
248
00:13:33,554 --> 00:13:36,557
Even the cat's
tongue has its secrets.
249
00:13:38,792 --> 00:13:40,460
Elegant creatures,
250
00:13:40,461 --> 00:13:43,063
they don't lap up their drink
like a dog.
251
00:13:48,402 --> 00:13:49,769
Looking closely,
252
00:13:49,770 --> 00:13:51,871
her tongue appears to corkscrew
253
00:13:51,872 --> 00:13:53,407
as the liquid is drawn up.
254
00:13:57,211 --> 00:13:59,646
If you've ever been licked
by a cat,
255
00:13:59,647 --> 00:14:02,683
you've felt an irritating,
sandpaper-like rasp.
256
00:14:04,118 --> 00:14:06,319
It's not the taste buds
you feel,
257
00:14:06,320 --> 00:14:09,223
but tiny barbs down the center
of the tongue.
258
00:14:13,127 --> 00:14:18,132
Cats spend about
25% of their waking hours
grooming themselves.
259
00:14:19,033 --> 00:14:22,503
He's actually washing himself,
or trying to wash himself,
on his paws.
260
00:14:23,304 --> 00:14:24,838
Cats have...
261
00:14:24,839 --> 00:14:26,973
papillae on their tongue
that are quite rough,
262
00:14:26,974 --> 00:14:30,143
which will help them with their
grooming to keep their
coats healthy,
263
00:14:30,144 --> 00:14:31,144
and mat free.
264
00:14:32,847 --> 00:14:35,716
These act like combs
when the cat is grooming,
265
00:14:36,417 --> 00:14:40,421
or like knives when stripping
the last scraps of meat
from a bone.
266
00:14:41,622 --> 00:14:44,924
The cat's sense
of taste is similar to ours
in some ways,
267
00:14:44,925 --> 00:14:47,927
because it's basically the same
mammalian pattern of taste.
268
00:14:47,928 --> 00:14:50,731
They taste with taste receptors
on their tongues.
269
00:14:51,198 --> 00:14:53,500
But in many ways it ends there.
270
00:14:53,501 --> 00:14:56,302
The kinds of things that a
cat's tongue is sensitive to,
271
00:14:56,303 --> 00:14:58,138
are really quite
different to ours.
272
00:14:59,073 --> 00:15:02,075
And those differences
are because this little lion
273
00:15:02,076 --> 00:15:06,213
is a hunter who has evolved
to need only meat in her diet.
274
00:15:07,515 --> 00:15:11,751
They absolutely don't have
the capacity to taste sweets.
275
00:15:11,752 --> 00:15:13,486
Because they are
obligate carnivores,
276
00:15:13,487 --> 00:15:17,524
they really aren't meant
to ingest anything that
has a sweet taste to it.
277
00:15:17,525 --> 00:15:19,760
So it just doesn't serve
a purpose for them.
278
00:15:22,296 --> 00:15:26,399
It turns out that
even cat's reputation for being
a finicky eater
279
00:15:26,400 --> 00:15:27,935
is about being a hunter.
280
00:15:28,769 --> 00:15:30,970
At first it may seem
like a bad idea
281
00:15:30,971 --> 00:15:33,741
for a wild creature
to be picky about food,
282
00:15:34,575 --> 00:15:37,711
especially an animal whose diet
is so restricted.
283
00:15:40,014 --> 00:15:43,449
We now know that our
domestic pet cats do have
nutritional wisdom.
284
00:15:43,450 --> 00:15:45,118
They are capable of picking out
285
00:15:45,119 --> 00:15:49,022
which of a number of diets
has the best protein content,
286
00:15:49,023 --> 00:15:51,758
because cats needs a great deal
of protein in their diets,
287
00:15:51,759 --> 00:15:53,527
far more than almost
any other animal.
288
00:15:54,028 --> 00:15:57,730
Um, and they also have a
strategy for addressing...
289
00:15:57,731 --> 00:16:01,935
potential future nutritional
imbalances which is to...
290
00:16:01,936 --> 00:16:07,240
go out and look for something
to eat that is not the same
as the last meal you had.
291
00:16:07,241 --> 00:16:11,744
That's partly behind the cat's
kind of notorious fussiness.
292
00:16:11,745 --> 00:16:14,148
Rescued from a life
of hunting and scavenging,
293
00:16:14,682 --> 00:16:19,352
this cat remains very picky
about the treats that
she selects.
294
00:16:19,353 --> 00:16:20,620
It's much more exaggerated,
295
00:16:20,621 --> 00:16:22,689
much more easy to detect
296
00:16:22,690 --> 00:16:26,893
in cats which have had to live
on the streets, if you like,
297
00:16:26,894 --> 00:16:30,997
that have had to select
a balanced diet in order
to survive and breed,
298
00:16:30,998 --> 00:16:34,668
rather than simply being offered
nutritionally complete food
by their owners.
299
00:16:35,669 --> 00:16:37,837
They are much fussier
about what they eat
300
00:16:37,838 --> 00:16:40,139
than pet cats would,
if you can believe that.
301
00:16:55,890 --> 00:16:58,892
Born deaf, blind and helpless,
302
00:16:58,893 --> 00:17:03,630
in the wild, all that keeps
them from becoming prey
to larger predators,
303
00:17:03,631 --> 00:17:05,532
is their mother's care.
304
00:17:09,170 --> 00:17:10,336
Getting that...
305
00:17:10,337 --> 00:17:12,239
can sometimes prove difficult.
306
00:17:21,081 --> 00:17:22,749
Accidentally pushed out
of the nest,
307
00:17:22,750 --> 00:17:25,552
this kitten instinctively
cries for help.
308
00:17:29,623 --> 00:17:31,825
Fortunately, her mother notices.
309
00:17:40,835 --> 00:17:42,802
Whether lions or leopards,
310
00:17:42,803 --> 00:17:46,574
it's only the very young
in most cat species who meow,
311
00:17:47,575 --> 00:17:49,176
and then only to their mothers.
312
00:17:54,014 --> 00:17:57,084
But domestic cats use
this sound in other situations,
313
00:17:57,885 --> 00:17:59,552
when they want attention.
314
00:18:00,955 --> 00:18:03,524
Mostly when communicating
with humans.
315
00:18:07,294 --> 00:18:08,562
Come one Jesse, Jack!
316
00:18:10,931 --> 00:18:12,198
Jesse...
317
00:18:12,199 --> 00:18:14,467
I have a treat for you.
You want that?
318
00:18:14,468 --> 00:18:16,369
All meows are not equal.
319
00:18:16,370 --> 00:18:17,470
Jack.
320
00:18:17,471 --> 00:18:18,938
Every cat has their own.
321
00:18:23,744 --> 00:18:26,447
Ying and Yang,
you want some din
322
00:18:26,914 --> 00:18:29,782
These are sounds
that can have many meanings.
323
00:18:29,783 --> 00:18:33,721
Each cat and their humans must
somehow agree on definitions.
324
00:18:35,055 --> 00:18:37,824
Some develop a large vocabulary.
325
00:18:40,528 --> 00:18:43,329
So they'll have one
meow for "I'm hungry, feed me",
326
00:18:43,330 --> 00:18:46,266
and another one for "please let
me out the door",
327
00:18:46,267 --> 00:18:47,267
and so on.
328
00:18:48,402 --> 00:18:52,605
And... these seem to be private
languages that develop between
the cat and the owner.
329
00:18:52,606 --> 00:18:55,441
And we know this because if you
record these different meows
330
00:18:55,442 --> 00:18:58,245
and then play them back
to different owners,
331
00:18:58,846 --> 00:19:01,080
the owner of the cat,
of that particular cat,
332
00:19:01,081 --> 00:19:02,448
will instantly recognize them.
333
00:19:02,449 --> 00:19:04,717
That's the meow he makes
to be let out.
334
00:19:04,718 --> 00:19:06,819
That's the one he makes
when he's hungry.
335
00:19:06,820 --> 00:19:09,155
But play them to other
cats' owners,
336
00:19:09,156 --> 00:19:11,858
even the owners of cats which
have a repertoire of meows,
337
00:19:11,859 --> 00:19:13,727
and they can't identify
which is which.
338
00:19:15,029 --> 00:19:16,163
Beyond meowing,
339
00:19:16,931 --> 00:19:19,532
cats have a number
of vocal signals.
340
00:19:19,533 --> 00:19:22,001
Not that we always
understand them.
341
00:19:23,337 --> 00:19:26,472
This cat has no need
to hunt for a meal,
342
00:19:26,473 --> 00:19:29,108
still, the old urges are there,
343
00:19:29,109 --> 00:19:32,779
and they occasionally surface
in surprising ways.
344
00:19:34,815 --> 00:19:39,252
Some cats make a special
chattering sound when
they are hunting,
345
00:19:39,253 --> 00:19:41,921
or thinking how much
they'd like to be.
346
00:19:44,925 --> 00:19:48,928
It's not known exactly
why some cats chatter.
347
00:19:48,929 --> 00:19:50,930
Whether it's frustration,
348
00:19:50,931 --> 00:19:52,766
anticipation of the kill,
349
00:19:54,201 --> 00:19:57,238
or an attempt to lure
prey by imitation.
350
00:20:03,143 --> 00:20:06,680
Other sounds they make
are less mysterious.
351
00:20:07,515 --> 00:20:11,284
When they're quite unhappy, we
can see growling and hissing.
352
00:20:13,153 --> 00:20:15,088
Also certain vocalizing
353
00:20:15,089 --> 00:20:19,492
that... that sounds almost
basically like a caterwaul,
a yowl, essentially.
354
00:20:19,493 --> 00:20:22,562
That's a very unhappy
and very stimulated cat.
355
00:20:26,033 --> 00:20:28,368
But fortunately for us,
Sybil right now is...
356
00:20:28,369 --> 00:20:30,803
is very content
and purring away happily.
357
00:20:32,473 --> 00:20:35,875
Purring is another
sound we associate with cats.
358
00:20:35,876 --> 00:20:37,977
Strangely, we know
little about it.
359
00:20:39,980 --> 00:20:43,816
Most people think that purring
is an expression of emotion
360
00:20:43,817 --> 00:20:46,320
as far as the cat's concerned.
The cat is happy.
361
00:20:47,021 --> 00:20:48,121
And...
362
00:20:48,122 --> 00:20:49,822
nine times out of ten
that's true,
363
00:20:49,823 --> 00:20:52,493
but it's not the reason
for the purring.
364
00:20:53,027 --> 00:20:55,461
It's doing it to...
to try to get you,
365
00:20:55,462 --> 00:20:57,163
or another cat indeed,
366
00:20:57,164 --> 00:20:58,799
to do something for it.
367
00:20:59,700 --> 00:21:04,237
Kittens... purr in order to get
their mothers to settle down
and nurse them,
368
00:21:04,238 --> 00:21:08,408
and so that piece
of communication goes on...
is carried on into adulthood.
369
00:21:14,782 --> 00:21:16,482
Large members of the cat family,
370
00:21:16,483 --> 00:21:18,886
like lions and tigers,
can't purr.
371
00:21:20,821 --> 00:21:22,655
The roaring cats don't purr,
372
00:21:22,656 --> 00:21:24,724
but some of the smaller
cats purr.
373
00:21:24,725 --> 00:21:27,661
I mean, in fact, the ability
to roar sort of...
374
00:21:28,495 --> 00:21:29,896
Uh...
375
00:21:29,897 --> 00:21:32,699
produces a change in the...
in the vocal apparatus,
376
00:21:32,700 --> 00:21:34,401
which means that you can't purr.
377
00:21:34,802 --> 00:21:39,506
Karen McComb studies animal
communication in large animals,
378
00:21:39,507 --> 00:21:40,974
like elephants and lions.
379
00:21:42,176 --> 00:21:44,777
Then her own cat
peaked her interest
380
00:21:44,778 --> 00:21:47,014
in this apparently simple sound.
381
00:21:48,182 --> 00:21:52,619
This came about simply
because my own cat
382
00:21:52,620 --> 00:21:55,421
was very adept at...
383
00:21:55,422 --> 00:21:57,724
soliciting food from me,
384
00:21:57,725 --> 00:22:01,528
and, in particular, he had this
sort of wake-up purring routine,
385
00:22:01,529 --> 00:22:04,864
where he would start giving
this very insistent...
386
00:22:04,865 --> 00:22:06,432
purring in the morning.
387
00:22:10,171 --> 00:22:14,374
And I thought why is it that
this particular purring
388
00:22:14,375 --> 00:22:16,409
is so sort of unpleasant
to the ear.
389
00:22:16,410 --> 00:22:18,444
Why is it that it's...
390
00:22:18,445 --> 00:22:19,979
it does sound urgent,
391
00:22:19,980 --> 00:22:23,383
and it's so difficult to ignore.
392
00:22:23,384 --> 00:22:26,686
Prof McComb compared
the purrs of a number of cats,
393
00:22:26,687 --> 00:22:28,454
including her own.
394
00:22:28,455 --> 00:22:31,925
So this is the non-solicitation
purr from my cat,
395
00:22:31,926 --> 00:22:34,727
and you'll... you'll see
that it's actually...
396
00:22:34,728 --> 00:22:35,663
it's...
397
00:22:35,664 --> 00:22:38,131
a very regular, um...
398
00:22:38,132 --> 00:22:40,233
purring, classical purring
type sound.
399
00:22:40,234 --> 00:22:44,672
In fact, this purr was rated
as one of the most pleasant
of all the cats.
400
00:22:51,011 --> 00:22:56,349
So, what I'm gonna do is play
you the solicitation purr
from my own cat,
401
00:22:56,350 --> 00:22:58,785
and you should be able
to hear that...
402
00:22:58,786 --> 00:23:03,122
within the purr there's a sort
of a slightly whinny element.
403
00:23:07,795 --> 00:23:08,795
Incredibly,
404
00:23:09,296 --> 00:23:12,765
Prof McComb discovered
that this solicitation purr
405
00:23:12,766 --> 00:23:16,369
was at a similar frequency
to the cry of a human baby.
406
00:23:17,738 --> 00:23:21,040
So it's got this sort
of slightly manic element to it,
407
00:23:21,041 --> 00:23:24,210
and if you, um...
look at the screen here,
408
00:23:24,211 --> 00:23:26,881
you'll see there's
a dark band...
409
00:23:27,515 --> 00:23:31,684
at, in his case it's a bit
over 400 hertz,
410
00:23:31,685 --> 00:23:34,522
but that is the sort of,
um... cry...
411
00:23:35,089 --> 00:23:36,023
uh...
412
00:23:36,024 --> 00:23:37,423
like frequency.
413
00:23:37,424 --> 00:23:39,493
And it's there...
414
00:23:40,094 --> 00:23:44,697
very strongly in each
of the main beats of the purr.
415
00:23:44,698 --> 00:23:47,267
So that there is a frequency
416
00:23:47,268 --> 00:23:50,904
that's sort of jumping out of
the rest of the sign spectrum,
417
00:23:50,905 --> 00:23:53,707
at the point of, um... this cry.
418
00:23:54,308 --> 00:23:56,509
And the cats have somehow...
419
00:23:56,510 --> 00:24:00,246
tapped into this sensory bias
that we've got,
420
00:24:00,247 --> 00:24:04,118
and are using it to improve
the level of care they get.
421
00:24:07,122 --> 00:24:08,621
Solitary hunters
422
00:24:08,622 --> 00:24:11,357
who can get another species
to do their bidding.
423
00:24:12,227 --> 00:24:14,762
Their dual nature fascinates us.
424
00:24:16,330 --> 00:24:19,666
We watch them contentedly
rolling at our feet one moment,
425
00:24:19,667 --> 00:24:22,336
slinking off who knows
where, the next.
426
00:24:23,070 --> 00:24:24,571
Unlike dogs,
427
00:24:24,572 --> 00:24:27,842
cats have another life
usually hidden from us.
428
00:24:28,876 --> 00:24:31,477
Now, thanks to
modern technology,
429
00:24:31,478 --> 00:24:35,215
we are getting a glimpse
into the secret lives of cats.
430
00:24:38,185 --> 00:24:41,955
Studies reveal that most
have a pretty defined turf,
431
00:24:41,956 --> 00:24:44,892
an area that they patrol
on a daily basis.
432
00:24:46,827 --> 00:24:49,463
Often not much more
than a few blocks.
433
00:24:53,534 --> 00:24:55,068
There you go, buddy.
434
00:24:55,069 --> 00:24:56,170
Off to the races.
435
00:25:02,376 --> 00:25:03,944
This is Orby Jones.
436
00:25:11,685 --> 00:25:13,654
Of course there are exceptions,
437
00:25:14,321 --> 00:25:17,258
brave explorers who travel
great distances.
438
00:25:18,993 --> 00:25:20,794
This is our kitty, Kinder.
439
00:25:21,395 --> 00:25:25,232
He lives with a dog, Ruby.
440
00:25:26,367 --> 00:25:29,336
We've been tracking
Kinder's adventures.
441
00:25:32,373 --> 00:25:35,074
Sometimes they need to go
no further than a neighbor
442
00:25:35,075 --> 00:25:36,677
to get an extra treat.
443
00:25:40,948 --> 00:25:43,650
He comes here and visits us
almost every day.
444
00:25:43,651 --> 00:25:46,119
Really
Yes. We love him.
445
00:25:46,120 --> 00:25:48,655
Sleeps with my folks.
Really?
446
00:25:48,656 --> 00:25:51,124
It's amazing!
He sits with us...
447
00:25:51,125 --> 00:25:52,392
takes his little nap and...
448
00:25:52,393 --> 00:25:54,861
and we give him a piece
of cheese or bacon.
449
00:25:54,862 --> 00:25:55,862
Honestly, every day.
450
00:25:58,065 --> 00:26:01,768
A cat's daily
patrols are anything but random.
451
00:26:01,769 --> 00:26:05,139
It's a way for them to mark
and guard their turf.
452
00:26:08,108 --> 00:26:12,413
Even if you've never seen
what happens when there's
a conflict over territory,
453
00:26:13,547 --> 00:26:16,282
you've almost certainly
heard the results.
454
00:26:21,222 --> 00:26:24,158
Studies find that cats
often share the same,
455
00:26:24,558 --> 00:26:26,527
or overlapping territories.
456
00:26:28,329 --> 00:26:30,898
They simply avoid patrolling
at the same time.
457
00:26:32,166 --> 00:26:34,000
Like feline timesharing.
458
00:26:38,005 --> 00:26:42,943
Running into rivals
isn't the only danger facing
cats living on the streets.
459
00:26:44,612 --> 00:26:47,947
The survival of great numbers
of stray cats,
460
00:26:47,948 --> 00:26:51,352
and feral cats that have never
known human companionship,
461
00:26:51,919 --> 00:26:54,755
proves their wild nature
has been preserved.
462
00:26:57,324 --> 00:27:00,126
These undomesticated
domestic cats
463
00:27:00,127 --> 00:27:02,228
give us the best vantage point
464
00:27:02,229 --> 00:27:03,763
for understanding how
465
00:27:03,764 --> 00:27:05,431
these once wild animals
466
00:27:05,432 --> 00:27:07,267
adapted to life with humans.
467
00:27:10,337 --> 00:27:13,941
Cats certainly are
not domesticated completely.
468
00:27:14,441 --> 00:27:16,843
They are... They are like
little wild creatures,
469
00:27:16,844 --> 00:27:20,181
and they still have the capacity
to exist without us.
470
00:27:20,981 --> 00:27:24,150
You would be hard-pressed
to find a Maltese
471
00:27:24,151 --> 00:27:28,288
or a teacup Chihuahua who could
make it on its own...
472
00:27:28,289 --> 00:27:30,890
on the street
and forage for food
473
00:27:30,891 --> 00:27:34,894
and seek shelter and reproduce
and all the rest.
474
00:27:34,895 --> 00:27:36,597
But cats are a whole
other story.
475
00:27:38,432 --> 00:27:42,068
Many cities
are struggling with large
populations of cats
476
00:27:42,069 --> 00:27:45,105
that live all, or some
of the time, on the street.
477
00:27:46,540 --> 00:27:48,908
Dealing with a feral
cat explosion
478
00:27:48,909 --> 00:27:51,212
is often left up
to concerned neighbors.
479
00:27:53,180 --> 00:27:55,148
The thing that means
the most is...
480
00:27:55,149 --> 00:27:57,917
the feeling when you bring
a cat off the street
481
00:27:57,918 --> 00:28:01,087
that you see has been either
lost, abandoned,
482
00:28:01,088 --> 00:28:04,023
shoved aside, pregnant,
because they didn't want her.
483
00:28:04,024 --> 00:28:06,159
Um... Bringing that cat in,
484
00:28:06,160 --> 00:28:07,861
seeing it in a home,
485
00:28:07,862 --> 00:28:09,329
flourish,
486
00:28:09,330 --> 00:28:11,130
respond to love and affection,
487
00:28:11,131 --> 00:28:12,832
that's the best thing
in the world.
488
00:28:16,604 --> 00:28:20,240
We do a lot of work
with the City of Toronto
and other organizations,
489
00:28:20,241 --> 00:28:22,308
Toronto Humane Society,
490
00:28:22,309 --> 00:28:26,580
and we have to figure out how
to deal with the feral cat
overpopulation in the city.
491
00:28:29,550 --> 00:28:31,618
Come, mew-mews.
492
00:28:31,619 --> 00:28:34,053
They visit the feral cat colony,
493
00:28:34,054 --> 00:28:36,356
get to know who's who
and how they relate.
494
00:28:36,357 --> 00:28:38,959
Come on, guys. Breakfast.
495
00:28:41,128 --> 00:28:45,231
We were called to this colony
by a gentleman who was feeding
cats in a field,
496
00:28:45,232 --> 00:28:47,700
and we were called out to help.
497
00:28:47,701 --> 00:28:51,337
So when we came here,
when we came to the site,
we found...
498
00:28:51,338 --> 00:28:53,707
way more cats
than we ever imagined.
499
00:28:54,542 --> 00:28:58,678
Now, there's probably 15 cats
left, give or take.
500
00:28:58,679 --> 00:29:01,781
When we got here, there was
probably closer to 40,
501
00:29:01,782 --> 00:29:03,416
45 with kittens,
502
00:29:03,417 --> 00:29:05,818
and we started
trap-neuter-return.
503
00:29:07,254 --> 00:29:09,189
They feed them regularly,
504
00:29:09,190 --> 00:29:10,323
trap them,
505
00:29:10,324 --> 00:29:11,525
have their injuries treated,
506
00:29:12,193 --> 00:29:13,427
and most importantly,
507
00:29:13,827 --> 00:29:15,029
have them neutered.
508
00:29:15,429 --> 00:29:19,632
They may be same species as the
animals who live in our homes,
509
00:29:19,633 --> 00:29:23,036
but if they aren't exposed
to a human touch early enough,
510
00:29:23,037 --> 00:29:25,139
they will remain untamable.
511
00:29:28,309 --> 00:29:31,644
Cats who have not
had socialization with humans
512
00:29:31,645 --> 00:29:33,880
prior to 14 weeks of age,
513
00:29:33,881 --> 00:29:36,983
they are much more prone
to be very fearful,
514
00:29:36,984 --> 00:29:39,853
um... not want
to approach humans,
515
00:29:41,222 --> 00:29:43,990
take a very long time
to establish trust,
516
00:29:43,991 --> 00:29:46,392
and are also more
prone to being...
517
00:29:46,393 --> 00:29:47,761
fearfully aggressive.
518
00:29:48,562 --> 00:29:51,164
It's not that they can't learn
to trust humans,
519
00:29:51,165 --> 00:29:52,832
that capacity is still there,
520
00:29:52,833 --> 00:29:56,437
and they still do retain
some behavioral plasticity,
521
00:29:57,004 --> 00:29:59,340
but it can be a very long road.
522
00:30:00,274 --> 00:30:03,510
We do have patients
who were feral cats.
523
00:30:03,511 --> 00:30:07,180
Then, when they were rescued
and taken in by their people,
524
00:30:07,181 --> 00:30:10,016
took a matter of months
to years, actually,
525
00:30:10,017 --> 00:30:12,887
before they established trust
with their owners.
526
00:30:19,093 --> 00:30:21,461
Those who can learn
to tolerate humans,
527
00:30:21,462 --> 00:30:23,397
can be put up for adoption.
528
00:30:24,131 --> 00:30:27,267
Like these looking
as domestic as can be,
529
00:30:27,268 --> 00:30:30,003
successfully adopted
from a feral colony.
530
00:30:37,344 --> 00:30:40,180
Cats that live without humans
for too long
531
00:30:40,181 --> 00:30:42,783
don't easily adapt
to life with us.
532
00:30:44,051 --> 00:30:46,352
One solution is to give
them shelters
533
00:30:46,353 --> 00:30:48,354
where they can receive
medical attention
534
00:30:48,355 --> 00:30:50,291
and live in relative comfort.
535
00:30:51,025 --> 00:30:53,726
My name is Janet Reed,
and I'm the manager here
536
00:30:53,727 --> 00:30:57,597
at the here at the Number 6
Road Shelter for the Richmond
Animal Protection Society.
537
00:30:57,598 --> 00:31:00,900
And what we have here
is about 500 cats
538
00:31:00,901 --> 00:31:03,670
that we take care of...
539
00:31:03,671 --> 00:31:05,039
because they're homeless.
540
00:31:06,140 --> 00:31:08,409
They were cats that were
born in the wild,
541
00:31:08,809 --> 00:31:10,343
have never had a home,
542
00:31:10,344 --> 00:31:13,313
or maybe were dumped
and were living in the wild.
543
00:31:13,314 --> 00:31:15,449
We trap them, we spay
and neuter them,
544
00:31:16,016 --> 00:31:18,852
and we make sure they have
their shots and vet care,
545
00:31:18,853 --> 00:31:22,590
and then we bring them in here
so they have a place to be.
546
00:31:25,526 --> 00:31:26,794
We put them in colonies.
547
00:31:27,328 --> 00:31:30,597
If they come 10, 15 at a time,
which has happened to us,
548
00:31:30,598 --> 00:31:33,800
it's a lot of cats to deal
with, but we keep
them together.
549
00:31:33,801 --> 00:31:38,171
They know each other
and we don't have to adapt
them to the rest of the cats.
550
00:31:38,172 --> 00:31:42,675
And despite what everybody
seems to think of this
as a cat Club Med,
551
00:31:42,676 --> 00:31:46,280
uh... cats don't necessarily
always get along with
each other.
552
00:31:51,151 --> 00:31:54,420
When the environment enables
them to, um...
553
00:31:54,421 --> 00:31:57,858
they will live together
and establish a hierarchy.
554
00:31:58,459 --> 00:32:00,960
And generally that does mean
that there's some...
555
00:32:00,961 --> 00:32:04,163
some hissing and posturing
and fighting for a while
556
00:32:04,164 --> 00:32:06,165
until that has been established.
557
00:32:09,703 --> 00:32:11,738
Then if new cats try to enter,
558
00:32:11,739 --> 00:32:14,140
it's possible for them
to integrate themselves,
559
00:32:14,141 --> 00:32:16,777
but there will be a few tests
along the way.
560
00:32:17,511 --> 00:32:21,014
But then other times a new cat
is completely shunned,
561
00:32:21,015 --> 00:32:24,652
and doesn't manage to work
their way into a colony.
562
00:32:27,454 --> 00:32:29,622
Observing feral colonies
563
00:32:29,623 --> 00:32:33,693
tells us about the nature of
these very territorial animals
564
00:32:33,694 --> 00:32:35,095
and their social lives.
565
00:32:37,898 --> 00:32:43,037
Maintaining limits and alliances
requires constant communication.
566
00:32:46,140 --> 00:32:49,776
Messages of all kinds
being sent and received,
567
00:32:49,777 --> 00:32:52,446
displays of warning
and acknowledgment.
568
00:32:55,316 --> 00:32:57,818
One key social signal
is the straight-up tail.
569
00:32:59,687 --> 00:33:04,057
We think that
the tail-up signal evolved
from a signal that kittens use
570
00:33:04,058 --> 00:33:06,593
to signal to their mothers.
571
00:33:06,594 --> 00:33:10,630
They use this at weaning,
and it's seen in a number
of wild cat species
572
00:33:10,631 --> 00:33:13,767
not just the wild cat
that's the ancestor
of the domestic cat.
573
00:33:14,468 --> 00:33:17,871
They they're probably using this
as a way of greeting
their mother
574
00:33:17,872 --> 00:33:19,873
when she returns
with food for them.
575
00:33:19,874 --> 00:33:23,810
And it may be one of the ways
they have of persuading her
to feed them.
576
00:33:23,811 --> 00:33:26,546
But in all those other species
they then stop doing it
577
00:33:26,547 --> 00:33:27,847
once they reach adulthood.
578
00:33:30,718 --> 00:33:33,820
Domestic cats have taken this
kitten-to-mother signal
579
00:33:33,821 --> 00:33:35,422
to a whole new level.
580
00:33:36,857 --> 00:33:39,158
When two cats approach
each other,
581
00:33:39,159 --> 00:33:41,595
one may raise their tail
straight up.
582
00:33:42,530 --> 00:33:44,765
If the other is willing
to coexist,
583
00:33:45,366 --> 00:33:47,367
it will respond in the same way.
584
00:33:49,436 --> 00:33:51,004
So, it's meaning two things.
585
00:33:51,005 --> 00:33:52,739
It's meaning friendly
intentions,
586
00:33:52,740 --> 00:33:54,807
"I'm approaching you
in a friendly way.
587
00:33:54,808 --> 00:33:56,644
I'm not about to attack you."
588
00:33:57,077 --> 00:33:59,946
And it's also acknowledging...
589
00:33:59,947 --> 00:34:01,848
a difference in status,
if you like.
590
00:34:01,849 --> 00:34:03,816
I'm not saying
that cats have a...
591
00:34:03,817 --> 00:34:06,653
mental conception, and abstract
conception of status,
592
00:34:06,654 --> 00:34:09,789
but they clearly
do need to indicate
593
00:34:09,790 --> 00:34:11,991
the type of interaction
they want to happen.
594
00:34:11,992 --> 00:34:15,628
So what they're saying is,
"I'm friendly towards you,
and I acknowledge
595
00:34:15,629 --> 00:34:18,999
that you are in some way bigger
or smarter than I am."
596
00:34:19,934 --> 00:34:23,503
Studying feral cats
has given us more than
new insights
597
00:34:23,504 --> 00:34:25,306
into their social relations.
598
00:34:28,909 --> 00:34:31,545
Comparing DNA from various
species of cats,
599
00:34:32,613 --> 00:34:34,915
wild, feral and domestic,
600
00:34:35,683 --> 00:34:36,884
large and small,
601
00:34:37,451 --> 00:34:38,919
from all over the world,
602
00:34:40,120 --> 00:34:42,989
helped solve the mystery
of how cats evolved
603
00:34:42,990 --> 00:34:45,292
and eventually
became domesticated.
604
00:34:46,694 --> 00:34:50,063
So a wildcat, the
ancestor of the domestic cat,
605
00:34:50,064 --> 00:34:52,399
is a species
called Felis silvestris.
606
00:34:53,300 --> 00:34:57,103
Felis silvestris is a very
broad-ranging species that...
607
00:34:57,104 --> 00:35:00,406
ranges all the way from the tip
of Scotland down to...
608
00:35:00,407 --> 00:35:02,675
the Cape of Good Hope
in South Africa,
609
00:35:02,676 --> 00:35:05,479
all the way from Portugal
out to the center of China.
610
00:35:06,580 --> 00:35:10,016
And there are five different
wild subspecies
611
00:35:10,017 --> 00:35:13,152
of Felis silvestris,
the wildcat.
612
00:35:13,153 --> 00:35:14,621
One of those subspecies,
613
00:35:14,622 --> 00:35:16,623
Felis silvestris lybica,
614
00:35:16,624 --> 00:35:18,625
lived in the Near East,
615
00:35:18,626 --> 00:35:21,662
and it's that subspecies that
gave rise to the domestic cat.
616
00:35:24,999 --> 00:35:28,201
Prof Driscoll pinpointed this
part of the Mid-East
617
00:35:28,202 --> 00:35:31,871
as the center where Felis
silvestris lybica
618
00:35:31,872 --> 00:35:34,942
gradually transformed
into the familiar kitty,
619
00:35:35,609 --> 00:35:36,943
Felis catus.
620
00:35:36,944 --> 00:35:38,224
[birds chirping,
insects buzzing]
621
00:35:39,346 --> 00:35:41,881
Domestic cats of every breed,
622
00:35:41,882 --> 00:35:43,483
friendly or feral,
623
00:35:43,484 --> 00:35:45,519
wherever in the world
you find them,
624
00:35:46,153 --> 00:35:47,755
have their genesis here.
625
00:35:50,224 --> 00:35:54,562
Their wildcat ancestors can
still be spotted outside
the cities.
626
00:35:59,967 --> 00:36:02,836
But since they prefer
to hunt in the dark,
627
00:36:02,837 --> 00:36:06,674
it's a lot easier if you have
local biologists to guide you.
628
00:36:19,420 --> 00:36:21,255
Fox.
Fox.
629
00:36:39,340 --> 00:36:42,742
This fish farm
is a popular hunting spot,
630
00:36:42,743 --> 00:36:45,613
but tonight there are no
wildcats to be found.
631
00:36:47,381 --> 00:36:49,049
These are jungle cats,
632
00:36:49,984 --> 00:36:53,987
the largest member
of the family that includes
both the domestic cat
633
00:36:53,988 --> 00:36:56,423
and their ancestor, the wildcat.
634
00:36:57,892 --> 00:37:00,828
They're drawn here
by the promise of an easy meal.
635
00:37:09,637 --> 00:37:12,405
Last night, on some
fishponds here bordering
the Jordan,
636
00:37:12,406 --> 00:37:15,208
we say Felis chaus,
the jungle cat.
637
00:37:15,209 --> 00:37:18,144
And we saw how they're
becoming habituated,
638
00:37:18,145 --> 00:37:20,580
they're accustomed
to human presence.
639
00:37:20,581 --> 00:37:24,050
And they're following
a path similar to what
the wildcats did,
640
00:37:24,051 --> 00:37:26,986
where... they're moving in
out of the wild,
641
00:37:26,987 --> 00:37:29,255
and they're utilizing
human habitats,
642
00:37:29,256 --> 00:37:33,026
and human resources in a way
that's probably very similar
643
00:37:33,027 --> 00:37:35,929
to what the wildcats would've
done thousands of years ago
644
00:37:35,930 --> 00:37:37,865
in their early stages
of domestication.
645
00:37:41,368 --> 00:37:43,770
The first step
in cat domestication
646
00:37:43,771 --> 00:37:48,074
happened here thanks
to a unique combination
of a small wildcat
647
00:37:48,075 --> 00:37:49,876
that could tolerate people,
648
00:37:49,877 --> 00:37:52,346
and an abundance of wild grains.
649
00:37:56,317 --> 00:37:58,518
This is the habitat where...
650
00:37:58,519 --> 00:38:01,387
plants and animal
were domesticated
651
00:38:01,388 --> 00:38:03,757
prior to what we see now.
652
00:38:04,225 --> 00:38:07,694
Something around
15 000, 16 000 years ago
653
00:38:07,695 --> 00:38:09,729
till 10 000 years ago,
654
00:38:09,730 --> 00:38:11,698
people were hunter-gatherers.
655
00:38:11,699 --> 00:38:14,634
They had enough to collect,
and use it for their own use.
656
00:38:14,635 --> 00:38:15,768
Right.
657
00:38:15,769 --> 00:38:17,570
Once people became settled,
658
00:38:17,571 --> 00:38:20,640
that's when cats began to move
into that environment,
659
00:38:20,641 --> 00:38:24,277
and began to adapt themselves
to that human environment,
660
00:38:24,278 --> 00:38:26,646
and then from there
they eventually evolved
661
00:38:26,647 --> 00:38:29,149
into the domestic animals
that we have today.
662
00:38:29,550 --> 00:38:31,784
So in that sense you can make...
you know...
663
00:38:31,785 --> 00:38:34,254
you can say that cat
domesticated human.
664
00:38:34,255 --> 00:38:35,955
- He came over to...
665
00:38:35,956 --> 00:38:39,259
to where the humans were,
and took advantage
of what they...
666
00:38:39,260 --> 00:38:41,395
Of the environment
that we have made.
667
00:38:44,632 --> 00:38:47,066
Some people think
we domesticated cats
668
00:38:47,067 --> 00:38:50,069
so they could control
the rodents that ate our grain.
669
00:38:51,006 --> 00:38:53,274
Prof Driscoll doesn't agree.
670
00:38:54,808 --> 00:38:58,645
He doesn't believe it was mice
and rats that drew them
into our homes,
671
00:38:58,646 --> 00:39:00,247
it was our garbage.
672
00:39:01,615 --> 00:39:04,551
The scene we see
here has played out here
in Jerusalem
673
00:39:04,552 --> 00:39:06,986
and other cities
of the ancient Near East
674
00:39:06,987 --> 00:39:10,224
many thousands of times over
the last tens of millennia.
675
00:39:10,891 --> 00:39:15,595
You have cats that are making
use of human waste and scraps,
676
00:39:15,596 --> 00:39:17,698
essentially being fed by people.
677
00:39:18,365 --> 00:39:22,536
It's by this process
that the wildcat was brought
into human civilizations
678
00:39:22,937 --> 00:39:26,240
and developed over time
into the domestic cat
that we have today.
679
00:39:27,441 --> 00:39:31,212
Cats found our
settlements a profitable
place to hang out.
680
00:39:32,379 --> 00:39:35,014
So, do cats catch mice and rats?
681
00:39:35,015 --> 00:39:36,549
Yeah, certainly they do,
682
00:39:36,550 --> 00:39:38,751
and some of them
are not bad at it,
683
00:39:38,752 --> 00:39:40,587
but that's not why
they were domesticated.
684
00:39:40,588 --> 00:39:42,523
They were domesticated
accidentally.
685
00:39:42,990 --> 00:39:44,524
When people at a later age
686
00:39:44,525 --> 00:39:47,227
decided they really wanted
to get rid of mice and rats,
687
00:39:47,228 --> 00:39:51,832
they used dogs as specific
hunters of vermin.
688
00:39:53,067 --> 00:39:56,637
But what did we gain
from this arrangement if it
wasn't vermin control?
689
00:39:58,005 --> 00:39:59,806
Cats didn't have a purpose then,
690
00:39:59,807 --> 00:40:03,476
they don't have a purpose now.
I'm not sure they'll ever
have a purpose.
691
00:40:03,477 --> 00:40:05,311
But they're good pets,
692
00:40:05,312 --> 00:40:09,282
and that seems to have been
enough to bring them all the way
around the world.
693
00:40:10,484 --> 00:40:11,951
Perhaps we'll never know,
694
00:40:11,952 --> 00:40:14,587
but those initial
interspecies contacts
695
00:40:14,588 --> 00:40:16,524
grew into admiration and more.
696
00:40:19,159 --> 00:40:23,631
The ancient Egyptians adored
and even worshipped their cats.
697
00:40:25,232 --> 00:40:29,336
Egypt... was the
first place where cats were
bred in captivity.
698
00:40:30,271 --> 00:40:33,239
It was a place where domestic
cats lived in high
enough density
699
00:40:33,240 --> 00:40:35,676
that they're well represented
in artwork and...
700
00:40:36,243 --> 00:40:39,380
archeological remains
throughout common
people's houses.
701
00:40:41,782 --> 00:40:43,683
When cats were
first domesticated,
702
00:40:43,684 --> 00:40:45,985
probably for half
of their domestication,
703
00:40:45,986 --> 00:40:47,754
maybe the first 5 000 years,
704
00:40:47,755 --> 00:40:49,556
they would've all looked
like wildcats.
705
00:40:49,557 --> 00:40:51,157
That is the striped tabby.
706
00:40:51,158 --> 00:40:53,460
That's the wild-type coat color.
707
00:40:54,028 --> 00:40:56,563
The first changes
in the cat's coat color
708
00:40:56,564 --> 00:40:59,332
were probably the appearance
of black cats,
709
00:40:59,333 --> 00:41:01,534
which is just in fact
the absence of color.
710
00:41:01,535 --> 00:41:05,104
The coat goes black because
the genes creating
the tabby pattern
711
00:41:05,105 --> 00:41:06,573
don't work properly anymore.
712
00:41:06,574 --> 00:41:10,177
And that probably occurred
in Egypt early on.
713
00:41:11,011 --> 00:41:14,714
So you find very few cats,
or records of cats,
714
00:41:14,715 --> 00:41:17,984
outside of early Egypt
at that time.
715
00:41:17,985 --> 00:41:22,722
However, the city of Alexandria
was a very large port city
in the ancient world,
716
00:41:22,723 --> 00:41:25,425
and cats were able to spread
from ancient Egypt
717
00:41:25,426 --> 00:41:27,060
throughout...
718
00:41:27,061 --> 00:41:29,729
all of Europe and North Africa
719
00:41:29,730 --> 00:41:31,598
in a very brief period of time.
720
00:41:34,068 --> 00:41:36,202
And so domestic cats
boarded ships
721
00:41:36,203 --> 00:41:38,771
that would carry them from
their Mid-Eastern birthplace
722
00:41:38,772 --> 00:41:40,708
to every continent
on the planet.
723
00:41:42,644 --> 00:41:44,311
As they spread around the globe,
724
00:41:44,912 --> 00:41:46,714
new coat colors appeared.
725
00:41:47,548 --> 00:41:50,550
One of them, closely linked to,
of all things,
726
00:41:50,551 --> 00:41:52,051
the Vikings.
727
00:41:54,855 --> 00:41:56,390
Somewhere along the line
728
00:41:57,057 --> 00:42:01,061
some population of Vikings
decided they liked orange cats.
729
00:42:01,996 --> 00:42:05,932
Why orange cats were favored
is not clear.
730
00:42:05,933 --> 00:42:07,433
They're not any better mousers,
731
00:42:07,434 --> 00:42:10,336
they're not any more adept
at living on boats.
732
00:42:10,337 --> 00:42:14,207
But what you find is that
the frequency of orange cats
733
00:42:14,208 --> 00:42:17,711
is higher where the Vikings
were trading.
734
00:42:20,915 --> 00:42:22,615
Ginger or orange cats
735
00:42:22,616 --> 00:42:25,385
are still most common
exactly in those areas
736
00:42:25,386 --> 00:42:28,155
where the Vikings most
frequently made landfall.
737
00:42:31,559 --> 00:42:34,662
Over time, new coat colors
appeared and spread.
738
00:42:35,696 --> 00:42:37,064
Most often by ship.
739
00:42:38,499 --> 00:42:42,569
I think one
of the best coat-color
variations that we know about,
740
00:42:42,570 --> 00:42:46,940
where there is an association
between trade routes
and a coat color,
741
00:42:46,941 --> 00:42:49,076
is with the blotched tabby.
742
00:42:50,211 --> 00:42:55,416
And we know that that mutation
arose in Great Britain
in the early 1800s.
743
00:42:56,350 --> 00:42:59,485
That was the beginning both
of modern cat breeding
744
00:42:59,486 --> 00:43:00,486
and the cat show.
745
00:43:04,191 --> 00:43:08,428
Cat breeding
has been going on for over
a century now,
746
00:43:08,429 --> 00:43:10,231
of actually breeding true,
747
00:43:10,631 --> 00:43:13,867
so crossing like with like,
forming breeds which...
748
00:43:13,868 --> 00:43:16,268
essentially where the offspring
looked just like the parents.
749
00:43:22,343 --> 00:43:25,278
And these have been
essentially formed
750
00:43:25,279 --> 00:43:28,748
from a number of different
street cats
751
00:43:28,749 --> 00:43:30,384
from different
parts of the world.
752
00:43:31,352 --> 00:43:34,621
Unlike dogs
that were bred for a wide
range of jobs
753
00:43:34,622 --> 00:43:37,324
and so come in all different
sizes and shapes,
754
00:43:38,158 --> 00:43:41,462
cats didn't have any special
tasks to accomplish.
755
00:43:41,862 --> 00:43:45,466
And the variation
has really just been
in appearance.
756
00:43:46,267 --> 00:43:48,134
Some of it's the head shape.
757
00:43:48,135 --> 00:43:50,870
Obviously, you have some of
the breeds, like the Persians,
758
00:43:50,871 --> 00:43:52,405
with the very flattened face.
759
00:43:55,643 --> 00:43:59,146
You have a great number
of variations of coat
color and length.
760
00:44:04,385 --> 00:44:07,353
So many of these breeds are
really superficially different
761
00:44:07,354 --> 00:44:09,189
from your average pet cat,
762
00:44:09,190 --> 00:44:10,857
rather than being...
763
00:44:10,858 --> 00:44:12,426
very different functionally.
764
00:44:13,427 --> 00:44:15,728
Some of us prefer
a particular coat color,
765
00:44:15,729 --> 00:44:18,132
thinking it's linked
to certain behaviors.
766
00:44:19,700 --> 00:44:23,137
Many believe that orange cats
are easygoing and friendly,
767
00:44:24,438 --> 00:44:27,474
while white cats
are lazy or shy,
768
00:44:27,975 --> 00:44:30,978
and calicos are thought
to be feisty or difficult.
769
00:44:35,282 --> 00:44:38,017
Calicos are... are
somewhat renowned for their...
their temperaments.
770
00:44:38,018 --> 00:44:40,620
They make wonderful,
wonderful pets,
771
00:44:40,621 --> 00:44:44,391
but they don't tend to adjust
very well to new environments
and new people.
772
00:44:45,226 --> 00:44:48,761
But the connection
between genes, coat color
and behavior
773
00:44:48,762 --> 00:44:50,231
is far from clear.
774
00:44:51,198 --> 00:44:52,999
There is some genetic link.
775
00:44:53,000 --> 00:44:56,504
The genes haven't been isolated,
so nobody knows for sure.
776
00:44:57,204 --> 00:45:01,108
But the hows
and whys of temperament
are increasingly important.
777
00:45:02,109 --> 00:45:05,278
Cats are instinctively
solitary predators
778
00:45:05,279 --> 00:45:08,381
who patrol the hunting ground
around their homes.
779
00:45:09,450 --> 00:45:11,518
Now we want them
to stay indoors,
780
00:45:11,519 --> 00:45:14,021
not hunt, and to live
with other animals.
781
00:45:15,656 --> 00:45:18,758
Perhaps the most
serious misconception that
people have of their cats,
782
00:45:18,759 --> 00:45:21,995
at least as far as its impact
on the cat is concerned,
783
00:45:21,996 --> 00:45:24,230
is this idea that...
784
00:45:24,231 --> 00:45:25,465
cats get along,
785
00:45:25,466 --> 00:45:27,467
that... that having one cat
is good,
786
00:45:27,468 --> 00:45:30,737
that having two cats could not
be anything but better.
787
00:45:30,738 --> 00:45:32,739
Now it may be better
for the owner,
788
00:45:32,740 --> 00:45:36,042
but... the likelihood is that it
won't be better for the cats.
789
00:45:36,043 --> 00:45:39,312
That, uh, if they're not
introduced to one another
very carefully...
790
00:45:40,681 --> 00:45:43,516
then those two cats
will end up being...
791
00:45:43,517 --> 00:45:45,485
more stressed for the rest
of their lives
792
00:45:45,486 --> 00:45:47,454
than they would've been
if they lived apart.
793
00:45:49,857 --> 00:45:53,927
For every household
where cats happily coexist,
794
00:45:53,928 --> 00:45:56,062
there are many others where
our pets suffer
795
00:45:56,063 --> 00:45:58,499
because of the proximity
of rivals.
796
00:46:01,569 --> 00:46:04,838
Living with other cats is not
the most difficult demand
797
00:46:04,839 --> 00:46:08,875
we are suddenly placing on the
instincts of our favorite pets.
798
00:46:11,712 --> 00:46:13,447
There's no doubt we love them,
799
00:46:14,248 --> 00:46:17,551
but there are some behaviors
that most of us could
do without.
800
00:46:19,620 --> 00:46:23,056
Where we once took pride
in their talents as hunters,
801
00:46:23,057 --> 00:46:26,861
now we are ashamed of their
seemingly ferocious nature.
802
00:46:39,940 --> 00:46:43,109
It's certainly true
that cats have been getting
bad press recently
803
00:46:43,110 --> 00:46:45,245
in terms of their role
as hunters,
804
00:46:45,246 --> 00:46:49,549
as surplus killers,
as animals which go out
and kill for the fun of it,
805
00:46:49,550 --> 00:46:51,018
as... as people would have it.
806
00:46:51,452 --> 00:46:54,120
Firstly, they're not doing it
for the fun of it.
807
00:46:54,121 --> 00:46:55,855
They're doing it because...
808
00:46:55,856 --> 00:46:57,991
it's a piece of very
instinctive behavior
809
00:46:57,992 --> 00:47:00,393
that they've inherited
from their wild ancestors.
810
00:47:00,394 --> 00:47:02,629
And more than that...
during domestication,
811
00:47:02,630 --> 00:47:05,032
we've actually encouraged them
to continue to do that.
812
00:47:06,300 --> 00:47:09,302
And there is concern
about the long-term effects
813
00:47:09,303 --> 00:47:11,872
of our cats on wildlife
populations.
814
00:47:12,673 --> 00:47:17,544
However, Bradshaw thinks
that our pets are only a small
part of the problem.
815
00:47:17,545 --> 00:47:21,115
He believes a larger part
may be due to feral cats.
816
00:47:23,250 --> 00:47:25,752
But nevertheless,
a dead bird is a dead bird.
817
00:47:25,753 --> 00:47:29,889
I think you have to admit
that cats are doing something
which is unnecessary.
818
00:47:29,890 --> 00:47:32,692
It may not be permanently
damaging to the populations,
819
00:47:32,693 --> 00:47:35,895
but if... if you are concerned
for the welfare of wildlife,
820
00:47:35,896 --> 00:47:37,130
and many people are,
821
00:47:37,131 --> 00:47:39,533
then cats are not really
doing the right thing.
822
00:47:40,367 --> 00:47:42,369
A lot of slaughter or a little?
823
00:47:43,070 --> 00:47:46,406
Can't we just eliminate it
by keeping our cats inside
824
00:47:46,407 --> 00:47:49,042
where they will also be safe
from predators,
825
00:47:49,043 --> 00:47:50,844
fights and traffic?
826
00:47:53,047 --> 00:47:54,781
There's a big debate
827
00:47:54,782 --> 00:47:57,851
on whether people should keep
their cats indoors or outdoors
828
00:47:57,852 --> 00:47:59,352
and certainly outdoors
829
00:47:59,353 --> 00:48:02,989
will provide the cat with more
environmental enrichment
830
00:48:02,990 --> 00:48:06,160
in terms of being able to
explore the outdoor environment.
831
00:48:07,661 --> 00:48:09,762
The problem with being
an outdoor cat
832
00:48:09,763 --> 00:48:12,699
is that there are significantly
more health risks out there,
833
00:48:12,700 --> 00:48:15,902
so they are more likely to get
attacked by other animals,
834
00:48:15,903 --> 00:48:18,404
they're more likely to get
into fights with other cats,
835
00:48:18,405 --> 00:48:20,107
they can get hit by cars.
836
00:48:20,841 --> 00:48:23,243
Asking our cats to stay indoors
837
00:48:23,244 --> 00:48:25,846
is not as straight forward
as it seems.
838
00:48:26,647 --> 00:48:28,715
We expect them to be happy,
839
00:48:28,716 --> 00:48:31,384
and the reality is
because they are hunters,
840
00:48:31,385 --> 00:48:33,386
they need to have stimulation,
841
00:48:33,387 --> 00:48:34,921
they need to be doing things,
842
00:48:34,922 --> 00:48:38,024
and what's happening now is
we're starting to recognize
843
00:48:38,025 --> 00:48:40,995
that they're anxious or bored
in their indoor environment.
844
00:48:41,562 --> 00:48:45,498
For thousands of years
we had a mutual understanding,
845
00:48:45,499 --> 00:48:46,900
a contract.
846
00:48:46,901 --> 00:48:49,803
Suddenly we want
to rewrite the terms.
847
00:48:50,504 --> 00:48:53,540
We are asking these
territorial creatures
848
00:48:53,541 --> 00:48:54,909
to tolerate other animals,
849
00:48:56,110 --> 00:48:58,178
live happily inside,
850
00:48:58,179 --> 00:48:59,780
and abandon hunting.
851
00:49:00,915 --> 00:49:03,383
We're expecting
the cat to make a big change
852
00:49:03,384 --> 00:49:05,118
from being essentially
a predator
853
00:49:05,119 --> 00:49:06,586
that we kept in our homes
854
00:49:06,587 --> 00:49:09,989
and got some companionship from
as a secondary function,
855
00:49:09,990 --> 00:49:13,860
to... being an animal which is
first and foremost a companion,
856
00:49:13,861 --> 00:49:15,161
and really nothing else.
857
00:49:15,162 --> 00:49:16,997
We don't want it to go hunting.
858
00:49:17,698 --> 00:49:19,532
I think the cat,
859
00:49:19,533 --> 00:49:22,502
if it's going to persist
as a... as a popular
companion animal,
860
00:49:22,503 --> 00:49:24,838
is going to have to change
in some way.
861
00:49:27,141 --> 00:49:29,642
The key to the
survival of the domestic cat
862
00:49:29,643 --> 00:49:31,812
may already be in their genes.
863
00:49:32,546 --> 00:49:35,615
If their wild nature
is hardwired,
864
00:49:35,616 --> 00:49:37,618
so is their adaptability.
865
00:49:40,955 --> 00:49:45,125
It's made our
10 000-year-long journey
together possible.
866
00:49:45,960 --> 00:49:48,528
They've thrived under
our thatched roofs,
867
00:49:48,529 --> 00:49:51,931
in our palaces, barns
and apartments,
868
00:49:51,932 --> 00:49:54,667
and it will guarantee
these little lions
869
00:49:54,668 --> 00:49:58,973
a comfortable place in our
lives for a long time to come.
70475
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