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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:05,145 --> 00:00:06,546 Beautiful, 2 00:00:06,547 --> 00:00:08,081 elegant, 3 00:00:08,082 --> 00:00:10,183 mysterious. 4 00:00:10,184 --> 00:00:12,151 They're the most popular pet in the world. 5 00:00:13,254 --> 00:00:14,420 Cute, 6 00:00:14,421 --> 00:00:16,356 cuddly and fun. 7 00:00:16,357 --> 00:00:19,359 But in every way built for the hunt. 8 00:00:21,562 --> 00:00:24,030 One of the big appeals to me about cats 9 00:00:24,031 --> 00:00:25,999 is that they are these little... 10 00:00:26,000 --> 00:00:28,269 little wild creatures that we share our space with. 11 00:00:29,904 --> 00:00:32,706 Is that touch of the wild what we most admire, 12 00:00:34,542 --> 00:00:36,743 or something we want to change? 13 00:00:39,880 --> 00:00:42,448 Can these superlative hunters 14 00:00:42,449 --> 00:00:44,218 ever truly be domesticated? 15 00:00:45,419 --> 00:00:46,953 I think the cat, 16 00:00:46,954 --> 00:00:49,656 if it's gonna persist as a... as a popular companion animal, 17 00:00:49,657 --> 00:00:51,926 is going to have to change in some way. 18 00:00:57,765 --> 00:01:01,402 What do you really know about the lion in your living room? 19 00:01:14,048 --> 00:01:15,549 A solitary hunter. 20 00:01:17,184 --> 00:01:20,454 One of nature's most capable predators. 21 00:01:22,656 --> 00:01:24,191 A symbol of grace, 22 00:01:25,125 --> 00:01:26,160 balance, 23 00:01:26,961 --> 00:01:28,529 and elegance. 24 00:01:30,297 --> 00:01:32,632 It's hard to believe that these clumsy kittens 25 00:01:32,633 --> 00:01:36,003 have inherited the hunting prowess of their wild ancestors. 26 00:01:38,506 --> 00:01:39,973 Kittens play a great deal. 27 00:01:39,974 --> 00:01:41,908 It's one of the things people find... 28 00:01:41,909 --> 00:01:43,743 very appealing about them. 29 00:01:43,744 --> 00:01:44,944 Enchanting even. 30 00:01:44,945 --> 00:01:46,579 - Kitten play is... 31 00:01:46,580 --> 00:01:49,349 is really just a whole load of hunting-type behaviors, 32 00:01:49,350 --> 00:01:51,351 where they're pouncing on things. 33 00:01:52,620 --> 00:01:54,120 In the wild, 34 00:01:54,121 --> 00:01:56,991 play-hunting would soon give way to the real thing. 35 00:01:59,960 --> 00:02:01,729 Powerful muscles, 36 00:02:02,196 --> 00:02:03,797 flexible bodies, 37 00:02:05,065 --> 00:02:06,700 sharp claws, 38 00:02:07,668 --> 00:02:09,736 the sensitive paws, 39 00:02:09,737 --> 00:02:12,605 even the delicate whiskers all play a role 40 00:02:12,606 --> 00:02:15,643 in the graceful movements of a true hunter. 41 00:02:19,046 --> 00:02:20,513 Surprisingly, 42 00:02:20,514 --> 00:02:23,650 the cat's elegant walk is not very efficient 43 00:02:23,651 --> 00:02:25,218 compared to a dog's. 44 00:02:32,927 --> 00:02:34,961 Their gait evolved 45 00:02:34,962 --> 00:02:36,896 not to save energy... 46 00:02:38,499 --> 00:02:40,334 but provide the stealth 47 00:02:41,035 --> 00:02:42,035 to hide 48 00:02:42,903 --> 00:02:43,804 and strike. 49 00:02:47,641 --> 00:02:49,776 The same evolutionary demands 50 00:02:49,777 --> 00:02:52,813 have shaped some of the cat's cutest behaviors. 51 00:02:55,082 --> 00:02:58,886 Like the instinct to find a safe place to hide from enemies, 52 00:03:00,254 --> 00:03:02,289 and to leap out at prey. 53 00:03:06,393 --> 00:03:07,828 Small but powerful, 54 00:03:09,864 --> 00:03:14,568 and average house cat can leap five times its own height. 55 00:03:17,004 --> 00:03:18,305 Some even more. 56 00:03:26,046 --> 00:03:27,848 Climbing a tree in pursuit of dinner 57 00:03:28,449 --> 00:03:29,884 can prove dangerous. 58 00:03:30,718 --> 00:03:33,687 One slip could end in disaster. 59 00:03:34,088 --> 00:03:36,189 Even if they fall upside down, 60 00:03:36,190 --> 00:03:40,828 they can turn and land on their feet in as little as 30 centimeters. 61 00:03:41,896 --> 00:03:43,997 That's not as simple as it sounds. 62 00:03:43,998 --> 00:03:47,735 In fact, at first it seems to defy the laws of physics. 63 00:03:52,506 --> 00:03:54,541 As the cat begins falling, 64 00:03:54,542 --> 00:03:56,409 her legs rotate, 65 00:03:56,410 --> 00:04:01,347 allowing her to perform a seemly impossible midair adjustment, 66 00:04:01,348 --> 00:04:03,150 all in a fraction of a second. 67 00:04:04,185 --> 00:04:05,852 Before hitting the ground, 68 00:04:05,853 --> 00:04:10,123 all four legs reach out to act as shock absorbers. 69 00:04:10,124 --> 00:04:12,592 An ability useful for survival 70 00:04:12,593 --> 00:04:15,228 in forest or high-rise jungle, 71 00:04:15,229 --> 00:04:17,965 where their curiosity can trip them up. 72 00:04:21,669 --> 00:04:23,336 I'm Dr Koharik Arman, 73 00:04:23,337 --> 00:04:25,973 one of the veterinarians here at Cats Only Veterinary Clinic 74 00:04:26,006 --> 00:04:28,576 located in Vancouver, BC. 75 00:04:29,009 --> 00:04:32,378 This is the time of the year now that we start to see 76 00:04:32,379 --> 00:04:33,848 what's called high-rise syndrome. 77 00:04:34,682 --> 00:04:37,650 And what that refers to is cats 78 00:04:37,651 --> 00:04:40,186 falling or jumping off of balconies, 79 00:04:40,187 --> 00:04:42,990 and then ending up with injuries. 80 00:04:43,557 --> 00:04:46,259 Sometimes they come out unscathed, and... 81 00:04:46,260 --> 00:04:49,095 people always joke about those nine lives that cats have, 82 00:04:49,096 --> 00:04:52,031 and sometimes it seems there's a bit of truth to that. 83 00:04:54,668 --> 00:04:56,870 Cats can fall from really quite high buildings 84 00:04:56,871 --> 00:04:58,638 and they've got a very effective, and... 85 00:04:58,639 --> 00:05:01,174 and presumably completely instinctive, spontaneous 86 00:05:01,175 --> 00:05:03,943 and very rapid strategy for dealing with that. 87 00:05:03,944 --> 00:05:07,013 If they are... do feel themselves falling a long distance, 88 00:05:07,014 --> 00:05:08,448 they're actually able to parachute. 89 00:05:08,449 --> 00:05:11,217 They stick their legs out literally sideways, 90 00:05:11,218 --> 00:05:13,653 which then stretches the skin of the belly, 91 00:05:13,654 --> 00:05:15,789 which does slow their progress down. 92 00:05:18,826 --> 00:05:20,793 Like their large carnivore cousins, 93 00:05:20,794 --> 00:05:24,732 domestic cats spend most of their time between hunts resting. 94 00:05:25,432 --> 00:05:28,169 They spend at least half their time asleep. 95 00:05:29,403 --> 00:05:30,703 But when they move, 96 00:05:30,704 --> 00:05:32,906 they can move quickly. 97 00:05:32,907 --> 00:05:36,109 A house cat can run almost 50 kilometers an hour. 98 00:05:37,045 --> 00:05:38,646 At least for a short burst. 99 00:05:39,446 --> 00:05:42,282 And they have some unique physical features 100 00:05:42,283 --> 00:05:44,718 that can get them out of tight spaces. 101 00:05:46,220 --> 00:05:48,655 They have what are called floating clavicles, 102 00:05:48,656 --> 00:05:53,193 so their collarbones are not fixed in place to their skeleton. 103 00:05:53,194 --> 00:05:55,828 They're floating in their muscles, 104 00:05:55,829 --> 00:05:58,198 and that's how they can squeeze themselves 105 00:05:58,199 --> 00:06:00,668 into and out of very narrow spaces. 106 00:06:01,635 --> 00:06:03,736 And also they have a compressible ribcage 107 00:06:03,737 --> 00:06:06,105 which helps in that department too. 108 00:06:07,474 --> 00:06:09,409 A cat's evolutionary history 109 00:06:09,410 --> 00:06:12,580 as a predator that stalks and pounces for the kill, 110 00:06:13,380 --> 00:06:15,815 is evident in how they play, 111 00:06:15,816 --> 00:06:17,417 how they move, 112 00:06:17,418 --> 00:06:19,453 and even in how their senses work. 113 00:06:23,257 --> 00:06:25,024 I'm Dr Kelly St Denis, 114 00:06:25,025 --> 00:06:26,726 I own the Charing Cross Cat Clinic. 115 00:06:26,727 --> 00:06:28,094 It's an all-cat clinic, 116 00:06:28,095 --> 00:06:30,296 which makes a really nice environment for us 117 00:06:30,297 --> 00:06:32,198 and especially for the cats. 118 00:06:32,199 --> 00:06:34,734 So these kittens were born seven days ago. 119 00:06:34,735 --> 00:06:36,336 When kittens are born, 120 00:06:36,337 --> 00:06:38,705 they are able to already smell fairly well, 121 00:06:38,706 --> 00:06:41,741 so that allows them to find the nipples 122 00:06:41,742 --> 00:06:43,843 so that they can nurse and get milk. 123 00:06:43,844 --> 00:06:45,578 They don't really hear very well, 124 00:06:45,579 --> 00:06:48,448 and they certainly can't see at newborn age. 125 00:06:48,449 --> 00:06:51,385 Their ears are flapped down and their eyes are closed. 126 00:06:52,052 --> 00:06:55,154 At about five days of age, they are able to hear, 127 00:06:55,155 --> 00:06:59,092 and very gradually we can see that their ear flaps are starting to come up, 128 00:06:59,093 --> 00:07:03,029 so that they will be able to hear much better by three weeks of age. 129 00:07:05,499 --> 00:07:07,767 Despite being born deaf, 130 00:07:07,768 --> 00:07:11,972 it's their sense of hearing that best reveals their wild ancestry. 131 00:07:15,142 --> 00:07:16,777 A cat's ears can swivel 132 00:07:17,478 --> 00:07:19,679 to help them locate the source of a sound, 133 00:07:20,615 --> 00:07:21,981 pointing backwards, 134 00:07:21,982 --> 00:07:24,017 forwards, or sideways. 135 00:07:26,187 --> 00:07:29,790 Once mature, they can hear two octaves higher than a human, 136 00:07:31,091 --> 00:07:33,426 and a full octave higher even than a dog. 137 00:07:34,795 --> 00:07:36,763 Cats can hear the squeaks of mice, 138 00:07:36,764 --> 00:07:40,233 and it's probably very useful to them in hunting where they can hear... 139 00:07:40,234 --> 00:07:41,601 what we call ultrasound 140 00:07:41,602 --> 00:07:43,303 which is being generated by their prey. 141 00:07:43,304 --> 00:07:44,605 It enables them to... 142 00:07:45,005 --> 00:07:47,041 track down their prey and locate it better. 143 00:07:48,342 --> 00:07:51,077 Their ability to hear ultrasonic squeaks 144 00:07:51,078 --> 00:07:53,446 too high pitched for human ears, 145 00:07:53,447 --> 00:07:54,982 isn't the biggest surprise. 146 00:07:55,783 --> 00:07:57,184 Based on their physiology, 147 00:07:57,885 --> 00:08:00,654 they shouldn't be able to hear the low frequencies. 148 00:08:01,922 --> 00:08:04,791 To a biologist, the really remarkable thing about a cat's hearing 149 00:08:04,792 --> 00:08:07,260 is not that it can hear the squeaks of mice, 150 00:08:07,261 --> 00:08:09,529 but that it can hear human voices, 151 00:08:09,530 --> 00:08:12,298 in particular, low-pitched male human voices... 152 00:08:12,299 --> 00:08:15,135 Here, Marcel, come. Good boy. 153 00:08:16,170 --> 00:08:18,638 ...which the size of its head and its ears 154 00:08:18,639 --> 00:08:21,041 therefore dictates that it shouldn't be able to hear. 155 00:08:26,080 --> 00:08:28,281 It's not only the range of their hearing 156 00:08:28,282 --> 00:08:30,851 that makes cats successful hunters. 157 00:08:31,719 --> 00:08:34,554 Something which I think many people 158 00:08:34,555 --> 00:08:36,022 don't appreciate about a cat, 159 00:08:36,023 --> 00:08:38,759 which is that it has a very good sense of smell. 160 00:08:40,094 --> 00:08:43,029 Everybody thinks dogs are the species with this amazing sense of smell, 161 00:08:43,030 --> 00:08:44,864 and of course that is true. 162 00:08:44,865 --> 00:08:45,865 But cats... 163 00:08:46,333 --> 00:08:49,035 are still about a thousand times more sensitive than we are. 164 00:08:50,938 --> 00:08:54,107 The area inside the nose dedicated to trapping smells 165 00:08:54,108 --> 00:08:57,912 is five times larger in domestic cats than in humans. 166 00:08:59,380 --> 00:09:02,916 While we have perhaps five million scent receptors, 167 00:09:02,917 --> 00:09:03,884 the cat 168 00:09:03,885 --> 00:09:06,186 has sixty million, or more. 169 00:09:08,722 --> 00:09:10,423 What many cat owners don't appreciate 170 00:09:10,424 --> 00:09:13,027 is that cats actually have two olfactory systems. 171 00:09:13,494 --> 00:09:14,961 So you have the regular one 172 00:09:14,962 --> 00:09:17,030 which is the same one that we have, 173 00:09:17,031 --> 00:09:21,100 where the air is drawn in through the nose and over the olfactory membranes. 174 00:09:21,101 --> 00:09:23,703 But also, in common with many other mammals, 175 00:09:23,704 --> 00:09:25,805 cats have a thing called a vomeronasal organ, 176 00:09:25,806 --> 00:09:28,509 which is another olfactory organ. 177 00:09:29,476 --> 00:09:33,213 The organ itself lies between the roof of the mouth and the nostrils, 178 00:09:33,214 --> 00:09:37,283 and... they use this olfactory apparatus, the vomeronasal organ 179 00:09:37,284 --> 00:09:40,353 is used when sniffing other cats. 180 00:09:47,895 --> 00:09:50,798 Smell and hearing are important to locate prey, 181 00:09:51,699 --> 00:09:54,634 but vision provides more detailed information. 182 00:09:56,237 --> 00:09:59,172 In about 7 to 14 days their eyes will open, 183 00:09:59,173 --> 00:10:01,174 and they'll start to be able to see. 184 00:10:01,175 --> 00:10:04,844 They won't be able to see very well until they're about four months of age, 185 00:10:04,845 --> 00:10:09,015 at which point their vision will be approximately as it would for an adult. 186 00:10:19,560 --> 00:10:22,195 They can hunt in the day or night, 187 00:10:22,196 --> 00:10:25,498 but their eyes reveal that they prefer low light. 188 00:10:27,134 --> 00:10:30,771 Cats' pupils have evolved to protect their sensitive retinas. 189 00:10:32,506 --> 00:10:35,875 They also have these vertically constricting pupils, 190 00:10:35,876 --> 00:10:37,777 as opposed to our round ones. 191 00:10:37,778 --> 00:10:39,145 This allows their... 192 00:10:39,146 --> 00:10:41,514 their pupillary size to change very quickly 193 00:10:41,515 --> 00:10:43,650 from contracted to dilated 194 00:10:43,651 --> 00:10:45,753 depending on what they're doing. 195 00:10:47,788 --> 00:10:49,622 These well-protected eyes 196 00:10:49,623 --> 00:10:53,694 look out on a world that's very different than the one we see. 197 00:10:55,329 --> 00:10:58,264 Cats' vision is pretty different from our own. 198 00:10:58,265 --> 00:11:02,101 They don't see as much in the way of color as we do. 199 00:11:02,102 --> 00:11:04,270 They see mostly blues and greys. 200 00:11:04,271 --> 00:11:06,873 They don't differentiate well between... 201 00:11:06,874 --> 00:11:09,809 orange and brown and red and green, 202 00:11:09,810 --> 00:11:13,013 but they have a few advantages that we don't. 203 00:11:13,948 --> 00:11:16,416 They can see colors that we can't, 204 00:11:16,417 --> 00:11:20,654 like ultraviolet, perfect for tracking their prey's urine trails. 205 00:11:21,422 --> 00:11:24,123 And these aren't the only ways in which the cat's eyes 206 00:11:24,124 --> 00:11:26,426 are adapted to hunting in the dark. 207 00:11:28,629 --> 00:11:32,799 Everybody has generally seen those reflective eyes at night, 208 00:11:32,800 --> 00:11:34,100 or in photos, 209 00:11:34,101 --> 00:11:36,369 and that is because of... 210 00:11:36,370 --> 00:11:39,739 a special area on their retina, the back of the eye, 211 00:11:39,740 --> 00:11:42,041 called the tapetum lucidum. 212 00:11:42,042 --> 00:11:44,344 And it acts almost like a mirror. 213 00:11:44,345 --> 00:11:46,145 It's iridescent, and... 214 00:11:46,146 --> 00:11:48,481 basically bounces light off of it, 215 00:11:48,482 --> 00:11:51,851 so that then it has a second chance to go through the lens, 216 00:11:51,852 --> 00:11:56,155 basically enabling kitties to bring more light into their vision 217 00:11:56,156 --> 00:11:59,292 than is actually in the room... 218 00:11:59,293 --> 00:12:00,728 and see in the dark. 219 00:12:01,862 --> 00:12:05,199 The cat's night vision allows it to hunt in the dark. 220 00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:09,036 But their eyes don't work well at close range. 221 00:12:10,237 --> 00:12:13,439 What that means is that things, as they approach the cat, 222 00:12:13,440 --> 00:12:14,974 will go out of focus. 223 00:12:14,975 --> 00:12:17,810 Probably around six to eight inches away from the cat's nose 224 00:12:17,811 --> 00:12:19,512 it starts to go out of focus, 225 00:12:19,513 --> 00:12:21,581 and they lose binocular vision at that point. 226 00:12:21,582 --> 00:12:22,849 They start seeing double, 227 00:12:22,850 --> 00:12:24,718 the things that are close to them. 228 00:12:25,853 --> 00:12:27,687 When the prey is close enough, 229 00:12:27,688 --> 00:12:31,158 their whiskers can feel its exact location. 230 00:12:33,427 --> 00:12:35,528 Whiskers are thicker than other hairs 231 00:12:35,529 --> 00:12:38,799 and are full of blood vessels and sensitive nerve endings. 232 00:12:40,100 --> 00:12:42,368 Each of these specialized hairs 233 00:12:42,369 --> 00:12:47,874 transmits information about how fast and how far it's being bent, 234 00:12:47,875 --> 00:12:52,046 allowing them to chase prey through the twists and turns of narrow tunnels, 235 00:12:53,113 --> 00:12:55,416 even in total darkness. 236 00:12:56,684 --> 00:12:58,184 This is Oswald. 237 00:12:58,185 --> 00:13:00,753 He is neutered male purebred Ragdoll, 238 00:13:00,754 --> 00:13:03,456 and he's been coming to us since he was a kitten. 239 00:13:03,457 --> 00:13:05,925 The whiskers that most people are familiar with in cats 240 00:13:05,926 --> 00:13:08,729 are the ones that are at the sides of their cheeks. 241 00:13:09,129 --> 00:13:10,430 They also have whiskers 242 00:13:10,431 --> 00:13:12,398 or vibrissae, is the other name for these, 243 00:13:12,399 --> 00:13:13,800 above their eye. 244 00:13:13,801 --> 00:13:17,171 Cats also have whiskers on the inside of their paws. 245 00:13:18,239 --> 00:13:21,207 These whiskers also help with their spatial orientation. 246 00:13:21,208 --> 00:13:23,777 It helps them to know where they can move to, 247 00:13:24,545 --> 00:13:26,179 and what types of spaces. 248 00:13:33,554 --> 00:13:36,557 Even the cat's tongue has its secrets. 249 00:13:38,792 --> 00:13:40,460 Elegant creatures, 250 00:13:40,461 --> 00:13:43,063 they don't lap up their drink like a dog. 251 00:13:48,402 --> 00:13:49,769 Looking closely, 252 00:13:49,770 --> 00:13:51,871 her tongue appears to corkscrew 253 00:13:51,872 --> 00:13:53,407 as the liquid is drawn up. 254 00:13:57,211 --> 00:13:59,646 If you've ever been licked by a cat, 255 00:13:59,647 --> 00:14:02,683 you've felt an irritating, sandpaper-like rasp. 256 00:14:04,118 --> 00:14:06,319 It's not the taste buds you feel, 257 00:14:06,320 --> 00:14:09,223 but tiny barbs down the center of the tongue. 258 00:14:13,127 --> 00:14:18,132 Cats spend about 25% of their waking hours grooming themselves. 259 00:14:19,033 --> 00:14:22,503 He's actually washing himself, or trying to wash himself, on his paws. 260 00:14:23,304 --> 00:14:24,838 Cats have... 261 00:14:24,839 --> 00:14:26,973 papillae on their tongue that are quite rough, 262 00:14:26,974 --> 00:14:30,143 which will help them with their grooming to keep their coats healthy, 263 00:14:30,144 --> 00:14:31,144 and mat free. 264 00:14:32,847 --> 00:14:35,716 These act like combs when the cat is grooming, 265 00:14:36,417 --> 00:14:40,421 or like knives when stripping the last scraps of meat from a bone. 266 00:14:41,622 --> 00:14:44,924 The cat's sense of taste is similar to ours in some ways, 267 00:14:44,925 --> 00:14:47,927 because it's basically the same mammalian pattern of taste. 268 00:14:47,928 --> 00:14:50,731 They taste with taste receptors on their tongues. 269 00:14:51,198 --> 00:14:53,500 But in many ways it ends there. 270 00:14:53,501 --> 00:14:56,302 The kinds of things that a cat's tongue is sensitive to, 271 00:14:56,303 --> 00:14:58,138 are really quite different to ours. 272 00:14:59,073 --> 00:15:02,075 And those differences are because this little lion 273 00:15:02,076 --> 00:15:06,213 is a hunter who has evolved to need only meat in her diet. 274 00:15:07,515 --> 00:15:11,751 They absolutely don't have the capacity to taste sweets. 275 00:15:11,752 --> 00:15:13,486 Because they are obligate carnivores, 276 00:15:13,487 --> 00:15:17,524 they really aren't meant to ingest anything that has a sweet taste to it. 277 00:15:17,525 --> 00:15:19,760 So it just doesn't serve a purpose for them. 278 00:15:22,296 --> 00:15:26,399 It turns out that even cat's reputation for being a finicky eater 279 00:15:26,400 --> 00:15:27,935 is about being a hunter. 280 00:15:28,769 --> 00:15:30,970 At first it may seem like a bad idea 281 00:15:30,971 --> 00:15:33,741 for a wild creature to be picky about food, 282 00:15:34,575 --> 00:15:37,711 especially an animal whose diet is so restricted. 283 00:15:40,014 --> 00:15:43,449 We now know that our domestic pet cats do have nutritional wisdom. 284 00:15:43,450 --> 00:15:45,118 They are capable of picking out 285 00:15:45,119 --> 00:15:49,022 which of a number of diets has the best protein content, 286 00:15:49,023 --> 00:15:51,758 because cats needs a great deal of protein in their diets, 287 00:15:51,759 --> 00:15:53,527 far more than almost any other animal. 288 00:15:54,028 --> 00:15:57,730 Um, and they also have a strategy for addressing... 289 00:15:57,731 --> 00:16:01,935 potential future nutritional imbalances which is to... 290 00:16:01,936 --> 00:16:07,240 go out and look for something to eat that is not the same as the last meal you had. 291 00:16:07,241 --> 00:16:11,744 That's partly behind the cat's kind of notorious fussiness. 292 00:16:11,745 --> 00:16:14,148 Rescued from a life of hunting and scavenging, 293 00:16:14,682 --> 00:16:19,352 this cat remains very picky about the treats that she selects. 294 00:16:19,353 --> 00:16:20,620 It's much more exaggerated, 295 00:16:20,621 --> 00:16:22,689 much more easy to detect 296 00:16:22,690 --> 00:16:26,893 in cats which have had to live on the streets, if you like, 297 00:16:26,894 --> 00:16:30,997 that have had to select a balanced diet in order to survive and breed, 298 00:16:30,998 --> 00:16:34,668 rather than simply being offered nutritionally complete food by their owners. 299 00:16:35,669 --> 00:16:37,837 They are much fussier about what they eat 300 00:16:37,838 --> 00:16:40,139 than pet cats would, if you can believe that. 301 00:16:55,890 --> 00:16:58,892 Born deaf, blind and helpless, 302 00:16:58,893 --> 00:17:03,630 in the wild, all that keeps them from becoming prey to larger predators, 303 00:17:03,631 --> 00:17:05,532 is their mother's care. 304 00:17:09,170 --> 00:17:10,336 Getting that... 305 00:17:10,337 --> 00:17:12,239 can sometimes prove difficult. 306 00:17:21,081 --> 00:17:22,749 Accidentally pushed out of the nest, 307 00:17:22,750 --> 00:17:25,552 this kitten instinctively cries for help. 308 00:17:29,623 --> 00:17:31,825 Fortunately, her mother notices. 309 00:17:40,835 --> 00:17:42,802 Whether lions or leopards, 310 00:17:42,803 --> 00:17:46,574 it's only the very young in most cat species who meow, 311 00:17:47,575 --> 00:17:49,176 and then only to their mothers. 312 00:17:54,014 --> 00:17:57,084 But domestic cats use this sound in other situations, 313 00:17:57,885 --> 00:17:59,552 when they want attention. 314 00:18:00,955 --> 00:18:03,524 Mostly when communicating with humans. 315 00:18:07,294 --> 00:18:08,562 Come one Jesse, Jack! 316 00:18:10,931 --> 00:18:12,198 Jesse... 317 00:18:12,199 --> 00:18:14,467 I have a treat for you. You want that? 318 00:18:14,468 --> 00:18:16,369 All meows are not equal. 319 00:18:16,370 --> 00:18:17,470 Jack. 320 00:18:17,471 --> 00:18:18,938 Every cat has their own. 321 00:18:23,744 --> 00:18:26,447 Ying and Yang, you want some din 322 00:18:26,914 --> 00:18:29,782 These are sounds that can have many meanings. 323 00:18:29,783 --> 00:18:33,721 Each cat and their humans must somehow agree on definitions. 324 00:18:35,055 --> 00:18:37,824 Some develop a large vocabulary. 325 00:18:40,528 --> 00:18:43,329 So they'll have one meow for "I'm hungry, feed me", 326 00:18:43,330 --> 00:18:46,266 and another one for "please let me out the door", 327 00:18:46,267 --> 00:18:47,267 and so on. 328 00:18:48,402 --> 00:18:52,605 And... these seem to be private languages that develop between the cat and the owner. 329 00:18:52,606 --> 00:18:55,441 And we know this because if you record these different meows 330 00:18:55,442 --> 00:18:58,245 and then play them back to different owners, 331 00:18:58,846 --> 00:19:01,080 the owner of the cat, of that particular cat, 332 00:19:01,081 --> 00:19:02,448 will instantly recognize them. 333 00:19:02,449 --> 00:19:04,717 That's the meow he makes to be let out. 334 00:19:04,718 --> 00:19:06,819 That's the one he makes when he's hungry. 335 00:19:06,820 --> 00:19:09,155 But play them to other cats' owners, 336 00:19:09,156 --> 00:19:11,858 even the owners of cats which have a repertoire of meows, 337 00:19:11,859 --> 00:19:13,727 and they can't identify which is which. 338 00:19:15,029 --> 00:19:16,163 Beyond meowing, 339 00:19:16,931 --> 00:19:19,532 cats have a number of vocal signals. 340 00:19:19,533 --> 00:19:22,001 Not that we always understand them. 341 00:19:23,337 --> 00:19:26,472 This cat has no need to hunt for a meal, 342 00:19:26,473 --> 00:19:29,108 still, the old urges are there, 343 00:19:29,109 --> 00:19:32,779 and they occasionally surface in surprising ways. 344 00:19:34,815 --> 00:19:39,252 Some cats make a special chattering sound when they are hunting, 345 00:19:39,253 --> 00:19:41,921 or thinking how much they'd like to be. 346 00:19:44,925 --> 00:19:48,928 It's not known exactly why some cats chatter. 347 00:19:48,929 --> 00:19:50,930 Whether it's frustration, 348 00:19:50,931 --> 00:19:52,766 anticipation of the kill, 349 00:19:54,201 --> 00:19:57,238 or an attempt to lure prey by imitation. 350 00:20:03,143 --> 00:20:06,680 Other sounds they make are less mysterious. 351 00:20:07,515 --> 00:20:11,284 When they're quite unhappy, we can see growling and hissing. 352 00:20:13,153 --> 00:20:15,088 Also certain vocalizing 353 00:20:15,089 --> 00:20:19,492 that... that sounds almost basically like a caterwaul, a yowl, essentially. 354 00:20:19,493 --> 00:20:22,562 That's a very unhappy and very stimulated cat. 355 00:20:26,033 --> 00:20:28,368 But fortunately for us, Sybil right now is... 356 00:20:28,369 --> 00:20:30,803 is very content and purring away happily. 357 00:20:32,473 --> 00:20:35,875 Purring is another sound we associate with cats. 358 00:20:35,876 --> 00:20:37,977 Strangely, we know little about it. 359 00:20:39,980 --> 00:20:43,816 Most people think that purring is an expression of emotion 360 00:20:43,817 --> 00:20:46,320 as far as the cat's concerned. The cat is happy. 361 00:20:47,021 --> 00:20:48,121 And... 362 00:20:48,122 --> 00:20:49,822 nine times out of ten that's true, 363 00:20:49,823 --> 00:20:52,493 but it's not the reason for the purring. 364 00:20:53,027 --> 00:20:55,461 It's doing it to... to try to get you, 365 00:20:55,462 --> 00:20:57,163 or another cat indeed, 366 00:20:57,164 --> 00:20:58,799 to do something for it. 367 00:20:59,700 --> 00:21:04,237 Kittens... purr in order to get their mothers to settle down and nurse them, 368 00:21:04,238 --> 00:21:08,408 and so that piece of communication goes on... is carried on into adulthood. 369 00:21:14,782 --> 00:21:16,482 Large members of the cat family, 370 00:21:16,483 --> 00:21:18,886 like lions and tigers, can't purr. 371 00:21:20,821 --> 00:21:22,655 The roaring cats don't purr, 372 00:21:22,656 --> 00:21:24,724 but some of the smaller cats purr. 373 00:21:24,725 --> 00:21:27,661 I mean, in fact, the ability to roar sort of... 374 00:21:28,495 --> 00:21:29,896 Uh... 375 00:21:29,897 --> 00:21:32,699 produces a change in the... in the vocal apparatus, 376 00:21:32,700 --> 00:21:34,401 which means that you can't purr. 377 00:21:34,802 --> 00:21:39,506 Karen McComb studies animal communication in large animals, 378 00:21:39,507 --> 00:21:40,974 like elephants and lions. 379 00:21:42,176 --> 00:21:44,777 Then her own cat peaked her interest 380 00:21:44,778 --> 00:21:47,014 in this apparently simple sound. 381 00:21:48,182 --> 00:21:52,619 This came about simply because my own cat 382 00:21:52,620 --> 00:21:55,421 was very adept at... 383 00:21:55,422 --> 00:21:57,724 soliciting food from me, 384 00:21:57,725 --> 00:22:01,528 and, in particular, he had this sort of wake-up purring routine, 385 00:22:01,529 --> 00:22:04,864 where he would start giving this very insistent... 386 00:22:04,865 --> 00:22:06,432 purring in the morning. 387 00:22:10,171 --> 00:22:14,374 And I thought why is it that this particular purring 388 00:22:14,375 --> 00:22:16,409 is so sort of unpleasant to the ear. 389 00:22:16,410 --> 00:22:18,444 Why is it that it's... 390 00:22:18,445 --> 00:22:19,979 it does sound urgent, 391 00:22:19,980 --> 00:22:23,383 and it's so difficult to ignore. 392 00:22:23,384 --> 00:22:26,686 Prof McComb compared the purrs of a number of cats, 393 00:22:26,687 --> 00:22:28,454 including her own. 394 00:22:28,455 --> 00:22:31,925 So this is the non-solicitation purr from my cat, 395 00:22:31,926 --> 00:22:34,727 and you'll... you'll see that it's actually... 396 00:22:34,728 --> 00:22:35,663 it's... 397 00:22:35,664 --> 00:22:38,131 a very regular, um... 398 00:22:38,132 --> 00:22:40,233 purring, classical purring type sound. 399 00:22:40,234 --> 00:22:44,672 In fact, this purr was rated as one of the most pleasant of all the cats. 400 00:22:51,011 --> 00:22:56,349 So, what I'm gonna do is play you the solicitation purr from my own cat, 401 00:22:56,350 --> 00:22:58,785 and you should be able to hear that... 402 00:22:58,786 --> 00:23:03,122 within the purr there's a sort of a slightly whinny element. 403 00:23:07,795 --> 00:23:08,795 Incredibly, 404 00:23:09,296 --> 00:23:12,765 Prof McComb discovered that this solicitation purr 405 00:23:12,766 --> 00:23:16,369 was at a similar frequency to the cry of a human baby. 406 00:23:17,738 --> 00:23:21,040 So it's got this sort of slightly manic element to it, 407 00:23:21,041 --> 00:23:24,210 and if you, um... look at the screen here, 408 00:23:24,211 --> 00:23:26,881 you'll see there's a dark band... 409 00:23:27,515 --> 00:23:31,684 at, in his case it's a bit over 400 hertz, 410 00:23:31,685 --> 00:23:34,522 but that is the sort of, um... cry... 411 00:23:35,089 --> 00:23:36,023 uh... 412 00:23:36,024 --> 00:23:37,423 like frequency. 413 00:23:37,424 --> 00:23:39,493 And it's there... 414 00:23:40,094 --> 00:23:44,697 very strongly in each of the main beats of the purr. 415 00:23:44,698 --> 00:23:47,267 So that there is a frequency 416 00:23:47,268 --> 00:23:50,904 that's sort of jumping out of the rest of the sign spectrum, 417 00:23:50,905 --> 00:23:53,707 at the point of, um... this cry. 418 00:23:54,308 --> 00:23:56,509 And the cats have somehow... 419 00:23:56,510 --> 00:24:00,246 tapped into this sensory bias that we've got, 420 00:24:00,247 --> 00:24:04,118 and are using it to improve the level of care they get. 421 00:24:07,122 --> 00:24:08,621 Solitary hunters 422 00:24:08,622 --> 00:24:11,357 who can get another species to do their bidding. 423 00:24:12,227 --> 00:24:14,762 Their dual nature fascinates us. 424 00:24:16,330 --> 00:24:19,666 We watch them contentedly rolling at our feet one moment, 425 00:24:19,667 --> 00:24:22,336 slinking off who knows where, the next. 426 00:24:23,070 --> 00:24:24,571 Unlike dogs, 427 00:24:24,572 --> 00:24:27,842 cats have another life usually hidden from us. 428 00:24:28,876 --> 00:24:31,477 Now, thanks to modern technology, 429 00:24:31,478 --> 00:24:35,215 we are getting a glimpse into the secret lives of cats. 430 00:24:38,185 --> 00:24:41,955 Studies reveal that most have a pretty defined turf, 431 00:24:41,956 --> 00:24:44,892 an area that they patrol on a daily basis. 432 00:24:46,827 --> 00:24:49,463 Often not much more than a few blocks. 433 00:24:53,534 --> 00:24:55,068 There you go, buddy. 434 00:24:55,069 --> 00:24:56,170 Off to the races. 435 00:25:02,376 --> 00:25:03,944 This is Orby Jones. 436 00:25:11,685 --> 00:25:13,654 Of course there are exceptions, 437 00:25:14,321 --> 00:25:17,258 brave explorers who travel great distances. 438 00:25:18,993 --> 00:25:20,794 This is our kitty, Kinder. 439 00:25:21,395 --> 00:25:25,232 He lives with a dog, Ruby. 440 00:25:26,367 --> 00:25:29,336 We've been tracking Kinder's adventures. 441 00:25:32,373 --> 00:25:35,074 Sometimes they need to go no further than a neighbor 442 00:25:35,075 --> 00:25:36,677 to get an extra treat. 443 00:25:40,948 --> 00:25:43,650 He comes here and visits us almost every day. 444 00:25:43,651 --> 00:25:46,119 Really Yes. We love him. 445 00:25:46,120 --> 00:25:48,655 Sleeps with my folks. Really? 446 00:25:48,656 --> 00:25:51,124 It's amazing! He sits with us... 447 00:25:51,125 --> 00:25:52,392 takes his little nap and... 448 00:25:52,393 --> 00:25:54,861 and we give him a piece of cheese or bacon. 449 00:25:54,862 --> 00:25:55,862 Honestly, every day. 450 00:25:58,065 --> 00:26:01,768 A cat's daily patrols are anything but random. 451 00:26:01,769 --> 00:26:05,139 It's a way for them to mark and guard their turf. 452 00:26:08,108 --> 00:26:12,413 Even if you've never seen what happens when there's a conflict over territory, 453 00:26:13,547 --> 00:26:16,282 you've almost certainly heard the results. 454 00:26:21,222 --> 00:26:24,158 Studies find that cats often share the same, 455 00:26:24,558 --> 00:26:26,527 or overlapping territories. 456 00:26:28,329 --> 00:26:30,898 They simply avoid patrolling at the same time. 457 00:26:32,166 --> 00:26:34,000 Like feline timesharing. 458 00:26:38,005 --> 00:26:42,943 Running into rivals isn't the only danger facing cats living on the streets. 459 00:26:44,612 --> 00:26:47,947 The survival of great numbers of stray cats, 460 00:26:47,948 --> 00:26:51,352 and feral cats that have never known human companionship, 461 00:26:51,919 --> 00:26:54,755 proves their wild nature has been preserved. 462 00:26:57,324 --> 00:27:00,126 These undomesticated domestic cats 463 00:27:00,127 --> 00:27:02,228 give us the best vantage point 464 00:27:02,229 --> 00:27:03,763 for understanding how 465 00:27:03,764 --> 00:27:05,431 these once wild animals 466 00:27:05,432 --> 00:27:07,267 adapted to life with humans. 467 00:27:10,337 --> 00:27:13,941 Cats certainly are not domesticated completely. 468 00:27:14,441 --> 00:27:16,843 They are... They are like little wild creatures, 469 00:27:16,844 --> 00:27:20,181 and they still have the capacity to exist without us. 470 00:27:20,981 --> 00:27:24,150 You would be hard-pressed to find a Maltese 471 00:27:24,151 --> 00:27:28,288 or a teacup Chihuahua who could make it on its own... 472 00:27:28,289 --> 00:27:30,890 on the street and forage for food 473 00:27:30,891 --> 00:27:34,894 and seek shelter and reproduce and all the rest. 474 00:27:34,895 --> 00:27:36,597 But cats are a whole other story. 475 00:27:38,432 --> 00:27:42,068 Many cities are struggling with large populations of cats 476 00:27:42,069 --> 00:27:45,105 that live all, or some of the time, on the street. 477 00:27:46,540 --> 00:27:48,908 Dealing with a feral cat explosion 478 00:27:48,909 --> 00:27:51,212 is often left up to concerned neighbors. 479 00:27:53,180 --> 00:27:55,148 The thing that means the most is... 480 00:27:55,149 --> 00:27:57,917 the feeling when you bring a cat off the street 481 00:27:57,918 --> 00:28:01,087 that you see has been either lost, abandoned, 482 00:28:01,088 --> 00:28:04,023 shoved aside, pregnant, because they didn't want her. 483 00:28:04,024 --> 00:28:06,159 Um... Bringing that cat in, 484 00:28:06,160 --> 00:28:07,861 seeing it in a home, 485 00:28:07,862 --> 00:28:09,329 flourish, 486 00:28:09,330 --> 00:28:11,130 respond to love and affection, 487 00:28:11,131 --> 00:28:12,832 that's the best thing in the world. 488 00:28:16,604 --> 00:28:20,240 We do a lot of work with the City of Toronto and other organizations, 489 00:28:20,241 --> 00:28:22,308 Toronto Humane Society, 490 00:28:22,309 --> 00:28:26,580 and we have to figure out how to deal with the feral cat overpopulation in the city. 491 00:28:29,550 --> 00:28:31,618 Come, mew-mews. 492 00:28:31,619 --> 00:28:34,053 They visit the feral cat colony, 493 00:28:34,054 --> 00:28:36,356 get to know who's who and how they relate. 494 00:28:36,357 --> 00:28:38,959 Come on, guys. Breakfast. 495 00:28:41,128 --> 00:28:45,231 We were called to this colony by a gentleman who was feeding cats in a field, 496 00:28:45,232 --> 00:28:47,700 and we were called out to help. 497 00:28:47,701 --> 00:28:51,337 So when we came here, when we came to the site, we found... 498 00:28:51,338 --> 00:28:53,707 way more cats than we ever imagined. 499 00:28:54,542 --> 00:28:58,678 Now, there's probably 15 cats left, give or take. 500 00:28:58,679 --> 00:29:01,781 When we got here, there was probably closer to 40, 501 00:29:01,782 --> 00:29:03,416 45 with kittens, 502 00:29:03,417 --> 00:29:05,818 and we started trap-neuter-return. 503 00:29:07,254 --> 00:29:09,189 They feed them regularly, 504 00:29:09,190 --> 00:29:10,323 trap them, 505 00:29:10,324 --> 00:29:11,525 have their injuries treated, 506 00:29:12,193 --> 00:29:13,427 and most importantly, 507 00:29:13,827 --> 00:29:15,029 have them neutered. 508 00:29:15,429 --> 00:29:19,632 They may be same species as the animals who live in our homes, 509 00:29:19,633 --> 00:29:23,036 but if they aren't exposed to a human touch early enough, 510 00:29:23,037 --> 00:29:25,139 they will remain untamable. 511 00:29:28,309 --> 00:29:31,644 Cats who have not had socialization with humans 512 00:29:31,645 --> 00:29:33,880 prior to 14 weeks of age, 513 00:29:33,881 --> 00:29:36,983 they are much more prone to be very fearful, 514 00:29:36,984 --> 00:29:39,853 um... not want to approach humans, 515 00:29:41,222 --> 00:29:43,990 take a very long time to establish trust, 516 00:29:43,991 --> 00:29:46,392 and are also more prone to being... 517 00:29:46,393 --> 00:29:47,761 fearfully aggressive. 518 00:29:48,562 --> 00:29:51,164 It's not that they can't learn to trust humans, 519 00:29:51,165 --> 00:29:52,832 that capacity is still there, 520 00:29:52,833 --> 00:29:56,437 and they still do retain some behavioral plasticity, 521 00:29:57,004 --> 00:29:59,340 but it can be a very long road. 522 00:30:00,274 --> 00:30:03,510 We do have patients who were feral cats. 523 00:30:03,511 --> 00:30:07,180 Then, when they were rescued and taken in by their people, 524 00:30:07,181 --> 00:30:10,016 took a matter of months to years, actually, 525 00:30:10,017 --> 00:30:12,887 before they established trust with their owners. 526 00:30:19,093 --> 00:30:21,461 Those who can learn to tolerate humans, 527 00:30:21,462 --> 00:30:23,397 can be put up for adoption. 528 00:30:24,131 --> 00:30:27,267 Like these looking as domestic as can be, 529 00:30:27,268 --> 00:30:30,003 successfully adopted from a feral colony. 530 00:30:37,344 --> 00:30:40,180 Cats that live without humans for too long 531 00:30:40,181 --> 00:30:42,783 don't easily adapt to life with us. 532 00:30:44,051 --> 00:30:46,352 One solution is to give them shelters 533 00:30:46,353 --> 00:30:48,354 where they can receive medical attention 534 00:30:48,355 --> 00:30:50,291 and live in relative comfort. 535 00:30:51,025 --> 00:30:53,726 My name is Janet Reed, and I'm the manager here 536 00:30:53,727 --> 00:30:57,597 at the here at the Number 6 Road Shelter for the Richmond Animal Protection Society. 537 00:30:57,598 --> 00:31:00,900 And what we have here is about 500 cats 538 00:31:00,901 --> 00:31:03,670 that we take care of... 539 00:31:03,671 --> 00:31:05,039 because they're homeless. 540 00:31:06,140 --> 00:31:08,409 They were cats that were born in the wild, 541 00:31:08,809 --> 00:31:10,343 have never had a home, 542 00:31:10,344 --> 00:31:13,313 or maybe were dumped and were living in the wild. 543 00:31:13,314 --> 00:31:15,449 We trap them, we spay and neuter them, 544 00:31:16,016 --> 00:31:18,852 and we make sure they have their shots and vet care, 545 00:31:18,853 --> 00:31:22,590 and then we bring them in here so they have a place to be. 546 00:31:25,526 --> 00:31:26,794 We put them in colonies. 547 00:31:27,328 --> 00:31:30,597 If they come 10, 15 at a time, which has happened to us, 548 00:31:30,598 --> 00:31:33,800 it's a lot of cats to deal with, but we keep them together. 549 00:31:33,801 --> 00:31:38,171 They know each other and we don't have to adapt them to the rest of the cats. 550 00:31:38,172 --> 00:31:42,675 And despite what everybody seems to think of this as a cat Club Med, 551 00:31:42,676 --> 00:31:46,280 uh... cats don't necessarily always get along with each other. 552 00:31:51,151 --> 00:31:54,420 When the environment enables them to, um... 553 00:31:54,421 --> 00:31:57,858 they will live together and establish a hierarchy. 554 00:31:58,459 --> 00:32:00,960 And generally that does mean that there's some... 555 00:32:00,961 --> 00:32:04,163 some hissing and posturing and fighting for a while 556 00:32:04,164 --> 00:32:06,165 until that has been established. 557 00:32:09,703 --> 00:32:11,738 Then if new cats try to enter, 558 00:32:11,739 --> 00:32:14,140 it's possible for them to integrate themselves, 559 00:32:14,141 --> 00:32:16,777 but there will be a few tests along the way. 560 00:32:17,511 --> 00:32:21,014 But then other times a new cat is completely shunned, 561 00:32:21,015 --> 00:32:24,652 and doesn't manage to work their way into a colony. 562 00:32:27,454 --> 00:32:29,622 Observing feral colonies 563 00:32:29,623 --> 00:32:33,693 tells us about the nature of these very territorial animals 564 00:32:33,694 --> 00:32:35,095 and their social lives. 565 00:32:37,898 --> 00:32:43,037 Maintaining limits and alliances requires constant communication. 566 00:32:46,140 --> 00:32:49,776 Messages of all kinds being sent and received, 567 00:32:49,777 --> 00:32:52,446 displays of warning and acknowledgment. 568 00:32:55,316 --> 00:32:57,818 One key social signal is the straight-up tail. 569 00:32:59,687 --> 00:33:04,057 We think that the tail-up signal evolved from a signal that kittens use 570 00:33:04,058 --> 00:33:06,593 to signal to their mothers. 571 00:33:06,594 --> 00:33:10,630 They use this at weaning, and it's seen in a number of wild cat species 572 00:33:10,631 --> 00:33:13,767 not just the wild cat that's the ancestor of the domestic cat. 573 00:33:14,468 --> 00:33:17,871 They they're probably using this as a way of greeting their mother 574 00:33:17,872 --> 00:33:19,873 when she returns with food for them. 575 00:33:19,874 --> 00:33:23,810 And it may be one of the ways they have of persuading her to feed them. 576 00:33:23,811 --> 00:33:26,546 But in all those other species they then stop doing it 577 00:33:26,547 --> 00:33:27,847 once they reach adulthood. 578 00:33:30,718 --> 00:33:33,820 Domestic cats have taken this kitten-to-mother signal 579 00:33:33,821 --> 00:33:35,422 to a whole new level. 580 00:33:36,857 --> 00:33:39,158 When two cats approach each other, 581 00:33:39,159 --> 00:33:41,595 one may raise their tail straight up. 582 00:33:42,530 --> 00:33:44,765 If the other is willing to coexist, 583 00:33:45,366 --> 00:33:47,367 it will respond in the same way. 584 00:33:49,436 --> 00:33:51,004 So, it's meaning two things. 585 00:33:51,005 --> 00:33:52,739 It's meaning friendly intentions, 586 00:33:52,740 --> 00:33:54,807 "I'm approaching you in a friendly way. 587 00:33:54,808 --> 00:33:56,644 I'm not about to attack you." 588 00:33:57,077 --> 00:33:59,946 And it's also acknowledging... 589 00:33:59,947 --> 00:34:01,848 a difference in status, if you like. 590 00:34:01,849 --> 00:34:03,816 I'm not saying that cats have a... 591 00:34:03,817 --> 00:34:06,653 mental conception, and abstract conception of status, 592 00:34:06,654 --> 00:34:09,789 but they clearly do need to indicate 593 00:34:09,790 --> 00:34:11,991 the type of interaction they want to happen. 594 00:34:11,992 --> 00:34:15,628 So what they're saying is, "I'm friendly towards you, and I acknowledge 595 00:34:15,629 --> 00:34:18,999 that you are in some way bigger or smarter than I am." 596 00:34:19,934 --> 00:34:23,503 Studying feral cats has given us more than new insights 597 00:34:23,504 --> 00:34:25,306 into their social relations. 598 00:34:28,909 --> 00:34:31,545 Comparing DNA from various species of cats, 599 00:34:32,613 --> 00:34:34,915 wild, feral and domestic, 600 00:34:35,683 --> 00:34:36,884 large and small, 601 00:34:37,451 --> 00:34:38,919 from all over the world, 602 00:34:40,120 --> 00:34:42,989 helped solve the mystery of how cats evolved 603 00:34:42,990 --> 00:34:45,292 and eventually became domesticated. 604 00:34:46,694 --> 00:34:50,063 So a wildcat, the ancestor of the domestic cat, 605 00:34:50,064 --> 00:34:52,399 is a species called Felis silvestris. 606 00:34:53,300 --> 00:34:57,103 Felis silvestris is a very broad-ranging species that... 607 00:34:57,104 --> 00:35:00,406 ranges all the way from the tip of Scotland down to... 608 00:35:00,407 --> 00:35:02,675 the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, 609 00:35:02,676 --> 00:35:05,479 all the way from Portugal out to the center of China. 610 00:35:06,580 --> 00:35:10,016 And there are five different wild subspecies 611 00:35:10,017 --> 00:35:13,152 of Felis silvestris, the wildcat. 612 00:35:13,153 --> 00:35:14,621 One of those subspecies, 613 00:35:14,622 --> 00:35:16,623 Felis silvestris lybica, 614 00:35:16,624 --> 00:35:18,625 lived in the Near East, 615 00:35:18,626 --> 00:35:21,662 and it's that subspecies that gave rise to the domestic cat. 616 00:35:24,999 --> 00:35:28,201 Prof Driscoll pinpointed this part of the Mid-East 617 00:35:28,202 --> 00:35:31,871 as the center where Felis silvestris lybica 618 00:35:31,872 --> 00:35:34,942 gradually transformed into the familiar kitty, 619 00:35:35,609 --> 00:35:36,943 Felis catus. 620 00:35:36,944 --> 00:35:38,224 [birds chirping, insects buzzing] 621 00:35:39,346 --> 00:35:41,881 Domestic cats of every breed, 622 00:35:41,882 --> 00:35:43,483 friendly or feral, 623 00:35:43,484 --> 00:35:45,519 wherever in the world you find them, 624 00:35:46,153 --> 00:35:47,755 have their genesis here. 625 00:35:50,224 --> 00:35:54,562 Their wildcat ancestors can still be spotted outside the cities. 626 00:35:59,967 --> 00:36:02,836 But since they prefer to hunt in the dark, 627 00:36:02,837 --> 00:36:06,674 it's a lot easier if you have local biologists to guide you. 628 00:36:19,420 --> 00:36:21,255 Fox. Fox. 629 00:36:39,340 --> 00:36:42,742 This fish farm is a popular hunting spot, 630 00:36:42,743 --> 00:36:45,613 but tonight there are no wildcats to be found. 631 00:36:47,381 --> 00:36:49,049 These are jungle cats, 632 00:36:49,984 --> 00:36:53,987 the largest member of the family that includes both the domestic cat 633 00:36:53,988 --> 00:36:56,423 and their ancestor, the wildcat. 634 00:36:57,892 --> 00:37:00,828 They're drawn here by the promise of an easy meal. 635 00:37:09,637 --> 00:37:12,405 Last night, on some fishponds here bordering the Jordan, 636 00:37:12,406 --> 00:37:15,208 we say Felis chaus, the jungle cat. 637 00:37:15,209 --> 00:37:18,144 And we saw how they're becoming habituated, 638 00:37:18,145 --> 00:37:20,580 they're accustomed to human presence. 639 00:37:20,581 --> 00:37:24,050 And they're following a path similar to what the wildcats did, 640 00:37:24,051 --> 00:37:26,986 where... they're moving in out of the wild, 641 00:37:26,987 --> 00:37:29,255 and they're utilizing human habitats, 642 00:37:29,256 --> 00:37:33,026 and human resources in a way that's probably very similar 643 00:37:33,027 --> 00:37:35,929 to what the wildcats would've done thousands of years ago 644 00:37:35,930 --> 00:37:37,865 in their early stages of domestication. 645 00:37:41,368 --> 00:37:43,770 The first step in cat domestication 646 00:37:43,771 --> 00:37:48,074 happened here thanks to a unique combination of a small wildcat 647 00:37:48,075 --> 00:37:49,876 that could tolerate people, 648 00:37:49,877 --> 00:37:52,346 and an abundance of wild grains. 649 00:37:56,317 --> 00:37:58,518 This is the habitat where... 650 00:37:58,519 --> 00:38:01,387 plants and animal were domesticated 651 00:38:01,388 --> 00:38:03,757 prior to what we see now. 652 00:38:04,225 --> 00:38:07,694 Something around 15 000, 16 000 years ago 653 00:38:07,695 --> 00:38:09,729 till 10 000 years ago, 654 00:38:09,730 --> 00:38:11,698 people were hunter-gatherers. 655 00:38:11,699 --> 00:38:14,634 They had enough to collect, and use it for their own use. 656 00:38:14,635 --> 00:38:15,768 Right. 657 00:38:15,769 --> 00:38:17,570 Once people became settled, 658 00:38:17,571 --> 00:38:20,640 that's when cats began to move into that environment, 659 00:38:20,641 --> 00:38:24,277 and began to adapt themselves to that human environment, 660 00:38:24,278 --> 00:38:26,646 and then from there they eventually evolved 661 00:38:26,647 --> 00:38:29,149 into the domestic animals that we have today. 662 00:38:29,550 --> 00:38:31,784 So in that sense you can make... you know... 663 00:38:31,785 --> 00:38:34,254 you can say that cat domesticated human. 664 00:38:34,255 --> 00:38:35,955 - He came over to... 665 00:38:35,956 --> 00:38:39,259 to where the humans were, and took advantage of what they... 666 00:38:39,260 --> 00:38:41,395 Of the environment that we have made. 667 00:38:44,632 --> 00:38:47,066 Some people think we domesticated cats 668 00:38:47,067 --> 00:38:50,069 so they could control the rodents that ate our grain. 669 00:38:51,006 --> 00:38:53,274 Prof Driscoll doesn't agree. 670 00:38:54,808 --> 00:38:58,645 He doesn't believe it was mice and rats that drew them into our homes, 671 00:38:58,646 --> 00:39:00,247 it was our garbage. 672 00:39:01,615 --> 00:39:04,551 The scene we see here has played out here in Jerusalem 673 00:39:04,552 --> 00:39:06,986 and other cities of the ancient Near East 674 00:39:06,987 --> 00:39:10,224 many thousands of times over the last tens of millennia. 675 00:39:10,891 --> 00:39:15,595 You have cats that are making use of human waste and scraps, 676 00:39:15,596 --> 00:39:17,698 essentially being fed by people. 677 00:39:18,365 --> 00:39:22,536 It's by this process that the wildcat was brought into human civilizations 678 00:39:22,937 --> 00:39:26,240 and developed over time into the domestic cat that we have today. 679 00:39:27,441 --> 00:39:31,212 Cats found our settlements a profitable place to hang out. 680 00:39:32,379 --> 00:39:35,014 So, do cats catch mice and rats? 681 00:39:35,015 --> 00:39:36,549 Yeah, certainly they do, 682 00:39:36,550 --> 00:39:38,751 and some of them are not bad at it, 683 00:39:38,752 --> 00:39:40,587 but that's not why they were domesticated. 684 00:39:40,588 --> 00:39:42,523 They were domesticated accidentally. 685 00:39:42,990 --> 00:39:44,524 When people at a later age 686 00:39:44,525 --> 00:39:47,227 decided they really wanted to get rid of mice and rats, 687 00:39:47,228 --> 00:39:51,832 they used dogs as specific hunters of vermin. 688 00:39:53,067 --> 00:39:56,637 But what did we gain from this arrangement if it wasn't vermin control? 689 00:39:58,005 --> 00:39:59,806 Cats didn't have a purpose then, 690 00:39:59,807 --> 00:40:03,476 they don't have a purpose now. I'm not sure they'll ever have a purpose. 691 00:40:03,477 --> 00:40:05,311 But they're good pets, 692 00:40:05,312 --> 00:40:09,282 and that seems to have been enough to bring them all the way around the world. 693 00:40:10,484 --> 00:40:11,951 Perhaps we'll never know, 694 00:40:11,952 --> 00:40:14,587 but those initial interspecies contacts 695 00:40:14,588 --> 00:40:16,524 grew into admiration and more. 696 00:40:19,159 --> 00:40:23,631 The ancient Egyptians adored and even worshipped their cats. 697 00:40:25,232 --> 00:40:29,336 Egypt... was the first place where cats were bred in captivity. 698 00:40:30,271 --> 00:40:33,239 It was a place where domestic cats lived in high enough density 699 00:40:33,240 --> 00:40:35,676 that they're well represented in artwork and... 700 00:40:36,243 --> 00:40:39,380 archeological remains throughout common people's houses. 701 00:40:41,782 --> 00:40:43,683 When cats were first domesticated, 702 00:40:43,684 --> 00:40:45,985 probably for half of their domestication, 703 00:40:45,986 --> 00:40:47,754 maybe the first 5 000 years, 704 00:40:47,755 --> 00:40:49,556 they would've all looked like wildcats. 705 00:40:49,557 --> 00:40:51,157 That is the striped tabby. 706 00:40:51,158 --> 00:40:53,460 That's the wild-type coat color. 707 00:40:54,028 --> 00:40:56,563 The first changes in the cat's coat color 708 00:40:56,564 --> 00:40:59,332 were probably the appearance of black cats, 709 00:40:59,333 --> 00:41:01,534 which is just in fact the absence of color. 710 00:41:01,535 --> 00:41:05,104 The coat goes black because the genes creating the tabby pattern 711 00:41:05,105 --> 00:41:06,573 don't work properly anymore. 712 00:41:06,574 --> 00:41:10,177 And that probably occurred in Egypt early on. 713 00:41:11,011 --> 00:41:14,714 So you find very few cats, or records of cats, 714 00:41:14,715 --> 00:41:17,984 outside of early Egypt at that time. 715 00:41:17,985 --> 00:41:22,722 However, the city of Alexandria was a very large port city in the ancient world, 716 00:41:22,723 --> 00:41:25,425 and cats were able to spread from ancient Egypt 717 00:41:25,426 --> 00:41:27,060 throughout... 718 00:41:27,061 --> 00:41:29,729 all of Europe and North Africa 719 00:41:29,730 --> 00:41:31,598 in a very brief period of time. 720 00:41:34,068 --> 00:41:36,202 And so domestic cats boarded ships 721 00:41:36,203 --> 00:41:38,771 that would carry them from their Mid-Eastern birthplace 722 00:41:38,772 --> 00:41:40,708 to every continent on the planet. 723 00:41:42,644 --> 00:41:44,311 As they spread around the globe, 724 00:41:44,912 --> 00:41:46,714 new coat colors appeared. 725 00:41:47,548 --> 00:41:50,550 One of them, closely linked to, of all things, 726 00:41:50,551 --> 00:41:52,051 the Vikings. 727 00:41:54,855 --> 00:41:56,390 Somewhere along the line 728 00:41:57,057 --> 00:42:01,061 some population of Vikings decided they liked orange cats. 729 00:42:01,996 --> 00:42:05,932 Why orange cats were favored is not clear. 730 00:42:05,933 --> 00:42:07,433 They're not any better mousers, 731 00:42:07,434 --> 00:42:10,336 they're not any more adept at living on boats. 732 00:42:10,337 --> 00:42:14,207 But what you find is that the frequency of orange cats 733 00:42:14,208 --> 00:42:17,711 is higher where the Vikings were trading. 734 00:42:20,915 --> 00:42:22,615 Ginger or orange cats 735 00:42:22,616 --> 00:42:25,385 are still most common exactly in those areas 736 00:42:25,386 --> 00:42:28,155 where the Vikings most frequently made landfall. 737 00:42:31,559 --> 00:42:34,662 Over time, new coat colors appeared and spread. 738 00:42:35,696 --> 00:42:37,064 Most often by ship. 739 00:42:38,499 --> 00:42:42,569 I think one of the best coat-color variations that we know about, 740 00:42:42,570 --> 00:42:46,940 where there is an association between trade routes and a coat color, 741 00:42:46,941 --> 00:42:49,076 is with the blotched tabby. 742 00:42:50,211 --> 00:42:55,416 And we know that that mutation arose in Great Britain in the early 1800s. 743 00:42:56,350 --> 00:42:59,485 That was the beginning both of modern cat breeding 744 00:42:59,486 --> 00:43:00,486 and the cat show. 745 00:43:04,191 --> 00:43:08,428 Cat breeding has been going on for over a century now, 746 00:43:08,429 --> 00:43:10,231 of actually breeding true, 747 00:43:10,631 --> 00:43:13,867 so crossing like with like, forming breeds which... 748 00:43:13,868 --> 00:43:16,268 essentially where the offspring looked just like the parents. 749 00:43:22,343 --> 00:43:25,278 And these have been essentially formed 750 00:43:25,279 --> 00:43:28,748 from a number of different street cats 751 00:43:28,749 --> 00:43:30,384 from different parts of the world. 752 00:43:31,352 --> 00:43:34,621 Unlike dogs that were bred for a wide range of jobs 753 00:43:34,622 --> 00:43:37,324 and so come in all different sizes and shapes, 754 00:43:38,158 --> 00:43:41,462 cats didn't have any special tasks to accomplish. 755 00:43:41,862 --> 00:43:45,466 And the variation has really just been in appearance. 756 00:43:46,267 --> 00:43:48,134 Some of it's the head shape. 757 00:43:48,135 --> 00:43:50,870 Obviously, you have some of the breeds, like the Persians, 758 00:43:50,871 --> 00:43:52,405 with the very flattened face. 759 00:43:55,643 --> 00:43:59,146 You have a great number of variations of coat color and length. 760 00:44:04,385 --> 00:44:07,353 So many of these breeds are really superficially different 761 00:44:07,354 --> 00:44:09,189 from your average pet cat, 762 00:44:09,190 --> 00:44:10,857 rather than being... 763 00:44:10,858 --> 00:44:12,426 very different functionally. 764 00:44:13,427 --> 00:44:15,728 Some of us prefer a particular coat color, 765 00:44:15,729 --> 00:44:18,132 thinking it's linked to certain behaviors. 766 00:44:19,700 --> 00:44:23,137 Many believe that orange cats are easygoing and friendly, 767 00:44:24,438 --> 00:44:27,474 while white cats are lazy or shy, 768 00:44:27,975 --> 00:44:30,978 and calicos are thought to be feisty or difficult. 769 00:44:35,282 --> 00:44:38,017 Calicos are... are somewhat renowned for their... their temperaments. 770 00:44:38,018 --> 00:44:40,620 They make wonderful, wonderful pets, 771 00:44:40,621 --> 00:44:44,391 but they don't tend to adjust very well to new environments and new people. 772 00:44:45,226 --> 00:44:48,761 But the connection between genes, coat color and behavior 773 00:44:48,762 --> 00:44:50,231 is far from clear. 774 00:44:51,198 --> 00:44:52,999 There is some genetic link. 775 00:44:53,000 --> 00:44:56,504 The genes haven't been isolated, so nobody knows for sure. 776 00:44:57,204 --> 00:45:01,108 But the hows and whys of temperament are increasingly important. 777 00:45:02,109 --> 00:45:05,278 Cats are instinctively solitary predators 778 00:45:05,279 --> 00:45:08,381 who patrol the hunting ground around their homes. 779 00:45:09,450 --> 00:45:11,518 Now we want them to stay indoors, 780 00:45:11,519 --> 00:45:14,021 not hunt, and to live with other animals. 781 00:45:15,656 --> 00:45:18,758 Perhaps the most serious misconception that people have of their cats, 782 00:45:18,759 --> 00:45:21,995 at least as far as its impact on the cat is concerned, 783 00:45:21,996 --> 00:45:24,230 is this idea that... 784 00:45:24,231 --> 00:45:25,465 cats get along, 785 00:45:25,466 --> 00:45:27,467 that... that having one cat is good, 786 00:45:27,468 --> 00:45:30,737 that having two cats could not be anything but better. 787 00:45:30,738 --> 00:45:32,739 Now it may be better for the owner, 788 00:45:32,740 --> 00:45:36,042 but... the likelihood is that it won't be better for the cats. 789 00:45:36,043 --> 00:45:39,312 That, uh, if they're not introduced to one another very carefully... 790 00:45:40,681 --> 00:45:43,516 then those two cats will end up being... 791 00:45:43,517 --> 00:45:45,485 more stressed for the rest of their lives 792 00:45:45,486 --> 00:45:47,454 than they would've been if they lived apart. 793 00:45:49,857 --> 00:45:53,927 For every household where cats happily coexist, 794 00:45:53,928 --> 00:45:56,062 there are many others where our pets suffer 795 00:45:56,063 --> 00:45:58,499 because of the proximity of rivals. 796 00:46:01,569 --> 00:46:04,838 Living with other cats is not the most difficult demand 797 00:46:04,839 --> 00:46:08,875 we are suddenly placing on the instincts of our favorite pets. 798 00:46:11,712 --> 00:46:13,447 There's no doubt we love them, 799 00:46:14,248 --> 00:46:17,551 but there are some behaviors that most of us could do without. 800 00:46:19,620 --> 00:46:23,056 Where we once took pride in their talents as hunters, 801 00:46:23,057 --> 00:46:26,861 now we are ashamed of their seemingly ferocious nature. 802 00:46:39,940 --> 00:46:43,109 It's certainly true that cats have been getting bad press recently 803 00:46:43,110 --> 00:46:45,245 in terms of their role as hunters, 804 00:46:45,246 --> 00:46:49,549 as surplus killers, as animals which go out and kill for the fun of it, 805 00:46:49,550 --> 00:46:51,018 as... as people would have it. 806 00:46:51,452 --> 00:46:54,120 Firstly, they're not doing it for the fun of it. 807 00:46:54,121 --> 00:46:55,855 They're doing it because... 808 00:46:55,856 --> 00:46:57,991 it's a piece of very instinctive behavior 809 00:46:57,992 --> 00:47:00,393 that they've inherited from their wild ancestors. 810 00:47:00,394 --> 00:47:02,629 And more than that... during domestication, 811 00:47:02,630 --> 00:47:05,032 we've actually encouraged them to continue to do that. 812 00:47:06,300 --> 00:47:09,302 And there is concern about the long-term effects 813 00:47:09,303 --> 00:47:11,872 of our cats on wildlife populations. 814 00:47:12,673 --> 00:47:17,544 However, Bradshaw thinks that our pets are only a small part of the problem. 815 00:47:17,545 --> 00:47:21,115 He believes a larger part may be due to feral cats. 816 00:47:23,250 --> 00:47:25,752 But nevertheless, a dead bird is a dead bird. 817 00:47:25,753 --> 00:47:29,889 I think you have to admit that cats are doing something which is unnecessary. 818 00:47:29,890 --> 00:47:32,692 It may not be permanently damaging to the populations, 819 00:47:32,693 --> 00:47:35,895 but if... if you are concerned for the welfare of wildlife, 820 00:47:35,896 --> 00:47:37,130 and many people are, 821 00:47:37,131 --> 00:47:39,533 then cats are not really doing the right thing. 822 00:47:40,367 --> 00:47:42,369 A lot of slaughter or a little? 823 00:47:43,070 --> 00:47:46,406 Can't we just eliminate it by keeping our cats inside 824 00:47:46,407 --> 00:47:49,042 where they will also be safe from predators, 825 00:47:49,043 --> 00:47:50,844 fights and traffic? 826 00:47:53,047 --> 00:47:54,781 There's a big debate 827 00:47:54,782 --> 00:47:57,851 on whether people should keep their cats indoors or outdoors 828 00:47:57,852 --> 00:47:59,352 and certainly outdoors 829 00:47:59,353 --> 00:48:02,989 will provide the cat with more environmental enrichment 830 00:48:02,990 --> 00:48:06,160 in terms of being able to explore the outdoor environment. 831 00:48:07,661 --> 00:48:09,762 The problem with being an outdoor cat 832 00:48:09,763 --> 00:48:12,699 is that there are significantly more health risks out there, 833 00:48:12,700 --> 00:48:15,902 so they are more likely to get attacked by other animals, 834 00:48:15,903 --> 00:48:18,404 they're more likely to get into fights with other cats, 835 00:48:18,405 --> 00:48:20,107 they can get hit by cars. 836 00:48:20,841 --> 00:48:23,243 Asking our cats to stay indoors 837 00:48:23,244 --> 00:48:25,846 is not as straight forward as it seems. 838 00:48:26,647 --> 00:48:28,715 We expect them to be happy, 839 00:48:28,716 --> 00:48:31,384 and the reality is because they are hunters, 840 00:48:31,385 --> 00:48:33,386 they need to have stimulation, 841 00:48:33,387 --> 00:48:34,921 they need to be doing things, 842 00:48:34,922 --> 00:48:38,024 and what's happening now is we're starting to recognize 843 00:48:38,025 --> 00:48:40,995 that they're anxious or bored in their indoor environment. 844 00:48:41,562 --> 00:48:45,498 For thousands of years we had a mutual understanding, 845 00:48:45,499 --> 00:48:46,900 a contract. 846 00:48:46,901 --> 00:48:49,803 Suddenly we want to rewrite the terms. 847 00:48:50,504 --> 00:48:53,540 We are asking these territorial creatures 848 00:48:53,541 --> 00:48:54,909 to tolerate other animals, 849 00:48:56,110 --> 00:48:58,178 live happily inside, 850 00:48:58,179 --> 00:48:59,780 and abandon hunting. 851 00:49:00,915 --> 00:49:03,383 We're expecting the cat to make a big change 852 00:49:03,384 --> 00:49:05,118 from being essentially a predator 853 00:49:05,119 --> 00:49:06,586 that we kept in our homes 854 00:49:06,587 --> 00:49:09,989 and got some companionship from as a secondary function, 855 00:49:09,990 --> 00:49:13,860 to... being an animal which is first and foremost a companion, 856 00:49:13,861 --> 00:49:15,161 and really nothing else. 857 00:49:15,162 --> 00:49:16,997 We don't want it to go hunting. 858 00:49:17,698 --> 00:49:19,532 I think the cat, 859 00:49:19,533 --> 00:49:22,502 if it's going to persist as a... as a popular companion animal, 860 00:49:22,503 --> 00:49:24,838 is going to have to change in some way. 861 00:49:27,141 --> 00:49:29,642 The key to the survival of the domestic cat 862 00:49:29,643 --> 00:49:31,812 may already be in their genes. 863 00:49:32,546 --> 00:49:35,615 If their wild nature is hardwired, 864 00:49:35,616 --> 00:49:37,618 so is their adaptability. 865 00:49:40,955 --> 00:49:45,125 It's made our 10 000-year-long journey together possible. 866 00:49:45,960 --> 00:49:48,528 They've thrived under our thatched roofs, 867 00:49:48,529 --> 00:49:51,931 in our palaces, barns and apartments, 868 00:49:51,932 --> 00:49:54,667 and it will guarantee these little lions 869 00:49:54,668 --> 00:49:58,973 a comfortable place in our lives for a long time to come. 70475

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