All language subtitles for BBC.Natural.World.S33E04.2013.Sri.Lanka.Elephant.Island.1080p.HDTV.x265.AAC.MVGroup.org.en

Beyond the southern tip of India

lies a jewel in the ocean -

Sri Lanka.

It's a land of
extraordinary beauty,

of jungles, mountains
and vast, fertile plains.

A rich variety of animals live here.

Many of them are found nowhere else.

But for me, one animal stands out.

It's totally iconic and instantly
recognised right around the globe.

Sri Lanka is home to its own unique
subspecies of the Asian elephant.

They look very different
from their African cousins.

Their ears are smaller,
their foreheads domed

and their backs more arched.

I'm intrigued to find out just
how deep those differences go.

I really want to get to know them
and their world.

For me,
it's the chance of a lifetime.

Sri Lankans have a deeply
spiritual relationship with nature.

For 30 years, their country was
torn apart by civil war.

Now that's over,
they want to welcome people back

to share their natural riches.

Theirs is a vibrant culture

and one that has always lived
close to wildlife.

And their relationship with
elephants is particularly special.

CHAINS JANGLE

Elephants also have a very
special place in my heart.

I'm a wildlife cameraman
and elephants are my great passion.

I've spent many years filming them
all over Africa,

but I've never filmed
Sri Lankan elephants

and that's why I'm here.

For me, Sri Lanka's hard-won peace
offers a golden opportunity

to get to know its elephants
and the world they live in.

My destination is
Uda Walawe National Park,

in the south of the country.

With me is elephant scientist
Shermin de Silva.

If anyone can help me get to know
the elephants, Shermin can.

It's the end of the dry season
and the vegetation is pretty sparse.

I'm hoping that'll make
the elephants easier to spot.

Ooh - there's an elephant!
Oh, yep.

It's amazing!

I had no idea it was there
and I suddenly saw it!

They disappear in the grass
quite easily.

They're really good
at hiding actually.

'It's great to see one so quickly.'

Physically, they're similar in many
ways to the African elephants

I know so well, though their ears
are significantly smaller.

Shermin tells me
we know relatively little

about the behaviour
of these elephants.

She's been studying them for seven
years - a lot less than the

many decades that scientists have
been studying African elephants.

The first challenge
is always to find ways

to identify individual elephants

and to try to understand
the relationships in the herd.

At this relatively early
stage of her research,

even Shermin sometimes struggles.

Studying seven years is not
a long time compared to the

lifespan of an elephant, I don't
really quite know who's related.

Some of them, the younger ones,
I know are mother and calf pairs,

but the older ones, I'm only
guessing that they're families.

A lot of people would come
out and they'd say these

elephants all look exactly the same,
but I mean,

as I know from African elephants,

you learn how to
recognise individuals very quickly.

Now, for me
coming here for the first time,

it's quite difficult for me
at the moment to separate out these

individuals so I'm going to have to
use all these visual clues.

You're going to have to
learn a lot of ears and tails,

and pretty much anything that's
distinctive, you make use of it.
Yeah.

'There's something
magical about these animals.

'It's not just their size, or that
slow, peaceful way they have.

'It's the way they seem to think.

'They're as interested in me
as I am in them.'

Very close. Are you curious?

ELEPHANT SNORTS

ELEPHANT SQUEALS

Oh, what an amazing sound.
That's a squeal.

What a great sound!

That's incredible.

'It's great to get so close.'

'But this one's not
so happy about it.'

ELEPHANT GROANS

'Whoa! That's not good.

'Two of them have taken a dislike
to our support vehicle.

'That head down and ears-forward
stance is a threat posture.

'And that's serious.'

Elephants are said to have killed
50 people in Sri Lanka last year.

ELEPHANT GROANS

There was no cue,
or anything like that.

No, she just decided that she
didn't like the car being there.

It must be quite invasive, mustn't
it, a very loud diesel engine?

Yeah, and the engine sounds so
similar to their vocalisations,

it's in the same frequency range.

Yeah, there must be a lot of infra
sound coming out of this car

so it probably sounds much
louder to them than it does to us.

Right. Yes.

'I'm starting to notice
subtle details of behaviour.

'The elephants here swipe
clumps of grass against their feet

'before eating it -
something I've not seen before.'

'It seems to be their way
of knocking off the sand

'and dust that sticks to the roots
when they pull it from the ground.'

She's lifting her foot right up

and just deliberately
smacking the toenails. Yes.

'Shermin tells me this is a trick

'they have to learn from
their parents.

'The behaviour is passed down,
from one generation to the next.'

As with their African cousins,

Sri Lankan elephants have
a matriarchal society.

Groups are made up of
females and youngsters.

But the size of the groups
is quite different.

African families can be
30 or 40 strong.

Here, I can see far fewer animals
in each so-called social unit.

And Shermin explains that the
Sri Lankan elephant's

social system seems to be
less fixed and more fluid.

The herd covers the whole park.

But it's made up of many
smaller units and the elephants

switch between them
as and when they please.

There's one thing I've seen
here that's just

the same as African elephants.

The bond between mother and baby
is every bit as strong.

I've always thought you learn
a lot about elephants

by watching them with their young.

These little ones are
already six months old.

What I'd really like to see
is how they behave

with their new born babies.

So I've tried to time my trip
with the arrival of the monsoon,

when there's the best chance
of a new baby being born.

As I travel through Uda Walawe,

the whole park seems to be
waiting for the rains.

Peacocks are the heralds
of the monsoon.

PEACOCK SQUAWKS

As the rains approach,
the males' elaborate tails grow

and the courtship displays begin.

The birds give me confidence
I won't have long to wait.

In the meantime, Shermin has
someone else she wants me to meet.

She takes me to look at another side
of elephant life here in Sri Lanka.

An insight into the challenges
they face growing up here.

This is an area on the very edge
of Uda Walawe Park.

The Elephant Transit Home,
or ETH for short.

Meet the gang.

All these elephants are orphans -

their families either killed
or separated.

The ETH hopes to release
all 28 of them back into the wild.

But first,

these little ones must learn as much
as possible about elephant society.

With no family around,
that means learning from each other.

But who's to say
learning can't be fun?

For these orphans,
bath time is a highlight of the day.

They're a joy to watch.

It's heartening to see
these unfortunate elephants

so relaxed and content.

Shermin wants me to meet
one particular elephant.

This is Namal.

He's just two-and-a-half years old.

He was found a year ago,
tangled in a snare.

He's been here ever since.

Namal can't play with
the gang at bath time.

His only company is his keeper,
Salinda.

Luckily,
they seem to be good friends.

But he's obviously missing out
on the social bonding

that elephants need
if they're to prosper.

It's not just about learning -
it's about belonging.

Playing with Salinda is fun,

but it's no substitute
for the company of other elephants.

Like toddlers everywhere,

Namal is quite a handful.

When he leaves the water,

it becomes obvious why Namal can't
play with the other orphans.

When ETH rescued him from the snare,
they couldn't save his leg.

The prosthetic limb helps him
get around.

But he's just too fragile and
nervous to hang out with the gang.

The caring staff here tell me
that there is hope.

Apart from his disability,
Namal is a normal, healthy calf.

He's smart enough to save Salinda
the trouble of rubbing him dry.

And, like any youngster,
he's always keen to make friends.

But as Vijitha Perera,
the head vet at ETH, explains,

the trouble is, Namal now sees
humans as family.

Oh, so he actually prefers
human company to elephants?

Yeah. Right.

So that wouldn't be good
if he were released back. Yeah.

Namal will never return to the wild.

What's so sad is that
after a year in ETH's care,

he's still not strong enough to
spend time with the other orphans.

But Vijitha tells me he's growing
fast. His time may yet come.

ETH's aim isn't to teach elephants
how to live with humans.

They must learn to live
with each other,

and ultimately with other
wild elephants.

In fact, the further these orphans
stay away from humans, the better.

Last year, people killed
228 elephants in Sri Lanka.

That's what's brought the orphans
here in the first place.

If they're to return to the wild,
it's best to steer clear of people.

I can't help thinking about
the challenges these animals face.

The gang are unperturbed.

That's the wonderful thing
about childhood.

The future always seems
a long way off.

Change is coming.

I can sense something
different in the air.

The monsoon is about to begin.

Cool air from the Himalayas
sweeps down India's eastern coast,

warming and picking up water
as it goes.

Eventually, these warm wet winds
reach Sri Lanka.

Rain lashes the land.

The water will trigger
lush new growth.

Fresh pasture for hungry elephants.

BIRDS CALL

As the land becomes saturated,
the air comes alive.

Flying termites, newly hatched.

Each insect might be
the founder of a new colony.

But I know very few will succeed.

The whole place feels more alive,

like it's waking up
from a long sleep.

The elephants are taking advantage
of the monsoon's gifts as well -

an entire tree
brought down by the wind.

Males and females have gathered
to make the most of it.

Usually elephant groups are strictly
females and young only.

Adult males are normally solitary,
or hang out with other males.

But here, males and females
tolerate each other

as they all take advantage
of the windfall.

It's a rare treat to see
so many animals together.

I finally feel like I'm beginning
to really get to know them.

There's one particular individual
that I've already got to know
called Deepa.

And she has amazing ears.
They're torn on the edges.

Rather like drapes, like curtains.

And she's always flapping them.

And they flap,
because they're quite small,

they flap right across their eyes,
so I'm sure part of it is that

they're actually getting rid
of flies around their eyes.

But they're very expressive
at the same time

because her ears are particularly
flappy and loose

and so she's always slapping them
against her shoulder blades.

But they're always flapping them
and you can hear

when they slap against their bodies
the sort of sound they make.

And I think there's a lot
going on with Asian elephant ears

in terms of communication
with each other.

These two females are flapping
their ears in absolute synchrony.

I am sure that this represents
some sort of visual greeting.

Everywhere I look,
I find new mysteries

and new points of connection.

This male is repeatedly curling
his trunk up against his cheek.

In African elephants,
that's a sure sign of stress.

I'm puzzled as to
what's bothering him.

It soon becomes clear.

I don't know what killed
this elephant.

Inside the reserve,
it's unlikely to have been people.

He pays his respects...
and moves on.

It's a reminder that there are
hidden depths to these animals

that we can only begin
to understand.

Once a year,
normally during the monsoon,

glands in front of the ears
swell up.

Both these males are
in a state of musth.

Their testosterone soars
to 60 times its normal level.

They're restless, aggressive,
and ready to fight.

I can tell that both these males
are in their prime.

Males tend to lose their grey
pigmentation as they get older.

The clash is like nothing
I've seen in Africa.

Despite their age and size,
neither of these giants has tusks.

African elephants fight with
their heads up and tusks locked.

But here, the heads are down.

And curiously, they hold the tips
of their trunks in their mouths.

If this was Africa,

both would have tusks,
perhaps a couple of metres long.

It seems that
after centuries of ivory hunting,

only tuskless males are left.

But even without tusks, this is
a fight only one of them can win.

Why most males go into musth
during the monsoon is a mystery.

Females are sexually receptive,
on and off, all year round.

I think this has more to do
with dominance than sex.

I've been here almost a month now,

and I'm getting used to the relaxed
rhythm of life in the park.

I've seen a good variety
of elephant behaviour,

though it's frustrating

that I still haven't been able
to see them with a newborn calf.

It's two weeks
since the monsoon began in earnest.

As the rivers flood,
countless fish hurry to spawn.

Their young will get the best
possible start...

..assuming the adults
ever get that far.

This is boom time
for predators, too.

With so many fish on the menu,

choosing the right starter
isn't easy.

And somewhere out there, there's a
fish even for the smallest appetite.

I decide to head back
to the orphan elephants at ETH,

to catch up with
how they're getting on.

I think the gang are glad to see me!

Most wild elephants of this age
would have been weaned by now.

But these guys still get
regular bottle feeds.

They form an orderly line.

But Namal comes first.

He's still not strong enough
to feed with the others.

Unlike the rest of the gang,
this is milk he actually needs.

But it's still a treat -
one he always looks forward to.

The others will have to
wait their turn.

In the wild, suckling strengthens
the bond between mother and calf.

It's sad to think that the closest
Namal has to a parent is Salinda.

The others don't even have that.

The keeper in charge
of maintaining order in the gang

does so with his back turned.

It's part of ETH's policy

of keeping contact with the orphans
to a minimum.

Only when Namal is done
do the others get their turn,

a few at a time.

They have impeccable manners.

They seem to know they're only
allowed a jug-full each.

Then, very politely, off they go

and the next customer
takes their place.

For the ETH staff,
this is a tricky balancing act.

They must support the orphans

without compromising
their release into the wild.

We know so little about their
wild behaviour, it's hard to know

what aspects of elephant education
the gang are missing out on.

But this is the only chance they've
got of getting back into the wild.

I've only got
a couple of weeks left here

and the weather is making
filming difficult.

We have spent days keeping our eyes
peeled for a newborn calf.

Just as we're heading home
for the day,

one crosses the road
right in front of us.

ELEPHANT TRUMPETS

Then, frustratingly,
it's gone again.

And it's clear we're not welcome.

ELEPHANTS TRUMPET

Suddenly, the elephants are on us.

They make it very clear
they want us gone.

We back off, but they follow.

A stand-off.

I'm intrigued by the strange
squeaking noises they make

and this peculiar breath-checking.

But the elephants clearly want us
to leave them alone.

So that's exactly what we do.

I've rarely seen African elephants
so defensive,

but I'm hopeful I might get
a little closer tomorrow.

The monsoon rains have produced
an explosion of greenery.

Adult elephants are still
easy to spot.

In fact they're hard to miss.

But the babies are just
a metre high.

But finally, persistence pays off.

This calf is just a day old.

It's exactly
what I've been looking for.

A chance to see how the adults
behave around such a tiny baby.

Of course, everyone wants to meet
the new arrival.

But the female standing over
the baby is not the mother,

just part of the group.

She seems to be behaving
rather strangely.

She's trying to shove
the calf's mum out of the way.

It's as if she wants
the baby for herself.

Not surprisingly,
the mum isn't happy about it.

With all the shoving, I'm worried
the calf could be injured.

The calf's grandmother
takes the baby aside.

The females will have to
sort this out for themselves.

This is completely bewildering.

African elephants sometimes kidnap
a calf from another family

as a display of dominance.

But I don't think
that's what's happening here.

Perhaps Asian elephants
play by different rules.

The conflict is a real shock.

What's even more shocking
is the outcome.

The mother loses the fight.

So that was sort of...head up...

They just sort of hit each other,
didn't they?

Mm-hm. Almost like males.
Almost like males.

And it's very rare you get females
actually showing overt aggression.

Yeah, that's really interesting.

They'll usually just avoid each other
without ever having made contact.
Right.

The calf is too young
to know what's going on.

But it's now following a strange
female instead of its mother.

The female should know better.

What will she do with a calf
she can't even feed?

Why steal it in the first place?

Shermin has an answer.

And suddenly it all makes sense.

The female's name is Athimali,
and she was an orphan.

She grew up at the ETH,
with no adults to teach her.

There, the older orphans take
the youngsters under their wing.

To Athimali, this isn't stealing.

It's sharing.

How could she know better?

And what's she going to do now?

Athimali moves her leg to make
space for the calf to suckle,

but it's not her calf.

She has no milk.

This could turn out
really badly for the baby.

But there's nothing I can do.

The afternoon rains
are on their way.

I just hope we'll be able
to find the baby again tomorrow.

At the Transit Home,
there's better news for Namal.

Weaning is an important step towards
joining the rest of the gang,

though not all the bananas seem
to be up to his exacting standards!

For now, he dines alone.

But I hope one day
he'll be strong enough

to enjoy the company
of the other orphans.

The keepers tell me
he came incredibly close to dying.

He's lucky to be alive.

But elephants are
such social creatures.

A life in solitary is not
much of a life at all.

As Namal hoovers up
the last of his treats,

the gang returns to its temporary
life, safe on the edge of the park.

One day they will leave here.

For most of these animals,
there's hope for a happier future.

But I now know that their time
in captivity can create problems.

I'm still worried about Athimali
and her stolen calf.

Finding them again
could be a huge challenge.

When I next go out,
I find elephants,

but not the ones I'm looking for.

Elephants love water -
the muddier the better, it seems!

Each one comes with a built-in
sprinkler system.

It makes spraying on the sun block
a breeze.

Like so much in elephant life,

first you have to learn
how to do it.

Controlling a metre of flexible
pipework turns out to be tricky.

Some animals do everything
by instinct.

They're born knowing everything
they'll need.

For young elephants,
it's all about learning.

And learning about mud
is high on the agenda.

I'm sure mud makes
a great insect repellent.

Even with a hide
as thick as an elephant's,

biting insects are
a constant annoyance.

There are millions of them.

Plagued by mosquitoes and midges,
buffaloes take to the water.

At least their bodies are protected,
if not their heads.

A handy platform for a hungry heron.

It seems everyone has
an itch to scratch.

Or if you're lucky,
a friend to scratch it for you.

I've noticed that some of the male
elephants here have developed

a neat trick to deal
with the problem.

One of the really interesting things
I have seen here,

which I didn't see
in African elephants, was animals

deliberately breaking off branches
and using them as fly swats.

We found a bull the other day where
this was clearly what he was doing.

He didn't eat
the piece of vegetation

that he was using to swat flies.

He specifically broke it off,
it was a certain size,

and he had a distinct pattern
of hitting one side,

hitting the other side,
hitting between his legs,

hitting across the front
of his trunk.

So that was really,
really fascinating tool use.

And I've never seen that so
specifically in African elephants.

For some reason,
I only ever see males doing this.

Perhaps, because the males live
apart from the females,

most females haven't had a chance
to learn the trick.

It's a powerful reminder of just
how intelligent these animals are,

and how important
learning is to them.

This is a trick
that each new generation must learn

from the others around them.

I just hope the orphan elephants
will find

a way to develop these skills.

I still have no idea
if Athimali has figured out

that what she did was wrong.

The elephants are so spread out here
that finding a particular animal

is incredibly difficult,
let alone a particular calf.

Females and their young
drift between groups,

as and when they please.

At long last,
I'm seeing plenty of youngsters!

The trouble is, none of them
is the one I'm after.

The calf that Athimali stole
is nowhere to be seen.

I can't help but worry about
how the stolen baby is doing.

And then, finally, I find the calf
with its real mother.

I have no idea when it happened,
or how.

Perhaps there was another fight.

Perhaps Athimali got bored
and wandered off.

I'm sure that, in time,
she'll learn to do better.

It's a huge relief
to see a happy outcome.

These animals have such
a sophisticated social system.

It's their greatest strength,

but it also makes them fragile.

Continuity has always been
the cornerstone of their lives.

But their world is changing fast
and I'm concerned for their future.

It's time for me to say goodbye.

The monsoon is nearly over

and it won't be long
before I leave Sri Lanka.

This is the perfect time to release
a few of the more mature orphans.

It's the moment
everyone's been waiting for.

The hours of patient care,

the effort to keep
the elephants at a distance.

I think the elephants' loose
herd structure makes it easier

for the orphans to adapt
to a life in the wild.

The herd is so dispersed, the
orphans can wander as they please.

They can find their place
in elephant society

in their own time
and on their own terms.

In the last 15 years,

ETH have released 90 elephants
back into the wild.

84 of them are alive,
and doing well.

There's hope here.

This is a system that works.

It's good to leave knowing
that the future is bright

for the rest of the gang.

One day,
they too will return to the wild.

They will have to build on
what they've already learned -

their own orphan version
of elephant society.

It won't be long before
I have to say goodbye to Namal.

I've loved getting to know him.

And I've been told that
today could be a big day for him.

The monsoon has brought
new little luxuries.

A mud bath is the perfect way
to start this special day.

I know he'll never be fit enough
for release into the wild.

I can't help feeling sorry for him.

Not that Namal's
one for complaining.

He's been positive and outgoing
since the day they first found him.

And now, all that hard work
and patience is going to pay off.

At long last,
he's big enough to meet the gang.

This is what elephants are made for.

It's what they need
more than anything else.

He's made his first
proper friends...

..and it looks like
he's loving every minute of it.

This has been a fascinating journey.

Trying to follow individuals
through the monsoon has been hard.

But I've seen and learnt a lot.

Athimali stealing a calf.

A lone male visiting the dead.

In some ways, they're so different
to elephants in Africa.

In other ways,
they're much the same.

For both, elephant life is all
about learning and relationships.

But here, I've seen those
relationships take their own
unique form.

It's hard to say goodbye
to Namal and his friends.

They have all become
very special to me.

I will certainly never
forget my time here in Sri Lanka.