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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:05,005 --> 00:00:07,007 The Bahamas... 2 00:00:09,176 --> 00:00:13,547 3,000 stunning islands, islets and cays... 3 00:00:16,416 --> 00:00:19,453 Scattered in the clear waters of the Atlantic Ocean 4 00:00:19,453 --> 00:00:21,121 and the Caribbean Sea. 5 00:00:23,457 --> 00:00:27,261 From deep and mysterious blue holes 6 00:00:27,261 --> 00:00:29,429 to towering pine forests... 7 00:00:30,797 --> 00:00:34,368 It is one of North America's last great wild lands. 8 00:00:35,435 --> 00:00:38,906 >> There's no place like the Bahamas in the world. 9 00:00:38,906 --> 00:00:42,676 >> A hidden network of underground caverns. 10 00:00:42,676 --> 00:00:46,613 >> Andros is one massive labyrinth of cave systems. 11 00:00:46,613 --> 00:00:48,916 It is totally unexplored. 12 00:00:48,916 --> 00:00:52,219 >> A place where wild ocean waves 13 00:00:52,219 --> 00:00:54,955 collide with calm, shallow seas. 14 00:00:56,723 --> 00:01:01,194 A lush oasis rich with wildlife. 15 00:01:01,194 --> 00:01:04,965 >> The Bahamas has such a variety of ecosystems and species 16 00:01:04,965 --> 00:01:07,901 that you don't find anywhere else. 17 00:01:07,901 --> 00:01:10,871 >> The Bahamas are one of the world's 18 00:01:10,871 --> 00:01:13,907 most spectacular island wonders. 19 00:01:13,907 --> 00:01:23,951 (♪♪♪) 20 00:01:23,951 --> 00:01:33,927 (♪♪♪) 21 00:01:33,927 --> 00:01:43,971 (♪♪♪) 22 00:01:43,971 --> 00:01:49,509 (♪♪♪) 23 00:01:53,246 --> 00:02:04,224 (♪♪♪) 24 00:02:04,224 --> 00:02:06,927 As early as 900 AD 25 00:02:06,927 --> 00:02:10,697 the original inhabitants of the Bahamas, the Lucayan 26 00:02:10,697 --> 00:02:14,368 settled on the islands. 27 00:02:14,368 --> 00:02:16,737 They were the first people of the Americas 28 00:02:16,737 --> 00:02:20,374 to encounter Christopher Columbus in 1492. 29 00:02:24,211 --> 00:02:26,713 The Bahamas are believed to be the site 30 00:02:26,713 --> 00:02:30,784 of Columbus's first landfall in the "New World." 31 00:02:33,020 --> 00:02:35,455 He was fascinated by the shallow waters 32 00:02:35,455 --> 00:02:38,358 that surround the archipelago 33 00:02:38,358 --> 00:02:41,728 and called the region " baja mar ." 34 00:02:41,728 --> 00:02:43,830 Spanish for shallow sea. 35 00:02:46,533 --> 00:02:49,002 For centuries the Bahamas were visited 36 00:02:49,002 --> 00:02:53,373 by settlers, traders, and even pirates. 37 00:02:55,742 --> 00:02:59,579 To this day there are stories of treasure 38 00:02:59,579 --> 00:03:01,415 hidden in the islands. 39 00:03:02,983 --> 00:03:05,585 Today's visitors come to stroll along 40 00:03:05,585 --> 00:03:08,688 beautiful sand beaches 41 00:03:08,688 --> 00:03:11,491 and swim in some of the clearest waters 42 00:03:11,491 --> 00:03:13,226 on the planet 43 00:03:13,226 --> 00:03:17,297 along the world's third largest barrier reef. 44 00:03:17,297 --> 00:03:18,432 >> We typically think of the Bahamas 45 00:03:18,432 --> 00:03:20,067 and we just think about the beach, 46 00:03:20,067 --> 00:03:21,802 and granted we have some of the most 47 00:03:21,802 --> 00:03:24,538 phenomenal beaches in the world, 48 00:03:24,538 --> 00:03:26,073 but we are more than beaches. 49 00:03:29,509 --> 00:03:33,146 >> The Bahamas' 700 islands are spread across 50 00:03:33,146 --> 00:03:37,184 more than 100,000 square miles 51 00:03:37,184 --> 00:03:42,189 of the Atlantic Ocean's deep, blue waters 52 00:03:42,189 --> 00:03:46,059 about 150 miles from Florida's southeast coast. 53 00:03:47,894 --> 00:03:52,065 It is a land of boundless white sand beaches, 54 00:03:52,065 --> 00:03:54,868 emerald seas, 55 00:03:54,868 --> 00:03:59,473 and rugged limestone lairs eroded by time 56 00:03:59,473 --> 00:04:02,142 and the savage waves of the Atlantic. 57 00:04:03,844 --> 00:04:05,846 >> You have caves, you have blue holes, 58 00:04:05,846 --> 00:04:08,682 you have reefs, and you have this experience 59 00:04:08,682 --> 00:04:10,484 in 700 different islands. 60 00:04:14,421 --> 00:04:18,625 It is a landscape carved from limestone. 61 00:04:18,625 --> 00:04:24,264 The archipelago sits atop three giant limestone platforms 62 00:04:24,264 --> 00:04:26,566 that rise abruptly from the deep. 63 00:04:27,901 --> 00:04:31,004 They were once the bottom of a shallow sea. 64 00:04:33,507 --> 00:04:36,309 Sediments collected on the ancient seabed 65 00:04:36,309 --> 00:04:37,978 over millions of years. 66 00:04:39,880 --> 00:04:45,585 Debris from corals, shellfish, algae, 67 00:04:45,585 --> 00:04:48,121 and other marine life 68 00:04:48,121 --> 00:04:52,592 produced a vast amount of calcium carbonate 69 00:04:52,592 --> 00:04:55,328 which is the key ingredient of limestone. 70 00:04:57,998 --> 00:05:01,134 These massive limestone platforms 71 00:05:01,134 --> 00:05:05,172 submerged in the Atlantic create the foundation 72 00:05:05,172 --> 00:05:06,840 of the Bahama Banks. 73 00:05:11,411 --> 00:05:13,847 When sea levels were much lower 74 00:05:13,847 --> 00:05:17,851 hundreds of feet of rock were exposed to the elements. 75 00:05:20,954 --> 00:05:25,525 Now, on average, only 9-feet poke above the waves. 76 00:05:27,561 --> 00:05:31,298 The Bahamian islands are like the tips of an iceberg 77 00:05:31,298 --> 00:05:34,568 less than 40% of the total landmass 78 00:05:34,568 --> 00:05:36,770 peeks out of the turquoise waters. 79 00:05:39,539 --> 00:05:43,143 50,000 square miles of the banks 80 00:05:43,143 --> 00:05:44,611 lie hidden below. 81 00:05:48,481 --> 00:05:53,119 The largest of the platforms, the Great Bahama Bank 82 00:05:53,119 --> 00:05:57,290 rises more than 14,000-feet from the deep sea floor. 83 00:06:00,327 --> 00:06:04,631 At the surface, the waters covering the Bahama Banks 84 00:06:04,631 --> 00:06:07,067 are extremely shallow. 85 00:06:07,067 --> 00:06:12,138 The deepest point is just 80-feet. 86 00:06:12,138 --> 00:06:16,176 Satellite images tell this story. 87 00:06:16,176 --> 00:06:19,346 The bright aquamarine waters of the banks 88 00:06:19,346 --> 00:06:24,217 typically 30-feet deep stand in stark contrast 89 00:06:24,217 --> 00:06:29,589 to the dark blue open ocean where the sea floor plunges 90 00:06:29,589 --> 00:06:33,159 more than 13,000-feet below the surface. 91 00:06:35,428 --> 00:06:38,531 These two bodies of water come head to head 92 00:06:38,531 --> 00:06:41,201 at the island of Eleuthera 93 00:06:41,201 --> 00:06:44,137 separated by a single strip of rock 94 00:06:44,137 --> 00:06:46,039 just 30-feet across. 95 00:06:48,875 --> 00:06:52,445 This is Glass Window Bridge 96 00:06:52,445 --> 00:06:55,382 known as "the narrowest place on earth". 97 00:06:56,483 --> 00:07:01,054 The bridge links the northern and southern points of Eleuthera 98 00:07:01,054 --> 00:07:04,357 and is one of the only places on the planet 99 00:07:04,357 --> 00:07:07,327 where the stormy blue waters of the Atlantic 100 00:07:07,327 --> 00:07:10,497 clash with the still, turquoise calm 101 00:07:10,497 --> 00:07:12,532 of the Caribbean Sea. 102 00:07:12,532 --> 00:07:14,267 >> You're at that intersection. 103 00:07:14,267 --> 00:07:17,570 You look at it and literally a few feet to one side 104 00:07:17,570 --> 00:07:19,339 you're in deep water and a few feet to the other side 105 00:07:19,339 --> 00:07:21,408 you're in shallow water and you have this contrast 106 00:07:21,408 --> 00:07:23,410 between very dark blues and very light blues 107 00:07:23,410 --> 00:07:25,745 and it's just a very visually appealing location. 108 00:07:28,114 --> 00:07:31,618 >> For centuries, this narrow strip of land 109 00:07:31,618 --> 00:07:33,420 was a natural bridge. 110 00:07:36,389 --> 00:07:38,124 In the 1940s 111 00:07:38,124 --> 00:07:41,161 powerful hurricanes washed away the land. 112 00:07:44,364 --> 00:07:47,600 Islanders built a paved road in its place. 113 00:07:51,037 --> 00:07:55,275 The Bahamas border the Caribbean Hurricane Belt, 114 00:07:55,275 --> 00:07:58,678 a storm-prone area in the Atlantic Ocean 115 00:07:58,678 --> 00:08:01,081 that reaches from the Gulf of Mexico 116 00:08:01,081 --> 00:08:02,582 to the Caribbean Sea. 117 00:08:06,019 --> 00:08:09,522 Though most of the storms don't reach the Bahamas 118 00:08:09,522 --> 00:08:12,892 passing hurricanes whip up wild winds. 119 00:08:14,961 --> 00:08:18,031 The island of Eleuthera has no reef 120 00:08:18,031 --> 00:08:21,101 to absorb the impact of passing storms. 121 00:08:22,602 --> 00:08:26,506 High and powerful waves that pound the bridge 122 00:08:26,506 --> 00:08:30,377 have washed vehicles and people out into the ocean. 123 00:08:30,377 --> 00:08:36,349 (♪♪♪) 124 00:08:36,349 --> 00:08:39,753 Two giant boulders sit high atop a cliff 125 00:08:39,753 --> 00:08:42,188 just south of the Glass Window Bridge. 126 00:08:45,825 --> 00:08:49,362 They are a testament to the raw power of the ocean. 127 00:08:51,498 --> 00:08:53,666 The mighty waves of the Atlantic 128 00:08:53,666 --> 00:08:55,935 flung these massive rocks ashore. 129 00:08:59,072 --> 00:09:03,276 Locals say strong winds gusting off the water 130 00:09:03,276 --> 00:09:06,913 pass through these rocks with a loud rumble 131 00:09:06,913 --> 00:09:08,581 like the roar of a bull. 132 00:09:12,886 --> 00:09:16,990 Earning these boulders their names, 133 00:09:16,990 --> 00:09:19,325 The Cow and The Bull. 134 00:09:23,863 --> 00:09:26,566 The rocky shoreline takes its shape 135 00:09:26,566 --> 00:09:28,368 from every passing wave. 136 00:09:31,738 --> 00:09:35,608 Limestone walls are sculpted by the sea 137 00:09:35,608 --> 00:09:41,414 to create a network of troughs, caves and coves. 138 00:09:41,414 --> 00:09:44,984 Warm and shallow pools nestle in the rock 139 00:09:44,984 --> 00:09:47,554 like nature's private hot tubs. 140 00:09:50,023 --> 00:09:53,293 This is Queen's Bath. 141 00:09:53,293 --> 00:09:56,396 A series of emerald tidal pools 142 00:09:56,396 --> 00:09:58,698 burrowed in the rugged coast 143 00:09:58,698 --> 00:10:01,601 and ringed by battered limestone walls. 144 00:10:03,102 --> 00:10:08,908 Heated by the sun, refreshed by ocean spray, 145 00:10:08,908 --> 00:10:12,979 these soothing pools offer a cool respite. 146 00:10:16,816 --> 00:10:20,253 Waves whip against the jagged rock face 147 00:10:20,253 --> 00:10:24,090 and seep through the pores slowly widening 148 00:10:24,090 --> 00:10:26,526 each crack and ridge. 149 00:10:26,526 --> 00:10:30,163 >> Over the course of years, this erosion is continuing 150 00:10:30,163 --> 00:10:33,132 as you can see the seawater smashing into the rocks 151 00:10:33,132 --> 00:10:35,134 and you can see, we call it honeycomb. 152 00:10:35,134 --> 00:10:38,905 It's caused by seawater actually crashing into the rock platform 153 00:10:38,905 --> 00:10:40,240 and eroding it slowly. 154 00:10:42,108 --> 00:10:45,345 >> Eventually, these small openings connect 155 00:10:45,345 --> 00:10:49,482 and larger hollows form. 156 00:10:49,482 --> 00:10:52,685 Water, swept in by ocean waves 157 00:10:52,685 --> 00:10:55,688 collects in these natural basins 158 00:10:55,688 --> 00:10:59,726 creating the magnificent tidal pools of Queen's Bath. 159 00:11:04,864 --> 00:11:09,736 Along the rugged shoreline small caverns called notches 160 00:11:09,736 --> 00:11:13,039 hide beneath limestone overhangs 161 00:11:13,039 --> 00:11:16,376 worn away by the beating waves of the Atlantic. 162 00:11:17,944 --> 00:11:20,914 These crevices are an ideal habitat 163 00:11:20,914 --> 00:11:23,850 for marine creatures 164 00:11:23,850 --> 00:11:28,922 offering protection from waves and predators. 165 00:11:32,592 --> 00:11:37,196 Molluscs burrow several inches inside the rock 166 00:11:37,196 --> 00:11:40,667 creating small, deep holes along the shoreline. 167 00:11:42,268 --> 00:11:45,939 A process geologists call bio-erosion. 168 00:11:47,874 --> 00:11:50,710 Eventually, the entire rock surface 169 00:11:50,710 --> 00:11:52,078 is pitted with holes. 170 00:11:55,682 --> 00:11:59,886 For thousands of years these wild waves have chiseled 171 00:11:59,886 --> 00:12:02,789 the sea caves of the Bahamas 172 00:12:02,789 --> 00:12:06,025 with some help from burrowing marine creatures. 173 00:12:08,428 --> 00:12:10,863 The slender island of Eleuthera 174 00:12:10,863 --> 00:12:15,835 stretches more than 110 miles long. 175 00:12:15,835 --> 00:12:21,140 Its caverns and sea caves reveal the turbulent history 176 00:12:21,140 --> 00:12:23,176 of the settlers of the Bahamas'. 177 00:12:25,979 --> 00:12:28,481 The mid-17th century 178 00:12:28,481 --> 00:12:32,085 was a period of religious strife in England 179 00:12:32,085 --> 00:12:35,121 and in continental Europe. 180 00:12:35,121 --> 00:12:37,790 The Puritans were English Protestants 181 00:12:37,790 --> 00:12:40,526 who wanted to 'purify' the Church of England 182 00:12:40,526 --> 00:12:42,996 from Roman-Catholic practice. 183 00:12:42,996 --> 00:12:44,030 They sought a place 184 00:12:44,030 --> 00:12:45,665 where they could practice their faith 185 00:12:45,665 --> 00:12:48,601 free from persecution. 186 00:12:48,601 --> 00:12:52,672 But they were forced out of the British colony of Bermuda 187 00:12:52,672 --> 00:12:56,576 for refusing to swear allegiance to the Crown. 188 00:12:56,576 --> 00:13:01,047 A group of 70 Puritans then set out for the Bahamas. 189 00:13:06,519 --> 00:13:09,622 They encountered stormy waters and shipwrecked 190 00:13:09,622 --> 00:13:13,826 in the northern tip of the Bahamas. 191 00:13:13,826 --> 00:13:17,163 With food and supplies lost at sea 192 00:13:17,163 --> 00:13:19,866 the Puritans sought shelter on an island. 193 00:13:23,903 --> 00:13:26,239 They called it Eleuthera, 194 00:13:26,239 --> 00:13:29,242 derived from the Greek meaning freedom. 195 00:13:31,244 --> 00:13:35,915 The group known today as "The Eleutherian Adventurers" 196 00:13:35,915 --> 00:13:39,052 walked inland and found their new home 197 00:13:39,052 --> 00:13:41,754 and their new place of worship. 198 00:13:41,754 --> 00:13:44,123 They called it Preacher's Cave. 199 00:13:46,492 --> 00:13:49,062 Ringed by lush, green forest, 200 00:13:49,062 --> 00:13:54,233 the grand entrance to the cave stands 50-feet tall 201 00:13:54,233 --> 00:13:57,336 and once faced punishing ocean waves 202 00:13:57,336 --> 00:13:59,205 that formed this grotto. 203 00:14:02,809 --> 00:14:05,178 When sea levels were much higher 204 00:14:05,178 --> 00:14:07,814 Preacher's Cave was just a notch 205 00:14:07,814 --> 00:14:09,582 along a rocky shoreline. 206 00:14:12,885 --> 00:14:16,255 The ocean eroded weaker sections of the cliff 207 00:14:16,255 --> 00:14:17,623 to create the cave. 208 00:14:20,426 --> 00:14:23,830 As pressure from waves built up inside 209 00:14:23,830 --> 00:14:26,966 a blowhole formed in the roof of the cavern 210 00:14:26,966 --> 00:14:30,403 to release the surging water through a jet spray. 211 00:14:33,139 --> 00:14:37,810 Today, the tropic sun beams through this skylight 212 00:14:37,810 --> 00:14:42,749 illuminating the dark corners of Preacher's Cave, 213 00:14:42,749 --> 00:14:46,385 one of the most important historical sites in the Bahamas. 214 00:14:48,755 --> 00:14:52,458 Preacher's cave saw 100 years of religious service. 215 00:14:54,660 --> 00:14:57,897 It is believed the Eleutherian Adventurers 216 00:14:57,897 --> 00:14:59,999 held a yearly service 217 00:14:59,999 --> 00:15:02,702 to commemorate the day God led them 218 00:15:02,702 --> 00:15:06,339 to the safety of Preacher's Cave on Eleuthera, 219 00:15:06,339 --> 00:15:09,308 an island they called "the promised land." 220 00:15:11,077 --> 00:15:14,113 Long before the arrival of the Puritans, 221 00:15:14,113 --> 00:15:18,084 the original inhabitants of the Bahamas, the Lucayan 222 00:15:18,084 --> 00:15:21,587 believed that caves were sacred places. 223 00:15:21,587 --> 00:15:25,324 They saw the many caverns of the island as gateways 224 00:15:25,324 --> 00:15:29,195 between life on Earth and the spirit world. 225 00:15:29,195 --> 00:15:32,498 The Lucayan buried their dead in these caves 226 00:15:32,498 --> 00:15:35,668 to ensure safe passage to the afterlife. 227 00:15:37,603 --> 00:15:40,439 To this day centuries-old remains 228 00:15:40,439 --> 00:15:41,941 of the Lucayan 229 00:15:41,941 --> 00:15:44,110 are found in the remote caverns 230 00:15:44,110 --> 00:15:45,378 of the Bahamas. 231 00:15:50,283 --> 00:15:54,420 Caves are one of the only ecosystems on the planet 232 00:15:54,420 --> 00:15:56,689 that are not dependent on the sun. 233 00:15:59,058 --> 00:16:00,526 Without sunlight 234 00:16:00,526 --> 00:16:03,830 there are no plants inside the cave 235 00:16:03,830 --> 00:16:08,134 and the food chain hinges on a surprising source, 236 00:16:08,134 --> 00:16:13,272 a continuous supply of guano, bat droppings. 237 00:16:15,474 --> 00:16:20,379 Hundreds of bats roost inside these limestone caves. 238 00:16:20,379 --> 00:16:23,182 They are nocturnal and spend their days 239 00:16:23,182 --> 00:16:24,884 resting in the darkness. 240 00:16:28,387 --> 00:16:31,290 Here, they are sheltered from hurricanes 241 00:16:31,290 --> 00:16:33,125 and protected from predators. 242 00:16:34,727 --> 00:16:40,166 Bats roost upside down along the towering cave ceiling, 243 00:16:40,166 --> 00:16:42,335 an ideal position for take-off. 244 00:16:44,637 --> 00:16:48,541 They are the only mammals on Earth capable of flying. 245 00:16:50,676 --> 00:16:53,880 Unlike birds bats do not launch themselves 246 00:16:53,880 --> 00:16:55,781 into the air. 247 00:16:55,781 --> 00:16:58,351 Instead they fall into flight. 248 00:16:59,819 --> 00:17:02,488 For bats hanging upside down 249 00:17:02,488 --> 00:17:05,224 is the equivalent of lying down for humans. 250 00:17:06,559 --> 00:17:08,928 They are most relaxed in this position. 251 00:17:11,664 --> 00:17:15,101 Bats dangle upside down by their hooked feet. 252 00:17:16,669 --> 00:17:19,805 These claws are not connected to a muscle 253 00:17:19,805 --> 00:17:22,475 instead, the weight of their upper body 254 00:17:22,475 --> 00:17:27,113 pulls down on tendons attached to their curved feet 255 00:17:27,113 --> 00:17:31,984 causing them to clasp together and lock around a cusp of rock. 256 00:17:31,984 --> 00:17:39,125 (♪♪♪) 257 00:17:39,125 --> 00:17:43,129 There are more than 1,000 bat species in the world 258 00:17:43,129 --> 00:17:47,700 making up almost 25% of all mammals on the planet. 259 00:17:49,735 --> 00:17:51,837 The caves of the Bahamas are home 260 00:17:51,837 --> 00:17:53,806 to eleven different species. 261 00:17:53,806 --> 00:17:59,245 (♪♪♪) 262 00:17:59,245 --> 00:18:02,515 These male Buffy Flower Bats have collected 263 00:18:02,515 --> 00:18:07,353 for an extravagant and rarely seen display 264 00:18:07,353 --> 00:18:10,756 of rapid shaking and vigorous wing beating 265 00:18:10,756 --> 00:18:13,025 designed to attract females. 266 00:18:13,025 --> 00:18:20,166 (♪♪♪) 267 00:18:20,166 --> 00:18:22,601 Most bats roost in groups 268 00:18:22,601 --> 00:18:26,038 especially those who require extra protection. 269 00:18:29,475 --> 00:18:32,812 In early summer large clusters of bats 270 00:18:32,812 --> 00:18:37,750 gather in the safety of a cave to give birth. 271 00:18:37,750 --> 00:18:41,053 These gatherings are called maternity roosts. 272 00:18:43,055 --> 00:18:46,525 Bat pregnancies can last 6-9 weeks 273 00:18:46,525 --> 00:18:47,994 depending on the species. 274 00:18:50,763 --> 00:18:53,432 These Big Brown Bats huddle together 275 00:18:53,432 --> 00:18:55,468 to stay warm. 276 00:18:55,468 --> 00:18:59,005 This is a priority for new mothers. 277 00:18:59,005 --> 00:19:02,775 Spending less energy on maintaining body heat 278 00:19:02,775 --> 00:19:05,878 means saving it for something more important, 279 00:19:05,878 --> 00:19:07,513 like looking after their young. 280 00:19:09,281 --> 00:19:13,552 Most bats give birth to just one baby called a pup 281 00:19:13,552 --> 00:19:16,188 each year. 282 00:19:16,188 --> 00:19:19,425 A mother keeps her young one close, 283 00:19:19,425 --> 00:19:22,161 born blind and with no fur 284 00:19:22,161 --> 00:19:25,765 the pup is completely dependent on its mother 285 00:19:25,765 --> 00:19:28,434 suckling on milk for nourishment 286 00:19:28,434 --> 00:19:30,369 for at least four weeks 287 00:19:30,369 --> 00:19:33,205 until it is old enough to leave the roost 288 00:19:33,205 --> 00:19:35,474 and fly in search of food. 289 00:19:38,744 --> 00:19:43,849 The bats of the Bahamas feed mostly on insects, fruits 290 00:19:43,849 --> 00:19:47,653 and small vertebrates and fish. 291 00:19:47,653 --> 00:19:50,790 These nocturnal creatures can find their prey 292 00:19:50,790 --> 00:19:54,794 in complete darkness using echolocation, 293 00:19:54,794 --> 00:19:58,664 a series of high-pitched sounds that reverberate off 294 00:19:58,664 --> 00:20:02,802 the surrounding walls and objects. 295 00:20:02,802 --> 00:20:08,641 Bats send 10-20 of these sounds each second. 296 00:20:08,641 --> 00:20:11,510 The speeds at which the echoes travel back 297 00:20:11,510 --> 00:20:15,581 determine how far away surrounding objects are 298 00:20:15,581 --> 00:20:17,049 including prey. 299 00:20:18,951 --> 00:20:22,621 Bats can eat as many as 1,200 mosquitoes 300 00:20:22,621 --> 00:20:25,324 in just one hour. 301 00:20:25,324 --> 00:20:28,694 Overnight, they devour their entire body weight 302 00:20:28,694 --> 00:20:29,929 in insects. 303 00:20:31,497 --> 00:20:37,403 Bats digest food very quickly producing large volumes of guano 304 00:20:37,403 --> 00:20:39,772 that can pile up several feet high. 305 00:20:42,374 --> 00:20:45,678 Leaves and plants washed up by rainwater 306 00:20:45,678 --> 00:20:49,381 fruits dropped by bats, and guano 307 00:20:49,381 --> 00:20:51,717 coat the floors of the cave 308 00:20:51,717 --> 00:20:55,588 creating a sludge of organic compost, 309 00:20:55,588 --> 00:20:59,558 an ideal habitat for bacteria and fungi 310 00:20:59,558 --> 00:21:02,394 that underpin the entire food chain 311 00:21:02,394 --> 00:21:03,562 of the cave. 312 00:21:05,664 --> 00:21:08,000 Millipedes and small crustaceans 313 00:21:08,000 --> 00:21:10,936 feed on these microorganisms 314 00:21:10,936 --> 00:21:14,440 while larger insects such as beetles and spiders 315 00:21:14,440 --> 00:21:16,108 eat the smaller creatures. 316 00:21:18,777 --> 00:21:21,514 Frogs and toads residing in the nooks 317 00:21:21,514 --> 00:21:24,917 and hollows of the cave come out of hiding 318 00:21:24,917 --> 00:21:26,318 to feed on insects. 319 00:21:29,588 --> 00:21:33,025 While other creatures go directly to the source. 320 00:21:35,561 --> 00:21:39,565 A Caribbean hermit crab slowly makes its way down 321 00:21:39,565 --> 00:21:44,970 to the cave floor to feast on bat guano. 322 00:21:44,970 --> 00:21:48,240 The crab carefully climbs down the branch 323 00:21:48,240 --> 00:21:50,376 using its left claw for balance. 324 00:21:52,545 --> 00:21:56,182 The smaller right claw is an eating utensil 325 00:21:56,182 --> 00:22:00,319 while a short pair of antennae enable the crab to smell 326 00:22:00,319 --> 00:22:03,856 and taste the food. 327 00:22:03,856 --> 00:22:08,060 Sharp eyesight and a second, longer pair of antennae 328 00:22:08,060 --> 00:22:11,564 keep the hermit crab alert to potential dangers. 329 00:22:13,999 --> 00:22:18,904 A spiraled shell large enough to conceal its entire body 330 00:22:18,904 --> 00:22:22,174 shields the crab's soft belly from predators. 331 00:22:24,276 --> 00:22:27,780 The hard left claw offers additional protection 332 00:22:27,780 --> 00:22:31,684 by blocking the entrance to the shell. 333 00:22:31,684 --> 00:22:35,788 Hermit crabs are not born with these protective shelters 334 00:22:35,788 --> 00:22:39,425 they search for shells abandoned by marine snails 335 00:22:39,425 --> 00:22:41,427 in a competitive housing market. 336 00:22:43,362 --> 00:22:46,432 Hermit crabs are one of the most common crustaceans 337 00:22:46,432 --> 00:22:48,467 on the planet. 338 00:22:48,467 --> 00:22:52,204 There are more than 500 known species 339 00:22:52,204 --> 00:22:56,242 some are smaller than a coin 340 00:22:56,242 --> 00:22:58,777 others as large as a coconut. 341 00:22:58,777 --> 00:23:06,118 (♪♪♪) 342 00:23:06,118 --> 00:23:09,655 Tucked away, at the base of a rugged cliff 343 00:23:09,655 --> 00:23:13,525 a small opening overgrown with vines 344 00:23:13,525 --> 00:23:15,761 leads inside a cave 345 00:23:15,761 --> 00:23:17,896 believed to have been the hide out 346 00:23:17,896 --> 00:23:22,268 of one of the Caribbean's most powerful pirates. 347 00:23:22,268 --> 00:23:24,703 This is Morgan's Cave. 348 00:23:26,038 --> 00:23:28,173 According to local folklore 349 00:23:28,173 --> 00:23:32,011 this cave was once home to Henry Morgan, 350 00:23:32,011 --> 00:23:34,913 an infamous 17th century pirate. 351 00:23:37,316 --> 00:23:38,951 >> Morgan's cave was his home 352 00:23:38,951 --> 00:23:41,587 where he said he hid his treasures there. 353 00:23:41,587 --> 00:23:44,023 Henry Morgan was actually a privateer 354 00:23:44,023 --> 00:23:46,158 that resided in the Bahamas. 355 00:23:46,158 --> 00:23:48,661 He was hired by the British government 356 00:23:48,661 --> 00:23:49,862 to protect the islands 357 00:23:49,862 --> 00:23:52,898 and also to seize any Spanish galleon ship 358 00:23:52,898 --> 00:23:55,034 headed back to Spain to carry gold. 359 00:23:55,034 --> 00:23:58,203 So he put one of his headquarters in Andros. 360 00:23:58,203 --> 00:24:00,372 And this was because at Morgan's Bluff 361 00:24:00,372 --> 00:24:03,375 you were able to see the ships going past. 362 00:24:03,375 --> 00:24:05,311 So most of the Spanish ships what they would do 363 00:24:05,311 --> 00:24:07,212 They would cut across the Bahamas 364 00:24:07,212 --> 00:24:08,847 and head into the Atlantic. 365 00:24:08,847 --> 00:24:11,850 So Morgan was able to scout out there with his guys 366 00:24:11,850 --> 00:24:13,385 and attack when he needed to. 367 00:24:17,656 --> 00:24:19,658 >> This is Morgan's Bluff. 368 00:24:22,161 --> 00:24:26,498 A rugged cliff line boldly facing the wild waves 369 00:24:26,498 --> 00:24:27,766 of the Atlantic. 370 00:24:29,301 --> 00:24:33,072 Beaten by seawater and weathered by erosion 371 00:24:33,072 --> 00:24:37,743 the bluff is pitted with holes and bound by jagged ridges. 372 00:24:39,211 --> 00:24:42,481 It is the highest point on Andros, 373 00:24:42,481 --> 00:24:45,617 the largest island of the Bahamian Archipelago. 374 00:24:47,419 --> 00:24:51,924 >> Andros has a world of wildlife for you to explore. 375 00:24:57,463 --> 00:25:02,368 >> Andros stretches across 104 miles 376 00:25:02,368 --> 00:25:08,407 of lush vegetation, towering pine forests 377 00:25:08,407 --> 00:25:10,642 and tangled mangrove swamps. 378 00:25:13,846 --> 00:25:16,081 Its landmass is larger 379 00:25:16,081 --> 00:25:19,451 than all of the other Bahamian islands combined. 380 00:25:21,420 --> 00:25:24,656 The shallow waters of the Great Bahama Bank 381 00:25:24,656 --> 00:25:27,025 stretch along the western side. 382 00:25:29,461 --> 00:25:34,900 Along the eastern shore lies a 6,000-foot abyss 383 00:25:34,900 --> 00:25:37,136 called the Tongue of the Ocean. 384 00:25:39,938 --> 00:25:42,975 This marine trench separates the islands 385 00:25:42,975 --> 00:25:45,511 of Andros and New Providence. 386 00:25:47,980 --> 00:25:51,984 It is lined by the world's third largest barrier reef. 387 00:25:55,320 --> 00:25:58,190 Deep below the surface of the island 388 00:25:58,190 --> 00:26:02,194 lies one of the earth's final frontiers, 389 00:26:02,194 --> 00:26:06,799 the dark and mysterious caves known as blue holes. 390 00:26:08,700 --> 00:26:12,104 Andros is home to more than 200 blue holes. 391 00:26:14,106 --> 00:26:17,543 The highest concentration in the Western Hemisphere. 392 00:26:19,044 --> 00:26:22,948 >> Andros is one massive labyrinth of cave systems 393 00:26:22,948 --> 00:26:25,451 and these blue holes are just portholes 394 00:26:25,451 --> 00:26:26,585 to this cave system. 395 00:26:31,323 --> 00:26:33,425 >> Like the rest of the Bahamas 396 00:26:33,425 --> 00:26:36,161 the limestone landscape of Andros 397 00:26:36,161 --> 00:26:37,830 has been eroded by water. 398 00:26:40,032 --> 00:26:44,770 More than 300,000 years ago during the last ice age 399 00:26:44,770 --> 00:26:48,807 sea levels dropped by as much as 400-feet 400 00:26:48,807 --> 00:26:51,810 leaving the islands unprotected from the elements. 401 00:26:53,579 --> 00:26:56,448 Rainwater eroded the limestone 402 00:26:56,448 --> 00:26:59,985 forming hundreds of miles of underground caverns. 403 00:27:05,057 --> 00:27:09,361 Falling rain absorbs atmospheric carbon dioxide 404 00:27:09,361 --> 00:27:12,264 and forms a weak acid. 405 00:27:12,264 --> 00:27:13,665 With every drop 406 00:27:13,665 --> 00:27:17,569 this acid eats away at limestone. 407 00:27:17,569 --> 00:27:23,141 While draining through the rock acidic waters slowly widen pores 408 00:27:23,141 --> 00:27:26,044 and pry cracks open. 409 00:27:26,044 --> 00:27:28,413 >> You have these large pockets being developed 410 00:27:28,413 --> 00:27:29,982 over thousands of years. 411 00:27:29,982 --> 00:27:31,116 And finally 412 00:27:31,116 --> 00:27:34,219 you had the top of these holes that were being formed 413 00:27:34,219 --> 00:27:37,122 under the earth collapsing in. 414 00:27:39,124 --> 00:27:43,395 >> As sea levels rose the caves filled up. 415 00:27:43,395 --> 00:27:47,332 These deep, vertical caverns descend to depths 416 00:27:47,332 --> 00:27:50,903 of more than 1,000-feet. 417 00:27:50,903 --> 00:27:53,038 The Ocean's salty waters 418 00:27:53,038 --> 00:27:55,807 settle at the bottom of blue holes 419 00:27:55,807 --> 00:27:58,143 while freshwater collects on top. 420 00:27:59,645 --> 00:28:04,349 The deepest layer contains no oxygen at all. 421 00:28:04,349 --> 00:28:07,819 Geologists call this an anoxic environment. 422 00:28:10,689 --> 00:28:12,991 These underwater caves 423 00:28:12,991 --> 00:28:16,428 are one of the least explored places on Earth. 424 00:28:20,065 --> 00:28:23,969 Diving through the Bahamas' intricate labyrinth of caves 425 00:28:23,969 --> 00:28:26,505 is extremely dangerous 426 00:28:26,505 --> 00:28:29,107 even for the most experienced diver. 427 00:28:30,943 --> 00:28:32,878 In some blue holes 428 00:28:32,878 --> 00:28:35,681 divers swim through poisonous gas 429 00:28:35,681 --> 00:28:39,284 that causes dizziness, skin irritation, 430 00:28:39,284 --> 00:28:42,287 and in high concentrations, even death. 431 00:28:44,990 --> 00:28:47,626 More people have died cave diving 432 00:28:47,626 --> 00:28:49,428 than climbing Mount Everest. 433 00:28:50,963 --> 00:28:55,701 Down here there is no air, no light. 434 00:28:55,701 --> 00:28:58,470 This is one of the harshest environments 435 00:28:58,470 --> 00:28:59,504 on the planet. 436 00:29:00,572 --> 00:29:04,109 Yet these waters teem with microorganisms 437 00:29:04,109 --> 00:29:07,079 that have adapted to the extreme conditions. 438 00:29:09,247 --> 00:29:13,185 Studying the life forms that thrive in this environment 439 00:29:13,185 --> 00:29:17,623 gives scientists a glimpse into the Earth's past 440 00:29:17,623 --> 00:29:22,294 more than 3 billion years ago when there was no oxygen 441 00:29:22,294 --> 00:29:24,329 on our planet. 442 00:29:24,329 --> 00:29:29,768 These studies also shed light on how life might possibly survive 443 00:29:29,768 --> 00:29:32,404 on distant, oxygen-free planets. 444 00:29:36,842 --> 00:29:39,778 The underwater caverns of the Bahamas 445 00:29:39,778 --> 00:29:42,981 are decorated with geological ornaments 446 00:29:42,981 --> 00:29:46,985 hanging from the ceiling and sprouting from the ground. 447 00:29:48,387 --> 00:29:52,691 Millions of years ago when these caves were dry 448 00:29:52,691 --> 00:29:55,427 rainwater seeping through the cracks 449 00:29:55,427 --> 00:29:58,096 trickled down into the hollowed caverns. 450 00:29:59,364 --> 00:30:02,934 The dissolved limestone carried by the water 451 00:30:02,934 --> 00:30:08,840 met the air inside these caves and a mineral called calcite 452 00:30:08,840 --> 00:30:11,009 was deposited along the cracks. 453 00:30:12,444 --> 00:30:17,282 As water continued to drip the calcite grew in size 454 00:30:17,282 --> 00:30:21,086 each drop leaving a tiny amount of mineral behind. 455 00:30:22,621 --> 00:30:24,222 It takes a century 456 00:30:24,222 --> 00:30:27,426 for just one quarter of an inch to grow. 457 00:30:27,426 --> 00:30:30,929 But over time these beautiful formations 458 00:30:30,929 --> 00:30:33,065 called stalactites 459 00:30:33,065 --> 00:30:36,001 suspend from the ceilings of the caves 460 00:30:36,001 --> 00:30:39,237 like an enchanted crystal forest. 461 00:30:39,237 --> 00:30:43,842 Quicker drips of water rolling off the stalactites 462 00:30:43,842 --> 00:30:49,715 deposit calcite on the floor creating stalagmites. 463 00:30:49,715 --> 00:30:53,485 When a stalagmite and stalactite join together 464 00:30:53,485 --> 00:30:54,920 they form a column. 465 00:30:57,622 --> 00:31:01,126 These structures take thousands of years to grow 466 00:31:01,126 --> 00:31:04,062 and can reach heights of more than 30-feet. 467 00:31:07,132 --> 00:31:09,601 The depths of these underwater caves 468 00:31:09,601 --> 00:31:14,172 may reveal the secrets of the past 469 00:31:14,172 --> 00:31:16,808 but the surface of these blue holes 470 00:31:16,808 --> 00:31:19,511 holds the key to survival for the residents 471 00:31:19,511 --> 00:31:20,779 of the Bahamas. 472 00:31:22,280 --> 00:31:25,383 These islands are surrounded by salt water 473 00:31:25,383 --> 00:31:28,420 and receive very little rain. 474 00:31:28,420 --> 00:31:32,924 In the Bahamas freshwater is hard to come by. 475 00:31:32,924 --> 00:31:34,493 >> You get freshwater in two ways. 476 00:31:34,493 --> 00:31:38,597 One; you can catch it in a cistern and hold it there 477 00:31:38,597 --> 00:31:39,798 and then hopefully you have enough 478 00:31:39,798 --> 00:31:41,032 to survive the year. 479 00:31:41,032 --> 00:31:43,568 But there's also very shallow fresh water lenses. 480 00:31:45,437 --> 00:31:50,342 >> A thin lens of fresh water collected during rainfall 481 00:31:50,342 --> 00:31:54,045 floats on top of a dense, salt-water layer 482 00:31:54,045 --> 00:31:57,549 along the surface of these blue holes. 483 00:31:57,549 --> 00:32:02,187 On some islands these lenses are only a few feet deep. 484 00:32:03,455 --> 00:32:06,958 This shallow layer was the only source of water 485 00:32:06,958 --> 00:32:09,628 sustaining life on smaller islands 486 00:32:09,628 --> 00:32:10,962 like Eleuthera 487 00:32:10,962 --> 00:32:13,932 until salt water filters were developed. 488 00:32:13,932 --> 00:32:16,868 >> You go to places like Andros, which are very large islands, 489 00:32:16,868 --> 00:32:19,104 they can have very thick freshwater lenses. 490 00:32:19,104 --> 00:32:22,440 They get lenses 50-feet thick. 491 00:32:22,440 --> 00:32:25,043 >> Inland blue holes in Andros 492 00:32:25,043 --> 00:32:28,280 provide as much as 6 million gallons 493 00:32:28,280 --> 00:32:30,448 of freshwater daily. 494 00:32:30,448 --> 00:32:34,085 The most plentiful are those at the center of the island 495 00:32:34,085 --> 00:32:38,456 surrounded by the soaring Caribbean pines. 496 00:32:38,456 --> 00:32:41,459 >> The rock land pine forest is important as well 497 00:32:41,459 --> 00:32:44,029 because they are like osmosis pump 498 00:32:44,029 --> 00:32:47,132 each one of those pine trees keeps the freshwater lens 499 00:32:47,132 --> 00:32:48,533 close to the surface. 500 00:32:48,533 --> 00:32:50,435 The lens is like a freshwater bubble 501 00:32:50,435 --> 00:32:52,671 that sits in the big limestone plateau. 502 00:32:52,671 --> 00:32:54,773 And if the trees' osmosis pressure's 503 00:32:54,773 --> 00:32:57,742 not holding the lens in place, you remove the trees, 504 00:32:57,742 --> 00:32:59,044 the water just drains away. 505 00:33:00,579 --> 00:33:03,014 The pine forest by Blue Hole National Park 506 00:33:03,014 --> 00:33:07,052 is the largest one of those species of pine 507 00:33:07,052 --> 00:33:08,186 left in the world. 508 00:33:09,955 --> 00:33:13,391 >> Caribbean pines flourish near freshwater 509 00:33:13,391 --> 00:33:15,327 found only on the northern islands 510 00:33:15,327 --> 00:33:18,330 of the Bahamas. 511 00:33:18,330 --> 00:33:22,734 In Andros pines grow as tall as 150-feet 512 00:33:22,734 --> 00:33:26,705 providing homes to a vast array of wildlife. 513 00:33:28,106 --> 00:33:32,878 Caribbean pines require sunlight and open space to grow 514 00:33:32,878 --> 00:33:35,881 away from coppice vegetation, 515 00:33:35,881 --> 00:33:39,718 a mixture of shrubs that share the forest with these pines. 516 00:33:41,486 --> 00:33:43,255 During dry seasons 517 00:33:43,255 --> 00:33:46,625 natural fires set this brush ablaze 518 00:33:46,625 --> 00:33:49,294 removing competition for the sunlight. 519 00:33:51,496 --> 00:33:55,133 As these shading, broad-leafed plants burn down 520 00:33:55,133 --> 00:33:58,536 juvenile pines receive enough light to grow. 521 00:34:00,639 --> 00:34:04,109 Botanists call these Caribbean pinelands 522 00:34:04,109 --> 00:34:07,679 "Fire climax communities." 523 00:34:07,679 --> 00:34:12,183 Without these wild fires the pine forests of the Bahamas 524 00:34:12,183 --> 00:34:13,652 would not survive. 525 00:34:16,655 --> 00:34:19,591 >> The reason pines don't get destroyed during fires 526 00:34:19,591 --> 00:34:21,493 is because they have a resin in it 527 00:34:21,493 --> 00:34:24,696 and when it becomes overheated the resin explodes 528 00:34:24,696 --> 00:34:28,199 putting out any fire that can potentially damage the pine. 529 00:34:32,337 --> 00:34:38,710 >> The pine forest of Andros is a bird-watcher's paradise. 530 00:34:38,710 --> 00:34:42,414 >> You're surrounded by these birds and so that's really intriguing 531 00:34:42,414 --> 00:34:45,951 having that, you know, being surrounded by wildlife 532 00:34:45,951 --> 00:34:47,953 and hearing this beautiful sound as you walk through. 533 00:34:49,120 --> 00:34:52,524 >> Yellow-bellied bananaquits feed on pine needles... 534 00:34:55,260 --> 00:34:58,463 while American kestrels hunt for insects 535 00:34:58,463 --> 00:35:00,865 and small rodents in the forest. 536 00:35:03,168 --> 00:35:07,205 A red-legged thrush sits up in the trees 537 00:35:07,205 --> 00:35:11,309 assuming a high vantage point to find its next meal. 538 00:35:12,811 --> 00:35:15,814 Turkey vultures are the most common species 539 00:35:15,814 --> 00:35:17,048 in this forest. 540 00:35:18,450 --> 00:35:20,785 >> Now these birds are normally known as pests 541 00:35:20,785 --> 00:35:23,655 in the Bahamian society because they're everywhere. 542 00:35:23,655 --> 00:35:25,523 However, they play a pivotal role 543 00:35:25,523 --> 00:35:27,826 in the ecosystem. 544 00:35:27,826 --> 00:35:29,694 They work as sanitation workers. 545 00:35:29,694 --> 00:35:32,630 They clean the ecosystem from pine forest 546 00:35:32,630 --> 00:35:35,600 to the coppice vegetation to the sides of the roads. 547 00:35:35,600 --> 00:35:39,237 They help remove any debris that would be a potential hazard 548 00:35:39,237 --> 00:35:40,472 to mankind. 549 00:35:41,940 --> 00:35:46,378 >> From towering pine forests to lush coppice vegetation 550 00:35:46,378 --> 00:35:47,946 the Bahamas bloom 551 00:35:47,946 --> 00:35:52,083 with more than 1,400 species of plants. 552 00:35:52,083 --> 00:35:54,019 >> The plants here have had a tremendous influence 553 00:35:54,019 --> 00:35:56,988 on the people and culture of the Bahamas. 554 00:35:56,988 --> 00:35:58,890 These islands were extremely isolated 555 00:35:58,890 --> 00:36:02,027 for long periods of time starting with the loyalists 556 00:36:02,027 --> 00:36:04,429 in the 1600s, 557 00:36:04,429 --> 00:36:07,032 through the slave and plantation trade 558 00:36:07,032 --> 00:36:08,500 and then into independence. 559 00:36:08,500 --> 00:36:09,534 And in these islands 560 00:36:09,534 --> 00:36:11,002 you didn't have access to doctors, 561 00:36:11,002 --> 00:36:12,537 you didn't have access to pharmacies. 562 00:36:13,671 --> 00:36:16,274 >> People took matters into their own hands 563 00:36:16,274 --> 00:36:20,011 discovering medicinal uses for a diversity of plants 564 00:36:20,011 --> 00:36:21,713 that grow in the Bahamas. 565 00:36:23,281 --> 00:36:27,018 A practice locals call Bahamian bush medicine. 566 00:36:28,653 --> 00:36:30,955 >> Bahamian bush medicine is a tradition 567 00:36:30,955 --> 00:36:33,858 that was passed on by our African ancestors. 568 00:36:33,858 --> 00:36:36,327 By boiling leaves and barks of certain plants 569 00:36:36,327 --> 00:36:38,630 as a tea or tonic. 570 00:36:38,630 --> 00:36:40,298 In that time there was no clinics, 571 00:36:40,298 --> 00:36:41,266 no hospitals, 572 00:36:41,266 --> 00:36:43,601 so our mothers had to be the doctors 573 00:36:43,601 --> 00:36:45,703 and our fathers had to be the doctors. 574 00:36:45,703 --> 00:36:48,840 Going out into the coppice and bringing in certain plants 575 00:36:48,840 --> 00:36:51,109 and medicinal stuff to heal ourselves 576 00:36:51,109 --> 00:36:52,177 from certain illnesses 577 00:36:52,177 --> 00:36:53,945 we would catch like colds and flus, 578 00:36:53,945 --> 00:36:57,215 upset stomachs and all kinds of other illness. 579 00:37:00,118 --> 00:37:03,321 >> The lush, coppice forests of the Bahamas 580 00:37:03,321 --> 00:37:07,292 are a living pharmacy where every plant has a purpose. 581 00:37:08,393 --> 00:37:11,629 The bark and leaves of a five finger plant 582 00:37:11,629 --> 00:37:13,598 when brewed as a tea 583 00:37:13,598 --> 00:37:16,468 can strengthen a weakened bladder. 584 00:37:16,468 --> 00:37:21,239 While plants, like Gammalamme also known as gumbo limbo 585 00:37:21,239 --> 00:37:25,443 are rubbed directly on the skin to rid the body of toxins 586 00:37:25,443 --> 00:37:28,179 caused by contact with poisonous shrubs. 587 00:37:30,181 --> 00:37:33,618 Some locals eat the leaves of the blue flower 588 00:37:33,618 --> 00:37:37,722 also known as rat tail to treat colds and flu. 589 00:37:39,224 --> 00:37:40,792 >> Once you go to nature, 590 00:37:40,792 --> 00:37:42,894 all your questions kind of get answered. 591 00:37:47,832 --> 00:37:50,301 >> An amazing diversity of plant life 592 00:37:50,301 --> 00:37:54,639 carpets the forest floor creating shaded habitat 593 00:37:54,639 --> 00:37:56,174 for the island's creatures. 594 00:38:00,011 --> 00:38:01,880 Roaming in the brush 595 00:38:01,880 --> 00:38:04,716 is the largest land crab population 596 00:38:04,716 --> 00:38:05,917 in the Bahamas. 597 00:38:07,752 --> 00:38:10,955 >> Only in Andros we celebrate land crabs. 598 00:38:10,955 --> 00:38:12,657 They're part of our heritage. 599 00:38:12,657 --> 00:38:14,893 Androsians are known to the world 600 00:38:14,893 --> 00:38:17,295 and to the Bahamas as crab catchers. 601 00:38:17,295 --> 00:38:19,197 So it's a delicacy throughout the country. 602 00:38:20,899 --> 00:38:24,469 >> These land crabs can get as large as one foot 603 00:38:24,469 --> 00:38:25,937 from claw to claw. 604 00:38:27,672 --> 00:38:30,408 They grow by shedding their hard shell 605 00:38:30,408 --> 00:38:31,943 and absorbing water 606 00:38:31,943 --> 00:38:36,247 before growing a new larger shell. 607 00:38:36,247 --> 00:38:38,950 Land crabs migrate from the forest 608 00:38:38,950 --> 00:38:41,819 toward the sea to release their eggs 609 00:38:41,819 --> 00:38:43,354 in coastal environments. 610 00:38:49,928 --> 00:38:54,365 Along the shoreline a dense tangle of roots 611 00:38:54,365 --> 00:38:56,935 lines the emerald waters of the Caribbean. 612 00:38:59,437 --> 00:39:02,140 These are mangroves. 613 00:39:02,140 --> 00:39:05,243 They act as a refuge for juvenile fish 614 00:39:05,243 --> 00:39:07,679 and a shield that defends the shoreline 615 00:39:07,679 --> 00:39:09,180 from tropical storms. 616 00:39:10,381 --> 00:39:14,786 These twisting swamps are vital to the ecology of the Bahamas. 617 00:39:16,221 --> 00:39:17,589 >> A Bahamas without mangroves 618 00:39:17,589 --> 00:39:19,757 would be a very different Bahamas. 619 00:39:19,757 --> 00:39:23,661 You'd lose so many species and our coastline, 620 00:39:23,661 --> 00:39:25,897 which most of the Bahamas is coastal, 621 00:39:25,897 --> 00:39:27,165 would change dramatically. 622 00:39:29,100 --> 00:39:33,938 >> Mangroves are a buffer zone between land and water. 623 00:39:33,938 --> 00:39:37,442 Their tangled, woven roots protect the shoreline 624 00:39:37,442 --> 00:39:40,345 from erosion and soften the harsh waves 625 00:39:40,345 --> 00:39:42,680 of passing storms. 626 00:39:42,680 --> 00:39:45,116 >> They have really funky root systems. 627 00:39:45,116 --> 00:39:47,418 Some people will call them the "walking trees" 628 00:39:47,418 --> 00:39:49,487 because they look like they have stilts. 629 00:39:51,389 --> 00:39:55,793 >> The roots of most trees are firmly planted in the ground 630 00:39:55,793 --> 00:39:58,963 or entirely submerged in water. 631 00:39:58,963 --> 00:40:01,799 Mangroves, grow only in the tropics 632 00:40:01,799 --> 00:40:05,270 in the salty coastal waters of seas and oceans. 633 00:40:07,272 --> 00:40:09,641 >> So along the coastline they have to deal with things 634 00:40:09,641 --> 00:40:13,144 like salt stress and water stress in their soils. 635 00:40:13,144 --> 00:40:15,747 So they have really cool characteristics, 636 00:40:15,747 --> 00:40:19,317 really interesting root systems and ways to deal with dispersal 637 00:40:19,317 --> 00:40:20,785 in a watery environment. 638 00:40:22,553 --> 00:40:26,090 >> The roots of mangroves come up into the air 639 00:40:26,090 --> 00:40:29,027 to absorb oxygen directly through their skin. 640 00:40:30,595 --> 00:40:35,700 These trees are well adapted to surviving in saltwater. 641 00:40:35,700 --> 00:40:38,636 The roots have tiny filters in their cells 642 00:40:38,636 --> 00:40:44,175 designed to soak up water and reject the salt. 643 00:40:44,175 --> 00:40:47,378 But they invariably absorb some salt, 644 00:40:47,378 --> 00:40:48,880 and have to get rid of it. 645 00:40:50,381 --> 00:40:54,118 Some mangroves excrete this salt through their leaves 646 00:40:54,118 --> 00:40:55,820 forming little crystals 647 00:40:55,820 --> 00:40:59,023 that are later rinsed away by rain. 648 00:40:59,023 --> 00:41:02,193 Others channel salts into the older leaves 649 00:41:02,193 --> 00:41:05,863 that become yellow eventually fall off 650 00:41:05,863 --> 00:41:07,298 and decompose 651 00:41:07,298 --> 00:41:09,701 creating a foundation for the food chain 652 00:41:09,701 --> 00:41:12,003 of this ecosystem. 653 00:41:12,003 --> 00:41:14,706 >> The mangrove leaves drop into the sea. 654 00:41:14,706 --> 00:41:17,608 It then becomes a food chain for the larvae, 655 00:41:17,608 --> 00:41:19,711 all the little crustaceans that live there. 656 00:41:19,711 --> 00:41:21,546 The little baby fish start to live there. 657 00:41:23,715 --> 00:41:27,352 >> The twisting roots of mangroves serve as a refuge 658 00:41:27,352 --> 00:41:30,455 for the diverse marine life of the Bahamas. 659 00:41:34,392 --> 00:41:36,928 Often referred to as nurseries 660 00:41:36,928 --> 00:41:40,465 the calm and shallow waters of the mangroves 661 00:41:40,465 --> 00:41:44,202 offer juvenile fish and invertebrates protection 662 00:41:44,202 --> 00:41:47,705 in this tangled labyrinth of roots. 663 00:41:47,705 --> 00:41:49,407 >> And that's why it's important to keep them. 664 00:41:49,407 --> 00:41:51,542 You remove the mangroves and your reef is finished. 665 00:41:54,178 --> 00:41:57,115 >> It is a training ground for many species 666 00:41:57,115 --> 00:42:00,318 before they graduate to life on the coral reef. 667 00:42:04,355 --> 00:42:07,525 A group of rare Bahamian rock iguanas 668 00:42:07,525 --> 00:42:10,294 bask in the tropical sun 669 00:42:10,294 --> 00:42:13,564 on the white sand beaches of Exuma Island. 670 00:42:13,564 --> 00:42:22,240 (♪♪♪) 671 00:42:22,240 --> 00:42:24,008 >> The way they move through the sand, 672 00:42:24,008 --> 00:42:26,878 the color of them, they're just magical creatures. 673 00:42:28,312 --> 00:42:31,682 >> A serrated ridge that runs along their spine 674 00:42:31,682 --> 00:42:34,085 helps release excess heat 675 00:42:34,085 --> 00:42:36,554 and makes the iguana appear larger 676 00:42:36,554 --> 00:42:38,656 during disputes over territory. 677 00:42:40,792 --> 00:42:44,629 These rock iguanas can grow as long as six feet. 678 00:42:47,398 --> 00:42:51,002 Mating season begins in the spring. 679 00:42:51,002 --> 00:42:54,439 Females produce two to nine eggs each year. 680 00:42:56,073 --> 00:43:00,178 They use termite mounds or dig their nests in the sand 681 00:43:00,178 --> 00:43:01,913 to incubate the eggs 682 00:43:01,913 --> 00:43:04,582 a process that takes about 90 days. 683 00:43:07,018 --> 00:43:09,687 Defensive mothers guard the burrows 684 00:43:09,687 --> 00:43:11,155 until the eggs hatch. 685 00:43:13,558 --> 00:43:16,961 >> At the beginning of life they eat small insects, 686 00:43:16,961 --> 00:43:20,131 however, as they grow older they almost become vegetarians. 687 00:43:23,167 --> 00:43:26,471 >> Adult iguanas feed on the succulent leaves, 688 00:43:26,471 --> 00:43:30,508 fruits and flowers of the coastal coppice forest 689 00:43:30,508 --> 00:43:35,780 to hydrate themselves in this dry Bahamian climate. 690 00:43:35,780 --> 00:43:38,816 They will climb trees to retrieve food 691 00:43:38,816 --> 00:43:41,319 or simply take a rest in the shade. 692 00:43:46,324 --> 00:43:51,162 Rock iguanas in the Bahamas are an endangered species: 693 00:43:51,162 --> 00:43:55,733 They are harvested for food and for the pet trade 694 00:43:55,733 --> 00:44:00,238 and fall prey to dogs and feral cats. 695 00:44:00,238 --> 00:44:04,408 These ancient creatures are now protected in the Bahamas 696 00:44:04,408 --> 00:44:08,312 and it is illegal to harm or capture a rock iguana. 697 00:44:10,615 --> 00:44:12,917 As the day comes to a close 698 00:44:12,917 --> 00:44:16,921 iguanas retreat into the cracks and ridges of the limestone 699 00:44:16,921 --> 00:44:19,724 that shapes these beautiful and diverse islands. 700 00:44:19,724 --> 00:44:33,337 (♪♪♪) 701 00:44:33,337 --> 00:44:35,506 From twisting mangrove nurseries... 702 00:44:37,341 --> 00:44:39,277 to flooded inland caves... 703 00:44:42,013 --> 00:44:45,950 the Bahamas offer a diversity of ecosystems 704 00:44:45,950 --> 00:44:48,386 for the wildlife that inhabit the islands. 705 00:44:50,221 --> 00:44:53,291 The blue holes of Andros offer entrance 706 00:44:53,291 --> 00:44:57,194 to a mysterious, underwater world. 707 00:44:57,194 --> 00:44:59,764 >> The entire limestone plateau of Andros 708 00:44:59,764 --> 00:45:03,034 is one massive labyrinth of cave systems 709 00:45:03,034 --> 00:45:05,536 and these blue holes are just portholes 710 00:45:05,536 --> 00:45:06,837 to this cave system. 711 00:45:08,239 --> 00:45:12,610 >> It is a wild land brimming with lush coppice forests 712 00:45:12,610 --> 00:45:15,780 and towering pines. 713 00:45:15,780 --> 00:45:17,582 >> The Bahamas is a special place if you're a nature lover 714 00:45:17,582 --> 00:45:21,252 because of so much habitat both land and sea. 715 00:45:22,920 --> 00:45:26,424 >> A place where jagged limestone cliffs 716 00:45:26,424 --> 00:45:30,661 meet boundless white sand beaches. 717 00:45:30,661 --> 00:45:36,233 >> You can find steep cliffs, fantastic caves, 718 00:45:36,233 --> 00:45:40,504 mangrove ecosystems and species that are unique to the Bahamas. 719 00:45:42,173 --> 00:45:47,411 >> The islands of the Bahamas are a stunning natural treasure 720 00:45:47,411 --> 00:45:50,481 rising from the clear, blue waters 721 00:45:50,481 --> 00:45:52,083 of the Atlantic Ocean. 722 00:45:52,083 --> 00:46:02,126 (♪♪♪) 723 00:46:02,126 --> 00:46:12,169 (♪♪♪) 724 00:46:12,169 --> 00:46:22,580 (♪♪♪) 56945

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