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Images of Auschwitz...
ECHO: Treblinka, Belzec, Sobibor...
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00:00:13,460 --> 00:00:15,820
..and Nazi attempts
to annihilate the Jewish people
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00:00:15,820 --> 00:00:18,740
were originally filmed
almost entirely in black and white.
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00:00:20,740 --> 00:00:22,500
But for the first time,
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00:00:22,500 --> 00:00:25,180
some of these images are being
transformed into colour.
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00:00:29,900 --> 00:00:33,380
Colourisations can get the image
closer to what it actually was.
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00:00:35,260 --> 00:00:38,380
I've seen it,
and I can't erase it in my mind.
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00:00:46,980 --> 00:00:48,820
Auschwitz is a story
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that should never be allowed
to fade from memory.
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00:00:57,180 --> 00:01:03,020
I couldn't talk about what
I went through for about 50 years.
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00:01:04,620 --> 00:01:08,300
Once we entered there,
we thought we'd entered hell.
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00:01:09,620 --> 00:01:12,540
All I see is guards yelling at us,
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"Get out quickly.
Take nothing with you."
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In the distance,
I see flames coming out of chimneys.
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I said, "When will I see my mother?"
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And she looked at the chimney,
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and she said,
"Your mother is burning there.
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"You'd better talk about her
in past tense."
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00:02:08,020 --> 00:02:13,460
Anybody that survived the camp
will live forever.
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00:02:47,020 --> 00:02:50,700
Among the last remaining
survivors of the Holocaust
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00:02:50,700 --> 00:02:53,060
are the stories of a world lost...
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00:02:56,300 --> 00:02:57,900
..and a life denied.
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00:03:06,500 --> 00:03:11,740
I grew up in this shtetl
in the Carpathian mountains.
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00:03:11,740 --> 00:03:18,540
There was a very vibrant
Jewish Hasidic community.
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00:03:18,540 --> 00:03:20,900
Life was good.
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00:03:20,900 --> 00:03:25,220
I was born in Sieradz
in central Poland.
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00:03:25,220 --> 00:03:27,500
My father was a bootmaker.
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00:03:27,500 --> 00:03:29,780
Made officers' boots.
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00:03:29,780 --> 00:03:34,180
My mother's family came from Spain.
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00:03:34,180 --> 00:03:36,660
In 1394, they came to Poland.
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00:03:39,060 --> 00:03:43,820
My father was the hazzan of
the town, the cantor.
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00:03:45,260 --> 00:03:48,420
My mother was a housewife.
We were 11 children,
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and you can imagine,
every meal, what it took to prepare.
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00:03:54,900 --> 00:03:57,340
I was born in Czechoslovakia.
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00:03:57,340 --> 00:04:01,660
Our family was in that
area about 100 years.
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In fact, a town in one of that area,
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which means "where God was born".
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00:04:10,940 --> 00:04:13,300
Most survivors alive today
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00:04:13,300 --> 00:04:15,860
were children
at the time of the Holocaust.
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00:04:17,100 --> 00:04:20,940
But they did not escape being
brutally uprooted from their homes,
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00:04:20,940 --> 00:04:26,780
witnessing appalling horrors,
and having their childhood denied.
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00:04:28,140 --> 00:04:31,660
These are stories about
resilience, defiance,
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00:04:31,660 --> 00:04:35,460
and the enduring human spirit.
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They are the voices
of those who lived.
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00:04:44,820 --> 00:04:51,620
They made holes in my skin
and then they put ink over it,
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and then the numbers stuck.
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37608.
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INTERVIEWER: Had you ever thought
of having it removed?
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00:05:02,500 --> 00:05:05,580
No. I have nothing to be ashamed of.
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00:05:05,580 --> 00:05:08,740
The Germans should be ashamed
of what they did.
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00:05:08,740 --> 00:05:11,540
I've nothing to be ashamed of.
Why should I remove it?
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00:05:14,460 --> 00:05:18,020
Eastern Europe was home
to about 7 million Jews,
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00:05:18,020 --> 00:05:21,260
a majority of the world's
Jewish population.
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00:05:22,660 --> 00:05:25,500
Poland had the largest community,
of around 3 million.
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00:05:43,500 --> 00:05:47,900
By 1945,
after 12 years of Nazi rule,
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00:05:47,900 --> 00:05:51,220
the vast majority of Europe's Jews
had been murdered.
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00:05:59,860 --> 00:06:02,700
The seeds of Auschwitz may have
been planted
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00:06:02,700 --> 00:06:05,380
in the dust of World War I.
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00:06:05,380 --> 00:06:10,260
Germany's defeat in 1918 was
followed by national humiliation,
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00:06:10,260 --> 00:06:13,660
economic collapse,
and political chaos.
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00:06:13,660 --> 00:06:17,700
Die-hard nationalists
and a World War I soldier
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00:06:17,700 --> 00:06:21,180
named Adolf Hitler
set out to rewrite history.
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00:06:23,620 --> 00:06:26,300
They slandered
70,000 Jewish soldiers,
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00:06:26,300 --> 00:06:28,660
claiming cowardice
on the front lines
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00:06:28,660 --> 00:06:31,780
led to a collapse of morale
and Germany's defeat.
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00:06:34,140 --> 00:06:37,900
My father in 1919
was a decorated hero.
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00:06:37,900 --> 00:06:44,180
25 years later, I, his son,
was in a cattle car to Auschwitz.
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00:06:48,500 --> 00:06:52,300
In 1933, Hitler seized power,
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00:06:52,300 --> 00:06:56,820
and a Nazi culture war against
Jewish influence intensified.
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00:06:56,820 --> 00:07:00,300
It included attacks on
prominent writers, artists,
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00:07:00,300 --> 00:07:02,500
musicians and intellectuals.
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00:07:28,060 --> 00:07:31,100
In 1933, new Nazi laws would
lead to the total
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00:07:31,100 --> 00:07:34,420
exclusion of Jews
from the German economy.
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00:07:35,820 --> 00:07:39,340
Similar laws would be adopted
by Germany's European allies.
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00:07:41,220 --> 00:07:46,340
Nazi party comes into power
in January of 1933 and April 1st,
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00:07:46,340 --> 00:07:50,740
Germany declares a boycott
against Jewish businesses.
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00:07:50,740 --> 00:07:54,260
In time, virtually all
Jewish-owned businesses were
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confiscated and most
Jews forced out of work.
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00:07:58,820 --> 00:08:03,940
This social and economic hell
would precede the hell of Auschwitz.
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00:08:12,900 --> 00:08:17,820
In 1935, the Nazis decreed
the infamous racial supremacy
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00:08:17,820 --> 00:08:23,380
Nuremberg laws, designed to protect
the purity of German blood.
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00:08:25,740 --> 00:08:30,140
The Nuremberg laws stripped Jews
of German citizenship and outlawed
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00:08:30,140 --> 00:08:34,980
sexual relations and marriage
between Jews, Roma and Germans.
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00:08:36,460 --> 00:08:39,700
These laws
justified racial breeding
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00:08:39,700 --> 00:08:42,900
and the forced sterilisations
of Roma women.
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00:08:42,900 --> 00:08:48,020
The Roma way of life would face
annihilation by the Nazis.
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00:08:51,300 --> 00:08:53,180
HE CALLS OUT TO HORSES
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00:08:59,900 --> 00:09:02,100
HE SPEAKS FRENCH
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00:09:15,580 --> 00:09:19,340
Some Nazi scientists believe
the Roma were genetically
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predisposed to criminality and
traditional Roma families,
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who freely
travelled round the countryside,
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00:09:26,020 --> 00:09:27,900
were considered a security threat.
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00:09:45,700 --> 00:09:47,220
In November 1938,
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00:09:47,220 --> 00:09:49,900
any doubts about the Nazis'
violent intentions
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00:09:49,900 --> 00:09:52,660
towards the Jews ended.
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00:09:55,540 --> 00:09:58,540
A night of Nazi terror left
1,000 German synagogues
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00:09:58,540 --> 00:10:02,940
burned down or vandalised,
leaving about 100 Jews dead.
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00:10:06,300 --> 00:10:10,100
It was called Kristallnacht,
the night of broken glass.
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00:10:13,220 --> 00:10:17,980
The path towards Auschwitz and the
Final Solution was foreshadowed.
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00:10:32,750 --> 00:10:35,390
That's the Germans
coming into Poland.
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00:10:37,350 --> 00:10:41,790
One year after Kristallnacht,
in September 1939,
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00:10:41,790 --> 00:10:43,310
the Nazis invaded Poland.
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00:10:44,870 --> 00:10:47,870
Hitler promised to regain
Germany's lost empire
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00:10:47,870 --> 00:10:50,390
following its defeat in World War I.
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00:10:54,750 --> 00:10:57,110
I was a boy of 10.
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00:10:57,110 --> 00:11:02,030
The Germans came with tanks and the
Polish army went in with horses.
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00:11:02,030 --> 00:11:06,430
It was wonderful to see
all these Polish soldiers.
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00:11:06,430 --> 00:11:08,990
Unfortunately, within about two
days,
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00:11:08,990 --> 00:11:11,990
they were overrun
by the German army.
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00:11:14,150 --> 00:11:18,470
Germany invaded Poland from the west
but also from the south.
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00:11:18,470 --> 00:11:21,750
Slovakia was in the south of Poland
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00:11:21,750 --> 00:11:26,070
so the German army marched
under my window.
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00:11:26,070 --> 00:11:27,710
All of a sudden, you couldn't buy
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00:11:27,710 --> 00:11:29,990
a piece of chocolate
in my whole town.
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00:11:32,150 --> 00:11:36,550
To feed a voracious war machine,
the Nazis began to round up
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00:11:36,550 --> 00:11:39,630
thousands of able-bodied Jewish
men and older children.
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00:11:41,430 --> 00:11:45,190
My father was taken to a work
camp in Krakow.
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00:11:46,870 --> 00:11:49,230
My mom didn't want to
go into hiding.
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00:11:49,230 --> 00:11:52,110
She brought my son,
my brother, with her
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00:11:52,110 --> 00:11:54,750
and she wanted a way
to take care of him
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00:11:54,750 --> 00:12:00,870
and herself and she volunteered to
cook in the work camp.
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00:12:00,870 --> 00:12:04,470
And the irony is that my parents
had a professional cook.
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I don't even know
if she knew how to cook.
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00:12:07,310 --> 00:12:10,870
They were transferred
from at least three camps.
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00:12:10,870 --> 00:12:14,270
When they moved, they moved
together to another camp.
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00:12:16,950 --> 00:12:20,190
Middle of the night,
a German policeman
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00:12:20,190 --> 00:12:24,710
and a Jewish policeman came
and they said because your father
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00:12:24,710 --> 00:12:28,510
escaped and your brother escaped,
you will have to come.
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00:12:30,110 --> 00:12:34,030
Within months, the Nazis established
dozens of forced labour camps
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00:12:34,030 --> 00:12:35,750
across occupied Poland.
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00:12:37,510 --> 00:12:43,950
At 11 years old, I went to that
camp. It was called Otoschno.
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00:12:43,950 --> 00:12:47,990
I didn't know what I was getting
in for because I remember camps,
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00:12:47,990 --> 00:12:51,190
we used to go, we used to stay
in tents
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00:12:51,190 --> 00:12:54,070
and we used to enjoy ourselves,
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00:12:54,070 --> 00:12:56,430
and I thought that was a camp.
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00:12:56,430 --> 00:13:02,270
They were building a railway line
for the attack on Russia.
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00:13:02,270 --> 00:13:05,510
The Otoschno camp was in west
central Poland,
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00:13:05,510 --> 00:13:07,230
near the city of Poznan.
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00:13:10,230 --> 00:13:14,630
We started with 2,500 men,
all Jewish.
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00:13:14,630 --> 00:13:19,910
Within 18 months, there were
only 11 people left alive.
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00:13:19,910 --> 00:13:24,990
Every week, they were hanging
people for just next to nothing.
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00:13:26,430 --> 00:13:28,990
People threw
themselves on the railway line.
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00:13:28,990 --> 00:13:31,350
As the railway line passed,
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00:13:31,350 --> 00:13:34,190
they just threw themselves under.
They couldn't take it any more.
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00:13:38,230 --> 00:13:40,270
Soon after invading Poland,
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00:13:40,270 --> 00:13:44,590
the Nazis established
the first urban prison zone
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00:13:44,590 --> 00:13:46,590
they called a ghetto.
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00:13:46,590 --> 00:13:50,190
The ghettos were encircled with
walls, fences and checkpoints.
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00:13:52,870 --> 00:13:56,790
Eventually, over 800 were
established in Nazi-occupied Europe.
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00:13:58,870 --> 00:14:02,590
Jewish families would be forcibly
uprooted from their homes
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00:14:02,590 --> 00:14:04,790
and sent to the nearest ghetto.
152
00:14:06,590 --> 00:14:09,590
Conditions of extreme
overcrowding, starvation
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00:14:09,590 --> 00:14:11,790
and disease deteriorated rapidly.
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00:14:15,830 --> 00:14:17,590
The Nazis filmed these scenes
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00:14:17,590 --> 00:14:19,950
of extreme human misery
and degradation
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00:14:19,950 --> 00:14:22,910
to prove that Jews were really
no different from vermin.
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00:14:28,070 --> 00:14:32,630
The ghettos were midway between
a world that was lost forever
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00:14:32,630 --> 00:14:34,870
and the hell of the death camps
to come.
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00:14:40,030 --> 00:14:44,270
Within a year after the invasion
of Poland, Auschwitz was open.
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00:14:48,790 --> 00:14:53,630
In June 1941,
Germany invades the Soviet Union,
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00:14:53,630 --> 00:14:56,470
helped by rail lines
laid by Jewish forced labour.
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00:14:59,390 --> 00:15:02,710
Go into villages,
towns and cities to gather the Jews,
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00:15:02,710 --> 00:15:06,270
march them out into the field or
into a ravine or into the forest and
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00:15:06,270 --> 00:15:09,790
they begin the process of doing what
they said they were going to do -
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00:15:09,790 --> 00:15:11,990
eliminate the Jews of Europe.
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00:15:21,670 --> 00:15:25,430
Arek beat the odds to survive 18
months at the Dachau work camp.
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00:15:27,070 --> 00:15:30,030
While he was away, his family were
forced to settle
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00:15:30,030 --> 00:15:32,390
in the Lodz Ghetto
where he rejoined them.
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00:15:36,030 --> 00:15:41,070
When I arrived in Lodz Ghetto,
it was surrounded by barbed wire,
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00:15:41,070 --> 00:15:46,750
guarded by German SS men with guns.
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00:15:46,750 --> 00:15:50,790
There were 160,000 people
in the large ghetto.
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00:15:50,790 --> 00:15:55,870
The Germans picked some
people with beards,
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00:15:55,870 --> 00:15:58,230
Hasidic people
and they cut their beard off
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00:15:58,230 --> 00:16:02,870
and the other soldiers stood around
and laughed and joked about it.
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00:16:02,870 --> 00:16:05,190
I watched that in the square.
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00:16:05,190 --> 00:16:08,470
I've seen it a few times.
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00:16:08,470 --> 00:16:14,230
Ordinary people
died in the street, on the pavement.
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00:16:14,230 --> 00:16:18,630
People just passed by,
didn't do anything about it.
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00:16:18,630 --> 00:16:23,350
Conditions in the ghetto were
terrible. Starvation and disease.
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00:16:23,350 --> 00:16:28,870
And I was home for two weeks,
then they liquidated the ghetto.
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00:16:31,430 --> 00:16:36,830
Eventually there were 4,000 people
in a church, quite a small church.
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00:16:36,830 --> 00:16:40,590
In search of water,
Arek slipped outside.
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00:16:42,750 --> 00:16:45,910
The SS men shouted at me,
one SS man,
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00:16:45,910 --> 00:16:50,630
and he says, "What's your
profession?" I said I was a tailor.
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00:16:50,630 --> 00:16:52,630
"Raus!"
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00:16:52,630 --> 00:16:55,550
Arek was ordered to join a small
group of men being sent
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00:16:55,550 --> 00:16:57,990
back to the ghetto.
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00:16:57,990 --> 00:17:01,390
By pretending to be a tailor
when only 13 years old,
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00:17:01,390 --> 00:17:05,790
he cheated death, again.
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00:17:05,790 --> 00:17:10,430
My mother was in the church
with my brother and my two sisters.
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00:17:10,430 --> 00:17:14,870
On that day
I lost about 18 of my family.
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00:17:18,550 --> 00:17:21,790
Resistance to the
Nazis in the ghettos risked arrest
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00:17:21,790 --> 00:17:23,710
and public hanging.
194
00:17:35,070 --> 00:17:38,750
Armed resistance developed in the
Warsaw ghetto as well
195
00:17:38,750 --> 00:17:43,470
as in Minsk, Bialystok,
Krakow and outside Vilna.
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00:17:44,750 --> 00:17:45,710
TRANSLATION:
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00:18:01,870 --> 00:18:06,830
Vilna, now called Vilnius, had its
own underground resistance movement.
198
00:18:06,830 --> 00:18:10,670
And 18-year-old Fania escaped
the Vilna ghetto the day before it
199
00:18:10,670 --> 00:18:16,430
was liquidated to join the Jewish
partisans in the forest.
200
00:18:48,310 --> 00:18:52,070
In 1944, the Nazis
faced military defeat.
201
00:18:52,070 --> 00:18:56,310
Hitler's ally Hungary was
under threat from the Soviet army.
202
00:18:57,670 --> 00:18:59,550
There was two wars going on.
203
00:18:59,550 --> 00:19:03,950
One against the Allies,
and another war against the Jews.
204
00:19:03,950 --> 00:19:07,670
Two separate sets of people
are working the problem.
205
00:19:07,670 --> 00:19:12,070
In spite of the Nazis
beginning to lose the war,
206
00:19:12,070 --> 00:19:16,470
their efforts to annihilate the
remaining Jews in Europe escalated.
207
00:19:16,470 --> 00:19:21,030
The Jews of Europe,
by the spring of 1944,
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00:19:21,030 --> 00:19:27,470
there were no masses of Jews
left anywhere except in Hungary.
209
00:19:30,350 --> 00:19:33,190
Passover in 1944,
210
00:19:33,190 --> 00:19:38,590
the Hungarians announced that
all the Jews have to gather
211
00:19:38,590 --> 00:19:40,870
in the yard of the synagogue.
212
00:19:42,190 --> 00:19:46,550
They are allowed to take
only 25lb per person.
213
00:19:46,550 --> 00:19:48,950
It was 6.30 in the morning.
214
00:19:50,190 --> 00:19:53,230
We were suddenly told
to pack our luggage.
215
00:19:53,230 --> 00:19:57,150
Take with us only our valuables
in a small suitcase.
216
00:19:57,150 --> 00:20:01,550
Take all your money,
take all your jewels.
217
00:20:01,550 --> 00:20:06,150
We were packing feverishly
documents,
218
00:20:06,150 --> 00:20:07,750
religious items.
219
00:20:10,750 --> 00:20:14,350
We had Passover dinner.
220
00:20:14,350 --> 00:20:18,510
My father got up and kissed us,
221
00:20:18,510 --> 00:20:21,910
and then in the morning,
we were picked up.
222
00:20:23,710 --> 00:20:27,390
They were taking us.
We were four children.
223
00:20:27,390 --> 00:20:31,710
My mother, my father,
my grandfather, my grandmother,
224
00:20:31,710 --> 00:20:33,230
and my uncle.
225
00:20:35,590 --> 00:20:40,350
My father took his prayer shawl
and his prayer book.
226
00:20:40,350 --> 00:20:43,350
My mother didn't want to go.
227
00:20:43,350 --> 00:20:46,350
She said,
I don't want them to kill me.
228
00:20:46,350 --> 00:20:48,750
I'm going to drink something.
229
00:20:48,750 --> 00:20:53,150
And I said, "Mummy,
you always have time to die."
230
00:20:53,150 --> 00:20:58,950
And so we convinced her.
And we started marching.
231
00:20:58,950 --> 00:21:01,630
They took us through Main Street,
232
00:21:01,630 --> 00:21:04,110
and that's one thing
that I'll never forget.
233
00:21:04,110 --> 00:21:08,150
And there are people working
on both sides of the street,
234
00:21:08,150 --> 00:21:12,630
and they looked at us as if we were
ghost. They completely ignored us.
235
00:21:12,630 --> 00:21:15,950
And that was terrible.
That was a terrible feeling.
236
00:21:15,950 --> 00:21:19,950
My mother, myself,
my two sisters, my aunts,
237
00:21:19,950 --> 00:21:22,830
my cousins, and their children,
238
00:21:22,830 --> 00:21:26,550
we were all board
into that so-called ghetto.
239
00:21:26,550 --> 00:21:31,910
They made us wear a yellow star.
We felt terribly humiliated.
240
00:21:31,910 --> 00:21:33,630
People made fun of us.
241
00:21:35,230 --> 00:21:38,910
I did wear it,
but I covered it up.
242
00:21:38,910 --> 00:21:43,310
My mother was a blonde woman
with blue eyes.
243
00:21:43,310 --> 00:21:45,270
People told me many times,
244
00:21:45,270 --> 00:21:48,430
"You're so lucky
because you don't look Jewish."
245
00:21:51,630 --> 00:21:57,390
The nightmare of the ghettos
was a glimpse of what was to come.
246
00:21:59,910 --> 00:22:04,550
I don't think I was developed
emotionally well enough
247
00:22:04,550 --> 00:22:07,830
to understand the impending doom.
248
00:22:14,990 --> 00:22:16,630
It seemed to be...
249
00:22:19,350 --> 00:22:24,350
..incredible. It was the day
I was supposed to get married.
250
00:22:24,350 --> 00:22:27,430
I found myself pushed into
a cattle wagon.
251
00:22:34,150 --> 00:22:36,350
I think we were just stunned.
252
00:22:38,310 --> 00:22:41,950
Certainly, I was, because I thought
this is just not happening.
253
00:22:41,950 --> 00:22:43,910
I couldn't believe it was happening.
254
00:22:47,830 --> 00:22:52,670
There was about...
100 people in the wagon.
255
00:22:52,670 --> 00:22:55,710
We had to stand up.
We couldn't even sit down.
256
00:22:55,710 --> 00:22:59,470
Body to body,
no water, no sanitation.
257
00:22:59,470 --> 00:23:01,670
That bucket was the only sanitation.
258
00:23:07,190 --> 00:23:08,790
There was no windows.
259
00:23:10,110 --> 00:23:11,910
The only light which came through
260
00:23:11,910 --> 00:23:14,630
the wooden cracks
of the cattle truck,
261
00:23:14,630 --> 00:23:18,310
and I cannot tell you
what a terrible journey that was.
262
00:23:20,910 --> 00:23:23,950
The train was going very slow.
263
00:23:25,110 --> 00:23:28,750
The first night a man dies.
264
00:23:28,750 --> 00:23:32,710
We ask the SS man,
"What do we do with the body?"
265
00:23:32,710 --> 00:23:34,510
"Put them in a corner."
266
00:23:34,510 --> 00:23:36,270
There was no corner.
267
00:23:38,630 --> 00:23:42,270
People were screaming,
and then berserk.
268
00:23:42,270 --> 00:23:45,550
They were screaming,
they were hitting others.
269
00:23:45,550 --> 00:23:47,830
They went out of their mind.
270
00:23:47,830 --> 00:23:51,230
My mum in the cattle cart hugged me,
271
00:23:51,230 --> 00:23:54,830
and said, "We don't know
where we're going,
272
00:23:54,830 --> 00:23:58,510
"we don't know what's
going to happen, just remember,
273
00:23:58,510 --> 00:24:02,910
"no-one can take away from you
what you put here in your own mind,"
274
00:24:02,910 --> 00:24:05,390
and that's exactly what happened.
275
00:24:05,390 --> 00:24:08,030
Everything was taken away from me.
276
00:24:12,350 --> 00:24:14,870
Once we entered there...
277
00:24:14,870 --> 00:24:16,710
..we thought we'd entered Hell.
278
00:24:18,790 --> 00:24:21,950
Cattle cars crammed with several
thousand people
279
00:24:21,950 --> 00:24:26,270
arrived at the Nazis' most notorious
extermination camp...
280
00:24:26,270 --> 00:24:27,550
..Auschwitz.
281
00:24:27,550 --> 00:24:28,510
We just...
282
00:24:31,630 --> 00:24:33,710
..couldn't...couldn't breathe.
283
00:24:33,710 --> 00:24:36,270
We couldn't...
We didn't know where we were.
284
00:24:36,270 --> 00:24:37,950
We didn't know what was happening.
285
00:24:44,550 --> 00:24:47,270
The SS man yelling in German,
286
00:24:47,270 --> 00:24:50,430
"Raus! Raus!" - "Out! Out!"
287
00:24:50,430 --> 00:24:52,790
"Schnell!" - "Fast! Fast!"
288
00:24:52,790 --> 00:24:57,310
In Yiddish, in German,
in Hungarian, in every language -
289
00:24:57,310 --> 00:24:58,910
"Get out of the cart!"
290
00:25:03,830 --> 00:25:07,430
The elderly and the children
had a big problem how to get off
291
00:25:07,430 --> 00:25:10,550
and they were clubbed by the SS.
292
00:25:13,830 --> 00:25:17,310
All I see is guards yelling at us.
293
00:25:17,310 --> 00:25:20,350
"Get out quickly.
Take nothing with you."
294
00:25:20,350 --> 00:25:23,790
In the distance, I see flames
coming out of chimneys.
295
00:25:26,910 --> 00:25:32,830
Out comes this tall,
very handsome man
296
00:25:32,830 --> 00:25:37,590
with shiny boots
and a rubber stick in his hand.
297
00:25:37,590 --> 00:25:42,070
He points to my knees,
to go to the left,
298
00:25:42,070 --> 00:25:45,310
to me to go to the left,
299
00:25:45,310 --> 00:25:48,070
and the rest of them
are marching on.
300
00:25:48,070 --> 00:25:52,390
And as I passed my father's row,
301
00:25:52,390 --> 00:25:55,630
he put his hand on my head
302
00:25:55,630 --> 00:26:02,070
as he did every Friday night
after he came back from the shul.
303
00:26:02,070 --> 00:26:06,750
And he blessed me.
He said, "Judy, you will live."
304
00:26:07,910 --> 00:26:12,230
These were the last words
that I heard from my father.
305
00:26:12,230 --> 00:26:15,390
This is the last time that I saw.
306
00:26:18,510 --> 00:26:24,510
He asked, "Is this your mother
or is this your sister?"
307
00:26:24,510 --> 00:26:31,070
And I did not forgive myself
by saying, "That's my mother."
308
00:26:31,070 --> 00:26:37,150
So he points, Dr Mengele, points,
my mother to go this way,
309
00:26:37,150 --> 00:26:41,830
and my sister and I,
and there I was with a kapo.
310
00:26:41,830 --> 00:26:44,270
An inmate.
311
00:26:44,270 --> 00:26:48,670
She drew my earrings out,
and I was bleeding,
312
00:26:48,670 --> 00:26:52,110
and I said,
"When will I see my mother?"
313
00:26:52,110 --> 00:26:54,350
And she looked at the chimney.
314
00:26:56,070 --> 00:26:59,350
And she said,
"Your mother is burning there.
315
00:26:59,350 --> 00:27:03,590
"You'd better talk about her
in past tense."
316
00:27:04,950 --> 00:27:06,750
The spirit never dies.
317
00:27:11,820 --> 00:27:15,460
These photographs were originally
shot in black and white
318
00:27:15,460 --> 00:27:19,780
and are part of a unique album
of photos shot by an official
319
00:27:19,780 --> 00:27:21,540
Auschwitz camp photographer.
320
00:27:23,300 --> 00:27:26,900
It is the only photographic
record known to exist...
321
00:27:26,900 --> 00:27:30,460
..of Jews arriving at a
Nazi extermination camp.
322
00:27:39,980 --> 00:27:43,780
It was discovered by chance
soon after liberation
323
00:27:43,780 --> 00:27:46,500
by a Hungarian survivor named
Lili Jacobs.
324
00:27:48,900 --> 00:27:51,260
Some of those in the photos
were from the town
325
00:27:51,260 --> 00:27:53,220
of Bilke in Czechoslovakia.
326
00:27:55,580 --> 00:28:00,660
I know that I was in the same train
because I know that my family
327
00:28:00,660 --> 00:28:06,100
and I were in the same transporter
the rabbi of Bilke was.
328
00:28:06,100 --> 00:28:10,660
He still had his beard
because he didn't want to shave it
329
00:28:10,660 --> 00:28:13,860
while we were in the ghetto,
even though they ordered
330
00:28:13,860 --> 00:28:15,380
all the Jews to shave it.
331
00:28:17,220 --> 00:28:20,220
My father was the cantor of the town
332
00:28:20,220 --> 00:28:23,380
and he was very friendly
with the rabbi.
333
00:28:26,740 --> 00:28:29,180
I recognised many Bilke there.
334
00:28:30,940 --> 00:28:33,860
But I didn't see anybody of my
family.
335
00:28:53,060 --> 00:28:59,980
Here are the two brothers of
Lili Jacobs, who died in Auschwitz.
336
00:29:25,300 --> 00:29:30,100
Auschwitz was only one of six
extermination camps in a vast
337
00:29:30,100 --> 00:29:33,500
network of concentration camps
in Nazi-occupied Europe.
338
00:29:36,340 --> 00:29:40,740
Apart from Jews, Roma,
political enemies,
339
00:29:40,740 --> 00:29:44,980
homosexuals and disabled people
were transported to Auschwitz.
340
00:29:46,460 --> 00:29:51,660
A new train platform was built
in 1943 in anticipation of a surge
341
00:29:51,660 --> 00:29:55,260
of close to half a million
Hungarian Jews that would arrive
342
00:29:55,260 --> 00:29:58,780
over a two-month period
in the spring of 1944.
343
00:30:04,060 --> 00:30:06,740
Here we see two columns.
344
00:30:06,740 --> 00:30:12,060
Women and children and men
separately, also in another column.
345
00:30:14,460 --> 00:30:18,540
Decisions about who would live
and who would die would be made
346
00:30:18,540 --> 00:30:23,420
in an instant with camp physician
Dr Josef Mengele often playing God.
347
00:30:24,820 --> 00:30:29,340
Women to the left, men to the right,
make four rows of five.
348
00:30:29,340 --> 00:30:32,740
They seemed to have been obsessed
that, immediately,
349
00:30:32,740 --> 00:30:37,020
people should form into rows of
five.
350
00:30:51,860 --> 00:30:55,740
Giving orders - "Get out. Line up in
row of five."
351
00:30:55,740 --> 00:30:58,540
My mother, my sister,
352
00:30:58,540 --> 00:31:02,340
my niece, my aunt, myself
353
00:31:02,340 --> 00:31:05,020
and my aunt's little children,
354
00:31:05,020 --> 00:31:08,140
two, four and six in front of us.
355
00:31:09,340 --> 00:31:13,140
You always had to line up,
rows of five,
356
00:31:13,140 --> 00:31:18,220
and my brother, Joseph, would always
try to make sure
357
00:31:18,220 --> 00:31:20,900
to line up in the same row of five.
358
00:31:23,260 --> 00:31:25,620
And this went on for months
and months.
359
00:31:25,620 --> 00:31:30,300
You heard sometimes that families
were separated at the roll call.
360
00:31:33,740 --> 00:31:37,100
One night in the middle of
the night, they woke us up
361
00:31:37,100 --> 00:31:42,500
and, in the confusion, we did not
line up in the same line.
362
00:31:44,580 --> 00:31:48,220
An SS officer came and he started
to count,
363
00:31:48,220 --> 00:31:53,900
"Eins, zwei, drei," meaning,
"One, two, three," above face.
364
00:31:53,900 --> 00:31:58,820
They took me and the rest of
it to the train station
365
00:31:58,820 --> 00:32:02,220
and that was the last time
that I saw my brother.
366
00:32:05,820 --> 00:32:09,420
They tried to take a child
from the mother.
367
00:32:09,420 --> 00:32:12,060
They wanted the mother,
but they didn't want the child.
368
00:32:14,420 --> 00:32:19,420
And she started screaming and the
SS man run towards her.
369
00:32:19,420 --> 00:32:22,420
I made a move from my queue,
370
00:32:22,420 --> 00:32:27,620
went over to the side where
fit people are being selected.
371
00:32:27,620 --> 00:32:30,340
A hairdresser called us in
372
00:32:30,340 --> 00:32:33,540
and they shaved our heads off.
373
00:32:33,540 --> 00:32:38,380
The fright, the degradation.
374
00:32:38,380 --> 00:32:42,380
I mean, for young girls like
ourselves,
375
00:32:42,380 --> 00:32:45,940
possibly even our mother
didn't see us undressed.
376
00:32:45,940 --> 00:32:51,660
We had to sit there naked
for men shaving our heads.
377
00:32:51,660 --> 00:32:57,220
You just... You couldn't believe
that was actually happening to you.
378
00:32:59,660 --> 00:33:04,500
Jewish prisoners had yellow stars
stitched to their uniforms.
379
00:33:04,500 --> 00:33:07,820
It was part of a colour-coded
scheme of sewn-on triangles
380
00:33:07,820 --> 00:33:09,340
used for prisoner ID.
381
00:33:11,140 --> 00:33:12,940
Green was for criminals.
382
00:33:12,940 --> 00:33:17,700
Pink for those deemed to be
paedophiles, rapists and gays.
383
00:33:17,700 --> 00:33:19,500
Red for political prisoners.
384
00:33:20,660 --> 00:33:24,900
Black triangles were for drug
addicts, prostitutes and Roma.
385
00:33:33,460 --> 00:33:39,820
Here is a picture of some
Bilke Jews arriving in Auschwitz.
386
00:33:39,820 --> 00:33:41,540
And I know their names.
387
00:33:43,660 --> 00:33:45,180
This is David Heisler.
388
00:33:47,540 --> 00:33:50,420
And there are two brothers,
Berger, Yaakov.
389
00:33:52,780 --> 00:33:57,460
Some people were dressed
in Shabbat clothing
390
00:33:57,460 --> 00:34:01,020
because they wanted to look nice.
391
00:34:04,140 --> 00:34:07,340
We lost our name from that day
onwards.
392
00:34:07,340 --> 00:34:09,740
B7608.
393
00:34:11,100 --> 00:34:14,300
Well, I could see the people
before me were wincing
394
00:34:14,300 --> 00:34:17,980
because they weren't very gentle
with those needles,
395
00:34:17,980 --> 00:34:20,340
so whether he broke the needle
396
00:34:20,340 --> 00:34:22,940
or whether he had no ink,
I don't know.
397
00:34:24,180 --> 00:34:25,460
I don't know.
398
00:34:25,460 --> 00:34:28,580
But I just walked round the bed
399
00:34:28,580 --> 00:34:35,180
and took up the...the line
as we were walking away
400
00:34:35,180 --> 00:34:38,700
and nobody realised that I hadn't
got a number.
401
00:34:38,700 --> 00:34:42,180
They ran out of ink
so they sent somebody off for ink,
402
00:34:42,180 --> 00:34:44,580
but, in the meantime, there were so
many of us
403
00:34:44,580 --> 00:34:47,420
there were actually trains queuing
up.
404
00:34:47,420 --> 00:34:53,860
They just pushed us through, so I
didn't get tattoo, that's why...
405
00:34:53,860 --> 00:34:58,500
I didn't get my tattoo and when
I asked, they told me
406
00:34:58,500 --> 00:35:02,900
they don't want to waste the ink on
me. I'm going to the gas chamber.
407
00:35:06,500 --> 00:35:11,860
The long row of people along the top
edge of this photograph
408
00:35:11,860 --> 00:35:13,500
are on their way to their deaths.
409
00:35:17,260 --> 00:35:20,580
The only way we could tell the
passing of the time,
410
00:35:20,580 --> 00:35:23,420
once a week we were taken to be
showered
411
00:35:23,420 --> 00:35:26,900
and the showers, with the gas
chamber, were side by side.
412
00:35:26,900 --> 00:35:29,340
Until you... Cold water came down,
413
00:35:29,340 --> 00:35:32,380
you didn't know if it was going to
be gas or water,
414
00:35:32,380 --> 00:35:36,100
whether you were going to live or
not.
415
00:35:36,100 --> 00:35:38,660
When cold water came down, you
realised you were going to live,
416
00:35:38,660 --> 00:35:40,940
probably, for another week.
417
00:35:40,940 --> 00:35:43,580
LOUD EXPLOSIONS
418
00:35:47,660 --> 00:35:52,060
Auschwitz had 40 sub camps,
about ten of them were devoted
419
00:35:52,060 --> 00:35:54,780
to making arms for the Nazi
war machine.
420
00:35:56,660 --> 00:36:01,220
As an 11-year-old, I was making food
for the military.
421
00:36:01,220 --> 00:36:04,660
As a 12-year-old I was making
422
00:36:04,660 --> 00:36:07,140
armament for the military.
423
00:36:07,140 --> 00:36:08,780
RAPID GUNFIRE
424
00:36:12,540 --> 00:36:17,260
500 women were chosen to work
in an ammunition factory.
425
00:36:17,260 --> 00:36:20,460
Sent me to work in the armament
factory.
426
00:36:24,780 --> 00:36:27,020
We were making machinegun bullets.
427
00:36:32,100 --> 00:36:37,820
The factory was devoted entirely
to one product -
428
00:36:37,820 --> 00:36:44,220
the anti-aircraft gun
Flak - something - 38.
429
00:36:45,980 --> 00:36:48,180
We made bombs and grenades.
430
00:36:50,300 --> 00:36:54,900
You had to file off any rust.
431
00:36:54,900 --> 00:36:58,300
If you filed off too much,
it would loose in the case,
432
00:36:58,300 --> 00:36:59,980
didn't fit in the case.
433
00:36:59,980 --> 00:37:03,340
So tremendous facilities
of sabotage in there.
434
00:37:03,340 --> 00:37:07,220
You had to put it in and turn it
round and round.
435
00:37:07,220 --> 00:37:09,820
And if it went smoothly,
436
00:37:09,820 --> 00:37:15,700
that means that the gum solution
had settled and they were ready.
437
00:37:15,700 --> 00:37:18,020
But very often they didn't go
round smoothly,
438
00:37:18,020 --> 00:37:19,940
but we still send them through.
439
00:37:19,940 --> 00:37:23,780
I don't think I made any of mine
ever made it.
440
00:37:23,780 --> 00:37:28,740
The factory owners paid the German
government a mark a day for
441
00:37:28,740 --> 00:37:30,620
every one of us.
442
00:37:30,620 --> 00:37:33,340
First time we were worth something.
443
00:37:41,220 --> 00:37:46,300
A meal consisted of one slice of
444
00:37:46,300 --> 00:37:48,580
rock-hard black bread
445
00:37:48,580 --> 00:37:51,780
and one cup of painted water.
446
00:37:51,780 --> 00:37:54,060
And that was for 24 hours.
447
00:37:54,060 --> 00:37:56,660
Their plan was they called it...
448
00:37:56,660 --> 00:37:59,340
HE SPEAKS GERMAN
449
00:37:59,340 --> 00:38:04,300
Um, "destruction, through hunger."
450
00:38:07,260 --> 00:38:11,580
People developed three different
philosophies of how to eat
451
00:38:11,580 --> 00:38:14,540
this little portion of bread.
452
00:38:19,100 --> 00:38:22,300
Some of them took it and just ate
453
00:38:22,300 --> 00:38:26,060
a crumb and hid the rest in
their bosom.
454
00:38:26,060 --> 00:38:28,740
Others cut it into three pieces -
455
00:38:28,740 --> 00:38:31,420
one for breakfast, one for lunch
456
00:38:31,420 --> 00:38:33,260
and one for supper.
457
00:38:33,260 --> 00:38:38,500
And there were others that ate it
at once because if you ate it,
458
00:38:38,500 --> 00:38:40,860
there was a cure in your stomach
459
00:38:40,860 --> 00:38:44,420
because there were prisoners
who used to attack you
460
00:38:44,420 --> 00:38:46,620
and take the bread from you.
461
00:38:48,660 --> 00:38:52,580
Food was constantly on our brain.
462
00:38:52,580 --> 00:38:56,900
I think the hunger, you never
forget it.
463
00:38:56,900 --> 00:38:59,780
I visualised that in Auschwitz,
464
00:38:59,780 --> 00:39:02,180
my mother doing the challah
465
00:39:02,180 --> 00:39:04,180
and make her noodles.
466
00:39:04,180 --> 00:39:08,580
And she did it so fast
that I thought she was gonna
467
00:39:08,580 --> 00:39:11,300
hurt her fingers,
but she never did.
468
00:39:11,300 --> 00:39:12,700
We could smell.
469
00:39:12,700 --> 00:39:18,740
We could smell and dream of the
wonderful dinners that we had,
470
00:39:18,740 --> 00:39:22,420
of the wonderful food, particularly
on Friday night, the chicken soup
471
00:39:22,420 --> 00:39:25,260
and the fresh challahs, and all of
that.
472
00:39:25,260 --> 00:39:27,700
We were dreaming about food.
473
00:39:27,700 --> 00:39:32,180
We were talking about food
and reminiscing about home.
474
00:39:59,580 --> 00:40:03,580
I was assigned to work with horses
and it had some advantages.
475
00:40:03,580 --> 00:40:06,420
A, you were outside so you weren't
cooped up someplace.
476
00:40:06,420 --> 00:40:11,220
But the other advantage was the fact
that horses get fed.
477
00:40:13,300 --> 00:40:16,060
Horses can't speak.
478
00:40:16,060 --> 00:40:20,580
So if you take some of their food,
they can't tell anybody.
479
00:40:22,500 --> 00:40:27,260
And, of course, oats are not very
edible for man, but they got
480
00:40:27,260 --> 00:40:32,700
supplemental stuff like sugar beets.
They have a slight problem.
481
00:40:32,700 --> 00:40:38,620
You eat a lot of raw sugar beets,
you get dysentery, which is deadly.
482
00:40:38,620 --> 00:40:42,660
However, if you bake them
or cook them or boil them,
483
00:40:42,660 --> 00:40:47,340
so all we have to do is find
a place to have a barbecue.
484
00:40:47,340 --> 00:40:53,220
We had a blacksmith and, of course,
a blacksmith has fire.
485
00:40:53,220 --> 00:40:57,700
You took two sugar beets
to the blacksmith,
486
00:40:57,700 --> 00:40:59,980
one for him and one for you.
487
00:40:59,980 --> 00:41:02,380
We had dreams of eating and all
488
00:41:02,380 --> 00:41:04,820
sorts of different things, yes.
489
00:41:04,820 --> 00:41:07,740
And people died next to me.
490
00:41:07,740 --> 00:41:13,340
We were ten people on a bunk and
during the night one or two died.
491
00:41:13,340 --> 00:41:18,300
They came with a cart and the
morning, took the bodies out,
492
00:41:18,300 --> 00:41:22,700
threw them on the cart and took them
to the crematorium.
493
00:41:22,700 --> 00:41:29,740
SS women announced if there
are any girls, women, that can carry
494
00:41:29,740 --> 00:41:34,140
the dead bodies from those mountains
of bodies
495
00:41:34,140 --> 00:41:39,500
to a mass grave, is going to earn
a bowl of soup.
496
00:41:39,500 --> 00:41:42,500
I got a girl from my hometown.
497
00:41:44,220 --> 00:41:47,780
The arms are breaking, the
legs are breaking.
498
00:41:47,780 --> 00:41:52,420
And carry them, one by a hand
and one by the legs and we'd walk
499
00:41:52,420 --> 00:41:54,020
to the mass grave.
500
00:41:57,860 --> 00:42:01,620
We did get a bowl of soup at the end
of the day,
501
00:42:01,620 --> 00:42:04,100
and we divided it in three.
502
00:42:04,100 --> 00:42:06,860
There was love in Auschwitz
among us.
503
00:42:06,860 --> 00:42:10,180
If you were just for the me, me,
me, you didn't make it.
504
00:42:10,180 --> 00:42:12,940
We were a family of inmates.
505
00:42:12,940 --> 00:42:15,460
We had to care for each other.
506
00:42:15,460 --> 00:42:18,020
When people say, "How did you
survive?"
507
00:42:18,020 --> 00:42:19,780
We lived for each other.
508
00:42:21,140 --> 00:42:23,420
You survived in...
509
00:42:23,420 --> 00:42:26,700
It's a notorious thing that...
510
00:42:26,700 --> 00:42:30,300
..people in the camps survived in
pairs. We lived for each other.
511
00:42:31,620 --> 00:42:36,540
In defiance of women stripped
of their humanity by the Nazis,
512
00:42:36,540 --> 00:42:38,900
Edith proposed a competition
513
00:42:38,900 --> 00:42:41,340
among her friends for the
nicest breasts.
514
00:42:41,340 --> 00:42:43,260
A boob contest.
515
00:42:43,260 --> 00:42:48,620
We were doing many things there,
silly things, joking.
516
00:42:48,620 --> 00:42:52,460
And the boob contest was designed
that somebody
517
00:42:52,460 --> 00:42:56,380
is going to have a little
piece of the bread.
518
00:42:56,380 --> 00:43:00,180
And I won, but I didn't eat it
alone.
519
00:43:00,180 --> 00:43:02,980
I shared it with everyone.
520
00:43:02,980 --> 00:43:08,380
The people are so hungry
that they literally
521
00:43:08,380 --> 00:43:10,820
engage in cannibalism.
522
00:43:10,820 --> 00:43:14,260
It is unbelievable to believe
523
00:43:14,260 --> 00:43:18,580
that human beings can be so terribly
524
00:43:18,580 --> 00:43:21,780
hungry as to cut a human being.
525
00:43:25,060 --> 00:43:27,900
The camp next to us.
526
00:43:27,900 --> 00:43:31,940
There was a hedge of about ten
feet, so we couldn't see.
527
00:43:31,940 --> 00:43:34,740
That's where the Dutch Jews were
there.
528
00:43:34,740 --> 00:43:37,100
They were not fed any more.
529
00:43:37,100 --> 00:43:38,740
No water, nothing.
530
00:43:38,740 --> 00:43:41,460
that they were eating the dead.
531
00:43:41,460 --> 00:43:45,220
They were cutting off from here,
from the thigh.
532
00:43:45,220 --> 00:43:49,060
That's the only place where
they still had some...some meat.
533
00:43:49,060 --> 00:43:52,500
That's where Frank died.
534
00:43:52,500 --> 00:43:57,020
Cannibalism broke out and people
were eating other people's flesh.
535
00:43:59,380 --> 00:44:02,940
I was talking to guard
to please help me.
536
00:44:02,940 --> 00:44:04,460
I was so hungry.
537
00:44:04,460 --> 00:44:06,380
And I'm not gonna touch human
flesh.
538
00:44:06,380 --> 00:44:09,460
And God told me to look down.
539
00:44:09,460 --> 00:44:12,500
And I realised I had grass to eat.
540
00:44:12,500 --> 00:44:14,980
We truly did everything
541
00:44:14,980 --> 00:44:19,220
in our power not to be dehumanised.
542
00:44:31,670 --> 00:44:37,590
our barracks were taken up by
gypsies
543
00:44:37,590 --> 00:44:39,430
with whole families.
544
00:44:39,430 --> 00:44:45,070
On one occasion, I saw Romani women
with, in their original clothes...
545
00:44:46,550 --> 00:44:48,470
..breaking stones on the way
546
00:44:48,470 --> 00:44:50,990
when we were going to go
to the showers.
547
00:44:54,070 --> 00:44:57,950
In August of 1944, to make space in
Auschwitz
548
00:44:57,950 --> 00:45:00,910
for the expected flood
of Hungarian Jews,
549
00:45:00,910 --> 00:45:05,670
over 4,000 Roma, in the so-called
Gypsy family camp, were murdered.
550
00:45:09,750 --> 00:45:11,630
Several days before I arrived,
551
00:45:11,630 --> 00:45:15,550
they were taken to the gas chambers
and the crematoriums
552
00:45:15,550 --> 00:45:17,390
and they were all burned
553
00:45:17,390 --> 00:45:19,670
and then we took their barracks.
554
00:46:31,590 --> 00:46:33,790
Even inside Auschwitz,
there was resistance.
555
00:46:36,310 --> 00:46:40,150
The crematorium workers
known as the Sonderkommando
556
00:46:40,150 --> 00:46:43,550
lived and breathed
the mass killings daily.
557
00:46:46,470 --> 00:46:48,830
These people knew what was
happening.
558
00:46:48,830 --> 00:46:51,110
They knew they worked in the gas
chambers,
559
00:46:51,110 --> 00:46:54,030
they worked in the shower rooms,
560
00:46:54,030 --> 00:46:58,710
and, very often, they had to direct
their own families
561
00:46:58,710 --> 00:47:02,190
out of the shower rooms
into the gas chambers.
562
00:47:08,870 --> 00:47:12,950
These workers smuggled in a camera
and risked their lives
563
00:47:12,950 --> 00:47:16,590
to take several photos of bodies
being burned
564
00:47:16,590 --> 00:47:19,790
and a group of naked women
about to be gassed.
565
00:47:21,270 --> 00:47:24,390
The film was smuggled out
to the Resistance
566
00:47:24,390 --> 00:47:26,830
in a tube of toothpaste.
567
00:47:28,510 --> 00:47:31,150
I'm, again, out in the field
ploughing fields
568
00:47:31,150 --> 00:47:34,550
and suddenly I hear this huge boom,
569
00:47:34,550 --> 00:47:36,910
I see smoke coming
out from an area
570
00:47:36,910 --> 00:47:40,190
where the gas chambers are.
571
00:47:40,190 --> 00:47:46,630
The people who work in the gas
chambers and the crematorium
572
00:47:46,630 --> 00:47:51,310
revolted and one of the gas
chambers were blown up.
573
00:47:54,550 --> 00:47:57,670
How do you get explosives
in Auschwitz?
574
00:47:57,670 --> 00:48:02,950
The ladies from the ladies' camp,
they work in an ammunition factory.
575
00:48:02,950 --> 00:48:04,710
Gram by gram...
576
00:48:05,870 --> 00:48:09,190
..smuggled out explosives
to the people who were involved
577
00:48:09,190 --> 00:48:12,630
in actually doing all the physical
labour necessary
578
00:48:12,630 --> 00:48:16,390
to get the bodies into the oven
and all this other stuff.
579
00:48:16,390 --> 00:48:18,670
And the leader of that group
was a woman by name
580
00:48:18,670 --> 00:48:20,870
of Roza Robota.
581
00:48:22,430 --> 00:48:25,350
Roza was from Ciechanow, Poland.
582
00:48:25,350 --> 00:48:27,630
She joined the underground
resistance movement
583
00:48:27,630 --> 00:48:29,830
after Germany invaded Poland.
584
00:48:31,550 --> 00:48:34,590
She arrived in Auschwitz in 1942.
585
00:48:35,830 --> 00:48:41,670
The 1944 prisoner revolt also left
three SS officers dead.
586
00:48:43,430 --> 00:48:46,110
But they were caught and they were,
587
00:48:46,110 --> 00:48:49,030
all the girls were hanged in
Auschwitz.
588
00:48:49,030 --> 00:48:53,710
The camp had to watch the hanging.
589
00:48:55,430 --> 00:49:00,070
They saw these females
being murdered.
590
00:49:11,270 --> 00:49:13,710
You do everything in your power...
591
00:49:15,230 --> 00:49:17,710
..to stay alive.
592
00:49:17,710 --> 00:49:22,910
People either attacked the guards
and they were shot right away...
593
00:49:25,070 --> 00:49:30,110
..or they touched the barbed wires
and they were electrocuted.
594
00:49:33,190 --> 00:49:38,350
I never, never thought or
tried to escape
595
00:49:38,350 --> 00:49:42,870
because we've seen people being
hanged, people who tried to escape,
596
00:49:42,870 --> 00:49:47,950
they hanged them, and we had to
stand around in the square
597
00:49:47,950 --> 00:49:49,470
and watch them being hung.
598
00:49:49,470 --> 00:49:53,870
"That will happen to you
if you escape."
599
00:49:53,870 --> 00:49:58,910
Whenever there was a hanging,
we were all called out to watch it.
600
00:49:58,910 --> 00:50:04,710
I remember shouting,
"For God's sake, where is God?"
601
00:50:04,710 --> 00:50:07,070
A young boy was hung
602
00:50:07,070 --> 00:50:09,270
because he'd picked some
bit of food up.
603
00:50:10,950 --> 00:50:15,190
There were over 900 escape
attempts from Auschwitz...
604
00:50:17,030 --> 00:50:18,990
..with almost 200 prisoners...
605
00:50:20,070 --> 00:50:21,910
..successfully breaking out.
606
00:50:23,190 --> 00:50:26,910
My parents were transferred
from at least three camps.
607
00:50:26,910 --> 00:50:30,150
They went to camps where
they were poisoned
608
00:50:30,150 --> 00:50:32,990
with doing chemicals for bombs
and they were making munitions.
609
00:50:32,990 --> 00:50:35,870
They went to munition camps.
610
00:50:35,870 --> 00:50:41,710
For two years, Estare's parents,
Abraham and Anna, survived together
611
00:50:41,710 --> 00:50:44,350
in brutal work camps in Poland.
612
00:50:47,390 --> 00:50:50,390
My parents knew that, at this point,
they were going to be separated
613
00:50:50,390 --> 00:50:54,150
in August 1944, so they wanted
to be together.
614
00:50:54,150 --> 00:50:55,830
They wanted to say goodbye.
615
00:50:55,830 --> 00:51:02,190
And they had this young man and he
watched out for them.
616
00:51:02,190 --> 00:51:03,950
They would have some time together.
617
00:51:16,870 --> 00:51:22,310
By the age of seven, I have seen
more dead people than live people,
618
00:51:22,310 --> 00:51:24,830
because in the camp, every morning,
619
00:51:24,830 --> 00:51:28,390
I've seen between 800
and 1,200 corpses.
620
00:51:31,190 --> 00:51:33,390
Death did not mean anything.
621
00:51:36,590 --> 00:51:38,950
People lost hope.
622
00:51:38,950 --> 00:51:42,230
And if you lose hope
and you are already starved,
623
00:51:42,230 --> 00:51:46,470
it's go down, lay down,
and you die.
624
00:51:48,590 --> 00:51:50,990
You know that tomorrow and the next
day and the next day,
625
00:51:50,990 --> 00:51:52,830
it's going be the same.
626
00:51:52,830 --> 00:51:55,310
Eventually, they're going to
kill you, if not then,
627
00:51:55,310 --> 00:51:59,070
the starvation is going to kill
you. So I suffered another day.
628
00:52:03,070 --> 00:52:05,830
I think I was angry,
all the time, angry,
629
00:52:05,830 --> 00:52:08,110
and I think that's what kept me
going,
630
00:52:08,110 --> 00:52:10,950
being angry about it, because...
631
00:52:13,350 --> 00:52:16,710
..there was no right
for this to happen.
632
00:52:18,390 --> 00:52:20,390
I question if there is a God.
633
00:52:20,390 --> 00:52:22,750
I started with...
634
00:52:22,750 --> 00:52:25,270
11 years old,
I went in my first camp.
635
00:52:25,270 --> 00:52:29,070
I went in my first camp,
636
00:52:29,070 --> 00:52:32,590
and then I went to Lodz ghetto,
I was on my own,
637
00:52:32,590 --> 00:52:35,070
and then I went to Auschwitz
638
00:52:35,070 --> 00:52:37,990
and I went to Buchenwald.
639
00:52:37,990 --> 00:52:39,830
What on Earth did I do?
640
00:52:39,830 --> 00:52:45,030
There was a debate between
those that believed in God
641
00:52:45,030 --> 00:52:47,550
and those that didn't
believe in God.
642
00:52:47,550 --> 00:52:52,990
Where was God that allowed
a thing like this to happen?
643
00:52:52,990 --> 00:52:58,190
I shook my fist at God.
I was told...
644
00:52:58,190 --> 00:53:02,750
..many times,
"Where was God in Auschwitz?"
645
00:53:02,750 --> 00:53:07,350
And I say, "God did not kill
my parents.
646
00:53:07,350 --> 00:53:09,950
"People did."
647
00:53:09,950 --> 00:53:11,710
I knew what was happening to me...
648
00:53:13,430 --> 00:53:14,790
..was done by man.
649
00:53:16,710 --> 00:53:20,430
I did not see God around.
I saw men.
650
00:53:20,430 --> 00:53:21,630
It happened.
651
00:53:23,230 --> 00:53:27,870
I've lost 80 people in my, from my
family, cousins, uncles, everybody.
652
00:53:28,950 --> 00:53:30,430
What did they do?
653
00:53:32,310 --> 00:53:37,550
I lost every one except my sister,
Magda.
654
00:53:37,550 --> 00:53:40,750
My whole family was wiped out,
655
00:53:40,750 --> 00:53:45,870
my parents, my grandparents,
my aunts and uncles.
656
00:53:47,590 --> 00:53:49,430
The failure of man...
657
00:53:50,630 --> 00:53:52,870
..and the enigma of God's silence.
658
00:53:59,670 --> 00:54:03,910
Maybe God made the mistake
of giving man free will.
659
00:54:05,510 --> 00:54:08,270
If God was omnipotent,
660
00:54:08,270 --> 00:54:12,270
the Holocaust wouldn't happen.
661
00:54:12,270 --> 00:54:13,830
But God is omniscient.
662
00:54:13,830 --> 00:54:16,190
He knows everything that goes on.
663
00:54:16,190 --> 00:54:19,470
And I can see him wringing his
hands.
664
00:54:19,470 --> 00:54:22,030
"My God, what have I done
to make humans like this?"
665
00:54:33,760 --> 00:54:37,760
It was a contest between who was
going to come earlier,
666
00:54:37,760 --> 00:54:40,640
the death or the Americans.
667
00:54:40,640 --> 00:54:44,360
We couldn't envisage what the end
was going to be.
668
00:54:44,360 --> 00:54:46,400
What was going to happen to us.
669
00:54:46,400 --> 00:54:51,720
There were rumours that the
Americans were coming closer.
670
00:54:53,760 --> 00:54:55,720
As we heard in the distance,
671
00:54:55,720 --> 00:54:59,280
the duel of the artillery.
672
00:55:04,200 --> 00:55:07,360
My mother got a message out
to my father, because the camps
673
00:55:07,360 --> 00:55:10,040
were not that far away initially
in Buchenwald,
674
00:55:10,040 --> 00:55:11,600
they were near Leipzig.
675
00:55:11,600 --> 00:55:14,560
So there were some people that were
going from one camp to the other.
676
00:55:14,560 --> 00:55:17,360
So she got a message and said,
"You have reason to live."
677
00:55:17,360 --> 00:55:20,320
And he understood that to mean
that she was pregnant.
678
00:55:20,320 --> 00:55:22,760
And his brother, who was in camp
with him, said,
679
00:55:22,760 --> 00:55:24,160
"What did you do to her?
680
00:55:24,160 --> 00:55:25,680
"What a horrible thing to do.
681
00:55:25,680 --> 00:55:27,600
"She's going to get killed."
682
00:55:27,600 --> 00:55:30,840
A pregnant woman was a...
683
00:55:30,840 --> 00:55:33,600
..not a situation
that was survivable.
684
00:55:33,600 --> 00:55:36,400
It was immediate death.
685
00:55:38,960 --> 00:55:43,840
In the summer of 1944, a massive
Soviet offensive threatened
686
00:55:43,840 --> 00:55:47,000
to overrun Nazi strongholds
throughout Poland.
687
00:55:50,240 --> 00:55:53,480
The Russian Army is getting close.
They're within 50 miles.
688
00:55:53,480 --> 00:55:57,920
Concentration camp commanders
across Poland were ordered
689
00:55:57,920 --> 00:56:02,160
to evacuate with prisoners and head
to the German interior.
690
00:56:03,680 --> 00:56:05,520
They took us on a death march.
691
00:56:08,360 --> 00:56:10,720
The reason it's called a death
march
692
00:56:10,720 --> 00:56:12,760
is because you either march
or you die.
693
00:56:12,760 --> 00:56:17,160
Anybody who couldn't march,
couldn't follow, was shot
694
00:56:17,160 --> 00:56:19,440
and the body was thrown
on the side of the road.
695
00:56:19,440 --> 00:56:20,840
Some of us were very sick
696
00:56:20,840 --> 00:56:25,840
and we didn't know whether
we would make it.
697
00:56:25,840 --> 00:56:27,720
I was about to stop.
698
00:56:30,000 --> 00:56:32,720
I was getting weaker and weaker.
699
00:56:32,720 --> 00:56:35,640
Friends grabbed me, like
in a fireman's lift, and put me
700
00:56:35,640 --> 00:56:39,200
in the centre of the column
and dragged me along.
701
00:56:39,200 --> 00:56:41,280
They truly saved my life.
702
00:56:41,280 --> 00:56:43,680
The girls that
I shared the bread with...
703
00:56:43,680 --> 00:56:46,120
formed a chair with their arms
704
00:56:46,120 --> 00:56:48,880
and they carried me
so that I won't die.
705
00:56:48,880 --> 00:56:51,400
Isn't that amazing?
706
00:56:51,400 --> 00:56:55,840
People who were too weak
or too old or too sick,
707
00:56:55,840 --> 00:56:58,920
who couldn't go on a forced march,
were put in a basement
708
00:56:58,920 --> 00:57:01,280
in an infirmary and left.
709
00:57:01,280 --> 00:57:03,360
And that was my mother.
710
00:57:03,360 --> 00:57:07,760
The Nazi regime was reluctant
to give up its prisoners,
711
00:57:07,760 --> 00:57:11,240
in the belief they might still be
useful in armament factories.
712
00:57:14,480 --> 00:57:19,200
They still believed, even in January
1945, that they will somehow
713
00:57:19,200 --> 00:57:20,680
win the war.
714
00:57:20,680 --> 00:57:25,280
There was a possibility prisoners
could be used as a bargaining chip
715
00:57:25,280 --> 00:57:27,640
to save the Nazi regime.
716
00:57:27,640 --> 00:57:31,080
And they also didn't want stories
of mass murder
717
00:57:31,080 --> 00:57:33,280
revealed to the rest of the world.
718
00:57:34,520 --> 00:57:36,800
When we came to Buchenwald,
719
00:57:36,800 --> 00:57:39,480
only 400 of us,
720
00:57:39,480 --> 00:57:42,640
of 10,000, remained alive
721
00:57:42,640 --> 00:57:44,480
and I was one of them.
722
00:57:47,600 --> 00:57:55,240
The Buchenwald command got an order
to eliminate the entire camp.
723
00:57:55,240 --> 00:57:59,640
There were 80,000 prisoners
in Buchenwald at that time.
724
00:57:59,640 --> 00:58:03,880
60,000 prisoners were executed.
725
00:58:07,200 --> 00:58:10,200
Now came our turn.
The children's barrack.
726
00:58:12,560 --> 00:58:18,480
Just before we reached the gate,
the sirens started to sound.
727
00:58:18,480 --> 00:58:23,360
The Germans closed the gates
and they ran for cover.
728
00:58:25,000 --> 00:58:26,560
The tables had turned.
729
00:58:29,640 --> 00:58:34,120
It was beginning to dawn on us
that we hadn't seen a German now
730
00:58:34,120 --> 00:58:36,120
for a day or maybe two.
731
00:58:36,120 --> 00:58:39,160
There was a barbed wire -
732
00:58:39,160 --> 00:58:42,200
we were told that there was
high voltage in the wire
733
00:58:42,200 --> 00:58:44,560
and some Jew was desperate enough
734
00:58:44,560 --> 00:58:48,200
to throw himself at the high voltage
fence,
735
00:58:48,200 --> 00:58:51,280
only to discover that there was
no high voltage.
736
00:58:53,000 --> 00:58:55,200
All the guards disappeared.
737
00:58:56,720 --> 00:59:01,120
And 3.00 in the afternoon
on April 11th, 1945,
738
00:59:01,120 --> 00:59:03,720
two American soldiers
walked into our barracks.
739
00:59:05,560 --> 00:59:07,760
The messiah just arrived.
740
00:59:10,320 --> 00:59:14,840
Our train was taken to Terezin,
Theresienstadt,
741
00:59:14,840 --> 00:59:18,520
was a ghetto of German Jews
and Czech Jews,
742
00:59:18,520 --> 00:59:23,520
and we were liberated
four days later by the Russian Army.
743
00:59:23,520 --> 00:59:26,920
We had typhoid, had all sorts
of diseases.
744
00:59:30,560 --> 00:59:35,200
We heard the sound of a tank.
A very large sound.
745
00:59:36,440 --> 00:59:39,560
We thought they were going
to kill us there.
746
00:59:39,560 --> 00:59:43,400
The first thing we noticed
is the turret was not aimed at us.
747
00:59:44,920 --> 00:59:48,000
And this soldier jumped out.
748
00:59:48,000 --> 00:59:50,360
My father yelled, "Americans!"
749
00:59:51,640 --> 00:59:53,680
The American soldier was a Jew.
750
00:59:53,680 --> 00:59:56,560
And he was from Brooklyn.
751
00:59:56,560 --> 00:59:58,920
He was our messiah.
752
00:59:58,920 --> 01:00:05,360
And everybody singing and yelling
and hooting and so forth.
753
01:00:05,360 --> 01:00:07,280
By then, I was eight years old.
754
01:00:12,280 --> 01:00:17,360
One beautiful spring morning,
it was April 15th,
755
01:00:17,360 --> 01:00:20,240
we woke up, there's daylight
756
01:00:20,240 --> 01:00:22,720
and there are these soldiers
in a different uniform.
757
01:00:22,720 --> 01:00:25,480
And they said, "You are free."
758
01:00:25,480 --> 01:00:27,520
I spoke English.
759
01:00:27,520 --> 01:00:30,760
I said, "Are you sure you are not
disguised Germans?"
760
01:00:30,760 --> 01:00:32,960
"No, you are free."
761
01:00:34,560 --> 01:00:38,000
The German soldiers threw
their rifles away.
762
01:00:38,000 --> 01:00:40,360
There was church bells ringing
763
01:00:40,360 --> 01:00:43,520
and white sheets hanging out
from the windows.
764
01:00:45,400 --> 01:00:48,640
And the little girl came
to me and put her hand
765
01:00:48,640 --> 01:00:53,080
like this and in her hand was
a painted egg.
766
01:00:53,080 --> 01:00:55,360
And she says, "It's Easter Sunday."
767
01:00:58,240 --> 01:01:01,600
40 days and 40 nights in
Auschwitz-Birkenau
and we were liberated
768
01:01:01,600 --> 01:01:04,360
Easter Sunday.
Can't make it up, can you?
769
01:01:08,000 --> 01:01:10,920
In early May of 1945, a tank unit
770
01:01:10,920 --> 01:01:14,360
of the American 71st Infantry
entered Austria
771
01:01:14,360 --> 01:01:17,200
on its way to Berlin.
772
01:01:17,200 --> 01:01:20,920
They arrived at a subcamp
of Mauthausen at Gunskirchen.
773
01:01:20,920 --> 01:01:24,520
The German officers
had already fled.
774
01:01:27,680 --> 01:01:34,800
I was not really fully,
humanly, a 17-year-old girl.
775
01:01:36,680 --> 01:01:38,960
I was among the dead.
776
01:01:41,360 --> 01:01:45,960
And then I looked up
and it was a man,
777
01:01:45,960 --> 01:01:48,240
I saw tears in the eyes
778
01:01:48,240 --> 01:01:50,440
and M&Ms in hand.
779
01:01:52,480 --> 01:01:56,280
I was liberated by a black person.
780
01:01:58,280 --> 01:02:01,840
I never saw a black person
before that.
781
01:02:03,880 --> 01:02:06,240
The US Army was still segregated.
782
01:02:06,240 --> 01:02:13,320
The soldiers in the 761st Tank Unit
were predominantly African-American.
783
01:02:15,200 --> 01:02:19,240
Three American tanks and a jeep
784
01:02:19,240 --> 01:02:23,840
broke through the gate and they came
into the camp.
785
01:02:23,840 --> 01:02:29,440
The chaplain came in, into
the children's barrack and he said
786
01:02:29,440 --> 01:02:33,880
in Yiddish, "Idishe kinde,
ir zent frei."
787
01:02:33,880 --> 01:02:37,160
"Jewish children, you are free."
788
01:02:42,440 --> 01:02:44,760
I was 16 years old.
789
01:02:46,600 --> 01:02:52,920
The day of liberation was my
happiest day and my saddest day.
790
01:02:54,520 --> 01:02:58,120
Because I found out that
nobody's around,
791
01:02:58,120 --> 01:03:02,360
I am the only one, at that time,
that I knew, was alive.
792
01:03:04,480 --> 01:03:09,120
We thought we shall be reunited
with the men of the family,
793
01:03:09,120 --> 01:03:12,520
and we didn't realise
they were already dead,
794
01:03:12,520 --> 01:03:15,400
that they had been dead
for years by then.
795
01:03:17,600 --> 01:03:21,840
When they came to Bergen-Belsen,
they found 13,000 corpses.
796
01:03:23,400 --> 01:03:25,880
On the ground, there was barely room
to walk.
797
01:03:28,280 --> 01:03:31,280
Contaminated barracks were burned
to the ground to contain
798
01:03:31,280 --> 01:03:33,640
the spread of disease,
799
01:03:33,640 --> 01:03:37,880
and bulldozers moved bodies
into mass graves.
800
01:03:41,320 --> 01:03:47,120
Allied forces, the US 2nd Division
came in and liberated the camp.
801
01:03:47,120 --> 01:03:50,720
A day before the liberation
of the camp,
802
01:03:50,720 --> 01:03:52,360
I was born.
803
01:05:14,840 --> 01:05:19,920
Actually, I'm surprised it didn't
happen before.
804
01:05:19,920 --> 01:05:23,440
Western Pennsylvania
is the largest concentration
805
01:05:23,440 --> 01:05:26,440
of white supremacist groups.
806
01:05:29,000 --> 01:05:32,760
11 people have been killed
in the American city of Pittsburgh
807
01:05:32,760 --> 01:05:34,680
after a gunman opened fire
in a synagogue.
808
01:05:34,680 --> 01:05:37,040
This is the most horrific
crime scene I've seen
809
01:05:37,040 --> 01:05:39,520
in 22 years with the Federal Bureau
of Investigation.
810
01:05:39,520 --> 01:05:41,240
Members of the Tree of Life
synagogue
811
01:05:41,240 --> 01:05:42,880
conducting a peaceful service...
812
01:05:42,880 --> 01:05:46,280
The day that it happened,
I came to synagogue...
813
01:05:46,280 --> 01:05:48,640
As an ex-soldier, by instinct,
814
01:05:48,640 --> 01:05:52,120
I hear shooting, I've got to
find out where it comes from.
815
01:05:52,120 --> 01:05:55,560
I moved my head to
the passenger side
816
01:05:55,560 --> 01:05:59,240
and I was facing him, eye to eye.
817
01:05:59,240 --> 01:06:06,080
But I guess he figured
that I don't pose a threat to him.
818
01:06:06,080 --> 01:06:08,560
So he didn't shoot me.
Because he said,
819
01:06:08,560 --> 01:06:11,880
"All Jews must die."
Why didn't he shoot me?
820
01:06:16,480 --> 01:06:18,160
So I survived.
821
01:06:18,160 --> 01:06:19,720
Double survival.
822
01:06:22,520 --> 01:06:25,480
The worst of the worst
happened to me already.
823
01:06:27,520 --> 01:06:31,840
My family went through
a lifetime of pain
824
01:06:31,840 --> 01:06:34,040
and we don't need it any more.
825
01:06:36,800 --> 01:06:40,520
Then I came to America
and I worked in a factory.
826
01:06:40,520 --> 01:06:43,360
I always went to
the coloured bathroom.
827
01:06:43,360 --> 01:06:47,760
I joined the NAACP, I marched
with Martin Luther King.
828
01:06:47,760 --> 01:06:52,000
See, love is not what you feel,
it's what you do.
829
01:06:54,280 --> 01:06:56,640
Best news I can give you,
830
01:06:56,640 --> 01:07:01,040
that my
grandson's wife is expecting twins.
831
01:07:01,040 --> 01:07:06,080
So I'm going to have
six great-grandchildren.
832
01:07:06,080 --> 01:07:08,600
The best revenge to Hitler.
833
01:07:12,280 --> 01:07:15,800
It is my legacy that I was born
in a camp.
834
01:07:15,800 --> 01:07:20,920
It's a possibility that I will be
the last survivor alive.
835
01:07:20,920 --> 01:07:24,240
Last living survivor of
the Holocaust.
836
01:07:24,240 --> 01:07:25,600
It's possible.
837
01:07:50,160 --> 01:07:53,560
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