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In the beginning,
there was darkness...
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and then, bang...
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giving birth to an endless,
expanding existence...
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of time, space, and matter.
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Now, see further
than we've ever imagined...
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beyond the limits
of our existence...
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in a place we call
"The Universe. "
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The biggest things in space
are gargantuan beasts.
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Each one is a heavyweight
in its galactic division.
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The universe is
an unimaginably large place.
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It's so big it's really hard
for human beings...
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to actually comprehend things
of these size scales.
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On Earth and in the universe,
size matters...
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00:00:47,505 --> 00:00:51,467
but it matters
in different ways.
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In space, bigger is not
necessarily better.
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And oftentimes, the winners
live large and die young.
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They're the Mount Everests
of the cosmos.
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Astronomers aim their telescopes
at them like paparazzi...
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eager to capture images
of their every movement.
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They are the biggest things
in the universe...
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and their sizes
are truly mind-boggling.
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The good thing about
being huge in the universe...
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is that the universe
is even huger than you are...
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so there's plenty of space
to stretch out...
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and get your size measured...
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among intelligent civilizations
that are having a look.
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The first thing you find out...
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when you start
studying astronomy...
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is how darn big everything is.
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Almost everything you're
studying...
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is so far beyond
any kind of human scale...
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that we're ever going to
encounter in our normal lives.
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The universe is brimming
with gigantic objects.
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Within our own solar system...
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Earth is the fifth
biggest planet...
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but it's a hundred million
billion times smaller...
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than the largest stuff
in space.
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So what holds
the coveted title...
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as the biggest thing
in the universe?
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Most astronomers agree
it's the cosmic web...
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an endless scaffolding
of superclusters of galaxies...
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surrounded by dark matter...
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an invisible and mysterious
form of matter...
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that accounts for 90 percent
of the universe's mass.
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The largest thing
in the universe...
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you might even wonder
if it's a thing at all...
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it's a web of dark matter...
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that fills the volume
of the universe.
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Dark matter is this matter
that we can't even see.
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00:03:09,230 --> 00:03:10,856
It doesn't emit any light...
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but it is filled
throughout the universe...
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and there's structure in it.
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Dark matter is something
much more mysterious...
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than most people know.
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Literally, the stuff
that makes me up...
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dark matter isn't
made of that.
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I don't think
you could smell it...
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I don't think
you could touch it.
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It simply has
gravitational attraction.
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The cosmic web of dark matter
becomes visible...
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when looking at the objects
that fill it.
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This cosmic web
really is almost like...
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a three-dimensional
spider's web.
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At the very center
of all the vortexes...
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there are the superclusters...
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clusters of thousands
of galaxies...
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and then filaments
of galaxies connect them...
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all the way across the volume
of the universe.
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The deepest,
strongest gravity...
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at the intersections
of these weblike structures...
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is where all the gas falls...
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and that's where galaxies form-
clusters of galaxies form.
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00:04:07,664 --> 00:04:17,172
But just how big
is the cosmic web?
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If the Milky Way galaxy were
the size of a poppy seed...
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00:04:20,218 --> 00:04:24,471
then the observable universe,
everything we can see...
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would be about the volume
of the Rose Bowl stadium.
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Now, that entire volume
is filled with a cosmic web...
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superclusters
linked together...
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from one side of the universe
to the other.
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The origins of the cosmic web
remain uncertain...
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but scientists think its initial
seeds were planted...
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in the Big Bang,
the beginning of the universe.
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During the Big Bang
explosion...
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the whole universe
blew up, essentially...
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and expanded very rapidly...
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so the cosmic matter web...
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contains all
of the original matter...
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that was created
during the Big Bang...
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just blown up into the very,
very large structures...
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that we see today.
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00:05:11,311 --> 00:05:15,314
Scientists are actively trying
to map out the cosmic web...
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which spans
the entire universe.
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One way is to look at hot,
x-ray-emitting gas...
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and how it's contained...
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by the gravity
present in the dark matter.
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Another way is to look
at something called...
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gravitational lensing,
where light is bent...
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by the gravity
of the cosmic web...
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00:05:35,585 --> 00:05:38,253
and so we're able
to sort of see the outlines...
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of that cosmic web...
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by the way it distorts the light
that's behind it.
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The cosmic web...
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basically contains everything
in the universe...
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but some scientists question...
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whether it's technically
the largest object...
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because the web isn't
continuously connected...
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throughout space.
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The cosmic matter web
is not actually the largest...
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00:06:01,861 --> 00:06:04,446
gravitationally bound object
in the universe...
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because all the matter
in the universe...
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00:06:05,907 --> 00:06:07,366
has expanded so vastly...
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00:06:07,408 --> 00:06:09,034
the force of gravity
is not enough...
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to keep it together
in one area...
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whereas superclusters
of galaxies...
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are actually
gravitationally bound...
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meaning that they
have enough mass...
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to produce enough gravity
to hold them together...
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over the passage of time.
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Astronomers don't have
a firm estimate...
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00:06:27,345 --> 00:06:29,638
but the cosmic web
could be made up...
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of hundreds of thousands
of superclustered complexes.
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These are mega collections
of galaxies...
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gravitationally bound...
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up to hundreds of millions
of light-years across.
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The universe is organized
hierarchically.
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Stars make up galaxies...
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galaxies make up clusters...
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clusters make up superclusters.
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You could draw an analogy...
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that a cluster might be
the North American continent...
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00:06:56,249 --> 00:06:59,334
and a supercluster might be
the association of cities...
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on the North American
continent...
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00:07:00,878 --> 00:07:02,337
cities on the European
continent...
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00:07:02,380 --> 00:07:08,927
cities on the Asian
continent, et cetera.
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00:07:08,970 --> 00:07:10,178
The current record holder...
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for the largest supercluster
of galaxies...
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is called
the Shapley Supercluster.
138
00:07:15,393 --> 00:07:17,018
This dense region
of galaxies...
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00:07:17,061 --> 00:07:21,189
is 400 million
light-years long.
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00:07:21,232 --> 00:07:24,234
So it would take the fastest
interplanetary spacecraft...
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00:07:24,277 --> 00:07:30,365
trillions of years
to travel across it.
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00:07:30,408 --> 00:07:34,161
The Shapley Supercluster
spans several constellations...
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and is almost
650 million light-years...
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from our Milky Way galaxy.
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00:07:45,423 --> 00:07:46,882
I have here
a small toy boat...
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00:07:46,924 --> 00:07:49,092
which is a replica
of the Queen Mary...
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00:07:49,135 --> 00:07:51,052
which you can see here
behind me.
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00:07:51,095 --> 00:07:54,264
And this little toy is
about 4,000 times smaller...
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than the real Queen Mary.
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00:07:55,850 --> 00:07:57,225
If you could just imagine...
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00:07:57,268 --> 00:07:59,436
that our own Milky Way galaxy
that we live in...
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is the same size
as this toy boat...
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then one of the most
massive superclusters...
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00:08:03,691 --> 00:08:06,067
that we know about,
the Shapley Supercluster...
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00:08:06,110 --> 00:08:08,820
would be the same size
as theQueen Mary.
156
00:08:08,863 --> 00:08:10,071
So the Shapley Supercluster...
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00:08:10,114 --> 00:08:14,534
would be about 4,000 times
larger than our own Milky Way.
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00:08:14,577 --> 00:08:16,077
It's one of the most massive
things we know about...
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in the entire universe.
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00:08:22,335 --> 00:08:24,294
Astronomers have known
about superclusters...
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since the 1950s...
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00:08:26,631 --> 00:08:28,757
but now they've determined
their origin...
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through recent measurements...
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00:08:29,842 --> 00:08:32,219
of the cosmic
microwave background...
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00:08:32,261 --> 00:08:38,058
which is actual radiation
left over from the Big Bang.
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It's been concluded
that all superclusters...
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including the Shapley
Supercluster...
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00:08:42,605 --> 00:08:45,190
originated during the formation
of the universe...
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00:08:45,233 --> 00:08:49,819
over 13 billion years ago.
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00:08:49,862 --> 00:08:52,239
As the universe evolves
and expands...
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gravity is
an attractive force...
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00:08:53,908 --> 00:08:56,493
so any region that has
a little extra density there...
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attracts more matter
and more matter.
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So, Shapley is a cluster...
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that basically
had the accumulation...
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of many other little galaxies
falling into it...
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and that's how it's gotten
so big over time.
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Incredibly, scientists think
the Shapley Supercluster...
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may be even bigger
than it appears.
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00:09:16,514 --> 00:09:18,807
In fact, we may only be seeing
a small fraction...
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00:09:18,849 --> 00:09:21,518
of what's really contained
within the Shapley Supercluster.
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When the Wide-Field Infrared
Survey explorer launches...
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we should be able to see
about 10 times farther away...
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00:09:27,400 --> 00:09:28,692
and hopefully,
we'll be able to see...
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00:09:28,734 --> 00:09:29,985
the rest of
the Shapley Supercluster...
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00:09:30,027 --> 00:09:31,319
to see if it is
even more massive...
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00:09:31,362 --> 00:09:35,031
than what we already
know about.
188
00:09:35,074 --> 00:09:38,743
Superclusters of galaxies
will stay together over time...
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00:09:38,786 --> 00:09:42,872
because they're
gravitationally bound.
190
00:09:42,915 --> 00:09:44,416
Gravity is holding them
together.
191
00:09:44,458 --> 00:09:46,418
So, even though the
universe is expanding...
192
00:09:46,460 --> 00:09:50,630
over time those superclusters of
galaxies will stay together...
193
00:09:50,673 --> 00:09:53,008
and they'll always keep
orbiting each other.
194
00:09:59,223 --> 00:10:02,726
We humans also live
in a supercluster complex...
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00:10:02,768 --> 00:10:04,311
but it's less
than half the size...
196
00:10:04,353 --> 00:10:06,813
and about 10 times
less massive...
197
00:10:06,856 --> 00:10:11,109
than the Shapley
Supercluster.
198
00:10:11,152 --> 00:10:14,195
Our Milky Way is part
of a small, little cluster...
199
00:10:14,238 --> 00:10:15,572
called the Local Group...
200
00:10:15,615 --> 00:10:17,532
which is part
of a larger cluster...
201
00:10:17,575 --> 00:10:18,867
called the Virgo Cluster...
202
00:10:18,909 --> 00:10:20,452
sort of on the outskirts
of that.
203
00:10:20,494 --> 00:10:21,745
So it's like your home address.
204
00:10:21,787 --> 00:10:23,663
You live on this street,
in this town...
205
00:10:23,706 --> 00:10:25,290
in this state,
in this country.
206
00:10:25,333 --> 00:10:26,499
Similarly, the Milky Way...
207
00:10:26,542 --> 00:10:29,377
has its larger
and larger associations...
208
00:10:29,420 --> 00:10:32,797
of which it's a part.
209
00:10:32,840 --> 00:10:34,299
Superclusters of galaxies...
210
00:10:34,342 --> 00:10:37,385
are the most crowded
neighborhoods in space...
211
00:10:37,428 --> 00:10:39,387
but they surround
equally big regions...
212
00:10:39,430 --> 00:10:42,223
where almost nothing exists.
213
00:10:42,266 --> 00:10:47,062
These bare spots
are called voids.
214
00:10:47,104 --> 00:10:49,689
Voids are the opposite
of clusters.
215
00:10:49,732 --> 00:10:52,484
If clusters are where
all the galaxies are...
216
00:10:52,526 --> 00:10:55,528
voids are where
all the galaxies aren't.
217
00:10:55,571 --> 00:10:58,823
And you do see this kind
of frothy, weblike structure...
218
00:10:58,866 --> 00:11:02,202
of clusters and voids
and clusters and voids.
219
00:11:02,244 --> 00:11:04,788
So it's kind of like
cities and countrysides...
220
00:11:04,830 --> 00:11:09,751
cities and countryside.
221
00:11:09,794 --> 00:11:14,589
The largest confirmed void
in the universe remains Bootes.
222
00:11:14,632 --> 00:11:17,258
Named after the constellation
where it resides...
223
00:11:17,301 --> 00:11:18,677
this near-empty space...
224
00:11:18,719 --> 00:11:22,889
is a whopping 250 million
light-years across.
225
00:11:22,932 --> 00:11:25,600
That's equal to 2,500
Milky Way galaxies...
226
00:11:25,643 --> 00:11:29,729
placed side by side.
227
00:11:29,772 --> 00:11:31,439
Look out into the cosmos
in any direction...
228
00:11:31,482 --> 00:11:32,607
and you'll see something.
229
00:11:32,650 --> 00:11:35,110
You'll see stuff,
you'll see galaxies...
230
00:11:35,152 --> 00:11:37,320
you'll see gas, dust,
you'll detect dark matter.
231
00:11:37,363 --> 00:11:39,239
Everywhere you look,
there's something.
232
00:11:39,281 --> 00:11:43,326
Yet here's this giant hole
with nothing in it.
233
00:11:48,541 --> 00:11:52,168
The Bootes Void,
which was discovered in 1981...
234
00:11:52,211 --> 00:11:55,922
is almost completely
devoid of galaxies.
235
00:11:55,965 --> 00:11:59,134
A new way to search for even
larger voids may be possible...
236
00:11:59,176 --> 00:12:01,720
by precise measurements
of the temperatures...
237
00:12:01,762 --> 00:12:04,973
of the cosmic microwave
background radiation.
238
00:12:05,015 --> 00:12:07,058
Subtle cold spots
in this radiation...
239
00:12:07,101 --> 00:12:11,187
could locate the directions
of large distant voids.
240
00:12:16,444 --> 00:12:17,986
The story of their formation...
241
00:12:18,028 --> 00:12:22,866
is basically the reverse
of how superclusters form.
242
00:12:23,159 --> 00:12:24,826
The voids
must have started out...
243
00:12:24,869 --> 00:12:26,703
in the first microsecond
of the Big Bang...
244
00:12:26,746 --> 00:12:29,164
as slightly low-density regions.
245
00:12:29,206 --> 00:12:32,500
But with time, they became
less and less dense.
246
00:12:32,543 --> 00:12:35,795
All of the matter flowed away
into the sheets and filaments...
247
00:12:35,838 --> 00:12:38,965
leaving the voids emptier
and emptier of matter...
248
00:12:39,008 --> 00:12:41,342
until today,
there is almost nothing...
249
00:12:41,385 --> 00:12:45,054
but a few little dwarf galaxies
in some of these voids.
250
00:12:48,225 --> 00:12:50,935
Voids and superclusters are
just some of the big things...
251
00:12:50,978 --> 00:12:53,605
contained in the even
larger structure...
252
00:12:53,647 --> 00:12:56,608
called the cosmic web.
253
00:12:56,650 --> 00:13:01,738
But the web also holds
other immense objects...
254
00:13:01,781 --> 00:13:03,865
including colossal bubbles...
255
00:13:03,908 --> 00:13:08,703
that might hold missing clues
to the formation of galaxies.
256
00:13:15,377 --> 00:13:19,047
The universe is packed
with monstrous things.
257
00:13:19,089 --> 00:13:20,799
Researchers
have recently discovered...
258
00:13:20,841 --> 00:13:22,926
giant clouds of gas...
259
00:13:22,968 --> 00:13:26,513
that resemble something
out of a horror movie.
260
00:13:26,555 --> 00:13:32,560
These mysterious objects
are called Lyman-Alpha blobs.
261
00:13:32,603 --> 00:13:35,313
My personal favorite biggest
objects in the universe...
262
00:13:35,356 --> 00:13:37,732
are the Lyman-Alpha blobs...
263
00:13:37,775 --> 00:13:40,735
an unpredicted,
unexpected phenomenon...
264
00:13:40,778 --> 00:13:43,905
where you're catching a galaxy
in the first phases...
265
00:13:43,948 --> 00:13:47,200
of its formation and collapse.
266
00:13:47,243 --> 00:13:48,326
A Lyman-Alpha blob...
267
00:13:48,369 --> 00:13:53,540
is very much like
this expanding soap bubble...
268
00:13:53,582 --> 00:13:56,876
except, in the case
of the soap bubble...
269
00:13:56,919 --> 00:14:02,590
it's the air which is
making it fill up.
270
00:14:02,633 --> 00:14:05,885
A Lyman-Alpha blob
is expanding because of heat.
271
00:14:05,928 --> 00:14:09,180
A lot of energy has been
injected into this gas...
272
00:14:09,223 --> 00:14:10,598
to make it heat up.
273
00:14:10,641 --> 00:14:13,560
And when you put
all that energy into a gas...
274
00:14:13,602 --> 00:14:16,688
it inevitably tends
to puff up and expand...
275
00:14:16,730 --> 00:14:19,983
exactly like
an expanding bubble.
276
00:14:20,025 --> 00:14:21,818
In the case
of a Lyman-Alpha blob,
277
00:14:21,861 --> 00:14:23,319
it's being puffed up by heat...
278
00:14:23,362 --> 00:14:27,365
and maybe also
by the ultraviolet radiation...
279
00:14:27,408 --> 00:14:29,868
from newly formed stars.
280
00:14:33,914 --> 00:14:35,957
The largest known
Lyman-Alpha blob...
281
00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:38,293
is a colossal,
amoeba-shaped structure...
282
00:14:38,335 --> 00:14:42,130
that resembles
a giant green jellyfish.
283
00:14:42,172 --> 00:14:44,966
It's 200 million
light-years wide...
284
00:14:45,009 --> 00:14:48,678
and is located
in the constellation Aquarius.
285
00:14:48,721 --> 00:14:51,264
When we're looking
at the Lyman-Alpha blob...
286
00:14:51,307 --> 00:14:54,309
we're seeing gas
that sort of spread...
287
00:14:54,351 --> 00:14:57,729
amongst these very first
stars and galaxies.
288
00:14:57,771 --> 00:14:58,980
It's kind of
an amorphous shape...
289
00:14:59,023 --> 00:15:01,691
of about 30 separate
little blobs inside of it.
290
00:15:01,734 --> 00:15:04,485
It's very large
and very massive.
291
00:15:04,528 --> 00:15:07,530
The whole structure is about
3,000 times the size...
292
00:15:07,573 --> 00:15:12,160
of our own Milky Way galaxy.
293
00:15:12,202 --> 00:15:15,038
The Keck and Subaru
telescopes in Hawaii...
294
00:15:15,080 --> 00:15:17,040
contain special filters...
295
00:15:17,082 --> 00:15:19,876
that are able to see
this faraway blob...
296
00:15:19,919 --> 00:15:22,629
which spreads out
along curvy tentacles.
297
00:15:25,758 --> 00:15:28,968
Scientists estimate that
the largest Lyman-Alpha blob...
298
00:15:29,011 --> 00:15:32,013
was formed about
12 billion years ago...
299
00:15:32,056 --> 00:15:36,476
almost two billion years
after the Big Bang.
300
00:15:36,518 --> 00:15:40,271
The observational technique
we use to see that gas...
301
00:15:40,522 --> 00:15:44,692
refers to a very specific color
of light, emission of light...
302
00:15:44,735 --> 00:15:46,235
that's called Lyman-Alpha.
303
00:15:46,278 --> 00:15:48,988
So you hear a phrase
Lyman-Alpha blob...
304
00:15:49,031 --> 00:15:51,324
because if you take
an image of the sky...
305
00:15:51,367 --> 00:15:54,953
through a filter that gives you
only that Lyman-Alpha light...
306
00:15:54,995 --> 00:15:57,288
that very special
wavelength of light...
307
00:15:57,331 --> 00:15:59,916
you'll see a little blob
on the sky.
308
00:16:03,337 --> 00:16:05,922
Lyman-Alpha blobs
are perhaps precursors...
309
00:16:05,965 --> 00:16:09,634
to the galaxy clusters
we see today.
310
00:16:09,677 --> 00:16:13,012
Within these gigantic bubbles
may exist cocoons...
311
00:16:13,055 --> 00:16:17,475
that will one day
spawn new galaxies.
312
00:16:17,518 --> 00:16:19,268
The Lyman-Alpha blobs
are probably...
313
00:16:19,311 --> 00:16:23,523
a fairly special
short-lived phase...
314
00:16:23,565 --> 00:16:26,734
in the evolution
to creating a galaxy.
315
00:16:26,777 --> 00:16:28,403
I would expect
that most of them...
316
00:16:28,445 --> 00:16:31,656
are going to collapse
and form young galaxies...
317
00:16:31,699 --> 00:16:34,784
in the next 100 million years
or so of their lives...
318
00:16:34,827 --> 00:16:36,077
so it's a special phase...
319
00:16:36,120 --> 00:16:39,539
just when a galaxy is beginning
to pull itself together.
320
00:16:39,581 --> 00:16:41,624
The search in the universe
for Lyman-Alpha blobs...
321
00:16:41,667 --> 00:16:43,584
is just beginning.
322
00:16:43,627 --> 00:16:45,878
We'll undoubtedly find
many more of them...
323
00:16:45,921 --> 00:16:49,048
and even perhaps
some larger ones in the future.
324
00:16:49,091 --> 00:16:50,466
Stay tuned.
325
00:16:53,762 --> 00:16:56,055
Lyman-Alpha blobs
may hold the answers...
326
00:16:56,098 --> 00:16:58,766
to the formation
of individual galaxies...
327
00:16:58,809 --> 00:17:00,852
which are gravitationally
bound systems...
328
00:17:00,894 --> 00:17:06,149
containing stars, gas,
dust, and dark matter.
329
00:17:06,191 --> 00:17:09,110
At least 100 billion
single galaxies exist...
330
00:17:09,153 --> 00:17:11,487
in the observable universe.
331
00:17:11,530 --> 00:17:12,780
They range in size...
332
00:17:12,823 --> 00:17:17,785
from ten thousand to millions
of light-years across.
333
00:17:17,828 --> 00:17:21,289
Galaxies, these titanic
collections of stars...
334
00:17:21,331 --> 00:17:24,751
I think of them as cities...
335
00:17:24,793 --> 00:17:27,253
having been born
in one myself...
336
00:17:27,296 --> 00:17:32,633
not only a galaxy,
but also an actual city...
337
00:17:32,676 --> 00:17:35,636
a native of New York where
everyone is crowded together.
338
00:17:35,679 --> 00:17:39,390
Galaxies are sort of how
matter has organized itself...
339
00:17:39,433 --> 00:17:44,187
in the universe.
340
00:17:44,229 --> 00:17:48,316
In the competition for largest
single galaxy in the universe...
341
00:17:48,358 --> 00:17:52,653
sizing up a winner
is challenging.
342
00:17:52,696 --> 00:17:55,323
The problem in saying
what's the largest galaxy...
343
00:17:55,365 --> 00:17:57,575
is in deciding
where they end.
344
00:17:57,618 --> 00:17:59,619
Galaxy does not have
a sharp edge.
345
00:17:59,661 --> 00:18:01,621
It just gets
thinner and thinner...
346
00:18:01,663 --> 00:18:03,831
as you go further out.
347
00:18:03,874 --> 00:18:05,249
It's exactly analogous
to saying...
348
00:18:05,292 --> 00:18:10,129
where is the end of a very
large metropolitan area?
349
00:18:10,172 --> 00:18:12,840
Where is the end
of Los Angeles?
350
00:18:12,883 --> 00:18:14,133
You can go out 50 miles...
351
00:18:14,176 --> 00:18:17,678
and you'll still find a fairly
high density of suburbs.
352
00:18:17,721 --> 00:18:20,223
The suburbs of a big galaxy
like the Milky Way...
353
00:18:20,265 --> 00:18:24,685
extend out very, very far,
more than 100,000 light-years.
354
00:18:24,728 --> 00:18:27,730
And with a giant galaxy,
those suburbs extend out...
355
00:18:27,773 --> 00:18:30,274
hundreds of thousands
of light-years.
356
00:18:33,904 --> 00:18:36,614
Since scientists can't
determine a clear winner...
357
00:18:36,657 --> 00:18:40,076
several galaxies share
the title as biggest.
358
00:18:40,119 --> 00:18:43,663
They're called cluster-diffused
or CD galaxies...
359
00:18:43,705 --> 00:18:49,627
and they sit in the centers
of rich clusters of galaxies.
360
00:18:49,670 --> 00:18:51,629
If you think about
the cosmic web as being...
361
00:18:51,672 --> 00:18:54,549
sort of like a three-dimensional
spider web...
362
00:18:54,800 --> 00:18:56,759
well, then, the spiders lurking
in the middle of the web...
363
00:18:56,802 --> 00:19:01,389
are these monstrous CD galaxies,
as we call them.
364
00:19:01,431 --> 00:19:02,932
These galaxies
can have masses...
365
00:19:02,975 --> 00:19:06,310
that are in some cases
maybe 10 times or 20 times...
366
00:19:06,353 --> 00:19:10,022
the mass of our own Milky Way.
367
00:19:10,065 --> 00:19:11,399
These CD galaxies...
368
00:19:11,441 --> 00:19:14,861
are the largest galaxies
in the universe.
369
00:19:14,903 --> 00:19:18,406
For example,
IC-1101 sits in the center...
370
00:19:18,448 --> 00:19:22,076
of a galaxy cluster
called Abell-2029...
371
00:19:22,119 --> 00:19:24,745
and it's six million
light-years across.
372
00:19:24,788 --> 00:19:26,080
Compare that
to our own Milky Way...
373
00:19:26,123 --> 00:19:29,208
that's 100,000
light-years across.
374
00:19:29,251 --> 00:19:31,586
It's a really big galaxy.
375
00:19:31,628 --> 00:19:34,797
It's 60 times the size
of our Milky Way.
376
00:19:37,634 --> 00:19:40,136
CD galaxies
are elliptically shaped...
377
00:19:40,179 --> 00:19:43,723
as opposed to a disc structure
like our Milky Way.
378
00:19:43,765 --> 00:19:45,641
This is because they've
achieved their size...
379
00:19:45,684 --> 00:19:48,102
by bulking up
on other galaxies...
380
00:19:48,145 --> 00:19:51,939
through galaxy mergers.
381
00:19:51,982 --> 00:19:54,108
You may have heard the phrase
"galaxy cannibalism"...
382
00:19:54,151 --> 00:19:55,943
where one galaxy eats another.
383
00:19:55,986 --> 00:19:59,280
That goes on all the time
in clusters of galaxies.
384
00:19:59,323 --> 00:20:02,116
And so, sitting usually down
at the very center...
385
00:20:02,159 --> 00:20:09,624
of a massive cluster,
you'll find one big galaxy.
386
00:20:09,666 --> 00:20:11,292
These CD galaxies
have so much mass...
387
00:20:11,335 --> 00:20:13,336
that they are
the 800-pound gorilla...
388
00:20:13,378 --> 00:20:14,587
wherever they are.
389
00:20:14,630 --> 00:20:16,964
You see little galaxies
maybe orbiting around them...
390
00:20:17,007 --> 00:20:19,550
but, basically, it's eaten up
everything nearby.
391
00:20:22,346 --> 00:20:23,971
The largest galaxies may be...
392
00:20:24,014 --> 00:20:26,974
six to 20 million
light-years across.
393
00:20:27,017 --> 00:20:30,353
However, there are other
objects even larger.
394
00:20:30,395 --> 00:20:32,605
They're called radio lobes.
395
00:20:32,648 --> 00:20:35,107
Stretching out from both sides
of the galaxy...
396
00:20:35,150 --> 00:20:36,359
these immense structures...
397
00:20:36,401 --> 00:20:39,028
are actually hurling jets
of charged particles...
398
00:20:39,071 --> 00:20:43,950
that emit radio waves.
399
00:20:43,992 --> 00:20:45,910
So we're here
in this auto body shop...
400
00:20:45,953 --> 00:20:48,079
where I'm gonna use
these two torches...
401
00:20:48,121 --> 00:20:49,914
to simulate radio jets...
402
00:20:49,957 --> 00:20:52,250
coming out of opposite sides
of an accretion disc...
403
00:20:52,292 --> 00:20:57,004
swirling around
a supermassive black hole.
404
00:20:57,047 --> 00:20:58,881
So in the visible...
405
00:20:58,924 --> 00:21:02,093
you see a small blue flame
coming off of the torch.
406
00:21:02,135 --> 00:21:03,219
But in the infrared...
407
00:21:03,262 --> 00:21:04,512
you can see that the heat
from the torch...
408
00:21:04,554 --> 00:21:11,060
extends much,
much further out.
409
00:21:11,103 --> 00:21:13,187
Similarly
with the radio jets...
410
00:21:13,230 --> 00:21:14,939
what you see in the optical
is actually quite different...
411
00:21:14,982 --> 00:21:17,984
from what you see
in radio waves.
412
00:21:18,026 --> 00:21:20,695
A typical lobe might be
160,000 light-years...
413
00:21:20,737 --> 00:21:23,864
as the lobe spreads out
on both sides of the galaxy.
414
00:21:23,907 --> 00:21:27,785
That's about twice the size
of the Milky Way galaxy's disc.
415
00:21:32,082 --> 00:21:34,667
Astronomers think
radio lobes are powered...
416
00:21:34,710 --> 00:21:38,838
by supermassive black holes
located in quasars.
417
00:21:38,880 --> 00:21:45,011
These are the luminous centers
of most active galaxies.
418
00:21:45,053 --> 00:21:47,388
The jets of radio energy...
419
00:21:47,431 --> 00:21:49,557
that come from
a giant black hole...
420
00:21:49,599 --> 00:21:52,226
and make these enormous
radio lobe structures...
421
00:21:52,269 --> 00:21:55,354
are very closely related
to quasars.
422
00:21:55,647 --> 00:21:58,566
In fact, in some cases, you
can see a low-power quasar...
423
00:21:58,608 --> 00:22:00,318
in the center of the galaxy...
424
00:22:00,360 --> 00:22:03,446
and then it's surrounded
by these giant lobes...
425
00:22:03,488 --> 00:22:04,572
to either side.
426
00:22:04,614 --> 00:22:06,032
They have been blasted out...
427
00:22:06,074 --> 00:22:09,118
by very high-energy
jets of electrons...
428
00:22:09,161 --> 00:22:12,580
that are basically moving
at almost the speed of light.
429
00:22:12,622 --> 00:22:15,374
And they are blasted out,
probably...
430
00:22:15,417 --> 00:22:20,921
from the north and south poles
of the spinning black hole.
431
00:22:20,964 --> 00:22:24,425
The radio lobes depend on matter
going down the black hole.
432
00:22:24,468 --> 00:22:25,926
As matter goes down
the black hole...
433
00:22:25,969 --> 00:22:29,180
some of it gets accelerated
up into these lobes.
434
00:22:29,222 --> 00:22:30,848
So the size of the lobes
has something to do...
435
00:22:30,891 --> 00:22:32,433
with the history
of how much matter...
436
00:22:32,476 --> 00:22:34,602
the black hole
has actually fed on.
437
00:22:34,644 --> 00:22:36,896
And so over time,
they'll change size.
438
00:22:40,442 --> 00:22:43,110
Radio telescopes
have surveyed the universe...
439
00:22:43,153 --> 00:22:47,406
and determined the largest
known radio lobe.
440
00:22:47,449 --> 00:22:48,866
The undeniable record holder...
441
00:22:48,909 --> 00:22:53,371
is located in the galaxy
named 3C236...
442
00:22:53,413 --> 00:22:56,749
which is in the constellation
Leo Minor.
443
00:22:56,792 --> 00:23:02,755
Its jets span 40 million
light-years across.
444
00:23:02,798 --> 00:23:03,798
Scientists don't understand...
445
00:23:03,840 --> 00:23:06,467
why some active galaxies
form these jets...
446
00:23:06,510 --> 00:23:10,054
and others don't,
but one thing is certain...
447
00:23:10,097 --> 00:23:13,307
radio lobes
will not last forever...
448
00:23:13,350 --> 00:23:17,770
perhaps for only
a few million years.
449
00:23:17,813 --> 00:23:20,815
So, just as this torch will
eventually run out of gas...
450
00:23:20,857 --> 00:23:22,483
and shut itself off...
451
00:23:22,526 --> 00:23:26,195
the jets from a radio galaxy
will eventually die as well.
452
00:23:26,238 --> 00:23:27,446
When the black hole
has consumed...
453
00:23:27,489 --> 00:23:30,074
all of the material
in its immediate vicinity...
454
00:23:30,117 --> 00:23:32,159
there'll be nothing left
of the accretion disc...
455
00:23:32,202 --> 00:23:34,453
to get shot out along
the magnetic field lines...
456
00:23:34,496 --> 00:23:39,166
and the jet will die.
457
00:23:39,209 --> 00:23:40,626
If black holes
are the producers...
458
00:23:40,669 --> 00:23:43,504
of these gigantic
radio lobes...
459
00:23:43,547 --> 00:23:48,092
then what is the largest
black hole in the universe?
460
00:23:48,135 --> 00:23:51,804
Scientists are currently
placing bets on the winner.
461
00:23:58,228 --> 00:24:01,647
When it comes to the biggest
things in the universe...
462
00:24:01,690 --> 00:24:06,777
some black holes earn a place
in the record books.
463
00:24:06,820 --> 00:24:08,988
A black hole
is a region of space...
464
00:24:09,030 --> 00:24:11,574
where the pull of gravity
is so immense...
465
00:24:11,616 --> 00:24:15,286
that nothing can escape it,
not even light.
466
00:24:19,499 --> 00:24:22,668
There are billions upon billions
of these black monsters...
467
00:24:22,711 --> 00:24:25,045
prowling the universe.
468
00:24:25,088 --> 00:24:27,506
They come in two
size categories.
469
00:24:27,549 --> 00:24:30,384
Most of them are
the stellar mass black holes...
470
00:24:30,427 --> 00:24:32,887
which are about
five to 100 times...
471
00:24:32,929 --> 00:24:36,390
the mass of our sun.
472
00:24:36,433 --> 00:24:39,185
And then there are
supermassive black holes...
473
00:24:39,227 --> 00:24:44,815
that are millions to billions
of times the mass of the sun.
474
00:24:44,858 --> 00:24:46,108
We have the supermassive
black holes...
475
00:24:46,151 --> 00:24:48,027
the kind
that we seem to be finding...
476
00:24:48,069 --> 00:24:50,237
in the centers
of every galaxy...
477
00:24:50,280 --> 00:24:53,574
where we've had
the resources to look.
478
00:24:53,617 --> 00:24:55,618
Havoc is wrought
upon your environment...
479
00:24:55,660 --> 00:24:56,911
if you're a star orbiting...
480
00:24:56,953 --> 00:24:59,538
close to one of these
supermassive black holes...
481
00:24:59,581 --> 00:25:01,499
in the centers
of these galaxies.
482
00:25:06,838 --> 00:25:10,174
Black holes are not
physically large regions...
483
00:25:10,217 --> 00:25:11,759
but when measuring their mass...
484
00:25:11,801 --> 00:25:13,260
they become top competitors...
485
00:25:13,303 --> 00:25:17,556
in the galactic
heavyweight division.
486
00:25:17,599 --> 00:25:18,599
The center of our Milky Way...
487
00:25:18,642 --> 00:25:19,767
we know that
there's a black hole...
488
00:25:19,809 --> 00:25:21,894
that's about maybe
three million times...
489
00:25:21,937 --> 00:25:23,437
the mass of our own sun.
490
00:25:23,480 --> 00:25:26,815
And yet, because black holes
are so incredibly dense...
491
00:25:26,858 --> 00:25:28,275
the actual size
of the black hole...
492
00:25:28,318 --> 00:25:29,485
is still fairly small...
493
00:25:29,528 --> 00:25:34,156
but incredibly, incredibly
powerful gravitationally.
494
00:25:34,199 --> 00:25:36,992
As their name suggests,
these black beasts...
495
00:25:37,035 --> 00:25:38,327
are essentially black...
496
00:25:38,370 --> 00:25:41,497
because no light
can escape them.
497
00:25:41,540 --> 00:25:43,207
So one can only be observed...
498
00:25:43,250 --> 00:25:46,377
when its gravity affects
something else in space...
499
00:25:46,419 --> 00:25:48,796
such as a passing star...
500
00:25:48,838 --> 00:25:51,840
or when it's gorging
on matter around it.
501
00:25:56,805 --> 00:26:02,142
So what is the reigning
black hole champion?
502
00:26:02,185 --> 00:26:05,396
The current record holder
for the largest black hole...
503
00:26:05,438 --> 00:26:08,899
appears to be in the incredibly
luminous quasar...
504
00:26:08,942 --> 00:26:14,697
which has the prosaic-sounding
name HS1946+7658.
505
00:26:14,739 --> 00:26:17,324
Why do I say
it's the largest black hole?
506
00:26:17,367 --> 00:26:19,243
Because we know it is...
507
00:26:19,286 --> 00:26:21,495
the most luminous quasar
in the universe...
508
00:26:21,538 --> 00:26:23,664
that's been found so far.
509
00:26:23,707 --> 00:26:25,457
The black hole
that's holding it together...
510
00:26:25,500 --> 00:26:26,500
that's producing the energy...
511
00:26:26,543 --> 00:26:29,336
needs to be
about 10 billion times...
512
00:26:29,379 --> 00:26:31,088
the mass of the sun.
513
00:26:31,131 --> 00:26:33,549
That corresponds
to a black hole...
514
00:26:33,592 --> 00:26:37,845
which is larger than
our entire solar system.
515
00:26:37,887 --> 00:26:43,309
In fact, it's just out there
to remind us how bizarre...
516
00:26:43,351 --> 00:26:48,814
a seemingly simple force
like gravity can actually be.
517
00:26:48,857 --> 00:26:50,858
The largest
supermassive black hole...
518
00:26:50,900 --> 00:26:54,361
wields power
in the center of a galaxy...
519
00:26:54,404 --> 00:26:56,030
but there are other
big luminous objects...
520
00:26:56,072 --> 00:26:57,656
in the universe.
521
00:26:57,699 --> 00:26:59,867
In fact, there are some
that seem to exist...
522
00:26:59,909 --> 00:27:05,539
everywhere we look.
523
00:27:05,582 --> 00:27:07,750
When we glance
into the nighttime sky...
524
00:27:07,792 --> 00:27:10,544
we see stars,
twinkling dots of light...
525
00:27:10,587 --> 00:27:15,382
that are actually
luminous balls of plasma.
526
00:27:15,425 --> 00:27:17,676
Although they may seem small
from Earth...
527
00:27:17,719 --> 00:27:21,013
stars come
in a variety of sizes...
528
00:27:21,056 --> 00:27:22,181
from red dwarfs...
529
00:27:22,223 --> 00:27:25,684
which are about 1/12
the mass of our sun...
530
00:27:25,727 --> 00:27:27,645
to blue-white super giants...
531
00:27:27,687 --> 00:27:33,942
that can get as big
as 150 solar masses.
532
00:27:33,985 --> 00:27:37,571
Our Milky Way
holds 100 billion stars...
533
00:27:37,614 --> 00:27:39,114
including our sun...
534
00:27:39,157 --> 00:27:44,203
which is over 300,000 times
the mass of planet Earth.
535
00:27:44,245 --> 00:27:45,245
And this cosmic beacon...
536
00:27:45,288 --> 00:27:48,374
is a literal powerhouse
in our solar system.
537
00:27:55,757 --> 00:27:56,757
This natural gas
power plant...
538
00:27:56,800 --> 00:28:00,302
produces about
300 megawatts of power.
539
00:28:00,345 --> 00:28:01,345
You know,
that's enough to power...
540
00:28:01,388 --> 00:28:03,389
a few hundred thousand homes.
541
00:28:03,431 --> 00:28:06,850
But that's only a tiny fraction
of our sun's energy output.
542
00:28:07,102 --> 00:28:09,770
The sun's power is about
two billion, billion times...
543
00:28:09,813 --> 00:28:11,522
the amount of this plant.
544
00:28:11,564 --> 00:28:13,065
So even in spite
of its distance...
545
00:28:13,108 --> 00:28:17,111
the sun is able to warm
our entire planet.
546
00:28:17,153 --> 00:28:19,947
Even so, our sun
isn't the largest...
547
00:28:19,989 --> 00:28:24,034
or the most powerful star
by a long shot.
548
00:28:24,077 --> 00:28:25,202
The most powerful stars...
549
00:28:25,245 --> 00:28:28,038
are about a million times
as powerful as the sun.
550
00:28:28,081 --> 00:28:31,041
So if you wanted to compare
that with the Hoover Dam...
551
00:28:31,084 --> 00:28:34,211
you would need
30 million, million...
552
00:28:34,254 --> 00:28:38,132
Hoover Dams per person
on the planet...
553
00:28:38,174 --> 00:28:40,843
to generate that much power.
554
00:28:40,885 --> 00:28:44,388
There's really no human scale
to imagine this power output.
555
00:28:49,644 --> 00:28:51,478
The largest
and most powerful stars...
556
00:28:51,521 --> 00:28:53,439
that produce
this kind of energy...
557
00:28:53,481 --> 00:28:57,484
are called red hyper giants.
558
00:28:57,527 --> 00:28:58,652
That's a class of stars...
559
00:28:58,695 --> 00:29:01,029
that's even larger
than super giant stars.
560
00:29:01,072 --> 00:29:03,323
So typically,
stars like our sun...
561
00:29:03,366 --> 00:29:06,410
are fusing hydrogen into helium
to make their energy.
562
00:29:06,453 --> 00:29:08,078
But hyper giant stars...
563
00:29:08,121 --> 00:29:10,831
have already exhausted all
the hydrogen in their core...
564
00:29:10,874 --> 00:29:12,541
and they're fusing
hydrogen into helium...
565
00:29:12,584 --> 00:29:15,043
in the outskirts
around the core...
566
00:29:15,086 --> 00:29:17,629
and that makes them
extremely hot and energetic...
567
00:29:17,672 --> 00:29:20,841
and all that energy
causes the star to swell up...
568
00:29:20,884 --> 00:29:24,052
and so the star ends up with
a very large surface area...
569
00:29:24,095 --> 00:29:26,138
surface areas of the size
of the Earth's orbit...
570
00:29:26,181 --> 00:29:29,183
or even bigger.
571
00:29:29,225 --> 00:29:32,060
Within the hefty field
of red hyper giants...
572
00:29:32,103 --> 00:29:33,645
VY Canis Majoris...
573
00:29:33,688 --> 00:29:36,023
appears to have
the largest diameter.
574
00:29:36,065 --> 00:29:39,359
It's 2,000 times
wider than our sun...
575
00:29:39,402 --> 00:29:42,696
and consequently, it would take
the world's fastest race car...
576
00:29:42,739 --> 00:29:47,701
2,600 years
to circle it once.
577
00:29:47,744 --> 00:29:51,789
This stellar champ lives about
5,000 light-years from Earth...
578
00:29:51,831 --> 00:29:56,668
in the constellation
Canis Majoris.
579
00:29:56,711 --> 00:30:00,047
If you replace the sun
with VY Canis Majoris...
580
00:30:00,089 --> 00:30:03,217
if you put this hyper giant star
where the sun is...
581
00:30:03,259 --> 00:30:07,763
its radius would extend out
past Saturn's orbit.
582
00:30:07,806 --> 00:30:09,765
It would be about nine times
as far from the sun...
583
00:30:09,808 --> 00:30:10,933
as the Earth is...
584
00:30:10,975 --> 00:30:13,143
so this is a much broader
in diameter star...
585
00:30:13,186 --> 00:30:18,023
than our sun is.
586
00:30:18,066 --> 00:30:20,901
Astronomers determine the radius
of such a large star...
587
00:30:20,944 --> 00:30:25,072
by looking at its temperature.
588
00:30:25,114 --> 00:30:26,198
We use measurements...
589
00:30:26,241 --> 00:30:28,534
of the temperature
of the star's surface...
590
00:30:28,576 --> 00:30:30,160
which we can get
from the color of the star...
591
00:30:30,203 --> 00:30:33,413
and then we will also measure
the total power output...
592
00:30:33,456 --> 00:30:34,957
or luminosity of the star.
593
00:30:34,999 --> 00:30:36,667
And by combining those,
we can determine...
594
00:30:36,709 --> 00:30:38,919
what its total surface area is
of the star...
595
00:30:38,962 --> 00:30:42,047
and from that,
we get its diameter.
596
00:30:42,090 --> 00:30:43,215
Now, that assumes...
597
00:30:43,258 --> 00:30:45,843
that you can measure
its luminosity fairly well...
598
00:30:45,885 --> 00:30:47,594
and that you know something
about its temperature...
599
00:30:47,637 --> 00:30:48,637
from its color.
600
00:30:48,680 --> 00:30:49,763
Most of the time...
601
00:30:49,806 --> 00:30:51,431
they just simply appear
as pinpoints of light...
602
00:30:51,683 --> 00:30:53,267
and it's impossible
to actually resolve it.
603
00:30:53,309 --> 00:30:55,602
Although there are
new instruments now...
604
00:30:55,645 --> 00:30:56,728
called interferometers...
605
00:30:56,771 --> 00:30:58,146
which are capable
of resolving...
606
00:30:58,189 --> 00:31:00,941
even very tiny point sources,
like stars.
607
00:31:00,984 --> 00:31:02,109
And in some cases...
608
00:31:02,151 --> 00:31:03,443
there have been
direct measurements...
609
00:31:03,486 --> 00:31:05,362
of stellar diameters.
610
00:31:13,329 --> 00:31:17,541
VY Canis Majoris will not be
a title holder forever.
611
00:31:17,584 --> 00:31:19,793
The red hyper giant
is losing mass...
612
00:31:19,836 --> 00:31:25,966
at the rate of almost 30
Earth masses or more per year.
613
00:31:26,009 --> 00:31:27,301
The largest stars
in the universe...
614
00:31:27,343 --> 00:31:28,594
like VY Canis Majoris...
615
00:31:28,636 --> 00:31:30,304
are actually dying stars...
616
00:31:30,346 --> 00:31:32,222
that as stars begin to die...
617
00:31:32,265 --> 00:31:34,975
they burn their nuclear fuel
much less stably.
618
00:31:35,018 --> 00:31:38,729
They puff out over time.
619
00:31:38,771 --> 00:31:42,149
VY Canis Majoris is probably
only a few million years old.
620
00:31:42,191 --> 00:31:46,486
Stars that are as massive
as it is don't live very long.
621
00:31:46,529 --> 00:31:48,405
They use their fuel up
at prodigious rates...
622
00:31:48,448 --> 00:31:50,991
then they swell up
into this hyper giant state...
623
00:31:51,034 --> 00:31:52,034
and only live there...
624
00:31:52,076 --> 00:31:53,160
for a few hundred
thousand years...
625
00:31:53,202 --> 00:31:55,495
a very short time scale...
626
00:31:55,538 --> 00:31:59,833
and then they will explode.
627
00:31:59,876 --> 00:32:03,879
VY Canis Majoris might have
the largest diameter...
628
00:32:03,922 --> 00:32:06,798
but when it comes
to possessing the most mass...
629
00:32:06,841 --> 00:32:10,260
there's another star
that tips the scale.
630
00:32:14,974 --> 00:32:16,558
In the wide world of stars...
631
00:32:16,601 --> 00:32:18,018
there are many contenders...
632
00:32:18,061 --> 00:32:21,730
vying for the title
as the largest in the universe.
633
00:32:21,773 --> 00:32:23,398
But when it comes to stars...
634
00:32:23,441 --> 00:32:27,110
big can mean
two different things.
635
00:32:27,153 --> 00:32:29,404
When you talk about
the biggest star...
636
00:32:29,447 --> 00:32:30,781
you can mean
one of two things.
637
00:32:30,823 --> 00:32:33,659
You can either mean the star
that has the largest diameter...
638
00:32:33,701 --> 00:32:35,535
or you might mean
what its mass is.
639
00:32:35,578 --> 00:32:37,454
The mass is a measure
of how much stuff you have.
640
00:32:37,497 --> 00:32:39,748
It's sort of like your weight
when you step on a scale...
641
00:32:39,791 --> 00:32:44,419
how much matter your body
is made of.
642
00:32:44,671 --> 00:32:46,588
According
to some astronomers...
643
00:32:46,631 --> 00:32:48,423
the most massive star
is located...
644
00:32:48,466 --> 00:32:51,218
in our Milky Way galaxy.
645
00:32:51,260 --> 00:32:55,097
Its part of a binary star system
known as A1...
646
00:32:55,139 --> 00:32:56,515
which is actually two stars...
647
00:32:56,557 --> 00:33:01,687
that orbit each other
once every four days.
648
00:33:01,729 --> 00:33:02,854
We find there
that one of the stars...
649
00:33:02,897 --> 00:33:03,897
appears to have a mass...
650
00:33:03,940 --> 00:33:07,234
of about 115 times
the mass of the sun...
651
00:33:07,276 --> 00:33:08,735
and the other star
is also enormous...
652
00:33:08,778 --> 00:33:11,196
about 84 times
the mass of the sun.
653
00:33:11,239 --> 00:33:12,531
So both stars in this binary...
654
00:33:12,573 --> 00:33:16,368
are among the most massive stars
that we have ever measured.
655
00:33:16,411 --> 00:33:17,995
There may be
more massive stars...
656
00:33:18,037 --> 00:33:21,123
than the combination in A1
in this star cluster...
657
00:33:21,165 --> 00:33:22,207
but that's the most massive...
658
00:33:22,250 --> 00:33:26,044
that we've been able
to measure directly.
659
00:33:26,087 --> 00:33:31,758
These massive stars will live
full, but short lives.
660
00:33:31,801 --> 00:33:35,804
Massive stars
are hugely luminous.
661
00:33:35,847 --> 00:33:38,181
Sometimes they can outshine...
662
00:33:38,224 --> 00:33:41,309
millions of stars
in their neighborhood...
663
00:33:41,352 --> 00:33:42,602
but at a cost.
664
00:33:42,645 --> 00:33:46,189
The cost is they will run out
of fuel...
665
00:33:46,232 --> 00:33:48,650
faster than everybody else...
666
00:33:48,693 --> 00:33:51,319
and when they die,
they die spectacularly.
667
00:33:51,362 --> 00:33:53,530
They explode their guts...
668
00:33:53,573 --> 00:33:56,116
and scatter it
across the galaxy.
669
00:33:56,159 --> 00:34:00,328
So the cost of living
a high-mass life...
670
00:34:00,371 --> 00:34:01,413
a high-luminous life...
671
00:34:01,456 --> 00:34:03,373
the cost of living
in the fast lane...
672
00:34:03,416 --> 00:34:07,544
is that you explode
at the end of your life.
673
00:34:07,587 --> 00:34:11,339
A bright star may burn out
faster and die sooner...
674
00:34:11,382 --> 00:34:12,674
but at the same time...
675
00:34:12,717 --> 00:34:14,301
those hot stars
are cooking up elements...
676
00:34:14,343 --> 00:34:15,886
that are essential for life.
677
00:34:15,928 --> 00:34:18,764
So without really massive stars,
we wouldn't be here...
678
00:34:18,806 --> 00:34:22,142
because you wouldn't get
the iron in my blood...
679
00:34:22,185 --> 00:34:24,102
and the calcium in my bones.
680
00:34:24,145 --> 00:34:27,481
All of those things are formed
only in the most massive stars.
681
00:34:32,111 --> 00:34:36,698
We humans need essential
elements from massive stars...
682
00:34:36,741 --> 00:34:43,497
but we also need a planet
with a firm surface to stand on.
683
00:34:43,539 --> 00:34:45,832
Planets come
in two size groups...
684
00:34:45,875 --> 00:34:48,543
large gas giants like Jupiter...
685
00:34:48,586 --> 00:34:53,632
and small rocky terrestrials
such as Earth.
686
00:34:53,674 --> 00:34:55,175
In our own solar system...
687
00:34:55,218 --> 00:34:57,511
Jupiter
is the largest planet...
688
00:34:57,553 --> 00:35:02,641
while Earth trails
in fifth place.
689
00:35:02,683 --> 00:35:04,976
Yet, even though Jupiter
reigns supreme...
690
00:35:05,019 --> 00:35:07,062
in our galactic zip code...
691
00:35:07,105 --> 00:35:13,401
it's not the biggest planet
in the universe.
692
00:35:13,444 --> 00:35:15,737
The largest planet
with a well-known radius...
693
00:35:15,780 --> 00:35:19,407
is called TRES4.
It's named after...
694
00:35:19,450 --> 00:35:22,202
the Trans-Atlantic
Exoplanet Survey...
695
00:35:22,245 --> 00:35:24,246
that discovered it
in the constellation Hercules...
696
00:35:24,288 --> 00:35:28,083
in 2006.
697
00:35:28,126 --> 00:35:31,253
TRES4 is unusually large
for its mass.
698
00:35:31,295 --> 00:35:33,713
We can actually directly
measure its radius...
699
00:35:33,756 --> 00:35:36,383
and this particular planet
has an unusually large radius.
700
00:35:36,425 --> 00:35:39,052
It's about 70 percent
bigger than Jupiter...
701
00:35:39,095 --> 00:35:43,098
yet it has only about 80 percent
of Jupiter's mass.
702
00:35:43,349 --> 00:35:47,894
That's about the same density
as cork or even whipped cream.
703
00:35:47,937 --> 00:35:49,062
If you look at Earth...
704
00:35:49,105 --> 00:35:51,314
it's a rocky planet,
very dense...
705
00:35:51,357 --> 00:35:54,734
and then even the gas giant
planets like Jupiter...
706
00:35:54,777 --> 00:35:58,488
are compressed gas and water
707
00:35:58,531 --> 00:36:01,324
and other chemicals
very tightly compressed.
708
00:36:01,367 --> 00:36:04,953
This thing, TRES4,
is like a marshmallow.
709
00:36:08,833 --> 00:36:11,710
Although TRES4 is light
for its size...
710
00:36:11,752 --> 00:36:16,173
it's about 18 times larger
than Earth.
711
00:36:16,215 --> 00:36:21,595
Scientist aren't exactly sure
how TRES4 got so large.
712
00:36:21,637 --> 00:36:24,973
One theory is that the planet's
extremely close distance...
713
00:36:25,016 --> 00:36:26,433
to its parent star...
714
00:36:26,475 --> 00:36:29,477
is cooking up a lot of chemicals
in its atmosphere...
715
00:36:29,520 --> 00:36:34,274
which is trapping heat
much like greenhouse gases.
716
00:36:34,317 --> 00:36:35,692
This particular planet...
717
00:36:35,735 --> 00:36:39,404
is only about five percent
of the Earth's sun distance...
718
00:36:39,447 --> 00:36:40,947
from its parent star...
719
00:36:40,990 --> 00:36:42,616
so it's very, very close.
720
00:36:42,658 --> 00:36:43,867
In fact, it's so close...
721
00:36:43,910 --> 00:36:46,494
it orbits its star
every three and a half days.
722
00:36:46,537 --> 00:36:49,122
So you can imagine how hot...
723
00:36:49,165 --> 00:36:50,957
and howjust blasted
with sunlight...
724
00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:52,334
this thing must be.
725
00:36:52,376 --> 00:36:56,046
Because the planet can't
cool off, it can't shrink.
726
00:36:56,088 --> 00:36:57,380
Because when it's very hot...
727
00:36:57,423 --> 00:36:59,132
when gases are very hot,
they expand...
728
00:36:59,175 --> 00:37:01,134
so this might be contributing...
729
00:37:01,177 --> 00:37:03,970
to keeping the radius
of this planet so very large.
730
00:37:08,059 --> 00:37:11,019
TRES4 may be
a puffed-up planet...
731
00:37:11,062 --> 00:37:12,979
but when it comes
to sustaining life...
732
00:37:13,022 --> 00:37:17,192
bigger planets don't offer
prime real estate.
733
00:37:17,235 --> 00:37:19,778
These giant planets
really are just gas.
734
00:37:19,820 --> 00:37:21,780
There's no solid structure
to them at all.
735
00:37:21,822 --> 00:37:23,323
There's nowhere
to stand on them.
736
00:37:23,366 --> 00:37:25,825
So it's not a very likely place
to find life...
737
00:37:25,868 --> 00:37:28,119
'cause life would have to
continually be blown around...
738
00:37:28,162 --> 00:37:29,537
in the atmosphere...
739
00:37:29,580 --> 00:37:32,123
and that's a hard thing
to evolve from.
740
00:37:32,166 --> 00:37:34,626
This planet would not be
a very habitable place...
741
00:37:34,669 --> 00:37:37,671
because it's so close
to its parent star.
742
00:37:37,713 --> 00:37:40,257
It's getting blasted
with radiation from its sun...
743
00:37:40,299 --> 00:37:42,801
so it would be a very hot
and unpleasant place to be...
744
00:37:42,843 --> 00:37:44,261
at least for humans.
745
00:37:49,767 --> 00:37:53,270
TRES4 currently has
the largest known radius.
746
00:37:53,312 --> 00:37:56,523
However, the planet could be
bumped out of first place...
747
00:37:56,565 --> 00:37:58,692
in the near future.
748
00:37:58,734 --> 00:37:59,859
Scientists are finding
new planets...
749
00:37:59,902 --> 00:38:02,862
basically every day almost
at this point.
750
00:38:02,905 --> 00:38:05,240
So it's quite possible
that we will find another one...
751
00:38:05,283 --> 00:38:10,120
that's even bigger than this
particular planet any time.
752
00:38:10,162 --> 00:38:11,746
In addition to planets...
753
00:38:11,789 --> 00:38:16,042
scientists are also discovering
new asteroids all the time.
754
00:38:16,085 --> 00:38:20,046
These are rocky bodies
that didn't become planets...
755
00:38:20,089 --> 00:38:24,968
and the largest one may exist
in our galactic neighborhood.
756
00:38:31,517 --> 00:38:33,226
In our own solar system...
757
00:38:33,269 --> 00:38:36,229
billions upon billions
of leftover rocks...
758
00:38:36,272 --> 00:38:38,023
that didn't become planets...
759
00:38:38,065 --> 00:38:40,108
take refuge
in the asteroid belt.
760
00:38:40,151 --> 00:38:42,902
Some are as small
as grains of dust...
761
00:38:42,945 --> 00:38:47,073
and others are the size
of nations.
762
00:38:47,325 --> 00:38:50,618
Ceres was the first asteroid
ever discovered...
763
00:38:50,661 --> 00:38:55,040
and it remains the largest known
asteroid to date.
764
00:38:55,082 --> 00:38:58,835
Named after the Roman goddess
of plants and harvest...
765
00:38:58,878 --> 00:39:01,963
Ceres is about 600 miles
in diameter...
766
00:39:02,006 --> 00:39:06,593
so it's almost as large
as the state of California.
767
00:39:06,635 --> 00:39:07,969
Ceres is so big...
768
00:39:08,012 --> 00:39:11,514
that it contains 25 percent
of all of the mass...
769
00:39:11,557 --> 00:39:13,475
in the asteroid belt.
770
00:39:13,517 --> 00:39:15,310
Ceres is so big
that if you took...
771
00:39:15,353 --> 00:39:18,313
all the other asteroids
in the asteroid belt...
772
00:39:18,356 --> 00:39:20,023
and glued them all together...
773
00:39:20,066 --> 00:39:23,151
they'd only be about two or
three times bigger than Ceres.
774
00:39:28,032 --> 00:39:29,991
Ceres' size sets it apart...
775
00:39:30,034 --> 00:39:32,952
from the rest of the rocks
in the asteroid belt.
776
00:39:32,995 --> 00:39:35,872
It would take the Apollo
lunar rover 10 days...
777
00:39:35,915 --> 00:39:41,002
to drive around the asteroid
at eight miles per hour.
778
00:39:41,045 --> 00:39:42,962
But in addition to its size...
779
00:39:43,005 --> 00:39:47,258
its other distinct feature
is its round shape.
780
00:39:47,301 --> 00:39:49,135
We have all these
Idaho potatoes...
781
00:39:49,178 --> 00:39:52,597
orbiting in the asteroid belt
of the solar system...
782
00:39:52,640 --> 00:39:55,934
most of which are
craggy chunks of rock.
783
00:39:55,976 --> 00:39:59,145
Ceres is large enough,
massive enough...
784
00:39:59,188 --> 00:40:01,773
that its gravity
has overcome...
785
00:40:01,816 --> 00:40:06,528
the strength of the rocks
that contain it.
786
00:40:06,570 --> 00:40:10,365
And any time that happens,
the shape becomes a sphere.
787
00:40:15,329 --> 00:40:21,751
Because of its round shape,
Ceres now holds a dual title.
788
00:40:21,794 --> 00:40:24,421
The current definition
of a dwarf planet...
789
00:40:24,463 --> 00:40:27,173
is something that in fact
is massive enough...
790
00:40:27,216 --> 00:40:28,675
and has enough self gravity...
791
00:40:28,717 --> 00:40:31,594
to form itself
into a round shape.
792
00:40:31,637 --> 00:40:34,180
And, in fact,
since Ceres is round...
793
00:40:34,223 --> 00:40:35,515
we also call it...
794
00:40:35,558 --> 00:40:36,683
in addition to being
an asteroid...
795
00:40:36,725 --> 00:40:38,351
a dwarf planet.
796
00:40:38,394 --> 00:40:39,394
We know only a little bit...
797
00:40:39,437 --> 00:40:42,814
about the composition
of Ceres right now.
798
00:40:42,857 --> 00:40:44,858
We know that it's made
primarily of rock...
799
00:40:44,900 --> 00:40:46,443
but it may also have
water ice...
800
00:40:46,485 --> 00:40:50,488
and in fact, it could have
clay inside it as well.
801
00:40:50,531 --> 00:40:53,074
The Dawn Mission is actually
gonna go to Ceres...
802
00:40:53,117 --> 00:40:55,034
and enter into orbit
around it...
803
00:40:55,077 --> 00:40:57,120
and they'll bring a whole suite
of instruments to bear on it...
804
00:40:57,163 --> 00:40:58,455
so we should learn a lot more...
805
00:40:58,497 --> 00:41:00,707
about the composition of
this unusually large asteroid...
806
00:41:00,749 --> 00:41:05,545
in our own solar system.
807
00:41:05,588 --> 00:41:09,382
Ceres may be the largest
asteroid in our solar system...
808
00:41:09,425 --> 00:41:13,803
but it's a big universe
out there.
809
00:41:13,846 --> 00:41:16,222
It's quite possible
that as we go on...
810
00:41:16,265 --> 00:41:18,391
to exploring other solar systems
outside of our own...
811
00:41:18,434 --> 00:41:19,434
that we may in fact someday...
812
00:41:19,477 --> 00:41:22,103
find an asteroid
larger than Ceres.
813
00:41:24,398 --> 00:41:27,984
Our solar system contains
some oversized objects.
814
00:41:28,027 --> 00:41:29,736
The largest planet, Jupiter...
815
00:41:29,778 --> 00:41:34,073
has the biggest moon,
named Ganymede.
816
00:41:34,116 --> 00:41:37,076
Planet Mars actually contains
the largest volcano...
817
00:41:37,119 --> 00:41:39,829
called Olympus Mons.
818
00:41:39,872 --> 00:41:41,456
It's 17 miles tall...
819
00:41:41,499 --> 00:41:42,957
which makes it about
three times taller...
820
00:41:43,000 --> 00:41:45,251
than the biggest volcano
we have on Earth.
821
00:41:45,294 --> 00:41:46,419
It's so tall...
822
00:41:46,712 --> 00:41:48,755
that if you stood
at the base of Olympus Mons...
823
00:41:48,797 --> 00:41:49,839
you wouldn't be able
to see the top...
824
00:41:49,882 --> 00:41:52,425
due to the curvature
of Mars itself.
825
00:41:52,468 --> 00:41:54,135
So in our own solar system,
the biggest things...
826
00:41:54,178 --> 00:41:58,598
definitely have had a powerful
shaping effect on the universe.
827
00:42:02,478 --> 00:42:05,146
One might guess that the sun
would take top honors...
828
00:42:05,189 --> 00:42:08,608
as the largest thing
in our cosmic suburb.
829
00:42:08,651 --> 00:42:12,278
It's a thousand times
more massive than Jupiter.
830
00:42:12,321 --> 00:42:15,448
But is there something bigger?
831
00:42:15,491 --> 00:42:17,450
The largest object associated
with our solar system...
832
00:42:17,493 --> 00:42:19,077
is the Oort Cloud.
833
00:42:19,119 --> 00:42:20,995
And this is a very diffuse
cloud of comets...
834
00:42:21,038 --> 00:42:23,289
that literally extends
about halfway out...
835
00:42:23,332 --> 00:42:25,542
to the nearest star,
Alpha Centauri.
836
00:42:25,584 --> 00:42:30,046
Alpha Centauri is about
four light-years away.
837
00:42:30,089 --> 00:42:32,340
Astronomers estimate it would
take the space shuttle...
838
00:42:32,383 --> 00:42:34,425
hundreds of thousands
of years...
839
00:42:34,468 --> 00:42:39,514
to travel around the outer edge
of the Oort Cloud.
840
00:42:39,557 --> 00:42:41,933
The Oort Cloud is so dark
and so distant...
841
00:42:41,976 --> 00:42:43,685
that we really can't
directly observe it...
842
00:42:43,727 --> 00:42:45,562
but what we do know
is that comets come in...
843
00:42:45,604 --> 00:42:47,772
from every direction
of the sky...
844
00:42:47,815 --> 00:42:50,358
so there must be a spherical
cloud of comets...
845
00:42:50,401 --> 00:42:52,735
far away from us.
846
00:42:56,657 --> 00:42:59,576
The origins of the Oort Cloud
remain puzzling.
847
00:42:59,618 --> 00:43:03,621
One theory is that it was formed
early in our solar system.
848
00:43:03,664 --> 00:43:06,040
As comets fell in towards
the forming sun...
849
00:43:06,083 --> 00:43:08,501
they were ejected
into long orbits.
850
00:43:08,544 --> 00:43:14,424
Over time, their orbits threw
them out into a giant cloud.
851
00:43:14,466 --> 00:43:16,759
It's very far away...
852
00:43:16,802 --> 00:43:18,928
and it's filled
with icy remnants...
853
00:43:18,971 --> 00:43:22,181
that have just been left
in basically the same state...
854
00:43:22,224 --> 00:43:23,975
that they were
from right around the time...
855
00:43:24,018 --> 00:43:25,435
when our solar system formed...
856
00:43:25,477 --> 00:43:29,522
about four and a half
billion years ago.
857
00:43:29,565 --> 00:43:32,984
So they are, you could say,
the archeological remnants...
858
00:43:33,027 --> 00:43:37,780
of the formation
of our solar system.
859
00:43:37,823 --> 00:43:44,203
The universe is comprised
of things both big and small.
860
00:43:44,246 --> 00:43:46,497
But it's the large structures
in space...
861
00:43:46,540 --> 00:43:52,003
that challenge our understanding
of how the universe works.
862
00:43:52,046 --> 00:43:55,632
Although astronomers have found
many substantial objects...
863
00:43:55,674 --> 00:44:01,054
the quest to find
even larger ones continues.
864
00:44:01,096 --> 00:44:04,140
Astronomers are hoping
to find new large planets...
865
00:44:04,183 --> 00:44:05,475
new huge super clusters...
866
00:44:05,517 --> 00:44:08,311
and learn more about the things
that we've already seen.
867
00:44:08,354 --> 00:44:10,813
As technology improves
with better telescopes...
868
00:44:10,856 --> 00:44:14,275
better detectors,
newer surveys...
869
00:44:14,318 --> 00:44:16,402
we will be able
to see farther into space...
870
00:44:16,445 --> 00:44:19,155
and therefore hopefully
discover even bigger things...
871
00:44:19,198 --> 00:44:20,865
than we already know about.
70244
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