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In the beginning,
there was darkness...
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and then, bang...
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giving birth to an endless
expanding existence...
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00:00:09,384 --> 00:00:11,927
of time, space, and matter.
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Now, see further
than we've ever imagined...
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00:00:14,264 --> 00:00:16,432
beyond the limits of our existence...
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00:00:16,474 --> 00:00:19,018
in a place we call "The Universe. "
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It promises
to deliver technologies...
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that will carry us
ever farther and ever faster.
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But it's fraught with constant
and lethal peril.
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Flying in outer space is like
going through a shooting gallery.
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It will test the limits of human capacity
and human ingenuity.
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If something goes wrong,
what do you do?
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Nothing. You just die.
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00:00:53,261 --> 00:00:56,597
Welcome to the age
of space travel.
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00:01:09,611 --> 00:01:14,239
In ways scarcely even imagined,
the steady hand of progress...
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is poised to deliver humanity
to the heavens.
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For ages, the mysterious
splendor of the universe...
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has enticed us
from its remote heights.
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At last, its mysterious
temptations are within reach...
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and man's destiny
can be fulfilled.
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I don't know
if it's writ in our genes...
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but anytime you see
something at a distance...
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and it piques your curiosity...
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the first thing you want to do
is get a closer look.
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So, while telescopes get you
pretty far in this regard...
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those things that are
sort of close enough...
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to be within the reach
of our space program...
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why not take the trip?
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T-minus ten, nine...
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main engine start.
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Five, four, and lift-off
of Space Shuttle "Atlantis. "
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Prying free
from our home planet's grip...
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ranks among the greatest
of human achievements.
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But no one since 1972 has ventured
beyond the Earth's orbit.
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Our space program
has been stuck for thirty years.
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We simply just go
around the planet Earth.
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It's just like Columbus exploring
the New World for the first time...
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and then spending
the rest of his life...
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simply puttering
around the Spanish coastline.
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What's the problem?
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There's a dirty
little four-letter word...
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and that is "cost. "
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It costs about $10,000 to put
a pound of anything into orbit.
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Imagine John Glenn
made out of solid gold.
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That's what it costs to put
John Glenn or you into orbit.
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It would cost about $20 million...
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for you to take a weekend trip
up to the Space Station.
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00:03:09,522 --> 00:03:12,149
It would cost about
a half a billion dollars...
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for you to go to the Moon.
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And for you to go to Mars...
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would probably cost
tens of billions of dollars.
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00:03:22,076 --> 00:03:24,578
One way to reduce the cost
of reaching space...
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would be to find a more efficient way
to overcome Earth's gravity.
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00:03:29,667 --> 00:03:31,877
Remember the story
of Jack and the Beanstalk?
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Jack was a little boy who climbed
the beanstalk into heaven.
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Well, imagine a space elevator
such that you hit the "up" button...
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and the elevator
takes you into the heavens...
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just like
Jack and the Beanstalk.
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Instead of building
from the ground up...
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the space elevator would be
built from the top down.
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A satellite
in geosynchronous orbit...
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would drop
a 60,000-mile cable back to Earth...
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where it would be anchored
to the surface.
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Now we are within striking distance
of being able to create fibers...
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that can withstand the tension...
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of traveling at enormous
velocities in outer space...
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as the space elevator
rotates with the planet Earth.
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So it never falls
because it rotates...
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at the same rate
as the planet Earth.
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The elevator's compartment
would simply roll up the cable...
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shuttling travelers
and supplies into orbit...
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where it would wait
for a spacecraft.
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This system would entirely replace
a conventional rocket launch.
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And that might reduce
the cost of space travel...
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by a factor of a thousand.
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Think about that.
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Then you begin to realize
that perhaps a trip to outer space...
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may be no worse
than an airplane ticket.
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But beyond the limits
of Earth's comforting embrace...
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exotic menaces
await every space traveler.
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Flying in outer space...
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is not like taking a nice ride
in the country in a car.
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It's like going through
a shooting gallery.
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00:05:15,189 --> 00:05:17,941
To an unsuspecting voyager...
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00:05:17,984 --> 00:05:21,403
it might seem the universe
is taking aim with a firearm.
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There are particles in space...
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even dust-sized particles,
pebble-sized particles...
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that are traveling tens
of thousands of miles an hour...
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and sometimes even faster.
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More than half a million
of these projectiles...
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measuring
over an inch in diameter...
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are zipping around
our planet right now.
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They include pieces of glass
broken off of solar cells...
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paint chips from spacecraft...
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00:05:48,723 --> 00:05:51,141
and debris
from rocket booster engines.
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And in deeper space,
there's more danger...
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from pebble-sized meteors
called micrometeoroids.
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A small piece of dust can crack glass,
it can penetrate metal...
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00:06:05,865 --> 00:06:08,450
it can pulverize plastic.
101
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And that does happen in space
all the time.
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But perhaps
an even more deadly danger...
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not at all solid, lies in wait:
Radiation.
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The devastating effects
of this invisible energy...
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have been witnessed on Earth...
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in the aftermath of the atomic
bombs of World War ll...
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and the nuclear fallout
of Chernobyl.
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Distressingly,
our own life-giving Sun...
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spews out streams
of poisonous radiation.
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So realize that we've been
protected in this cradle.
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We've been protected
by the atmosphere of the Earth.
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The magnetic field
of the Earth gobbles up...
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most of the flares from the Sun
to create the Aurora Borealis.
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In outer space, you get the Aurora
Borealis coming right at you.
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There's no ozone layer...
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there's no magnetic field
to protect you.
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It's just you and the harshness
of outer space.
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At our home planet's
distance from the Sun...
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roughly ninety million miles away...
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several hundred million
solar particles...
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pass through
each square inch of space...
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every second around our Earth.
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There's high-energy particles
streaming from the Sun all the time.
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But every now and then...
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there's an extra dose
of these particles.
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The Sun burps up
high-energy radiation.
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That's bad, too.
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That level of radiation
it is never good for one's DNA.
129
00:08:01,355 --> 00:08:04,816
Sunspots flare up
these extra doses of energy...
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like a battery of cannons
bombarding the cosmos.
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There's no way to know
that they're going to be here...
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before they arrive.
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Unfortunately,
there's still a risk of radiation...
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00:08:17,830 --> 00:08:20,665
even as we get
farther from the Sun.
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00:08:20,708 --> 00:08:24,211
That's because
another invading energy lurks.
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Known as galactic cosmic rays...
137
00:08:28,674 --> 00:08:30,926
they hail from
the distant alien worlds...
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00:08:30,968 --> 00:08:34,846
of exploding stars
and black holes.
139
00:08:34,889 --> 00:08:38,934
Galactic cosmic rays are particles
that are traveling at speeds...
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00:08:38,976 --> 00:08:41,144
very close to the speed of light.
141
00:08:41,187 --> 00:08:45,106
Even a single particle of iron
slamming into your body...
142
00:08:45,149 --> 00:08:48,360
can have the effect
of a Major League baseball...
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at a hundred miles an hour.
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They can be devastating.
145
00:08:55,076 --> 00:08:57,536
Although heavy iron particles
are rare...
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outside of the protection
of a spacecraft...
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such as when an astronaut
performs a spacewalk...
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00:09:03,292 --> 00:09:05,835
thousands
of galactic cosmic rays...
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00:09:05,878 --> 00:09:08,630
do penetrate
the body every second.
150
00:09:12,009 --> 00:09:17,013
Every 24 hours, the galactic
cosmic rays and solar particles...
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00:09:17,056 --> 00:09:20,183
attack a space traveler
with as much radiation...
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00:09:20,226 --> 00:09:23,603
as a surface dweller on Earth
receives in six months.
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00:09:28,818 --> 00:09:32,404
The human body won't immediately
feel the impacting radiation...
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but in sufficient quantities,
it can be noticed.
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Even with eyes closed,
the particles spark flashes...
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when they strike
a space traveler's retina.
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00:09:42,957 --> 00:09:45,458
The flashes are not blinding,
and you have to ask yourself,
158
00:09:45,501 --> 00:09:46,876
"Hmm, did I see something?"
159
00:09:46,919 --> 00:09:48,420
And then you say,
"Oh, yes, I did. "
160
00:09:48,462 --> 00:09:51,339
And then its appearances are
a little different from time to time.
161
00:09:56,012 --> 00:09:59,264
However, the human body
does feel the shock...
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of this bizarre
weightless existence.
163
00:10:02,977 --> 00:10:06,104
I think that the most dangerous thing
going into space...
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00:10:06,147 --> 00:10:07,814
is the loss of gravity.
165
00:10:09,483 --> 00:10:13,111
Weightlessness causes
almost every system in your body...
166
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to start changing,
and it doesn't stop changing...
167
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until you get back onto a world...
168
00:10:19,952 --> 00:10:23,330
where you're pulled down again
by its gravity.
169
00:10:25,958 --> 00:10:28,752
One of the first casualties
of zero gravity...
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is a space traveler's
sense of direction.
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What's up and what's down?
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Very good question.
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00:10:34,759 --> 00:10:36,801
And first of all,
it's whatever you want it to be.
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If you want this to be up,
that's fine...
175
00:10:39,972 --> 00:10:42,015
but if you want this to be up,
that's just as good.
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00:10:44,018 --> 00:10:46,770
Most travelers will suffer
from motion sickness...
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for the first few hours
or, most likely, days.
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It's just one of those things...
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that you ought
to resign yourself to facing...
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00:10:55,571 --> 00:10:59,032
that everyone is very likely
to feel a little bit disturbed...
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00:10:59,075 --> 00:11:00,408
in terms of orientation.
182
00:11:02,411 --> 00:11:05,789
Here on Earth,
scuba divers floating underwater...
183
00:11:05,831 --> 00:11:10,168
experience the nearest sensation
of prolonged periods without gravity.
184
00:11:12,463 --> 00:11:16,341
It is for this very reason
that aspiring NASA astronauts...
185
00:11:16,384 --> 00:11:19,594
train to live and work
in a gravity-free environment...
186
00:11:19,637 --> 00:11:22,806
by subjecting themselves
for up to six hours at a time...
187
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in a large water tank.
188
00:11:26,852 --> 00:11:30,313
Now, scuba equipment, you still
experience the forces of gravity...
189
00:11:30,356 --> 00:11:32,732
but it doesn't feel like it
because your whole body...
190
00:11:32,775 --> 00:11:36,736
is uniformly buoyed by the water
that holds you up.
191
00:11:39,448 --> 00:11:43,702
And except for the visual cue of
air bubbles floating to the surface...
192
00:11:43,744 --> 00:11:47,997
swimming underwater can mimic
the sensation of disorientation.
193
00:11:50,167 --> 00:11:54,129
But, as time passes
in the weightlessness of space...
194
00:11:54,171 --> 00:11:58,842
the human body senses it no longer
needs to resist the force of gravity...
195
00:11:58,884 --> 00:12:01,219
and begins shedding muscle
and bone mass.
196
00:12:02,430 --> 00:12:03,805
When you're in space...
197
00:12:03,848 --> 00:12:05,932
your body thinks you might
as well be lying in bed.
198
00:12:07,435 --> 00:12:10,145
And so if you're not careful,
your body will atrophy.
199
00:12:11,939 --> 00:12:14,357
To counter this,
each day in space...
200
00:12:14,400 --> 00:12:16,776
an astronaut needs to exercise.
201
00:12:19,321 --> 00:12:24,784
The legs are especially vulnerable
because they are seldom used.
202
00:12:24,827 --> 00:12:28,872
In this world, the arms and hands
do most of the work...
203
00:12:28,914 --> 00:12:30,707
to move the body around.
204
00:12:31,292 --> 00:12:33,710
What would be
the toughest thing to get used to...
205
00:12:33,753 --> 00:12:37,046
might very well be
just how you live in space...
206
00:12:37,089 --> 00:12:38,798
where you can't walk
across the room.
207
00:12:38,841 --> 00:12:41,176
You have to float
everywhere you're going.
208
00:12:44,680 --> 00:12:48,016
The lack of gravity also slows
down the digestive tract...
209
00:12:49,518 --> 00:12:52,270
which can cause
problems at mealtime.
210
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Your digestive system stops.
211
00:12:55,232 --> 00:12:58,193
You can't eat,
you can't drink...
212
00:12:58,235 --> 00:13:01,529
until you can start
digesting again.
213
00:13:01,572 --> 00:13:04,324
And that can take anywhere
from hours to days.
214
00:13:07,286 --> 00:13:11,539
Worse still, zero gravity
and radiation can combine...
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00:13:11,582 --> 00:13:14,793
in an especially sinister way.
216
00:13:14,835 --> 00:13:20,131
In space, the immune system
is not as effective as it normally is.
217
00:13:20,174 --> 00:13:23,676
And many of the bacteria
and viruses...
218
00:13:23,719 --> 00:13:28,807
that we normally can withstand
become more virulent.
219
00:13:30,810 --> 00:13:35,146
Additionally, bacteria can
grow up to fifty times faster...
220
00:13:35,189 --> 00:13:37,148
and any virus brought onboard...
221
00:13:37,191 --> 00:13:40,318
could mutate into
a never-before-seen predator...
222
00:13:40,361 --> 00:13:42,862
thanks to the ever-present radiation.
223
00:13:44,698 --> 00:13:47,826
All these difficulties
prey on space travelers...
224
00:13:47,868 --> 00:13:50,662
in just the first few hours
or days.
225
00:13:54,041 --> 00:13:56,835
And what about journeys
that need more time?
226
00:13:58,212 --> 00:14:00,213
It only gets tougher.
227
00:14:03,884 --> 00:14:06,761
The universe
is an unforgiving place.
228
00:14:08,556 --> 00:14:11,766
It's open to only
the boldest adventurers...
229
00:14:11,809 --> 00:14:13,977
those who have the mettle
to trek deep...
230
00:14:14,019 --> 00:14:17,230
into an environment
swimming with toxic hazards...
231
00:14:18,232 --> 00:14:21,568
and unafraid to stray far
from the safe and familiar.
232
00:14:23,237 --> 00:14:25,613
We take it for granted
that clothing is flexible...
233
00:14:25,656 --> 00:14:29,367
and machines work
in room temperature...
234
00:14:29,410 --> 00:14:33,913
because, implicitly or explicitly,
they're designed for that.
235
00:14:33,956 --> 00:14:36,708
You go into the depths of space,
if you're facing the Sun...
236
00:14:36,750 --> 00:14:39,294
it could be hundreds
of degrees Fahrenheit.
237
00:14:39,336 --> 00:14:40,628
If you're facing away
from the Sun...
238
00:14:40,671 --> 00:14:42,630
it could be hundreds
of degrees below zero.
239
00:14:46,218 --> 00:14:48,011
Down here on Earth,
you take so much for granted.
240
00:14:48,053 --> 00:14:49,387
You know, we're out here...
241
00:14:49,430 --> 00:14:52,682
the sunshine,
the fresh air all around you.
242
00:14:52,725 --> 00:14:54,934
Up there,
you're in a closed ecosystem.
243
00:14:54,977 --> 00:14:57,061
You have to supply
all the human needs...
244
00:14:57,104 --> 00:15:00,440
that the Earth just, you know,
automatically does for us.
245
00:15:02,401 --> 00:15:04,736
You have to hope that
the integrity of the hull...
246
00:15:04,778 --> 00:15:07,864
stays together so you don't have
rapid decompression...
247
00:15:07,907 --> 00:15:09,157
quick suffocation.
248
00:15:11,619 --> 00:15:14,370
The same reality
exists for a submarine...
249
00:15:14,413 --> 00:15:16,080
gliding deep
through the ocean.
250
00:15:16,749 --> 00:15:20,752
It provides a life-preserving barrier
to protect its inhabitants...
251
00:15:20,794 --> 00:15:22,921
from a surrounding alien world.
252
00:15:24,757 --> 00:15:29,344
If there's damage to the spaceship,
air leaks out, you die.
253
00:15:29,386 --> 00:15:32,388
Damage to submarine,
water gets in, you die.
254
00:15:33,807 --> 00:15:41,397
So the isolation,
both physically and personally...
255
00:15:41,440 --> 00:15:43,983
between the two
seems quite parallel.
256
00:15:45,694 --> 00:15:49,530
The potential
for a catastrophic mishap lurks.
257
00:15:50,282 --> 00:15:52,533
When you're out
in the middle of the ocean...
258
00:15:52,576 --> 00:15:56,746
you have only yourself and
your colleagues to rely on...
259
00:15:56,789 --> 00:15:59,582
and the same thing
applies in space.
260
00:16:01,502 --> 00:16:02,627
Things have to hold up.
261
00:16:02,670 --> 00:16:03,670
You can't come back.
262
00:16:03,712 --> 00:16:05,421
You can't run
to the hardware store.
263
00:16:05,464 --> 00:16:08,716
You can't fix the thing with some part
that you didn't bring along.
264
00:16:08,759 --> 00:16:11,511
And you're stuck
with human ingenuity...
265
00:16:11,553 --> 00:16:13,554
the tools you brought with you.
266
00:16:15,224 --> 00:16:16,391
And out there in space...
267
00:16:16,433 --> 00:16:19,060
you truly are just removed
from mankind.
268
00:16:20,312 --> 00:16:23,064
It is isolation
like I've never felt before.
269
00:16:23,107 --> 00:16:25,858
Liftoff, we have liftoff...
270
00:16:25,901 --> 00:16:29,654
Often our efforts to explore
space have been analogized...
271
00:16:29,697 --> 00:16:35,326
to the great explorers
of the 15th and 16th century...
272
00:16:35,369 --> 00:16:40,248
the first to cross the oceans,
going to unknown territory...
273
00:16:40,290 --> 00:16:42,959
having to bring
all their supplies with them...
274
00:16:43,002 --> 00:16:45,003
not knowing
if they'll ever return.
275
00:16:46,505 --> 00:16:50,508
And I think there's a lot
to say about that analogy.
276
00:16:50,551 --> 00:16:53,386
But there's a point
where it breaks down badly.
277
00:16:53,429 --> 00:16:55,263
When Cortes
landed in South America...
278
00:16:55,305 --> 00:16:58,766
when Columbus
hit the Caribbean...
279
00:16:59,852 --> 00:17:02,353
there was still air there
for him to breathe, all right?
280
00:17:02,396 --> 00:17:04,397
There was fruit on the trees.
281
00:17:05,107 --> 00:17:08,776
Suppose the Apollo 11 astronauts,
Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin...
282
00:17:08,819 --> 00:17:11,821
landed on the Moon
and, like, the engine broke.
283
00:17:12,906 --> 00:17:15,324
Okay, Houston,
we've had a problem here.
284
00:17:15,367 --> 00:17:16,576
What do you do?
285
00:17:16,618 --> 00:17:18,619
Nothing. You just die.
286
00:17:19,246 --> 00:17:21,622
There's not
sort of an engine tree...
287
00:17:21,665 --> 00:17:24,876
that they can pluck parts from
to repair their ship.
288
00:17:24,918 --> 00:17:30,548
So the hazards are
vastly greater to human health...
289
00:17:30,591 --> 00:17:34,969
in space exploration than traveling
anywhere on Earth's surface.
290
00:17:37,931 --> 00:17:39,724
There won't be
any service stations...
291
00:17:39,767 --> 00:17:42,226
in case you break down,
run out of gas...
292
00:17:42,269 --> 00:17:44,062
or need something to drink.
293
00:17:45,147 --> 00:17:48,066
One of the challenges
of space exploration...
294
00:17:48,108 --> 00:17:50,318
is either
carrying along with you...
295
00:17:50,360 --> 00:17:53,696
all the supplies you need-
water, food, oxygen-
296
00:17:53,739 --> 00:17:56,074
or finding some way
to manufacture that...
297
00:17:56,116 --> 00:17:58,117
en route or at your destination.
298
00:17:59,119 --> 00:18:00,411
We're not there yet.
299
00:18:00,454 --> 00:18:02,038
We don't know
how to do that yet.
300
00:18:02,081 --> 00:18:04,499
And so one hazard is,
if something goes wrong...
301
00:18:04,541 --> 00:18:07,835
and you run out of food and water
and shelter, that's bad.
302
00:18:07,878 --> 00:18:08,961
You'll die.
303
00:18:10,547 --> 00:18:14,217
Every sip,
every drop of water is precious.
304
00:18:15,135 --> 00:18:19,222
On a space voyage, there
will be no such thing as a shower.
305
00:18:19,264 --> 00:18:22,600
The only option
will likely be a wet cloth.
306
00:18:22,643 --> 00:18:26,646
This is quite a change
from the 130 gallons of water...
307
00:18:26,688 --> 00:18:29,398
each American consumes
in just one day.
308
00:18:30,567 --> 00:18:34,570
The cuisine onboard would take
some getting used to as well.
309
00:18:34,613 --> 00:18:38,199
For a few days, you can take
fresh fruits and fresh vegetables...
310
00:18:38,242 --> 00:18:40,118
carrots and apples
and things like that.
311
00:18:40,160 --> 00:18:43,913
For the longer missions, though,
you have to have storable foods...
312
00:18:43,956 --> 00:18:46,624
that can, you know,
stay for long periods of time...
313
00:18:46,667 --> 00:18:48,334
without spoiling and going bad.
314
00:18:50,045 --> 00:18:53,923
And yet astronauts agree that
enduring the myriad of risks...
315
00:18:53,966 --> 00:18:56,300
is a small price to pay
for the chance...
316
00:18:56,343 --> 00:18:59,804
to witness the wonder
of the cosmos in person.
317
00:19:03,016 --> 00:19:06,144
I know how they felt
because they report things like...
318
00:19:06,186 --> 00:19:07,645
well, you could
hold up your finger...
319
00:19:07,688 --> 00:19:10,857
and you could block out
the Earth with your thumb...
320
00:19:10,899 --> 00:19:13,943
and it kind of gave them
an entire new perspective...
321
00:19:13,986 --> 00:19:20,366
of how amazing
this little blue marble, the Earth, is...
322
00:19:20,993 --> 00:19:24,328
and how precious it is
in this vast solar system.
323
00:19:29,334 --> 00:19:31,836
That experience
changed me forever...
324
00:19:31,879 --> 00:19:33,671
and I think
it would change anyone...
325
00:19:33,714 --> 00:19:36,299
that could possibly have
that experience in the future.
326
00:19:38,343 --> 00:19:40,887
However,
the length of future voyages...
327
00:19:40,929 --> 00:19:42,763
might limit
the range of experiences...
328
00:19:42,806 --> 00:19:44,807
available to space travelers.
329
00:19:46,018 --> 00:19:49,896
Distances in our vast universe
can defy comprehension.
330
00:19:50,981 --> 00:19:53,608
If our Sun were the size
of a basketball...
331
00:19:53,650 --> 00:19:56,652
our Earth would be
the size of a pea.
332
00:19:58,989 --> 00:20:01,240
If they were placed
in Central Park...
333
00:20:02,367 --> 00:20:05,578
the nearest star would be
another basketball...
334
00:20:05,621 --> 00:20:09,415
almost 5,000 miles away
in Hawaii.
335
00:20:11,793 --> 00:20:15,046
One of the prerequisites
you might have for a space mission...
336
00:20:15,088 --> 00:20:19,508
is that you're alive when
you arrive at your destination...
337
00:20:19,551 --> 00:20:21,636
so you'd want your
space missions to be small...
338
00:20:21,678 --> 00:20:24,472
compared with the life expectancy
of a human being.
339
00:20:24,514 --> 00:20:28,351
And right now, that pretty much
limits us to the planets...
340
00:20:28,393 --> 00:20:30,519
and possibly
comets and asteroids...
341
00:20:30,562 --> 00:20:33,356
if we include those
as places we might visit.
342
00:20:35,984 --> 00:20:40,071
The brutal, scathing landscapes
of the solar system's inner planets...
343
00:20:40,113 --> 00:20:41,614
Mercury and Venus...
344
00:20:41,657 --> 00:20:45,409
do not make for tempting
vacation destinations.
345
00:20:45,452 --> 00:20:49,914
Temperatures on Venus can
exceed 900 degrees Fahrenheit.
346
00:20:49,957 --> 00:20:51,332
And the crushing air pressure...
347
00:20:51,375 --> 00:20:55,419
is equivalent to being submerged
in 3,000 feet of water.
348
00:20:57,047 --> 00:21:01,842
That leaves all points further out
from the Sun for potential exploration.
349
00:21:03,470 --> 00:21:06,180
But even trips
to our closest attractions...
350
00:21:06,223 --> 00:21:10,184
will still take several months,
or even years.
351
00:21:16,149 --> 00:21:21,195
About 139 million miles separate
the orbits of Earth and Mars.
352
00:21:22,322 --> 00:21:25,950
But since each body circles
the Sun at different speeds...
353
00:21:25,993 --> 00:21:30,162
the distances, with respect
to each other, change continuously.
354
00:21:31,331 --> 00:21:34,959
The problem with going to Mars is
that Mars and the Earth only line up...
355
00:21:35,002 --> 00:21:36,419
about once every two years.
356
00:21:38,005 --> 00:21:41,132
With current chemically
propelled rocket technology...
357
00:21:41,174 --> 00:21:46,053
a flight leaving from Earth
for the Red Planet in 2018...
358
00:21:46,096 --> 00:21:48,973
when the two bodies are
on the same side of the Sun...
359
00:21:49,016 --> 00:21:52,601
could take 104 days,
less than four months.
360
00:21:54,813 --> 00:21:56,689
After a forty-day stay...
361
00:21:56,732 --> 00:22:00,359
the return trip would require
a little more than six months.
362
00:22:01,361 --> 00:22:04,363
That's an entire year
to make one round trip.
363
00:22:06,950 --> 00:22:09,827
But a voyage
departing in 2031...
364
00:22:09,870 --> 00:22:13,497
when the Earth and Mars are
on the opposite sides of the Sun...
365
00:22:13,540 --> 00:22:18,544
would demand about twenty months,
nearly two years of travel time.
366
00:22:19,463 --> 00:22:23,132
That's one to two years
away from any lifeline.
367
00:22:25,427 --> 00:22:28,929
Comets, those oversized
dirty snowballs...
368
00:22:28,972 --> 00:22:32,516
swoop close enough to Earth
to accommodate a round trip...
369
00:22:32,559 --> 00:22:35,186
lasting as short as a few months.
370
00:22:35,228 --> 00:22:38,773
Find some comet that's on its way
into the Sun and ride it.
371
00:22:40,067 --> 00:22:43,694
And watch the coma grow
and the tail form...
372
00:22:43,737 --> 00:22:47,448
and watch the Sun, first slowly,
but then rapidly...
373
00:22:47,491 --> 00:22:49,492
get larger and larger and larger...
374
00:22:50,369 --> 00:22:53,746
and you swing around
the backside and come out.
375
00:22:53,789 --> 00:22:55,873
It's got to be the most fun tour
of the solar system...
376
00:22:55,916 --> 00:22:57,792
you can come up with.
377
00:22:57,834 --> 00:23:01,045
It'd be dangerous
because particles of the comet...
378
00:23:01,088 --> 00:23:02,588
would fly up and hit
you in the face and things.
379
00:23:02,631 --> 00:23:06,092
So, apart from all that,
which would kill you...
380
00:23:06,134 --> 00:23:07,426
it would be a fun trip.
381
00:23:11,598 --> 00:23:13,891
Just beyond the orbit of Mars...
382
00:23:13,934 --> 00:23:18,938
asteroids fly within range
of a few years' round trip from Earth.
383
00:23:21,900 --> 00:23:24,235
Future travel agencies
might arrange...
384
00:23:24,277 --> 00:23:27,279
cosmic versions
of extreme vacations...
385
00:23:27,322 --> 00:23:31,367
by exploiting the unique environments
of these miniature planets.
386
00:23:34,121 --> 00:23:38,499
They put you on a sled
and slingshot you into space...
387
00:23:38,542 --> 00:23:41,752
in such a way that the weak
gravity of the asteroid...
388
00:23:41,795 --> 00:23:45,923
will hold you in orbit, but
won't pull you back down again.
389
00:23:45,966 --> 00:23:47,299
It would be a great ride.
390
00:23:49,636 --> 00:23:52,346
Three times farther away
than Mars...
391
00:23:52,389 --> 00:23:55,558
the orbit of Jupiter,
with its crowded moon system...
392
00:23:55,600 --> 00:23:58,853
offers dozens
of diverse visions.
393
00:23:58,895 --> 00:24:01,605
It may prove tempting
for future travelers...
394
00:24:01,648 --> 00:24:04,525
but a round trip
could take five years.
395
00:24:06,486 --> 00:24:09,488
Saturn is nearly twice
as far as Jupiter...
396
00:24:09,531 --> 00:24:13,451
and the thought of decade-long trips
might be too much to bear.
397
00:24:15,912 --> 00:24:17,746
But there are technologies...
398
00:24:17,789 --> 00:24:22,793
that can slice the time it takes
to visit Mars to just a few days.
399
00:24:26,173 --> 00:24:30,050
For mankind ever to venture
into the depths of the cosmos...
400
00:24:30,093 --> 00:24:34,305
endeavor to bathe in the light
of an exotic star...
401
00:24:34,347 --> 00:24:38,809
or even just to voyage to the suburbs
of our own solar system...
402
00:24:38,852 --> 00:24:42,646
we'll need to find a way
to travel much, much faster.
403
00:24:44,357 --> 00:24:46,192
What's the fastest
we could travel?
404
00:24:47,194 --> 00:24:49,570
Nothing yet observed
by science moves faster...
405
00:24:49,613 --> 00:24:54,909
than the speed of light,
186,000 miles per second.
406
00:24:56,119 --> 00:24:59,538
The speed of light is the ultimate
velocity in the universe.
407
00:24:59,581 --> 00:25:01,874
It's Einstein's
cop on the block.
408
00:25:03,376 --> 00:25:05,920
The speed of light is so fast
that you could go around the Earth...
409
00:25:05,962 --> 00:25:08,547
seven times in just one second.
410
00:25:08,590 --> 00:25:11,342
For you to jump to the Moon,
at the speed of light...
411
00:25:11,384 --> 00:25:13,719
you could reach the Moon
in about one second.
412
00:25:15,388 --> 00:25:17,348
Compare that
to the three days it takes...
413
00:25:17,390 --> 00:25:19,391
to get there
with current technology.
414
00:25:21,394 --> 00:25:24,813
The problem is that we can't
travel at the speed of light...
415
00:25:24,856 --> 00:25:27,149
or really anything
even approaching it.
416
00:25:28,902 --> 00:25:31,904
Take the fastest thing
we have ever sent anywhere...
417
00:25:33,365 --> 00:25:37,201
and ask how long will that take
to reach the nearest stars.
418
00:25:37,244 --> 00:25:38,911
That would take 50,000 years.
419
00:25:41,915 --> 00:25:44,542
And that is using
current chemical propulsion...
420
00:25:44,584 --> 00:25:48,337
which maxes out
at about 40,000 miles per hour...
421
00:25:49,589 --> 00:25:51,257
the same power source we use...
422
00:25:51,299 --> 00:25:53,968
to lift our rockets
off of the planet.
423
00:25:55,512 --> 00:25:59,098
But getting us to Mars faster
than a few months' time...
424
00:25:59,140 --> 00:26:01,892
would require
a different kind of propulsion.
425
00:26:02,811 --> 00:26:05,104
There are a few ideas
for how to propel us...
426
00:26:05,146 --> 00:26:08,274
to velocities closer
to the speed of light...
427
00:26:08,316 --> 00:26:09,567
which would be fast enough...
428
00:26:09,609 --> 00:26:13,195
to get us anywhere in
the solar system in under a day...
429
00:26:13,238 --> 00:26:16,782
or even to the nearest stars
in less than a decade.
430
00:26:18,285 --> 00:26:19,743
One such theory echoes...
431
00:26:19,786 --> 00:26:22,663
an ancient earthly
propulsion device:
432
00:26:22,706 --> 00:26:24,373
Wind pushing a sail.
433
00:26:25,709 --> 00:26:27,626
It was Kepler,
that great astronomer...
434
00:26:27,669 --> 00:26:29,461
who first wrote
down in his notes...
435
00:26:29,504 --> 00:26:33,632
the possibility of using sails
to sail in outer space.
436
00:26:35,635 --> 00:26:37,344
Light streaming from the Sun...
437
00:26:37,387 --> 00:26:39,972
mimics
gusts of wind in outer space.
438
00:26:41,391 --> 00:26:46,312
This solar wind is what creates
a comet's tail as it nears the Sun.
439
00:26:47,897 --> 00:26:51,233
However, sunlight scatters
in all directions...
440
00:26:51,276 --> 00:26:53,902
and as the distance
from the Sun doubles...
441
00:26:53,945 --> 00:26:56,989
its power reduces
by a factor of four.
442
00:26:57,991 --> 00:26:59,742
With a little help
from the Moon...
443
00:26:59,784 --> 00:27:03,871
there is a manner in which light
could be focused in one direction.
444
00:27:05,415 --> 00:27:08,709
If we have a battery
of laser cannons on the Moon...
445
00:27:08,752 --> 00:27:13,464
firing in synchronization
at a solar sail...
446
00:27:13,506 --> 00:27:15,132
we may be able to propel it...
447
00:27:15,175 --> 00:27:18,177
to about perhaps
half the speed of light.
448
00:27:18,219 --> 00:27:21,305
Now, lasers
do diffuse with space.
449
00:27:21,348 --> 00:27:23,766
For example,
if I have a laser on the Earth...
450
00:27:23,808 --> 00:27:25,100
and I shine it to the Moon...
451
00:27:25,143 --> 00:27:27,519
it does not create
a spot on the Moon.
452
00:27:27,562 --> 00:27:30,898
The spot is about five miles
across on the Moon.
453
00:27:31,650 --> 00:27:33,859
These sails, however,
would be huge.
454
00:27:34,527 --> 00:27:36,403
Now we're talking
about astronauts...
455
00:27:36,446 --> 00:27:39,073
perhaps spending months
in outer space...
456
00:27:39,115 --> 00:27:41,158
designing a sail hundreds...
457
00:27:41,201 --> 00:27:43,827
maybe even thousands
of miles across...
458
00:27:43,870 --> 00:27:47,581
sufficiently light and durable
in order to capture light...
459
00:27:47,624 --> 00:27:50,209
from a battery of laser beams
on the Moon.
460
00:27:53,171 --> 00:27:55,297
But solar sailing
limits space vessels...
461
00:27:55,340 --> 00:27:58,175
to destinations
within our solar system.
462
00:27:58,218 --> 00:28:00,344
One alternative gets
around this problem...
463
00:28:00,387 --> 00:28:02,179
by tapping into hydrogen...
464
00:28:02,222 --> 00:28:04,807
the most abundant element
in the universe...
465
00:28:04,849 --> 00:28:06,183
as a propulsion source.
466
00:28:07,310 --> 00:28:10,187
My favorite design
to take us to the stars...
467
00:28:10,230 --> 00:28:12,856
is the ramjet fusion engine.
468
00:28:15,360 --> 00:28:17,695
The ramjet engine
has a gigantic scoop...
469
00:28:17,737 --> 00:28:19,697
in the forward direction...
470
00:28:19,739 --> 00:28:23,409
that gobbles up hydrogen gas
as it moves in deep space.
471
00:28:24,077 --> 00:28:25,327
It collects the hydrogen gas...
472
00:28:25,370 --> 00:28:27,955
and then fuses it
just like the Sun...
473
00:28:27,997 --> 00:28:31,875
and shoots out a huge stream
of ions out the other end.
474
00:28:31,918 --> 00:28:33,877
And on paper,
it looks fantastic.
475
00:28:33,920 --> 00:28:37,047
On paper it looks
as if a ramjet fusion engine...
476
00:28:37,090 --> 00:28:40,926
could go on forever,
simply using up the hydrogen...
477
00:28:40,969 --> 00:28:43,095
that is found naturally
in outer space.
478
00:28:45,348 --> 00:28:48,767
Unfortunately, scientists have
not yet been able to achieve...
479
00:28:48,810 --> 00:28:52,771
a hydrogen fusion reaction
capable of propulsion in tests.
480
00:28:54,941 --> 00:28:56,817
But another
potential fuel source...
481
00:28:56,860 --> 00:28:59,695
one that seems to come
right out of science fiction...
482
00:28:59,738 --> 00:29:02,156
has already been created
in laboratories.
483
00:29:03,241 --> 00:29:05,200
It's called anti-matter...
484
00:29:05,243 --> 00:29:08,620
and it's the opposite
of all that we know.
485
00:29:08,663 --> 00:29:10,706
For example,
think of the world...
486
00:29:10,749 --> 00:29:13,417
on the other side
of the looking glass.
487
00:29:13,460 --> 00:29:16,128
Just like in Lewis Carroll's
"Alice in Wonderland"...
488
00:29:16,171 --> 00:29:19,214
we physicists have wondered,
is there another universe...
489
00:29:19,257 --> 00:29:21,216
on the other end
of the looking glass...
490
00:29:21,259 --> 00:29:22,801
a parity-reversed universe...
491
00:29:22,844 --> 00:29:25,179
where left becomes right,
right becomes left?
492
00:29:25,680 --> 00:29:29,016
In an anti-universe,
charges are reversed...
493
00:29:29,058 --> 00:29:31,518
so positive charges
become negative...
494
00:29:31,561 --> 00:29:33,145
negative charges
become positive...
495
00:29:33,188 --> 00:29:37,316
and when they meet,
they create a burst of energy.
496
00:29:38,485 --> 00:29:41,361
So if this universe on the other side
of the looking glass...
497
00:29:41,404 --> 00:29:42,821
were made out of anti-matter...
498
00:29:42,864 --> 00:29:46,492
and I were to touch
this other universe...
499
00:29:47,869 --> 00:29:49,161
I would destroy...
500
00:29:49,204 --> 00:29:52,080
most of the New York City
metropolitan area...
501
00:29:52,123 --> 00:29:53,916
in a burst of energy.
502
00:29:56,294 --> 00:30:00,297
So the conversion of anti-matter
and matter to energy...
503
00:30:00,340 --> 00:30:02,883
is one hundred percent efficient.
504
00:30:05,178 --> 00:30:10,098
It is the ultimate engine,
but there is a catch.
505
00:30:10,141 --> 00:30:11,809
There's always a catch.
506
00:30:11,851 --> 00:30:14,770
Even though we can create
anti-atoms in the laboratory...
507
00:30:14,813 --> 00:30:17,356
the cost is stupendous.
508
00:30:17,398 --> 00:30:20,234
It would bankrupt
the United States of America...
509
00:30:20,276 --> 00:30:23,737
to create a teaspoon
of anti-matter.
510
00:30:23,780 --> 00:30:26,698
However, it would only take
a few grams of anti-matter...
511
00:30:26,741 --> 00:30:28,158
to take us to Mars...
512
00:30:28,201 --> 00:30:30,619
and perhaps several teaspoons
of anti-matter...
513
00:30:30,662 --> 00:30:32,496
to take us to the nearby stars.
514
00:30:35,500 --> 00:30:36,917
But for us to ever visit...
515
00:30:36,960 --> 00:30:39,837
a distant star
or another galaxy...
516
00:30:39,879 --> 00:30:41,505
we need something stranger...
517
00:30:41,548 --> 00:30:43,507
than even Alice
could ever dream of...
518
00:30:43,550 --> 00:30:45,676
peering through
her looking glass.
519
00:30:51,057 --> 00:30:54,643
Scientists continue the quest
for a propulsion method...
520
00:30:54,686 --> 00:30:57,437
to carry us ever deeper
into space.
521
00:30:59,399 --> 00:31:03,610
But even achieving light-speed
won't allow us to get very far.
522
00:31:05,947 --> 00:31:10,284
Light's fast,
but the universe is huge.
523
00:31:10,326 --> 00:31:16,206
So, even if we could ride
on a beam of light...
524
00:31:16,249 --> 00:31:18,041
if we wanted
to cross the galaxy...
525
00:31:18,084 --> 00:31:20,544
the way they do in all
the science fiction programs...
526
00:31:20,587 --> 00:31:22,921
it would take
100,000 years to do it.
527
00:31:24,132 --> 00:31:28,218
And even at light-speed,
traveling to the nearest galaxy...
528
00:31:28,261 --> 00:31:30,512
would take
several million years.
529
00:31:31,431 --> 00:31:35,017
And if light-speed is the ultimate
speed limit of the universe...
530
00:31:35,059 --> 00:31:37,519
it seems we are doomed
to confinement...
531
00:31:37,562 --> 00:31:39,313
in our galactic neighborhood.
532
00:31:39,898 --> 00:31:41,315
What we're desperate for...
533
00:31:41,357 --> 00:31:44,401
is some new understanding
of the fabric of space-time...
534
00:31:44,444 --> 00:31:47,237
that will allow us
to somehow warp it...
535
00:31:47,280 --> 00:31:49,531
distort it so that
you can take shortcuts...
536
00:31:49,574 --> 00:31:51,909
and, of course, that's what
they do in "Star Trek"...
537
00:31:51,951 --> 00:31:54,328
when they turn on
their warp drives.
538
00:31:54,370 --> 00:31:57,748
They want to get from one side
of the galaxy to the other...
539
00:31:57,790 --> 00:31:59,333
all they do
is invoke the warp drive...
540
00:31:59,375 --> 00:32:01,752
that warps
the fabric of space...
541
00:32:01,794 --> 00:32:03,503
and then they take
a little shortcut right there.
542
00:32:03,546 --> 00:32:04,755
They cheat, basically.
543
00:32:05,673 --> 00:32:08,133
Everybody knows
Einstein's famous dictum...
544
00:32:08,176 --> 00:32:10,761
"You cannot go faster
than the speed of light. "
545
00:32:10,803 --> 00:32:13,138
However,
there's a footnote to it.
546
00:32:13,181 --> 00:32:16,391
You see, Einstein left open
the possibility that you can...
547
00:32:16,434 --> 00:32:19,937
rip, fold the fabric
of space and time itself...
548
00:32:19,979 --> 00:32:23,482
so that you effectively take
a shortcut through the universe.
549
00:32:25,026 --> 00:32:26,401
Think of a carpet.
550
00:32:26,444 --> 00:32:27,986
If you want to go
across the carpet...
551
00:32:28,029 --> 00:32:29,905
that's the old-fashioned way.
552
00:32:29,948 --> 00:32:31,531
You can also get a lasso...
553
00:32:31,574 --> 00:32:34,034
and lasso a table
on the other side of the carpet...
554
00:32:34,077 --> 00:32:36,411
and then drag the table
toward you...
555
00:32:36,454 --> 00:32:39,498
so that you collapse
the space in front of you.
556
00:32:39,540 --> 00:32:43,543
In a nutshell, Einstein says
the bigger the mass...
557
00:32:43,586 --> 00:32:45,712
the bigger the bending
of space and time.
558
00:32:45,755 --> 00:32:47,798
If you can concentrate...
559
00:32:47,840 --> 00:32:50,801
enormous amounts of energy
at a single point...
560
00:32:50,843 --> 00:32:52,886
comparable to that
of a black hole...
561
00:32:52,929 --> 00:32:54,638
or a huge, gigantic star...
562
00:32:54,681 --> 00:32:58,892
you are literally warping
the fabric of space and time.
563
00:32:58,935 --> 00:33:01,979
You simply hop across
to the nearby stars.
564
00:33:02,021 --> 00:33:05,816
So, in other words,
you did not really go to the stars...
565
00:33:05,858 --> 00:33:07,901
the stars came to you...
566
00:33:07,944 --> 00:33:11,697
because you are compressing
the space in front of you.
567
00:33:14,659 --> 00:33:17,327
The massive amount
of energy or mass needed...
568
00:33:17,370 --> 00:33:19,913
to create such a warped
curvature of space...
569
00:33:19,956 --> 00:33:22,165
seems beyond comprehension...
570
00:33:22,208 --> 00:33:25,544
and perhaps
beyond human capability.
571
00:33:25,586 --> 00:33:27,754
There may be an alternative.
572
00:33:29,716 --> 00:33:32,634
Physicist John Brandenburg
is developing a theory...
573
00:33:32,677 --> 00:33:34,636
in which a starship
of the future...
574
00:33:34,679 --> 00:33:37,222
could achieve
faster-than-light travel...
575
00:33:37,265 --> 00:33:39,850
not by manipulating
a vast area of the universe...
576
00:33:39,892 --> 00:33:44,021
but rather by manipulating
only the area around the starship.
577
00:33:45,606 --> 00:33:49,443
The trick is to have a starship
imitate a curious particle...
578
00:33:49,485 --> 00:33:51,820
that, so far,
only exists in theory.
579
00:33:52,405 --> 00:33:54,990
It's called a tachyon.
580
00:33:55,033 --> 00:33:57,534
It's a particle
with a different twist.
581
00:33:57,577 --> 00:34:01,163
Light itself always moves
at the same speed.
582
00:34:01,205 --> 00:34:06,418
Tachyons, on the other hand,
can go infinitely fast.
583
00:34:06,461 --> 00:34:09,379
They just can't go slower
than the speed of light.
584
00:34:09,422 --> 00:34:10,672
They look at the speed of light...
585
00:34:10,715 --> 00:34:14,634
as a lower speed limit
that they cannot violate.
586
00:34:16,137 --> 00:34:19,639
If they do exist, tachyons
can outrun the speed of light...
587
00:34:19,682 --> 00:34:22,225
because they have
what physicists recognize...
588
00:34:22,268 --> 00:34:24,394
as imaginary mass.
589
00:34:27,315 --> 00:34:29,191
An imaginary value
can be visualized...
590
00:34:29,233 --> 00:34:31,526
in the spin
of a struck tennis ball.
591
00:34:34,530 --> 00:34:37,199
Its spin can cause it
to bend and move...
592
00:34:37,241 --> 00:34:40,577
in a manner that an observer
might not expect to see...
593
00:34:40,620 --> 00:34:42,621
from its initial point
of contact.
594
00:34:47,085 --> 00:34:51,254
In the same way, a tachyon
is unseen by the universe...
595
00:34:51,297 --> 00:34:53,840
and can break
its speed limits.
596
00:34:53,883 --> 00:34:55,258
Brandenburg proposes...
597
00:34:55,301 --> 00:34:58,303
altering the space-time
surrounding a starship...
598
00:34:58,346 --> 00:35:01,264
with a powerful
electromagnetic field...
599
00:35:01,307 --> 00:35:04,684
so that the ship moves
through space like a tachyon.
600
00:35:06,979 --> 00:35:09,856
It would operate
like a stealth aircraft...
601
00:35:09,899 --> 00:35:14,236
invisible to radar,
unseen by radar operators.
602
00:35:14,278 --> 00:35:17,364
So, if one can achieve
this control...
603
00:35:17,406 --> 00:35:19,866
of the space-time
around this ship...
604
00:35:19,909 --> 00:35:24,037
one can essentially make it
an imaginary object.
605
00:35:24,080 --> 00:35:27,749
In a technical way, that means
it's moving faster than light.
606
00:35:28,501 --> 00:35:31,795
You're basically
disconnecting yourself...
607
00:35:31,838 --> 00:35:33,338
from the rest of the cosmos.
608
00:35:34,799 --> 00:35:36,800
It could grant
the traveler the ability...
609
00:35:36,843 --> 00:35:40,262
to go anywhere in the universe
in the blink of an eye...
610
00:35:40,304 --> 00:35:44,891
as if a multitude of doorways
suddenly appeared.
611
00:35:44,934 --> 00:35:47,144
A doorway you step into...
612
00:35:47,186 --> 00:35:49,813
and then you step out
somewhere down the hall...
613
00:35:49,856 --> 00:35:54,442
so fast that it didn't seem like you
had time to move anyplace.
614
00:35:54,485 --> 00:35:57,988
That's an imaginary connection
in space-time.
615
00:35:58,030 --> 00:36:01,908
And you've changed yourself,
not space-time.
616
00:36:03,703 --> 00:36:06,705
No one may know how fast
or even where...
617
00:36:06,747 --> 00:36:08,665
such a space vessel
could travel.
618
00:36:08,708 --> 00:36:12,711
Which door to go into?
Which door to come out of?
619
00:36:12,753 --> 00:36:13,920
That's the trick.
620
00:36:15,381 --> 00:36:19,467
But voyaging through the hall
of the universe isn't possible...
621
00:36:19,510 --> 00:36:23,471
without first overcoming
one of its fundamental forces...
622
00:36:23,514 --> 00:36:26,308
the one that shackles us
to our home planet.
623
00:36:27,268 --> 00:36:30,270
Getting away from the Earth's
gravitational field...
624
00:36:30,313 --> 00:36:32,022
that's the first thing
that we have to do.
625
00:36:32,064 --> 00:36:35,358
Ten, nine, eight...
626
00:36:35,401 --> 00:36:36,693
seven, six...
627
00:36:36,736 --> 00:36:40,113
For an object to break away
from Earth's gravitational pull...
628
00:36:40,156 --> 00:36:42,824
...two, one.
629
00:36:42,867 --> 00:36:45,827
We have ignition and liftoff
of NASA's new...
630
00:36:45,870 --> 00:36:50,749
...it must achieve a velocity
of 17,500 miles per hour.
631
00:36:53,711 --> 00:36:57,172
That's fast enough to streak
from New York to Los Angeles...
632
00:36:57,215 --> 00:36:58,924
in about eight minutes.
633
00:37:00,176 --> 00:37:01,885
There's no other way to do it...
634
00:37:01,928 --> 00:37:05,513
at least that we have now,
other than brute force.
635
00:37:08,601 --> 00:37:10,518
While a theoretical
space elevator...
636
00:37:10,561 --> 00:37:13,480
can climb away from Earth's
gravitational pull...
637
00:37:16,108 --> 00:37:19,027
a rocket must outrun it
with the brute force...
638
00:37:19,070 --> 00:37:23,281
provided by the explosive chemical
reaction of burning fuel.
639
00:37:24,575 --> 00:37:28,495
Chemical power is what drives
today's rocket engines.
640
00:37:32,124 --> 00:37:34,167
Every time you burn something,
that's chemical power.
641
00:37:34,210 --> 00:37:35,585
Every time
a rocket engine ignites...
642
00:37:35,628 --> 00:37:37,087
that's chemical power.
643
00:37:37,129 --> 00:37:40,340
Every time you start
your engine in your car...
644
00:37:40,383 --> 00:37:43,969
you're using the chemical energy
stored in the gasoline.
645
00:37:46,430 --> 00:37:49,349
The fuel alone can burden
a space-bound craft...
646
00:37:49,392 --> 00:37:52,269
with up to ninety percent
of its total weight.
647
00:37:57,108 --> 00:37:59,317
If you're carrying all the fuel
you'll ever need...
648
00:37:59,360 --> 00:38:02,988
then most of the effort
of the first-ignited fuel...
649
00:38:03,030 --> 00:38:06,783
is to lift
the unburnt fuel into orbit.
650
00:38:06,826 --> 00:38:10,203
It'd be like trying to drive from
New York City to Los Angeles...
651
00:38:10,246 --> 00:38:12,289
on one tank of gas.
652
00:38:12,331 --> 00:38:15,041
Well, you would need
a tanker truck behind you.
653
00:38:15,084 --> 00:38:19,713
And most of the energy
to accelerate the tanker truck...
654
00:38:19,755 --> 00:38:22,215
is going in to just move the fuel
that's in the tanker truck.
655
00:38:24,719 --> 00:38:28,179
The space shuttle, its rockets,
and the fuel they're carrying...
656
00:38:28,222 --> 00:38:31,766
weigh a staggering
four million pounds.
657
00:38:32,518 --> 00:38:35,437
And nothing short
of a bone-rattling eruption...
658
00:38:35,479 --> 00:38:38,273
could push it up
and away from Earth.
659
00:38:39,859 --> 00:38:42,235
Well, Grant, looks like
your long wait is over.
660
00:38:42,278 --> 00:38:44,654
We wish you all the best luck
in the world, Godspeed...
661
00:38:44,697 --> 00:38:46,323
and we'll see you back in here
in about two weeks.
662
00:38:47,199 --> 00:38:50,702
A journey into space today
means that space travelers...
663
00:38:50,745 --> 00:38:53,788
must ride a controlled
detonation into the sky.
664
00:38:56,042 --> 00:38:59,419
Whatever the vehicle weighs,
we have to generate...
665
00:38:59,462 --> 00:39:02,464
about one and a half
to two times that thrust...
666
00:39:02,506 --> 00:39:04,716
in order to get it off
the surface of the Earth.
667
00:39:06,302 --> 00:39:08,345
To get the space shuttle
up to speed...
668
00:39:08,387 --> 00:39:10,930
demands seven million
pounds of thrust.
669
00:39:12,058 --> 00:39:14,934
To put that into perspective...
670
00:39:14,977 --> 00:39:16,311
If you can imagine me...
671
00:39:16,354 --> 00:39:18,772
holding a one-pound ball
in my hand.
672
00:39:18,814 --> 00:39:20,398
If I'm holding it here,
and I'm holding it steady...
673
00:39:20,441 --> 00:39:23,276
I am exerting
a pound of thrust on that ball.
674
00:39:23,319 --> 00:39:27,906
So, if I lower it down, I'm
clearly not exerting the one pound.
675
00:39:27,948 --> 00:39:30,241
If I pick it up,
I'm exerting more than a pound.
676
00:39:30,284 --> 00:39:32,035
So you have to have
a little more thrust...
677
00:39:32,078 --> 00:39:34,829
than you do the weight, obviously,
or you won't go anywhere.
678
00:39:36,707 --> 00:39:41,461
How a rocket moves can be
illustrated with a blown-up balloon.
679
00:39:43,089 --> 00:39:44,964
This works almost
like an engine nozzle.
680
00:39:45,007 --> 00:39:46,758
Now, I can hold it in place...
681
00:39:46,801 --> 00:39:50,553
and you can control it,
you can let it go.
682
00:39:50,596 --> 00:39:52,597
And what we do is,
we try to eject as much mass...
683
00:39:52,640 --> 00:39:53,765
through that throat as we can.
684
00:39:53,808 --> 00:39:56,726
And as it expands out
the back end...
685
00:39:56,769 --> 00:39:59,396
that expansion or that pressure
pushing that way...
686
00:39:59,438 --> 00:40:00,814
pushes the vehicle this way.
687
00:40:04,193 --> 00:40:06,194
When today's astronauts
climb aboard...
688
00:40:06,237 --> 00:40:08,571
for their journeys
on the space shuttle...
689
00:40:09,281 --> 00:40:13,451
they're hitching to giant containers
housing that necessary mass.
690
00:40:14,370 --> 00:40:18,206
Millions of pounds of highly
combustible hydrogen and oxygen...
691
00:40:18,249 --> 00:40:19,666
wait to be ejected.
692
00:40:21,961 --> 00:40:24,212
It only takes a spark.
693
00:40:29,802 --> 00:40:32,637
The main engine starts
six seconds before takeoff.
694
00:40:32,680 --> 00:40:34,305
The whole shuttle shakes.
695
00:40:34,348 --> 00:40:36,808
It feels like it wants to just rip
itself out of the launch pad.
696
00:40:36,851 --> 00:40:39,185
Liftoff of Space Shuttle
"Endeavour"...
697
00:40:40,396 --> 00:40:42,647
It shudders, and you think,
"Oh, my gosh...
698
00:40:42,690 --> 00:40:43,731
"that's an awful lot of force. "
699
00:40:43,774 --> 00:40:45,442
About a million
and a half pounds of thrust.
700
00:40:48,279 --> 00:40:49,654
It's kind of surreal.
701
00:40:51,866 --> 00:40:54,200
It's like, "This can't
really be happening. "
702
00:40:55,077 --> 00:40:56,369
It's something
you've been wanting to do...
703
00:40:56,412 --> 00:40:58,663
for years and years,
and it's really happening.
704
00:40:59,832 --> 00:41:01,666
It's like riding
a manmade Earthquake.
705
00:41:01,709 --> 00:41:03,668
You've spent several million
pounds worth of fuel...
706
00:41:03,711 --> 00:41:06,880
to get to the first
two minutes of flight...
707
00:41:06,922 --> 00:41:08,673
and then the solid rocket
boosters come off.
708
00:41:13,637 --> 00:41:16,306
And that's like a train wreck
when those things come off.
709
00:41:16,348 --> 00:41:17,974
It almost feels like
you're just accelerating...
710
00:41:18,017 --> 00:41:19,476
faster and faster and faster...
711
00:41:19,518 --> 00:41:22,896
as you burn all the fuel
out of the big main tank.
712
00:41:22,938 --> 00:41:25,815
So for the next six minutes,
you're accelerating up to a point...
713
00:41:25,858 --> 00:41:27,817
where you're finally feeling
about three gs...
714
00:41:27,860 --> 00:41:29,819
three times the force of gravity
of acceleration.
715
00:41:30,529 --> 00:41:32,655
And so now it almost feels
like there's a big gorilla...
716
00:41:32,698 --> 00:41:34,032
sitting on your chest.
717
00:41:39,914 --> 00:41:43,833
A drag racer who accelerates
from zero to 100 miles per hour...
718
00:41:43,876 --> 00:41:47,003
in two seconds
will feel g forces...
719
00:41:47,046 --> 00:41:50,089
similar to those
experienced by astronauts.
720
00:41:52,051 --> 00:41:53,343
As the vehicle
keeps accelerating...
721
00:41:53,385 --> 00:41:55,512
and you're watching
the speed tick by...
722
00:41:55,554 --> 00:41:57,555
in thousands of feet per second...
723
00:41:57,598 --> 00:42:00,225
until you get to twenty-five times
the speed of sound.
724
00:42:00,267 --> 00:42:04,729
Then there's a cut-off,
and then everything's floating...
725
00:42:05,898 --> 00:42:07,482
and now you're in space.
726
00:42:07,525 --> 00:42:08,816
So space isn't very far away.
727
00:42:08,859 --> 00:42:11,569
It only takes about eight minutes
and thirty seconds to get there.
728
00:42:14,114 --> 00:42:17,033
The next model for venturing
into the great beyond...
729
00:42:17,076 --> 00:42:18,993
and reaching new worlds...
730
00:42:19,036 --> 00:42:22,372
will begin first with a visit
to an old friend.
731
00:42:26,669 --> 00:42:29,170
Although not quite yet
a space elevator...
732
00:42:29,213 --> 00:42:31,381
NASA's mission
to return to the Moon...
733
00:42:31,423 --> 00:42:36,094
builds on the idea of Earth orbit
as a base for farther voyages.
734
00:42:39,431 --> 00:42:41,266
NASA's Constellation Program...
735
00:42:41,308 --> 00:42:44,352
a successor to the legendary
Apollo Program...
736
00:42:44,395 --> 00:42:47,855
aims to plant boots
on the Moon by 2020.
737
00:42:49,608 --> 00:42:52,610
Two separate rockets
form the foundation of the plan.
738
00:42:54,780 --> 00:42:56,489
The unmanned Ares V rocket...
739
00:42:56,532 --> 00:42:59,867
towering taller than a football
field standing on its end...
740
00:43:01,453 --> 00:43:04,163
will carry
the lunar lander, supplies...
741
00:43:04,206 --> 00:43:06,541
and an Earth departure rocket
into orbit...
742
00:43:06,584 --> 00:43:08,710
where it will wait
for the astronauts.
743
00:43:13,257 --> 00:43:17,635
The Ares I rocket will deliver
the crew to orbit aboard a capsule.
744
00:43:22,224 --> 00:43:25,268
It then will rendezvous with
the Earth departure rocket...
745
00:43:25,311 --> 00:43:26,978
and blast to the Moon.
746
00:43:29,940 --> 00:43:31,733
We can take more supplies...
747
00:43:31,775 --> 00:43:32,942
more commodities
to the Moon.
748
00:43:32,985 --> 00:43:36,946
That's what this tandem system
provides for us, instead of Apollo...
749
00:43:36,989 --> 00:43:40,199
which only allowed us to go
for one or two days at a time...
750
00:43:40,242 --> 00:43:41,618
and then come back.
751
00:43:46,081 --> 00:43:48,333
Will we ever find a way
to surpass...
752
00:43:48,375 --> 00:43:51,294
the bold achievements
of the Apollo program?
753
00:43:52,588 --> 00:43:56,299
Will we ever cross the vast
expanse of the cosmos...
754
00:43:56,342 --> 00:43:58,801
as quickly and effortlessly
as we travel...
755
00:43:58,844 --> 00:44:01,554
to another city
or another continent?
756
00:44:02,473 --> 00:44:06,726
We must if we are to survive
as a people.
757
00:44:06,769 --> 00:44:08,311
If we stop exploring...
758
00:44:08,354 --> 00:44:11,814
we have learned time and time
again throughout history...
759
00:44:11,857 --> 00:44:15,860
that those societies, basically,
tend to wither up and die.
760
00:44:16,695 --> 00:44:18,154
It's a part of what we are...
761
00:44:18,197 --> 00:44:20,323
it's a part of what we
leave to our children...
762
00:44:20,366 --> 00:44:21,407
and their children.
763
00:44:22,951 --> 00:44:25,036
It's who we are,
and it's what we do.
64485
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