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In the beginning,
there was darkness...
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00:00:03,753 --> 00:00:05,754
and then, bang...
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00:00:05,797 --> 00:00:08,799
giving birth to an endless
expanding existence...
4
00:00:08,842 --> 00:00:11,677
of time, space, and matter.
5
00:00:11,720 --> 00:00:14,179
Now, see further
than we've ever imagined...
6
00:00:14,222 --> 00:00:16,306
beyond the limits
of our existence...
7
00:00:16,349 --> 00:00:21,270
in a place we call
"The Universe. "
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00:00:21,312 --> 00:00:24,648
Our closest neighbor,
mysterious as it is...
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00:00:24,691 --> 00:00:26,400
tied to our very survival.
10
00:00:30,071 --> 00:00:31,780
Its luminance
has captivated us...
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00:00:31,823 --> 00:00:35,617
since the beginning
of humanity...
12
00:00:35,660 --> 00:00:38,412
but a closer look reveals
an ever-present source...
13
00:00:38,455 --> 00:00:43,417
of myth, controversy,
and mystery...
14
00:00:43,460 --> 00:00:45,919
an unseen force
that pulls at the Earth...
15
00:00:45,962 --> 00:00:49,423
every second of the day...
16
00:00:49,466 --> 00:00:54,011
a source of illusion
and wonder...
17
00:00:54,054 --> 00:00:56,513
a celestial body
so close to home...
18
00:00:56,556 --> 00:00:59,016
that it may impact
the way we behave...
19
00:00:59,059 --> 00:01:04,563
and the way
our body functions.
20
00:01:04,606 --> 00:01:05,981
And without it,
some argue...
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00:01:06,024 --> 00:01:08,275
the planet Earth
as we know it...
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00:01:08,318 --> 00:01:10,569
may never have evolved.
23
00:01:22,999 --> 00:01:25,793
Almost 240,000 miles
from Earth...
24
00:01:25,835 --> 00:01:28,712
our Moon outshines
every other celestial body...
25
00:01:28,755 --> 00:01:33,133
in the night sky.
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00:01:33,176 --> 00:01:34,968
The Moon, when it's up
and when it's bright...
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00:01:35,011 --> 00:01:38,764
makes us dream and wonder.
28
00:01:38,807 --> 00:01:41,266
Our enigmatic neighbor
is also the source...
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00:01:41,309 --> 00:01:48,482
of countless unsolved mysteries
and age-old myths.
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The Moon is a spooky place.
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It's a mysterious place
from the human perspective.
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00:02:00,537 --> 00:02:03,122
The Moon is a beautiful...
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00:02:03,164 --> 00:02:04,832
and a really obvious
thing to see.
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00:02:04,874 --> 00:02:08,001
It's hard to miss the big
shining Moon in the sky.
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00:02:08,044 --> 00:02:10,254
So I think all people
from all times...
36
00:02:10,296 --> 00:02:12,798
have had some need
to understand it...
37
00:02:12,841 --> 00:02:16,718
some need to relate to it.
38
00:02:16,761 --> 00:02:19,304
Science may cast
an empirical light...
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00:02:19,347 --> 00:02:21,849
on some things
about the universe...
40
00:02:21,891 --> 00:02:24,184
but lunar experts
are the first to admit...
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00:02:24,227 --> 00:02:29,565
they don't have all the answers
when it comes to our Moon.
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00:02:29,607 --> 00:02:31,024
Science is about process.
43
00:02:31,067 --> 00:02:34,069
We're never sure
about explanations.
44
00:02:34,112 --> 00:02:35,320
We know so little
about the Moon...
45
00:02:35,363 --> 00:02:37,447
because we've only been
observing it close up...
46
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for a few hundred years...
47
00:02:38,992 --> 00:02:42,578
and it's been there
for over 41/2 billion years.
48
00:02:46,624 --> 00:02:48,834
Our Moon teemed
with volcanic activity...
49
00:02:48,877 --> 00:02:51,086
three to four billion
years ago.
50
00:02:51,129 --> 00:02:54,548
Today, most believe
it's an inactive dead world...
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00:02:54,591 --> 00:02:56,758
floating through space.
52
00:02:56,801 --> 00:03:01,138
But is it?
53
00:03:01,181 --> 00:03:06,393
July 20, 1969.
54
00:03:06,436 --> 00:03:09,479
Neil Armstrong
took his historic small step...
55
00:03:09,522 --> 00:03:12,566
during that first visit
to the lunar surface.
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00:03:12,609 --> 00:03:15,277
That's one small step
for man...
57
00:03:15,320 --> 00:03:20,199
one giant leap for mankind.
58
00:03:20,241 --> 00:03:21,742
While on the Moon...
59
00:03:21,784 --> 00:03:24,119
Armstrong reported seeing
what he called an area...
60
00:03:24,162 --> 00:03:26,496
that is considerably
more illuminated...
61
00:03:26,539 --> 00:03:30,751
than the surrounding area...
62
00:03:31,002 --> 00:03:32,294
and that the area
seems to have...
63
00:03:32,337 --> 00:03:35,380
a slight amount
of fluorescence to it.
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00:03:35,423 --> 00:03:37,007
What could it mean?
65
00:03:40,970 --> 00:03:43,263
Today, almost 40 years later...
66
00:03:43,306 --> 00:03:48,352
no one knows exactly
what that light source was...
67
00:03:48,394 --> 00:03:53,982
but scientists have witnessed
similar occurrences.
68
00:03:54,025 --> 00:03:56,235
There been a whole class
of changes on the Moon...
69
00:03:56,277 --> 00:03:58,278
that have involved
brightenings...
70
00:03:58,321 --> 00:04:03,700
color changes,
and even gaseous emissions.
71
00:04:03,743 --> 00:04:05,661
These events
have left some...
72
00:04:05,703 --> 00:04:07,788
like Nasa astronomer
Bonnie Buratti...
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00:04:07,830 --> 00:04:09,873
perplexed
by what they call...
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00:04:09,916 --> 00:04:14,836
lunar transient phenomena
or LTPs.
75
00:04:14,879 --> 00:04:17,464
Lunar transient phenomena
are controversial.
76
00:04:17,507 --> 00:04:21,593
Scientists are very
skeptical about them.
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00:04:21,636 --> 00:04:24,221
The problem is there's
no observations...
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00:04:24,264 --> 00:04:29,142
true and firm,
on these events.
79
00:04:29,185 --> 00:04:31,144
But ever since
the Middle Ages...
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00:04:31,187 --> 00:04:35,941
lunar observers have reported
seeing these mysterious lights.
81
00:04:35,984 --> 00:04:37,109
They're usually witnessed...
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00:04:37,151 --> 00:04:39,820
in the dark, shadowy
areas of the Moon...
83
00:04:39,862 --> 00:04:42,197
where the contrast is greater.
84
00:04:42,240 --> 00:04:44,366
They last anywhere
from a few seconds...
85
00:04:44,409 --> 00:04:47,494
to a few hours...
86
00:04:47,537 --> 00:04:54,209
and that's why they've been
so hard to confirm.
87
00:04:54,252 --> 00:04:56,628
Convinced that these
ethereal displays...
88
00:04:56,671 --> 00:04:58,255
are a real phenomenon...
89
00:04:58,298 --> 00:05:00,465
but unsure as to
what's causing them...
90
00:05:00,508 --> 00:05:01,508
experts have honed in...
91
00:05:01,551 --> 00:05:04,344
on several
possible explanations.
92
00:05:04,387 --> 00:05:05,804
There have been
a number of theories...
93
00:05:05,847 --> 00:05:10,267
that have surfaced
for lunar transient phenomena.
94
00:05:10,310 --> 00:05:11,852
Ever-changing views
from Earth...
95
00:05:11,894 --> 00:05:14,938
may be causing the appearance
of bright flashes...
96
00:05:14,981 --> 00:05:17,691
or surface changes
on the Moon.
97
00:05:17,734 --> 00:05:19,860
Some of the events
that I've seen...
98
00:05:19,902 --> 00:05:21,695
are clearly just due
to turbulence...
99
00:05:21,738 --> 00:05:24,031
in the Earth's atmosphere.
100
00:05:24,073 --> 00:05:29,494
These cause movement
and change on the Moon.
101
00:05:29,537 --> 00:05:32,873
But Buratti thinks
that not all LTPs...
102
00:05:32,915 --> 00:05:37,919
can be explained
by atmospheric turbulence.
103
00:05:37,962 --> 00:05:40,297
The anomalies
that Neil Armstrong reported...
104
00:05:40,340 --> 00:05:42,341
were seen
from the lunar surface...
105
00:05:42,383 --> 00:05:47,846
so atmospheric turbulence
couldn't be causing them.
106
00:05:47,889 --> 00:05:49,014
Many astronomers...
107
00:05:49,057 --> 00:05:51,975
like Laura Danly
at the Griffith Observatory...
108
00:05:52,018 --> 00:05:54,644
believe that the high-velocity
impact of meteors...
109
00:05:54,687 --> 00:05:57,981
and asteroids accounts
for much of this activity...
110
00:05:58,024 --> 00:06:00,776
being observed from Earth.
111
00:06:00,818 --> 00:06:01,902
They're traveling very fast...
112
00:06:01,944 --> 00:06:09,785
so when they smash
into the Moon...
113
00:06:09,827 --> 00:06:15,082
there's a big, bright
explosion, really.
114
00:06:15,124 --> 00:06:17,834
These impact explosions,
known as fireballs...
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00:06:17,877 --> 00:06:19,920
may be one source
of the activity...
116
00:06:19,962 --> 00:06:25,592
but that premise
has a gaping hole in it.
117
00:06:25,635 --> 00:06:27,594
Even though
we've seen these flashes...
118
00:06:27,637 --> 00:06:29,262
on the dark side
of the Moon...
119
00:06:29,305 --> 00:06:34,726
we haven't identified a crater
associated with any of them...
120
00:06:34,769 --> 00:06:36,978
and that's where we get
into the controversy.
121
00:06:37,021 --> 00:06:38,605
There hasn't been
any large event...
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00:06:38,898 --> 00:06:43,902
that has been
unequivocally observed.
123
00:06:43,945 --> 00:06:45,570
Another possible explanation...
124
00:06:45,613 --> 00:06:47,572
is that when a meteor
hits the Moon...
125
00:06:47,615 --> 00:06:49,533
and creates
a massive crater...
126
00:06:49,575 --> 00:06:51,743
landslides
around the crater rim...
127
00:06:51,786 --> 00:06:56,039
kick up mountains
of lunar dust.
128
00:06:56,082 --> 00:06:58,917
The fine dust could absorb
and scatter light rays...
129
00:06:58,960 --> 00:07:00,961
or make it appear
as if the Moon...
130
00:07:01,003 --> 00:07:05,966
has somehow changed
its surface features.
131
00:07:06,008 --> 00:07:08,051
It's possible
that if a landslide...
132
00:07:08,094 --> 00:07:09,261
occurred on the Moon...
133
00:07:09,303 --> 00:07:11,555
you would see something
from the Earth...
134
00:07:11,597 --> 00:07:13,140
the edge of a crater
being obscured...
135
00:07:13,182 --> 00:07:15,809
a cloudlike feature forming.
136
00:07:15,852 --> 00:07:19,980
In other words, we would see
a crater wall, an LTP...
137
00:07:20,022 --> 00:07:21,815
and then
a collapsed crater wall.
138
00:07:21,858 --> 00:07:23,191
We've never seen that yet.
139
00:07:32,869 --> 00:07:34,494
Perhaps the most
controversial theory...
140
00:07:34,537 --> 00:07:36,246
behind these
lunar anomalies...
141
00:07:36,289 --> 00:07:39,791
could alter our view
of the Moon entirely.
142
00:07:39,834 --> 00:07:41,710
It would challenge the belief
that the Moon...
143
00:07:41,752 --> 00:07:46,840
has been geologically inactive
for millennia.
144
00:07:46,883 --> 00:07:49,176
One of the most
intriguing explanations...
145
00:07:49,218 --> 00:07:50,886
for lunar transient phenomena...
146
00:07:50,928 --> 00:07:53,305
is active volcanoes
on the Moon.
147
00:08:00,646 --> 00:08:03,023
This is the most
scientifically important...
148
00:08:03,065 --> 00:08:04,065
because it would tell us...
149
00:08:04,108 --> 00:08:10,822
that the Moon is still
geologically active.
150
00:08:10,865 --> 00:08:13,658
Photographs taken during
the Apollo space missions...
151
00:08:13,701 --> 00:08:16,495
revealed a rocky formation
on the lunar surface...
152
00:08:16,537 --> 00:08:18,788
called the inastructure.
153
00:08:18,831 --> 00:08:21,208
With this data,
scientists speculated...
154
00:08:21,250 --> 00:08:24,377
that the Moon could've
experienced volcanic activity...
155
00:08:24,420 --> 00:08:28,715
in the last million years.
156
00:08:28,758 --> 00:08:30,509
The information
was groundbreaking...
157
00:08:30,551 --> 00:08:32,385
and it meant
that volcanic activity...
158
00:08:32,428 --> 00:08:35,555
could be the primary
source of LTPs...
159
00:08:35,598 --> 00:08:43,480
but most scientists
are yet to be convinced.
160
00:08:43,523 --> 00:08:44,731
The thing about science...
161
00:08:44,774 --> 00:08:47,484
is whenever you have
a theory or a model...
162
00:08:47,527 --> 00:08:50,904
you have to be able
to get data of an event...
163
00:08:50,947 --> 00:08:55,325
over and over again.
164
00:08:55,368 --> 00:08:57,744
In terms of these more
mysterious brightenings...
165
00:08:57,787 --> 00:08:59,829
or things that could be
volcanic events...
166
00:08:59,872 --> 00:09:03,083
we've never actually had
two independent observers...
167
00:09:03,125 --> 00:09:06,586
obtain incontrovertible data
at the same time.
168
00:09:14,136 --> 00:09:16,763
Even if the Moon isn't
geologically active...
169
00:09:16,806 --> 00:09:20,308
some astronomers believe
there may be gases left over...
170
00:09:20,351 --> 00:09:25,605
from a time when the volcanic
activity was prevalent.
171
00:09:25,648 --> 00:09:28,108
If residual gases
reached the surface...
172
00:09:28,150 --> 00:09:30,610
the Sun's rays would
scatter colored hues...
173
00:09:30,653 --> 00:09:34,489
of red and blue
from the gas particles.
174
00:09:34,532 --> 00:09:36,825
The Moon could still be
experiencing outgassing...
175
00:09:36,867 --> 00:09:39,494
without having actual activity
in the interior.
176
00:09:39,537 --> 00:09:42,539
There are minerals in the Moon
that produce gases...
177
00:09:42,582 --> 00:09:44,666
and they seep up
to the surface in the Moon...
178
00:09:44,709 --> 00:09:48,712
and come out.
179
00:09:48,754 --> 00:09:52,465
With so many lunar transient
phenomena theories out there...
180
00:09:52,508 --> 00:09:54,634
which is the most plausible?
181
00:09:54,677 --> 00:09:57,304
Dr. Buratti doesn't point
to one explanation...
182
00:09:57,597 --> 00:09:59,097
for the phenomenon.
183
00:09:59,140 --> 00:10:02,642
I think the reasons for LTP
are probably myriad.
184
00:10:02,685 --> 00:10:05,186
I think there's more
than one explanation.
185
00:10:05,229 --> 00:10:07,230
It's not just one phenomenon...
186
00:10:07,273 --> 00:10:11,234
it's many different types
of activities.
187
00:10:11,277 --> 00:10:13,069
For now, the cause...
188
00:10:13,112 --> 00:10:15,322
of the elusive lunar
transient phenomena...
189
00:10:15,364 --> 00:10:18,992
may remain hidden
on the dark side of the Moon.
190
00:10:21,996 --> 00:10:24,748
But the cause of full-Moon
fever here on Earth...
191
00:10:24,790 --> 00:10:31,755
may be even tougher
to diagnose.
192
00:10:31,797 --> 00:10:34,174
What role, if any,
does the full Moon have...
193
00:10:34,216 --> 00:10:37,677
on our bodies and our minds?
194
00:10:44,852 --> 00:10:47,854
When it comes to exploring
the mysteries of the Moon...
195
00:10:47,897 --> 00:10:50,732
perhaps the most celebrated
and controversial...
196
00:10:50,775 --> 00:10:53,193
is whether our satellite
has any influence...
197
00:10:53,235 --> 00:10:56,363
on the mind and body.
198
00:10:56,405 --> 00:10:57,947
We know that there's
some relationship...
199
00:10:57,990 --> 00:11:00,241
between the Earth
and the Moon...
200
00:11:00,284 --> 00:11:02,535
and so it's perhaps
not such a great leap...
201
00:11:02,578 --> 00:11:03,828
to imagine
that the different changes...
202
00:11:03,871 --> 00:11:09,376
the full Moon might have
some influence on people.
203
00:11:09,418 --> 00:11:11,044
There are lots and lots
of mysteries...
204
00:11:11,087 --> 00:11:14,756
physical and psychological.
205
00:11:22,306 --> 00:11:24,641
One of the words
for madness, lunacy...
206
00:11:24,684 --> 00:11:27,102
comes from the latin word
for Moon, luna.
207
00:11:27,144 --> 00:11:28,645
So I think
throughout history...
208
00:11:28,688 --> 00:11:33,733
people have associated the Moon
with human psychology.
209
00:11:33,776 --> 00:11:34,776
A lot of people
really believe...
210
00:11:34,819 --> 00:11:37,237
that the full Moon
affects their behavior...
211
00:11:37,279 --> 00:11:43,034
affects maybe their biochemistry
or something like that.
212
00:11:43,077 --> 00:11:47,330
There's a widely held belief
among many people...
213
00:11:47,373 --> 00:11:49,916
including clinicians...
214
00:11:49,959 --> 00:11:54,337
that during a full Moon,
there are changes...
215
00:11:54,380 --> 00:11:56,005
palpable changes...
216
00:11:56,048 --> 00:11:57,424
in emergency room visits...
217
00:11:57,466 --> 00:11:59,759
in pregnancy rates...
218
00:11:59,802 --> 00:12:02,178
in birthrates.
219
00:12:02,221 --> 00:12:05,014
There is a mythology
about behavior...
220
00:12:05,057 --> 00:12:09,936
which changes consistently
with the phases of the Moon.
221
00:12:09,979 --> 00:12:11,855
Anecdotal evidence abounds...
222
00:12:11,897 --> 00:12:14,441
but does science support
the belief that a full Moon...
223
00:12:14,483 --> 00:12:18,069
has a measurable effect
on the Earth's occupants?
224
00:12:18,112 --> 00:12:21,197
People have long tried
to associate the Moon...
225
00:12:21,240 --> 00:12:22,991
and the gravitational
effects of the Moon...
226
00:12:23,033 --> 00:12:28,455
with behavior in people
and animals.
227
00:12:28,497 --> 00:12:31,624
Fact: the Moon
stirs up the oceans...
228
00:12:31,667 --> 00:12:35,378
which make up 70 percent
of our planet.
229
00:12:35,421 --> 00:12:38,840
So if the human body is made up
of 70 percent water...
230
00:12:38,883 --> 00:12:41,634
wouldn't that mean the Moon
has just as much pull...
231
00:12:41,677 --> 00:12:43,303
on human beings?
232
00:12:43,345 --> 00:12:46,181
Some respected members
of the medical community...
233
00:12:46,223 --> 00:12:50,059
have reported changes in human
behavior and physiology...
234
00:12:50,102 --> 00:12:52,228
during full Moons.
235
00:12:52,271 --> 00:12:54,355
We must be open-minded...
236
00:12:54,398 --> 00:12:57,650
and as careful observers...
237
00:12:57,693 --> 00:13:00,487
continue to posit
some relationship...
238
00:13:00,529 --> 00:13:04,699
between changes
in the lunar cycle...
239
00:13:04,742 --> 00:13:06,910
and the way
in which we behave...
240
00:13:06,952 --> 00:13:13,333
the way in which our health
and disease patterns...
241
00:13:13,375 --> 00:13:14,959
move ahead through time...
242
00:13:15,252 --> 00:13:17,545
then we probably need to ask...
243
00:13:17,588 --> 00:13:21,090
in creative and critical
and rigorous fashion...
244
00:13:21,133 --> 00:13:25,011
the question: is this possible?
245
00:13:37,650 --> 00:13:39,484
There are some
in law enforcement...
246
00:13:39,527 --> 00:13:41,444
who believe the crime rates
increase...
247
00:13:41,487 --> 00:13:44,322
when the Moon is full...
248
00:13:44,365 --> 00:13:51,996
but others manning
the frontlines aren't so sure.
249
00:13:52,039 --> 00:13:53,039
Well, the way I see it...
250
00:13:53,082 --> 00:13:55,667
personally,
I see it as a myth.
251
00:13:55,709 --> 00:13:58,211
At the start
of a full Moon shift...
252
00:13:58,254 --> 00:13:59,838
Deputy Jose Castro...
253
00:13:59,880 --> 00:14:01,881
with the West Hollywood
Sheriff's Department...
254
00:14:01,924 --> 00:14:03,049
scoffed at the idea...
255
00:14:03,092 --> 00:14:09,389
that a lunar pull
has any effect on people.
256
00:14:09,431 --> 00:14:11,516
But in his first 20 minutes
on duty...
257
00:14:11,559 --> 00:14:15,812
three calls
had already come in.
258
00:14:15,855 --> 00:14:18,147
Right now,
we're responding to a 488...
259
00:14:18,190 --> 00:14:22,235
which is a theft
that had just occurred.
260
00:14:22,278 --> 00:14:24,904
The call indicates
that a male Hispanic...
261
00:14:24,947 --> 00:14:27,031
approximately
32 years of age...
262
00:14:27,074 --> 00:14:29,617
wearing an orange
jail jumpsuit...
263
00:14:29,660 --> 00:14:30,910
no pants...
264
00:14:30,953 --> 00:14:32,537
wearing blue underwear...
265
00:14:32,580 --> 00:14:37,292
stole a book.
266
00:14:37,334 --> 00:14:40,003
Right now, we're responding
to a call of a 273-5...
267
00:14:40,045 --> 00:14:44,507
which is a domestic violence
now that is happening.
268
00:14:44,550 --> 00:14:45,925
This is the first
domestic violence...
269
00:14:45,968 --> 00:14:47,093
we've had in a while...
270
00:14:47,136 --> 00:14:52,056
and it just so happens
there is a full Moon.
271
00:14:52,099 --> 00:14:54,601
Right now, we are en route
to a certain celebrity...
272
00:14:54,643 --> 00:14:57,604
that lives within our area.
273
00:14:57,646 --> 00:14:59,647
The call states
that a neighbor...
274
00:14:59,690 --> 00:15:02,775
at this celebrity's
residence...
275
00:15:02,818 --> 00:15:05,028
is throwing bottles...
276
00:15:05,070 --> 00:15:07,614
at the informant's front yard.
277
00:15:07,656 --> 00:15:10,617
By the end of his busiest
Tuesday night of the year...
278
00:15:10,659 --> 00:15:14,495
Deputy Castro's skepticism
was beginning to wane.
279
00:15:14,538 --> 00:15:15,955
Now, I tell you what.
280
00:15:15,998 --> 00:15:20,501
At the beginning of the shift,
I wasn't a big believer...
281
00:15:20,544 --> 00:15:26,257
but I'm becoming
a believer now.
282
00:15:26,300 --> 00:15:28,134
A lot of this
is tied to the idea...
283
00:15:28,177 --> 00:15:30,303
that the Moon
causes tides on Earth...
284
00:15:30,346 --> 00:15:32,847
so maybe it causes tides
within people...
285
00:15:32,890 --> 00:15:34,474
but that just can't happen.
286
00:15:34,516 --> 00:15:37,685
The Moon does not have
a tidal effect on our bodies.
287
00:15:37,728 --> 00:15:38,728
My chest doesn't get bigger...
288
00:15:38,771 --> 00:15:43,733
because the Moon
is pulling on it.
289
00:15:43,776 --> 00:15:45,193
Dr. Peter Pressman...
290
00:15:45,235 --> 00:15:47,445
a medical doctor
at Cedars-Sinai Hospital...
291
00:15:47,488 --> 00:15:49,030
in Los Angeles...
292
00:15:49,073 --> 00:15:50,990
acknowledged that some
of his peers believe...
293
00:15:51,033 --> 00:15:58,039
that the Moon influences
human behavior.
294
00:15:58,082 --> 00:15:59,540
Physicians who believe...
295
00:15:59,583 --> 00:16:03,586
that the Moon does affect
our bodies and our behavior...
296
00:16:03,629 --> 00:16:05,338
come to that conclusion...
297
00:16:05,381 --> 00:16:07,882
on the basis
of their observations.
298
00:16:07,925 --> 00:16:10,551
Those observations
may be very skewed.
299
00:16:10,594 --> 00:16:12,720
They may be
very situational...
300
00:16:12,763 --> 00:16:15,431
and they may not mean
a thing...
301
00:16:15,474 --> 00:16:18,351
except that that's what
somebody has observed.
302
00:16:18,644 --> 00:16:21,729
But Pressman suspects
the claims may contain a bias...
303
00:16:21,772 --> 00:16:25,233
that's based
on personal experiences.
304
00:16:25,275 --> 00:16:26,859
If you look at the evidence...
305
00:16:26,902 --> 00:16:30,530
you find that there really is
no clear mechanism...
306
00:16:30,572 --> 00:16:32,699
for the influence
of the Moon...
307
00:16:32,741 --> 00:16:35,868
with health and disease
in human beings.
308
00:16:35,911 --> 00:16:39,497
Nevertheless, there continue
to be astute clinicians...
309
00:16:39,540 --> 00:16:41,499
and careful observers
who insist...
310
00:16:41,542 --> 00:16:44,627
that they do see
relationships.
311
00:16:44,670 --> 00:16:47,630
People's behavior is driven
by what they believe...
312
00:16:47,673 --> 00:16:50,383
and if you believe
there is something magical...
313
00:16:50,426 --> 00:16:52,260
about the Moon
and it holds a spell over you...
314
00:16:52,302 --> 00:16:54,929
then perhaps you will change
your behavior.
315
00:16:54,972 --> 00:16:56,055
Whether the full Moon...
316
00:16:56,098 --> 00:16:58,933
has any measurable impact
on body and mind...
317
00:16:58,976 --> 00:17:01,436
will continue to be
a source of debate...
318
00:17:01,478 --> 00:17:06,065
and part of the mythology
of our Moon.
319
00:17:06,108 --> 00:17:08,401
And there are other
mythological legends...
320
00:17:08,444 --> 00:17:10,528
surrounding
our closest neighbor.
321
00:17:10,779 --> 00:17:12,697
Even then,
not everyone can see...
322
00:17:12,740 --> 00:17:17,243
the man in the Moon.
323
00:17:17,286 --> 00:17:18,286
The man on the Moon...
324
00:17:18,328 --> 00:17:21,456
are these giant dark areas...
325
00:17:21,498 --> 00:17:23,958
that create what some people
think looks like eyeballs...
326
00:17:24,001 --> 00:17:25,793
and a nose and a smiley face.
327
00:17:31,008 --> 00:17:32,050
Let me begin by saying...
328
00:17:32,092 --> 00:17:37,638
that I have never seen
the man on the Moon.
329
00:17:37,681 --> 00:17:40,308
And how anyone can see it...
330
00:17:40,350 --> 00:17:48,524
is a matter
of subjective creativity.
331
00:17:48,567 --> 00:17:51,778
The Moon has long been
the object of lore and myth...
332
00:17:51,820 --> 00:17:53,154
but what we think we see...
333
00:17:53,197 --> 00:17:58,493
is all in the eye
of the beholder.
334
00:17:58,535 --> 00:18:01,370
Most cultures actually don't
see a man on the Moon.
335
00:18:01,413 --> 00:18:03,539
The rabbit is a big
favorite among many...
336
00:18:03,582 --> 00:18:05,416
and there are others.
337
00:18:12,007 --> 00:18:14,092
But everyone
who looks up at the Moon...
338
00:18:14,134 --> 00:18:18,930
can see light and dark areas
on the lunar surface...
339
00:18:18,972 --> 00:18:20,348
and these are not an illusion...
340
00:18:20,390 --> 00:18:24,811
but very real
mountains and valleys.
341
00:18:24,853 --> 00:18:27,647
The light areas are
rugged, cratered highlands...
342
00:18:27,689 --> 00:18:31,067
known as terrae,
latin for lands.
343
00:18:31,110 --> 00:18:33,653
The highlands are part
of the Moon's original crust...
344
00:18:33,695 --> 00:18:36,322
that was shattered
by the impact of meteoroids...
345
00:18:36,365 --> 00:18:38,658
asteroids, and comets.
346
00:18:38,700 --> 00:18:43,162
The darker areas on the Moon
are known as maria.
347
00:18:43,205 --> 00:18:47,500
Mare is a word meaning sea.
348
00:18:47,543 --> 00:18:50,169
They are ancient lava beds...
349
00:18:50,212 --> 00:18:56,050
that were at one time flowing,
but are now solid.
350
00:18:56,093 --> 00:18:59,178
Formed from impact-cratering
over billions of years...
351
00:18:59,221 --> 00:19:01,514
the maria account
for 16 percent...
352
00:19:01,557 --> 00:19:03,015
of the Moon's surface...
353
00:19:03,058 --> 00:19:06,394
and look like bodies of water.
354
00:19:06,436 --> 00:19:09,313
The latest thinking
is that giant asteroids...
355
00:19:09,356 --> 00:19:10,940
hit the other side
of the Moon...
356
00:19:10,983 --> 00:19:13,901
and rocked the Moon
so significantly...
357
00:19:13,944 --> 00:19:17,238
that lava oozed out
of the side that we see...
358
00:19:17,281 --> 00:19:21,242
and created these big,
dark expanses of lava...
359
00:19:21,285 --> 00:19:23,661
that, of course,
solidified over time.
360
00:19:30,711 --> 00:19:32,211
The ancient volcanic activity...
361
00:19:32,254 --> 00:19:35,214
that formed the contrasts
of dark and light...
362
00:19:35,507 --> 00:19:37,717
have inadvertently created
what some see...
363
00:19:37,759 --> 00:19:44,557
as the features
of a human face.
364
00:19:44,600 --> 00:19:46,893
The eyeballs are actually
the Mare Imbrium...
365
00:19:46,935 --> 00:19:48,728
sea of rains...
366
00:19:48,770 --> 00:19:54,901
and the Mare Serenitatis,
which means sea of serenity.
367
00:19:54,943 --> 00:20:00,865
The nose is the Sinus Aestuum,
which means bay of billows.
368
00:20:00,908 --> 00:20:02,074
And the open mouth...
369
00:20:02,117 --> 00:20:04,577
is the Mare Nubium,
the sea of clouds...
370
00:20:04,620 --> 00:20:08,748
and the Mare Cognitum
or sea of knowledge.
371
00:20:08,790 --> 00:20:10,958
For humans to see
a man on the Moon...
372
00:20:11,001 --> 00:20:14,170
may be our way of trying to
understand the lunar mystery...
373
00:20:14,213 --> 00:20:20,885
and how we're inextricably
connected to it.
374
00:20:20,928 --> 00:20:22,428
Many mysteries of the Moon...
375
00:20:22,471 --> 00:20:26,682
have influenced our civilization
in dramatic ways.
376
00:20:26,725 --> 00:20:28,726
Ancient man based
his calendar...
377
00:20:28,769 --> 00:20:32,939
agriculture, mathematics,
and astronomy...
378
00:20:32,981 --> 00:20:39,153
on the changing but consistent
phases of the Moon.
379
00:20:39,196 --> 00:20:42,114
Every month, the Moon appears
to change its shape...
380
00:20:42,157 --> 00:20:46,869
during an eight-phase
spin cycle.
381
00:20:46,912 --> 00:20:51,958
Why does the Moon have phases?
382
00:20:52,000 --> 00:20:54,293
The phases of the Moon occur...
383
00:20:54,336 --> 00:20:58,839
because as the Moon orbits
around the Earth...
384
00:20:58,882 --> 00:21:04,345
we see more or less
of its lit side.
385
00:21:04,388 --> 00:21:06,722
The light we see being
reflected from the Moon...
386
00:21:06,765 --> 00:21:11,602
is actually coming
from the Sun.
387
00:21:11,645 --> 00:21:13,229
Imagine the Sun is over there...
388
00:21:13,272 --> 00:21:14,272
and this is the Earth...
389
00:21:14,314 --> 00:21:15,815
and this is the Moon.
390
00:21:15,857 --> 00:21:20,820
When the Moon is fully lit
by the Sun...
391
00:21:20,862 --> 00:21:24,031
and we can see that lit side,
it's a full Moon.
392
00:21:24,074 --> 00:21:26,158
As the Moon
goes around the Earth...
393
00:21:26,201 --> 00:21:29,495
we see less and less
of the lit side...
394
00:21:29,538 --> 00:21:34,792
and more and more
of the dark side.
395
00:21:34,835 --> 00:21:36,669
The full Moon occurs
when the Moon...
396
00:21:36,712 --> 00:21:39,839
is on the opposite side
of the Earth from the Sun...
397
00:21:39,881 --> 00:21:45,678
and the lunar surface
facing us is fully lit.
398
00:21:45,721 --> 00:21:47,388
The shapes of the phases
of the Moon...
399
00:21:47,431 --> 00:21:51,517
are due to our perspective
on Earth...
400
00:21:51,560 --> 00:21:56,981
seeing more or less
of the lit side of the Moon.
401
00:21:57,024 --> 00:21:59,317
It's not a case of,
for example...
402
00:21:59,359 --> 00:22:02,653
the Earth blocking
some of the light...
403
00:22:02,696 --> 00:22:05,489
that would have otherwise
struck the Moon.
404
00:22:05,532 --> 00:22:10,828
That does occur, however,
during an eclipse.
405
00:22:10,871 --> 00:22:13,039
And that terrestrial
perspective...
406
00:22:13,081 --> 00:22:16,625
can sometimes
play tricks on us.
407
00:22:16,668 --> 00:22:18,836
When it comes
to the Moon's size...
408
00:22:18,879 --> 00:22:25,468
looks can be deceiving.
409
00:22:25,510 --> 00:22:28,804
Some of the Moon's mysteries
are difficult to comprehend...
410
00:22:28,847 --> 00:22:32,183
when our eyes tell us one thing
and science, another.
411
00:22:32,225 --> 00:22:36,228
We just need a different
perspective on the problem.
412
00:22:36,271 --> 00:22:39,231
Sometimes, when the full Moon
rises in the sky...
413
00:22:39,274 --> 00:22:42,735
it appears much larger near
the horizon than it does...
414
00:22:42,778 --> 00:22:46,072
when it's positioned
higher in the sky.
415
00:22:46,114 --> 00:22:47,740
Some observers
judge the Moon...
416
00:22:47,783 --> 00:22:50,576
to be as much
as 50 to 75 percent larger...
417
00:22:50,619 --> 00:22:52,536
when it first appears.
418
00:22:52,579 --> 00:22:54,914
But is the full Moon
really larger...
419
00:22:54,956 --> 00:22:57,166
when it's near the horizon?
420
00:22:57,209 --> 00:23:00,044
My friends all think
that the Moon is bigger...
421
00:23:00,087 --> 00:23:01,420
when it's on the horizon.
422
00:23:01,713 --> 00:23:04,215
I think that the Moon is bigger
when it's on the horizon.
423
00:23:04,257 --> 00:23:08,677
So what could be causing it
to look so different?
424
00:23:08,720 --> 00:23:11,597
The Moon doesn't really
change its apparent size...
425
00:23:11,640 --> 00:23:13,432
from the horizon to overhead.
426
00:23:13,475 --> 00:23:16,102
But our perception
is that it's larger.
427
00:23:16,144 --> 00:23:19,772
One theory is that our mind
judges the Moon's size...
428
00:23:19,815 --> 00:23:22,775
in relation to other objects.
429
00:23:22,818 --> 00:23:24,944
It looks much larger
at the horizon...
430
00:23:25,237 --> 00:23:27,196
because there are things
we can compare it to...
431
00:23:27,489 --> 00:23:28,531
whereas at the top
of the sky...
432
00:23:28,573 --> 00:23:33,702
it's out there
by its little old self.
433
00:23:33,745 --> 00:23:34,787
In other words...
434
00:23:34,830 --> 00:23:37,123
if we see a large object
such as a house...
435
00:23:37,165 --> 00:23:38,749
dwarfed by the Moon...
436
00:23:38,792 --> 00:23:42,795
our mind tells us that the Moon
must be enormous.
437
00:23:42,838 --> 00:23:44,964
But when the Moon
is out by itself...
438
00:23:45,006 --> 00:23:47,133
our mind doesn't make
that assumption.
439
00:23:47,175 --> 00:23:51,470
We see the Moon as small.
440
00:23:51,513 --> 00:23:55,099
Another possible cause of this
is the Ponzo illusion...
441
00:23:55,142 --> 00:23:57,101
named after Mario Ponzo...
442
00:23:57,144 --> 00:24:00,396
who suggested that the mind
judges the size of an object...
443
00:24:00,439 --> 00:24:03,691
based on its background.
444
00:24:03,733 --> 00:24:06,026
Ponzo drew two identical bars...
445
00:24:06,069 --> 00:24:08,237
across a picture
of railroad tracks...
446
00:24:08,280 --> 00:24:10,072
as they recede
in the distance.
447
00:24:10,115 --> 00:24:11,532
The upper bars look wider...
448
00:24:11,575 --> 00:24:14,160
because they appear
to span the rails...
449
00:24:14,202 --> 00:24:17,955
compared to the lower bars,
which fits between the rails.
450
00:24:17,998 --> 00:24:20,958
But in fact, the lines
overlaid on the tracks...
451
00:24:21,001 --> 00:24:27,840
are the same size
at both ends.
452
00:24:27,883 --> 00:24:30,342
Go out and take a pencil.
453
00:24:30,385 --> 00:24:31,844
And when the Moon is rising...
454
00:24:31,887 --> 00:24:33,721
put the pencil out
at arm's length...
455
00:24:33,763 --> 00:24:35,347
and see how big the Moon is...
456
00:24:35,390 --> 00:24:37,475
compared to the eraser
on the pencil.
457
00:24:37,517 --> 00:24:38,684
And then go out
a couple of hours later...
458
00:24:38,727 --> 00:24:39,852
and do the same thing...
459
00:24:39,895 --> 00:24:41,353
when the Moon is higher
in the sky...
460
00:24:41,396 --> 00:24:43,981
and you'll see that the Moon
is exactly the same size...
461
00:24:44,024 --> 00:24:47,985
in relation to the pencil
eraser at both times.
462
00:24:53,825 --> 00:24:55,367
The Moon may play tricks
with us...
463
00:24:55,410 --> 00:24:58,996
when it comes
to judging its size...
464
00:24:59,039 --> 00:25:00,498
but there is nothing
imaginary...
465
00:25:00,540 --> 00:25:03,083
about its effects
on our Earth.
466
00:25:15,889 --> 00:25:18,015
Of all the hidden
lunar mysteries...
467
00:25:18,058 --> 00:25:23,395
there is one that can be
observed right here on Earth.
468
00:25:23,438 --> 00:25:26,398
It may be the most
influential phenomena...
469
00:25:26,441 --> 00:25:32,238
that can be attributed
to the Moon.
470
00:25:32,280 --> 00:25:33,614
From our place on Earth...
471
00:25:33,657 --> 00:25:36,242
tides just appear
to be the times of day...
472
00:25:36,284 --> 00:25:38,244
when the sea rises and falls.
473
00:25:38,286 --> 00:25:41,539
But that's an interaction,
a gravitational interaction...
474
00:25:41,581 --> 00:25:42,748
between the Moon
and the Earth.
475
00:25:42,791 --> 00:25:45,668
So when the Moon
is passing by...
476
00:25:45,710 --> 00:25:48,546
it pulls on the oceans
and pulls it up higher...
477
00:25:48,588 --> 00:25:54,176
and we see it as a high tide.
478
00:25:54,219 --> 00:25:55,886
The ocean tides are caused...
479
00:25:55,929 --> 00:26:00,766
by the gravitational pull
of the Sun and our Moon.
480
00:26:00,809 --> 00:26:03,185
The Sun and the Moon
both pull on the Earth...
481
00:26:03,228 --> 00:26:04,270
and contribute to tides.
482
00:26:04,521 --> 00:26:05,896
But the Moon is much closer...
483
00:26:05,939 --> 00:26:09,441
so its pull of gravity
is felt more strongly...
484
00:26:09,484 --> 00:26:11,986
than the Sun's.
485
00:26:12,028 --> 00:26:13,445
Oceanographer Tetjana Ross...
486
00:26:13,488 --> 00:26:17,533
says the Moon's constant tug
on the Earth is formidable.
487
00:26:17,576 --> 00:26:20,160
The reason
that the Moon's influence...
488
00:26:20,203 --> 00:26:22,496
is so visible
in the form of tides...
489
00:26:22,539 --> 00:26:24,957
is because water can run.
490
00:26:25,250 --> 00:26:26,041
It can move.
491
00:26:26,084 --> 00:26:30,296
It's malleable.
492
00:26:30,338 --> 00:26:32,423
In a remote bay in Canada...
493
00:26:32,465 --> 00:26:35,134
one community has learned
to live with mysterious...
494
00:26:35,176 --> 00:26:37,303
and extreme ocean tides...
495
00:26:37,345 --> 00:26:42,474
that are found nowhere else
on Earth.
496
00:26:42,517 --> 00:26:45,394
While normal tides rise
by an average of three feet...
497
00:26:45,437 --> 00:26:47,646
the waters along
the Bay of Fundy...
498
00:26:47,689 --> 00:26:49,857
between Nova Scotia
and New Brunswick...
499
00:26:49,899 --> 00:26:55,654
swell up to 50 feet
twice every day.
500
00:26:55,697 --> 00:26:57,031
One of the reasons...
501
00:26:57,073 --> 00:26:58,657
the Bay of Fundy
has such large tides...
502
00:26:58,700 --> 00:27:01,076
is because of the shape
of the landform...
503
00:27:01,119 --> 00:27:02,119
underneath the bay.
504
00:27:02,162 --> 00:27:03,829
It's kind of a funnel-shape.
505
00:27:03,872 --> 00:27:07,833
And so as the water level rises,
it really rises rapidly.
506
00:27:07,876 --> 00:27:11,462
At high tide, a hundred
billion tons of water...
507
00:27:11,504 --> 00:27:15,090
sloshes into the bay
in a matter of hours.
508
00:27:15,133 --> 00:27:16,258
Then during low tide...
509
00:27:16,301 --> 00:27:20,054
most of it drains out
like a bathtub.
510
00:27:20,096 --> 00:27:21,513
The bay is shaped just so...
511
00:27:21,556 --> 00:27:24,642
so that the first tide
comes in like a wave...
512
00:27:24,684 --> 00:27:26,727
and it moves along,
reflects off the back...
513
00:27:26,770 --> 00:27:29,188
and it comes out to the mouth
just at the same time...
514
00:27:29,230 --> 00:27:31,523
as the next tide has built up...
515
00:27:31,566 --> 00:27:37,112
and so they add up
in what we call resonance.
516
00:27:37,155 --> 00:27:39,740
Tidal resonance
is just getting...
517
00:27:39,783 --> 00:27:43,869
the rise of the high tides
to coincide.
518
00:27:43,912 --> 00:27:46,330
Certain wavelengths
are reflected...
519
00:27:46,373 --> 00:27:48,123
in a way that they
reinforce each other...
520
00:27:48,166 --> 00:27:49,541
and amplify each other...
521
00:27:49,584 --> 00:27:52,878
and the tide is
therefore amplified.
522
00:27:52,921 --> 00:27:55,464
The unique funnel shape
of the Bay of Fundy...
523
00:27:55,507 --> 00:28:00,260
contributes to this resonance
and the height of its tides.
524
00:28:00,303 --> 00:28:03,305
The bay gradually splits
into a series of basins...
525
00:28:03,348 --> 00:28:06,767
and riverjunctions
that restricts the tidal flow...
526
00:28:06,810 --> 00:28:12,106
and contributes
to the extraordinary tides.
527
00:28:12,148 --> 00:28:17,152
Tides, one more way our planet
is forever tied to the Moon.
528
00:28:17,195 --> 00:28:22,908
But it doesn't end there.
529
00:28:22,951 --> 00:28:24,326
We know that
the Moon's gravity...
530
00:28:24,369 --> 00:28:27,454
is constantly pulling up
on the Earth's oceans...
531
00:28:27,497 --> 00:28:32,835
while the Earth's gravity
pulls down on the Moon.
532
00:28:32,877 --> 00:28:35,045
Everything in space
is tugging on everything else.
533
00:28:35,088 --> 00:28:36,338
So the Earth
is tugging on the Moon...
534
00:28:36,589 --> 00:28:40,718
and the Moon
is tugging on the Earth.
535
00:28:40,760 --> 00:28:43,345
The Moon's gravitational pull
on our oceans...
536
00:28:43,388 --> 00:28:47,433
is so powerful that it creates
what's called a tidal bulge...
537
00:28:47,475 --> 00:28:50,352
on both sides of the planet.
538
00:28:50,395 --> 00:28:52,938
The Moon pulls on the Earth
gravitationally...
539
00:28:52,981 --> 00:28:55,858
and when it does so,
it also pulls on the oceans...
540
00:28:55,900 --> 00:28:58,986
that are sort of stretched up
a little bit toward it.
541
00:28:59,028 --> 00:29:00,028
It pulls preferentially...
542
00:29:00,321 --> 00:29:01,613
on the front side
of the Earth...
543
00:29:01,656 --> 00:29:03,449
pushes-pulls
the ocean toward it...
544
00:29:03,491 --> 00:29:04,950
then pulls the Earth
a little bit less...
545
00:29:04,993 --> 00:29:06,201
and in the backside...
546
00:29:06,244 --> 00:29:09,788
the ocean is not pulled
quite as far toward the Moon.
547
00:29:09,831 --> 00:29:12,082
So that's why
there are two bulges...
548
00:29:12,125 --> 00:29:18,464
that are called tidal bulges
on the Earth.
549
00:29:18,506 --> 00:29:20,466
Tidal bulges
on our vast oceans...
550
00:29:20,508 --> 00:29:24,344
actually impact
the Earth's rotation.
551
00:29:24,387 --> 00:29:28,640
This tidal bulge
that's created by the Moon...
552
00:29:28,683 --> 00:29:31,727
it's moving out ahead
of the Moon a little bit...
553
00:29:31,770 --> 00:29:34,688
and the Moon
is actually pulling back...
554
00:29:34,731 --> 00:29:36,648
on this tidal bulge.
555
00:29:36,691 --> 00:29:39,234
Now, when the Moon pulls back
on this tidal bulge...
556
00:29:39,277 --> 00:29:42,654
that slows the Earth down.
557
00:29:42,697 --> 00:29:45,657
Without our Moon, the Earth
would spin much faster...
558
00:29:45,700 --> 00:29:47,993
and our days
would be much shorter.
559
00:29:48,036 --> 00:29:56,168
And this would affect how life
has evolved on this planet.
560
00:29:56,211 --> 00:29:57,461
But these tidal forces...
561
00:29:57,504 --> 00:29:59,338
which tie the Earth
to the Moon...
562
00:29:59,380 --> 00:30:02,508
travel a two-way street.
563
00:30:02,550 --> 00:30:07,888
Our Earth also has an undeniable
effect on the Moon.
564
00:30:07,931 --> 00:30:09,765
So if the Moon
had water on it...
565
00:30:09,808 --> 00:30:11,433
would the Earth's
gravitational pull...
566
00:30:11,476 --> 00:30:14,520
cause similar tides
on lunar oceans?
567
00:30:14,562 --> 00:30:16,647
The answer is yes.
568
00:30:16,689 --> 00:30:18,941
In fact,
billions of years ago...
569
00:30:18,983 --> 00:30:22,903
the Moon was almost entirely
made up of liquid...
570
00:30:22,946 --> 00:30:24,571
but not water.
571
00:30:24,614 --> 00:30:27,908
When the Moon was first formed
and very young...
572
00:30:27,951 --> 00:30:31,036
it was entirely
liquid rock, magma.
573
00:30:31,079 --> 00:30:38,961
The Moon would've been like
a blazing inferno in the sky.
574
00:30:39,003 --> 00:30:40,796
And because the rock
was liquid...
575
00:30:40,839 --> 00:30:43,215
even though it was rock...
576
00:30:43,258 --> 00:30:45,759
the gravitational pull
of the Earth...
577
00:30:45,802 --> 00:30:47,010
and the orbit of the Moon...
578
00:30:47,053 --> 00:30:50,430
caused the liquid rock
to have tides...
579
00:30:50,473 --> 00:30:54,977
just like the water
on the Earth today.
580
00:30:55,019 --> 00:30:57,479
Over time, the Moon
and its lava tides...
581
00:30:57,522 --> 00:31:00,607
cooled into a solid,
desolate landscape.
582
00:31:00,650 --> 00:31:02,192
But the gravitational
relationship...
583
00:31:02,235 --> 00:31:08,323
between the Earth and the Moon
has never ceased.
584
00:31:08,366 --> 00:31:10,158
But imagine
if there was no Moon...
585
00:31:10,201 --> 00:31:12,160
making an appearance
each night.
586
00:31:12,203 --> 00:31:14,663
How different a world
would it be?
587
00:31:20,295 --> 00:31:22,629
We're always tied
to this mysterious orb...
588
00:31:22,672 --> 00:31:25,591
we call the Moon.
589
00:31:25,633 --> 00:31:27,301
But what would have
happened to Earth...
590
00:31:27,343 --> 00:31:31,013
if there were no Moon?
591
00:31:31,055 --> 00:31:34,057
The fact that we exist today
is, in part...
592
00:31:34,100 --> 00:31:35,601
due to the Moon
allowing the Earth...
593
00:31:35,643 --> 00:31:40,272
to create the environment
in the early oceans...
594
00:31:40,315 --> 00:31:45,319
all the minerals
that allow us to exist.
595
00:31:45,361 --> 00:31:46,695
If there had never been
a Moon...
596
00:31:46,738 --> 00:31:48,322
Earth would be
a different place today...
597
00:31:48,364 --> 00:31:51,533
because the Moon
creates tides on Earth...
598
00:31:51,576 --> 00:31:54,995
that shape our shorelines
and shape the landscape.
599
00:32:05,465 --> 00:32:07,925
Here's how the Moon
impacted our evolution.
600
00:32:07,967 --> 00:32:10,677
About 41/2 billion years ago...
601
00:32:10,720 --> 00:32:13,180
the gravitational forces
between the Moon and Earth...
602
00:32:13,473 --> 00:32:15,349
were much stronger.
603
00:32:15,391 --> 00:32:16,516
When the Moon was formed...
604
00:32:16,559 --> 00:32:19,811
it was much, much closer
to us than it is today.
605
00:32:19,854 --> 00:32:22,314
It took only five hours
for it to orbit the Earth.
606
00:32:22,357 --> 00:32:26,526
And it was huge in the sky
because it was so much closer.
607
00:32:26,569 --> 00:32:29,905
And more gravity exerted onto
the Earth from a closer Moon...
608
00:32:29,948 --> 00:32:34,993
meant the world
to our fate as a species.
609
00:32:35,036 --> 00:32:37,037
When oceans
first washed our planet...
610
00:32:37,080 --> 00:32:38,372
under a closer Moon...
611
00:32:38,414 --> 00:32:40,248
the tides were
a thousand times greater...
612
00:32:40,291 --> 00:32:42,834
than they are today.
613
00:32:42,877 --> 00:32:43,877
You could imagine...
614
00:32:43,920 --> 00:32:46,129
that instead of having
a 10-foot tide...
615
00:32:46,172 --> 00:32:47,172
like we have today...
616
00:32:47,256 --> 00:32:49,091
you'd have
a 10,000-foot tide.
617
00:32:49,133 --> 00:32:53,679
So you would have 10,000-foot
tides rushing inland.
618
00:32:58,351 --> 00:33:01,353
These intense tides helped
create the right conditions...
619
00:33:01,396 --> 00:33:08,068
in the oceans
for life to develop.
620
00:33:08,111 --> 00:33:12,406
Tides ripped the outer layers
of the crust off of the Earth...
621
00:33:12,448 --> 00:33:14,658
and put them into the oceans.
622
00:33:14,701 --> 00:33:19,287
And that mineral-rich soup,
the primordial soup...
623
00:33:19,330 --> 00:33:27,671
was capable of developing
and evolving life.
624
00:33:27,714 --> 00:33:30,590
And some scientists believe
that tidal pools...
625
00:33:30,633 --> 00:33:33,635
would have been an ideal setting
for life to evolve...
626
00:33:33,678 --> 00:33:40,851
and adapt to a terrestrial
environment.
627
00:33:40,893 --> 00:33:42,644
That would have been
a great place, for example...
628
00:33:42,687 --> 00:33:45,480
for the first creatures
from the sea...
629
00:33:45,523 --> 00:33:47,733
to get their legs.
630
00:33:47,775 --> 00:33:49,401
They could have come
into a tidal pool...
631
00:33:49,444 --> 00:33:52,154
where it's wet half the day
and dry half the day...
632
00:33:52,196 --> 00:33:54,031
and it would have been a great
place to grow your legs...
633
00:33:54,073 --> 00:33:59,119
and eventually move onto land.
634
00:33:59,162 --> 00:34:01,329
According to astronomer
Neil Comins...
635
00:34:01,372 --> 00:34:03,915
we can't underestimate
the Moon's influence...
636
00:34:03,958 --> 00:34:07,210
on our development
as a species.
637
00:34:07,253 --> 00:34:09,588
Without the Moon, I don't
think that that process...
638
00:34:09,630 --> 00:34:12,299
would have occurred
nearly as quickly.
639
00:34:12,341 --> 00:34:16,094
We have evolved so that
our biological clocks...
640
00:34:16,137 --> 00:34:22,434
are based on around
23-, 24-hour time.
641
00:34:22,477 --> 00:34:26,605
If the Moon
had never existed...
642
00:34:26,647 --> 00:34:30,942
the day would be
six hours long...
643
00:34:30,985 --> 00:34:37,657
and we, as the creatures
we are today, couldn't exist.
644
00:34:37,700 --> 00:34:39,576
As the Moon slowed
Earth's orbit...
645
00:34:39,619 --> 00:34:41,536
it stabilized our rotation...
646
00:34:41,579 --> 00:34:45,373
and affected our climate
and ocean tides.
647
00:34:45,416 --> 00:34:48,210
And the Moon greatly influenced
the development of mammals...
648
00:34:48,252 --> 00:34:51,755
so dependent on Moonlit nights
for their survival.
649
00:34:51,798 --> 00:34:55,926
Has the Moon had a major
impact on our existence?
650
00:34:55,968 --> 00:35:03,016
I think, absolutely.
651
00:35:03,059 --> 00:35:04,810
Every time the Moon is full...
652
00:35:04,852 --> 00:35:07,771
the lunar image
is exactly the same.
653
00:35:15,363 --> 00:35:18,365
There's a puzzling
mystery to this.
654
00:35:18,407 --> 00:35:19,783
It makes many wonder...
655
00:35:19,826 --> 00:35:28,375
why we never see
another side of the Moon.
656
00:35:28,417 --> 00:35:32,712
After 4.5 billion years
of evolving...
657
00:35:32,755 --> 00:35:35,340
the Earth-Moon system
has arrived at a point...
658
00:35:35,383 --> 00:35:42,931
where the Moon shows us
the same face all the time.
659
00:35:42,974 --> 00:35:44,349
Billions of years ago...
660
00:35:44,392 --> 00:35:46,852
the friction
created by volcanic tides...
661
00:35:46,894 --> 00:35:49,646
caused the Moon
to slow its rotation...
662
00:35:49,897 --> 00:35:53,608
and become tidally locked
to Earth.
663
00:35:53,651 --> 00:35:55,902
This doesn't mean
our Moon isn't spinning...
664
00:35:55,945 --> 00:35:57,863
but it has slowed down
considerably...
665
00:35:57,905 --> 00:36:02,576
over billions of years.
666
00:36:02,618 --> 00:36:05,328
And the secret of the Moon's
hidden far side...
667
00:36:05,371 --> 00:36:10,000
has to do with synchronicity.
668
00:36:10,042 --> 00:36:11,585
If this is the Earth...
669
00:36:11,627 --> 00:36:14,880
and if this is the side
of the Moon that we see...
670
00:36:14,922 --> 00:36:17,757
if the Moon
were not rotating...
671
00:36:17,800 --> 00:36:24,014
then eventually we would see
the other side of the Moon.
672
00:36:24,056 --> 00:36:25,182
Because the Moon is rotating...
673
00:36:25,224 --> 00:36:28,059
at the same rate
that it orbits the Earth...
674
00:36:28,102 --> 00:36:36,401
synchronous rotation,
we always see the same side.
675
00:36:36,444 --> 00:36:38,987
The far side of the Moon
is not always dark.
676
00:36:39,030 --> 00:36:41,990
If you were out in space,
you'd be able to see...
677
00:36:42,033 --> 00:36:44,743
that the Sun hits
all sides of the Moon...
678
00:36:44,785 --> 00:36:48,997
as the Moon makes its month-long
orbit around the Earth.
679
00:36:49,040 --> 00:36:56,171
But from where we sit,
we can only see one side.
680
00:36:56,214 --> 00:37:01,551
Gravity is in firm control
of the Earth-Moon relationship.
681
00:37:01,594 --> 00:37:03,303
Or is it?
682
00:37:11,395 --> 00:37:13,855
The gravity that has held
the Moon in our orbit...
683
00:37:13,898 --> 00:37:16,483
is slowly losing its grip...
684
00:37:16,525 --> 00:37:17,984
and the consequences of that...
685
00:37:18,027 --> 00:37:20,111
are enough to make one look
at the Moon...
686
00:37:20,154 --> 00:37:26,826
in a whole new light.
687
00:37:26,869 --> 00:37:30,789
Gravity is the force that holds
the Moon to the Earth.
688
00:37:30,831 --> 00:37:34,751
Just as this athlete
is bound to the hammer...
689
00:37:34,794 --> 00:37:36,586
that is orbiting
about his body...
690
00:37:36,629 --> 00:37:39,631
so gravity binds
the Moon and the Earth.
691
00:37:39,674 --> 00:37:41,591
If gravity all of a sudden
went away...
692
00:37:41,634 --> 00:37:43,802
the Moon would fly off
into space...
693
00:37:43,844 --> 00:37:47,389
just as this hammer flies off
over the field.
694
00:37:52,520 --> 00:37:55,021
Of course,
gravity never stops working.
695
00:37:55,064 --> 00:38:00,819
But could the Moon, somehow,
slip loose of its grip?
696
00:38:00,861 --> 00:38:02,153
The truth is the Moon...
697
00:38:02,196 --> 00:38:08,243
has always been slowly
slipping away from us.
698
00:38:08,286 --> 00:38:11,830
The Moon has been moving away,
and it's still moving away.
699
00:38:11,872 --> 00:38:13,164
In fact,
the Moon moves away from us...
700
00:38:13,207 --> 00:38:15,333
a couple of inches every year.
701
00:38:15,376 --> 00:38:18,128
And eventually, the Moon
is gonna be so far away...
702
00:38:18,170 --> 00:38:22,340
that it won't even seem
like our Moon anymore.
703
00:38:22,383 --> 00:38:25,176
Ever since the Moon and Earth
became intertwined...
704
00:38:25,219 --> 00:38:27,762
the energy from the Earth's
gravitational tug...
705
00:38:27,805 --> 00:38:32,851
has been causing the Moon
to spiral away from our planet.
706
00:38:32,893 --> 00:38:34,185
It's currently
moving away from us...
707
00:38:34,228 --> 00:38:38,398
at a rate of one to two inches
each year.
708
00:38:38,441 --> 00:38:40,358
The key to this
unexpected effect...
709
00:38:40,401 --> 00:38:44,279
are the tidal bulges created
on the Earth by the Moon.
710
00:38:44,322 --> 00:38:45,405
The tides on Earth...
711
00:38:45,448 --> 00:38:48,700
actually act to propel
the Moon outward...
712
00:38:48,743 --> 00:38:51,995
spiraling out further
from the Earth every orbit.
713
00:38:52,038 --> 00:38:54,497
The reason is because
the Earth spins faster...
714
00:38:54,540 --> 00:38:56,374
than the Moon orbits us.
715
00:38:56,417 --> 00:38:59,085
So, after the Moon has
pulled up a tidal bulge...
716
00:38:59,128 --> 00:39:00,211
raised a high tide...
717
00:39:00,254 --> 00:39:03,089
the Earth turns and pulls
slightly ahead of it.
718
00:39:03,132 --> 00:39:06,051
So there's just a little bit
of a forward force...
719
00:39:06,093 --> 00:39:08,553
that we call a torque,
a little bit of an extra kick...
720
00:39:08,596 --> 00:39:10,555
that speeds it up
ever so slightly.
721
00:39:10,598 --> 00:39:12,891
But over time,
that speeding up...
722
00:39:13,184 --> 00:39:15,560
makes it go faster and faster,
which, in orbit...
723
00:39:15,603 --> 00:39:18,897
means it's going spiraling
further and further away.
724
00:39:18,939 --> 00:39:21,691
Over time, the Moon
will expand its orbit...
725
00:39:21,734 --> 00:39:27,447
until someday, it will finally
be beyond our Earth's gravity.
726
00:39:27,490 --> 00:39:30,575
But scientists say
there is no cause for panic.
727
00:39:30,618 --> 00:39:31,951
Quite a bit of time will pass...
728
00:39:31,994 --> 00:39:34,996
before the Moon is out of sight
and out of orbit.
729
00:39:35,039 --> 00:39:37,123
Estimated time
of total departure...
730
00:39:37,166 --> 00:39:39,751
about 50 billion years.
731
00:39:39,794 --> 00:39:43,671
And our Sun will flame out
in less than 10 billion years.
732
00:39:47,510 --> 00:39:49,469
Throughout history,
the Moon has delighted...
733
00:39:49,512 --> 00:39:52,972
surprised, and sometimes
terrified us...
734
00:39:53,015 --> 00:39:54,432
and the movement
of our Earth...
735
00:39:54,475 --> 00:39:56,976
may be the cause
of this mystery.
736
00:40:00,773 --> 00:40:02,190
Another secret of the Moon...
737
00:40:02,233 --> 00:40:05,276
has been documented
in ancient texts...
738
00:40:05,319 --> 00:40:07,445
and continues to amaze.
739
00:40:07,488 --> 00:40:11,408
It usually appears
every few years.
740
00:40:11,450 --> 00:40:13,952
During a total lunar eclipse...
741
00:40:13,994 --> 00:40:17,789
the full Moon dramatically
changes colors.
742
00:40:17,832 --> 00:40:20,333
What causes this?
743
00:40:20,376 --> 00:40:22,377
A lunar eclipse
is very simple.
744
00:40:22,420 --> 00:40:24,462
It just occurs when the Earth...
745
00:40:24,505 --> 00:40:26,506
gets between the Sun
and the Moon.
746
00:40:26,549 --> 00:40:28,633
So when Earth
gets in the way...
747
00:40:28,676 --> 00:40:30,468
Earth casts a giant shadow...
748
00:40:30,511 --> 00:40:33,680
that blocks the sunlight
from reaching the Moon.
749
00:40:33,722 --> 00:40:35,640
At the peak of this eclipse...
750
00:40:35,683 --> 00:40:40,061
the Moon passes completely
into Earth's shadow or umbra...
751
00:40:40,104 --> 00:40:43,481
and transforms, not to black,
as one might expect...
752
00:40:43,524 --> 00:40:48,403
but to a blood red.
753
00:40:48,446 --> 00:40:51,239
What happens
is some of the sunlight...
754
00:40:51,282 --> 00:40:52,824
that's being blocked
by the Earth...
755
00:40:52,867 --> 00:40:55,368
actually slips through
the atmosphere...
756
00:40:55,411 --> 00:40:58,371
and the red light
gets through the best.
757
00:40:58,414 --> 00:41:00,665
As the Sun's rays pass through
the Earth's atmosphere...
758
00:41:00,708 --> 00:41:02,542
they are bent a little bit...
759
00:41:02,585 --> 00:41:06,045
and the red rays are bent
in such a way...
760
00:41:06,088 --> 00:41:08,465
that they make it
over the surface of the Earth...
761
00:41:08,507 --> 00:41:10,258
and illuminate the Moon.
762
00:41:10,301 --> 00:41:11,968
And when only red
or orange light...
763
00:41:12,011 --> 00:41:13,970
reaches the lunar surface...
764
00:41:14,013 --> 00:41:18,099
the Moon appears red,
another optical phenomenon...
765
00:41:18,142 --> 00:41:23,188
that adds
to the Moon's mystique.
766
00:41:23,230 --> 00:41:24,564
And part of that mystique...
767
00:41:24,607 --> 00:41:27,066
can be attributed
to the dramatic presence...
768
00:41:27,109 --> 00:41:30,528
of the Moon above us.
769
00:41:30,571 --> 00:41:33,114
It outshines
every other celestial body...
770
00:41:33,157 --> 00:41:37,202
in the night sky.
771
00:41:37,244 --> 00:41:39,204
There's a special magic
to the Moon...
772
00:41:39,246 --> 00:41:41,372
its changing phases...
773
00:41:41,415 --> 00:41:48,838
its brightness
in an otherwise dark sky.
774
00:41:48,881 --> 00:41:52,300
But we also see the Moon
during the daytime.
775
00:41:52,343 --> 00:41:54,552
Why is this?
776
00:41:54,595 --> 00:41:56,346
It's actually
very easy to understand...
777
00:41:56,388 --> 00:41:58,932
why we can see the Moon
during the daylight.
778
00:41:58,974 --> 00:42:00,725
You can do this demonstration
at home.
779
00:42:00,768 --> 00:42:03,228
All you need is a bright light
to act as the Sun...
780
00:42:03,270 --> 00:42:05,438
and a piece of fruit
to act as the Moon.
781
00:42:05,481 --> 00:42:07,899
My face is acting
as the Earth.
782
00:42:08,192 --> 00:42:10,527
The lit-up side
is the daylight side...
783
00:42:10,569 --> 00:42:12,946
and the part in shadow
is the nighttime side.
784
00:42:12,988 --> 00:42:15,615
Now, the Moon, of course,
orbits the Earth...
785
00:42:15,658 --> 00:42:18,409
and at some of the times
during the month in its orbit...
786
00:42:18,452 --> 00:42:20,828
it's on the daylight side
of the Moon.
787
00:42:20,871 --> 00:42:23,748
So I'm able to see it
in full daylight.
788
00:42:33,926 --> 00:42:36,052
Actually,
many planets and stars...
789
00:42:36,095 --> 00:42:38,721
are just above us
during the daytime...
790
00:42:38,764 --> 00:42:41,266
but the light from the Sun
is just so bright...
791
00:42:41,308 --> 00:42:44,269
that it obscures
nearly all of them.
792
00:42:44,311 --> 00:42:47,772
Only the Moon, which is
100,000 times brighter...
793
00:42:47,815 --> 00:42:51,109
than the nearest star,
shines through.
794
00:42:51,151 --> 00:42:53,361
We don't always see the Moon
during the day...
795
00:42:53,404 --> 00:42:56,197
because it's constantly
moving around our Earth...
796
00:42:56,240 --> 00:42:57,532
and it's not
in the same position...
797
00:42:57,575 --> 00:43:00,285
at the same time every day.
798
00:43:00,327 --> 00:43:06,165
But somewhere on the planet,
it's always visible.
799
00:43:06,208 --> 00:43:08,793
But as we've learned,
not everything about the Moon...
800
00:43:08,836 --> 00:43:11,963
is easy to explain
or understand.
801
00:43:12,006 --> 00:43:16,134
There are still plenty
of questions left unanswered.
802
00:43:16,176 --> 00:43:17,760
It's been part
of the Moon's mystique...
803
00:43:17,803 --> 00:43:21,055
since history
was first recorded.
804
00:43:21,098 --> 00:43:23,308
We are forever tied
to our neighbor...
805
00:43:23,350 --> 00:43:26,603
but we know so little
about that dependence.
806
00:43:26,645 --> 00:43:28,229
There could be other things
that are happening...
807
00:43:28,272 --> 00:43:34,152
that we just
don't know about yet.
808
00:43:34,194 --> 00:43:35,778
Over the next century or so...
809
00:43:35,821 --> 00:43:39,907
I think that science
is going to take us further...
810
00:43:39,950 --> 00:43:43,828
into understanding
its mysteries.
811
00:43:43,871 --> 00:43:53,087
Whether we will fully
understand it, I doubt it.
812
00:43:53,130 --> 00:43:54,339
I certainly don't think
we know everything...
813
00:43:54,381 --> 00:43:55,590
there is to know
about the Moon.
814
00:43:55,633 --> 00:43:57,258
There is a tremendous
amount to learn.
815
00:43:57,301 --> 00:43:59,969
But, fortunately,
it's within reach...
816
00:44:00,012 --> 00:44:02,680
and we will go
exploring it further...
817
00:44:02,723 --> 00:44:05,892
and learn a lot more
about it.
818
00:44:05,934 --> 00:44:07,352
Until we rekindle our efforts...
819
00:44:07,394 --> 00:44:14,984
to explore the lunar world
more thoroughly...
820
00:44:15,027 --> 00:44:17,070
we may never know
all the secrets...
821
00:44:17,112 --> 00:44:20,907
or hope to solve the hidden
mysteries of the Moon.
64892
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