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Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,418 --> 00:00:03,711 In the beginning, there was darkness... 2 00:00:03,753 --> 00:00:05,754 and then, bang... 3 00:00:05,797 --> 00:00:08,799 giving birth to an endless expanding existence... 4 00:00:08,842 --> 00:00:11,677 of time, space, and matter. 5 00:00:11,720 --> 00:00:14,179 Now, see further than we've ever imagined... 6 00:00:14,222 --> 00:00:16,306 beyond the limits of our existence... 7 00:00:16,349 --> 00:00:21,270 in a place we call "The Universe. " 8 00:00:21,312 --> 00:00:24,648 Our closest neighbor, mysterious as it is... 9 00:00:24,691 --> 00:00:26,400 tied to our very survival. 10 00:00:30,071 --> 00:00:31,780 Its luminance has captivated us... 11 00:00:31,823 --> 00:00:35,617 since the beginning of humanity... 12 00:00:35,660 --> 00:00:38,412 but a closer look reveals an ever-present source... 13 00:00:38,455 --> 00:00:43,417 of myth, controversy, and mystery... 14 00:00:43,460 --> 00:00:45,919 an unseen force that pulls at the Earth... 15 00:00:45,962 --> 00:00:49,423 every second of the day... 16 00:00:49,466 --> 00:00:54,011 a source of illusion and wonder... 17 00:00:54,054 --> 00:00:56,513 a celestial body so close to home... 18 00:00:56,556 --> 00:00:59,016 that it may impact the way we behave... 19 00:00:59,059 --> 00:01:04,563 and the way our body functions. 20 00:01:04,606 --> 00:01:05,981 And without it, some argue... 21 00:01:06,024 --> 00:01:08,275 the planet Earth as we know it... 22 00:01:08,318 --> 00:01:10,569 may never have evolved. 23 00:01:22,999 --> 00:01:25,793 Almost 240,000 miles from Earth... 24 00:01:25,835 --> 00:01:28,712 our Moon outshines every other celestial body... 25 00:01:28,755 --> 00:01:33,133 in the night sky. 26 00:01:33,176 --> 00:01:34,968 The Moon, when it's up and when it's bright... 27 00:01:35,011 --> 00:01:38,764 makes us dream and wonder. 28 00:01:38,807 --> 00:01:41,266 Our enigmatic neighbor is also the source... 29 00:01:41,309 --> 00:01:48,482 of countless unsolved mysteries and age-old myths. 30 00:01:48,525 --> 00:01:50,025 The Moon is a spooky place. 31 00:01:50,068 --> 00:01:54,071 It's a mysterious place from the human perspective. 32 00:02:00,537 --> 00:02:03,122 The Moon is a beautiful... 33 00:02:03,164 --> 00:02:04,832 and a really obvious thing to see. 34 00:02:04,874 --> 00:02:08,001 It's hard to miss the big shining Moon in the sky. 35 00:02:08,044 --> 00:02:10,254 So I think all people from all times... 36 00:02:10,296 --> 00:02:12,798 have had some need to understand it... 37 00:02:12,841 --> 00:02:16,718 some need to relate to it. 38 00:02:16,761 --> 00:02:19,304 Science may cast an empirical light... 39 00:02:19,347 --> 00:02:21,849 on some things about the universe... 40 00:02:21,891 --> 00:02:24,184 but lunar experts are the first to admit... 41 00:02:24,227 --> 00:02:29,565 they don't have all the answers when it comes to our Moon. 42 00:02:29,607 --> 00:02:31,024 Science is about process. 43 00:02:31,067 --> 00:02:34,069 We're never sure about explanations. 44 00:02:34,112 --> 00:02:35,320 We know so little about the Moon... 45 00:02:35,363 --> 00:02:37,447 because we've only been observing it close up... 46 00:02:37,490 --> 00:02:38,949 for a few hundred years... 47 00:02:38,992 --> 00:02:42,578 and it's been there for over 41/2 billion years. 48 00:02:46,624 --> 00:02:48,834 Our Moon teemed with volcanic activity... 49 00:02:48,877 --> 00:02:51,086 three to four billion years ago. 50 00:02:51,129 --> 00:02:54,548 Today, most believe it's an inactive dead world... 51 00:02:54,591 --> 00:02:56,758 floating through space. 52 00:02:56,801 --> 00:03:01,138 But is it? 53 00:03:01,181 --> 00:03:06,393 July 20, 1969. 54 00:03:06,436 --> 00:03:09,479 Neil Armstrong took his historic small step... 55 00:03:09,522 --> 00:03:12,566 during that first visit to the lunar surface. 56 00:03:12,609 --> 00:03:15,277 That's one small step for man... 57 00:03:15,320 --> 00:03:20,199 one giant leap for mankind. 58 00:03:20,241 --> 00:03:21,742 While on the Moon... 59 00:03:21,784 --> 00:03:24,119 Armstrong reported seeing what he called an area... 60 00:03:24,162 --> 00:03:26,496 that is considerably more illuminated... 61 00:03:26,539 --> 00:03:30,751 than the surrounding area... 62 00:03:31,002 --> 00:03:32,294 and that the area seems to have... 63 00:03:32,337 --> 00:03:35,380 a slight amount of fluorescence to it. 64 00:03:35,423 --> 00:03:37,007 What could it mean? 65 00:03:40,970 --> 00:03:43,263 Today, almost 40 years later... 66 00:03:43,306 --> 00:03:48,352 no one knows exactly what that light source was... 67 00:03:48,394 --> 00:03:53,982 but scientists have witnessed similar occurrences. 68 00:03:54,025 --> 00:03:56,235 There been a whole class of changes on the Moon... 69 00:03:56,277 --> 00:03:58,278 that have involved brightenings... 70 00:03:58,321 --> 00:04:03,700 color changes, and even gaseous emissions. 71 00:04:03,743 --> 00:04:05,661 These events have left some... 72 00:04:05,703 --> 00:04:07,788 like Nasa astronomer Bonnie Buratti... 73 00:04:07,830 --> 00:04:09,873 perplexed by what they call... 74 00:04:09,916 --> 00:04:14,836 lunar transient phenomena or LTPs. 75 00:04:14,879 --> 00:04:17,464 Lunar transient phenomena are controversial. 76 00:04:17,507 --> 00:04:21,593 Scientists are very skeptical about them. 77 00:04:21,636 --> 00:04:24,221 The problem is there's no observations... 78 00:04:24,264 --> 00:04:29,142 true and firm, on these events. 79 00:04:29,185 --> 00:04:31,144 But ever since the Middle Ages... 80 00:04:31,187 --> 00:04:35,941 lunar observers have reported seeing these mysterious lights. 81 00:04:35,984 --> 00:04:37,109 They're usually witnessed... 82 00:04:37,151 --> 00:04:39,820 in the dark, shadowy areas of the Moon... 83 00:04:39,862 --> 00:04:42,197 where the contrast is greater. 84 00:04:42,240 --> 00:04:44,366 They last anywhere from a few seconds... 85 00:04:44,409 --> 00:04:47,494 to a few hours... 86 00:04:47,537 --> 00:04:54,209 and that's why they've been so hard to confirm. 87 00:04:54,252 --> 00:04:56,628 Convinced that these ethereal displays... 88 00:04:56,671 --> 00:04:58,255 are a real phenomenon... 89 00:04:58,298 --> 00:05:00,465 but unsure as to what's causing them... 90 00:05:00,508 --> 00:05:01,508 experts have honed in... 91 00:05:01,551 --> 00:05:04,344 on several possible explanations. 92 00:05:04,387 --> 00:05:05,804 There have been a number of theories... 93 00:05:05,847 --> 00:05:10,267 that have surfaced for lunar transient phenomena. 94 00:05:10,310 --> 00:05:11,852 Ever-changing views from Earth... 95 00:05:11,894 --> 00:05:14,938 may be causing the appearance of bright flashes... 96 00:05:14,981 --> 00:05:17,691 or surface changes on the Moon. 97 00:05:17,734 --> 00:05:19,860 Some of the events that I've seen... 98 00:05:19,902 --> 00:05:21,695 are clearly just due to turbulence... 99 00:05:21,738 --> 00:05:24,031 in the Earth's atmosphere. 100 00:05:24,073 --> 00:05:29,494 These cause movement and change on the Moon. 101 00:05:29,537 --> 00:05:32,873 But Buratti thinks that not all LTPs... 102 00:05:32,915 --> 00:05:37,919 can be explained by atmospheric turbulence. 103 00:05:37,962 --> 00:05:40,297 The anomalies that Neil Armstrong reported... 104 00:05:40,340 --> 00:05:42,341 were seen from the lunar surface... 105 00:05:42,383 --> 00:05:47,846 so atmospheric turbulence couldn't be causing them. 106 00:05:47,889 --> 00:05:49,014 Many astronomers... 107 00:05:49,057 --> 00:05:51,975 like Laura Danly at the Griffith Observatory... 108 00:05:52,018 --> 00:05:54,644 believe that the high-velocity impact of meteors... 109 00:05:54,687 --> 00:05:57,981 and asteroids accounts for much of this activity... 110 00:05:58,024 --> 00:06:00,776 being observed from Earth. 111 00:06:00,818 --> 00:06:01,902 They're traveling very fast... 112 00:06:01,944 --> 00:06:09,785 so when they smash into the Moon... 113 00:06:09,827 --> 00:06:15,082 there's a big, bright explosion, really. 114 00:06:15,124 --> 00:06:17,834 These impact explosions, known as fireballs... 115 00:06:17,877 --> 00:06:19,920 may be one source of the activity... 116 00:06:19,962 --> 00:06:25,592 but that premise has a gaping hole in it. 117 00:06:25,635 --> 00:06:27,594 Even though we've seen these flashes... 118 00:06:27,637 --> 00:06:29,262 on the dark side of the Moon... 119 00:06:29,305 --> 00:06:34,726 we haven't identified a crater associated with any of them... 120 00:06:34,769 --> 00:06:36,978 and that's where we get into the controversy. 121 00:06:37,021 --> 00:06:38,605 There hasn't been any large event... 122 00:06:38,898 --> 00:06:43,902 that has been unequivocally observed. 123 00:06:43,945 --> 00:06:45,570 Another possible explanation... 124 00:06:45,613 --> 00:06:47,572 is that when a meteor hits the Moon... 125 00:06:47,615 --> 00:06:49,533 and creates a massive crater... 126 00:06:49,575 --> 00:06:51,743 landslides around the crater rim... 127 00:06:51,786 --> 00:06:56,039 kick up mountains of lunar dust. 128 00:06:56,082 --> 00:06:58,917 The fine dust could absorb and scatter light rays... 129 00:06:58,960 --> 00:07:00,961 or make it appear as if the Moon... 130 00:07:01,003 --> 00:07:05,966 has somehow changed its surface features. 131 00:07:06,008 --> 00:07:08,051 It's possible that if a landslide... 132 00:07:08,094 --> 00:07:09,261 occurred on the Moon... 133 00:07:09,303 --> 00:07:11,555 you would see something from the Earth... 134 00:07:11,597 --> 00:07:13,140 the edge of a crater being obscured... 135 00:07:13,182 --> 00:07:15,809 a cloudlike feature forming. 136 00:07:15,852 --> 00:07:19,980 In other words, we would see a crater wall, an LTP... 137 00:07:20,022 --> 00:07:21,815 and then a collapsed crater wall. 138 00:07:21,858 --> 00:07:23,191 We've never seen that yet. 139 00:07:32,869 --> 00:07:34,494 Perhaps the most controversial theory... 140 00:07:34,537 --> 00:07:36,246 behind these lunar anomalies... 141 00:07:36,289 --> 00:07:39,791 could alter our view of the Moon entirely. 142 00:07:39,834 --> 00:07:41,710 It would challenge the belief that the Moon... 143 00:07:41,752 --> 00:07:46,840 has been geologically inactive for millennia. 144 00:07:46,883 --> 00:07:49,176 One of the most intriguing explanations... 145 00:07:49,218 --> 00:07:50,886 for lunar transient phenomena... 146 00:07:50,928 --> 00:07:53,305 is active volcanoes on the Moon. 147 00:08:00,646 --> 00:08:03,023 This is the most scientifically important... 148 00:08:03,065 --> 00:08:04,065 because it would tell us... 149 00:08:04,108 --> 00:08:10,822 that the Moon is still geologically active. 150 00:08:10,865 --> 00:08:13,658 Photographs taken during the Apollo space missions... 151 00:08:13,701 --> 00:08:16,495 revealed a rocky formation on the lunar surface... 152 00:08:16,537 --> 00:08:18,788 called the inastructure. 153 00:08:18,831 --> 00:08:21,208 With this data, scientists speculated... 154 00:08:21,250 --> 00:08:24,377 that the Moon could've experienced volcanic activity... 155 00:08:24,420 --> 00:08:28,715 in the last million years. 156 00:08:28,758 --> 00:08:30,509 The information was groundbreaking... 157 00:08:30,551 --> 00:08:32,385 and it meant that volcanic activity... 158 00:08:32,428 --> 00:08:35,555 could be the primary source of LTPs... 159 00:08:35,598 --> 00:08:43,480 but most scientists are yet to be convinced. 160 00:08:43,523 --> 00:08:44,731 The thing about science... 161 00:08:44,774 --> 00:08:47,484 is whenever you have a theory or a model... 162 00:08:47,527 --> 00:08:50,904 you have to be able to get data of an event... 163 00:08:50,947 --> 00:08:55,325 over and over again. 164 00:08:55,368 --> 00:08:57,744 In terms of these more mysterious brightenings... 165 00:08:57,787 --> 00:08:59,829 or things that could be volcanic events... 166 00:08:59,872 --> 00:09:03,083 we've never actually had two independent observers... 167 00:09:03,125 --> 00:09:06,586 obtain incontrovertible data at the same time. 168 00:09:14,136 --> 00:09:16,763 Even if the Moon isn't geologically active... 169 00:09:16,806 --> 00:09:20,308 some astronomers believe there may be gases left over... 170 00:09:20,351 --> 00:09:25,605 from a time when the volcanic activity was prevalent. 171 00:09:25,648 --> 00:09:28,108 If residual gases reached the surface... 172 00:09:28,150 --> 00:09:30,610 the Sun's rays would scatter colored hues... 173 00:09:30,653 --> 00:09:34,489 of red and blue from the gas particles. 174 00:09:34,532 --> 00:09:36,825 The Moon could still be experiencing outgassing... 175 00:09:36,867 --> 00:09:39,494 without having actual activity in the interior. 176 00:09:39,537 --> 00:09:42,539 There are minerals in the Moon that produce gases... 177 00:09:42,582 --> 00:09:44,666 and they seep up to the surface in the Moon... 178 00:09:44,709 --> 00:09:48,712 and come out. 179 00:09:48,754 --> 00:09:52,465 With so many lunar transient phenomena theories out there... 180 00:09:52,508 --> 00:09:54,634 which is the most plausible? 181 00:09:54,677 --> 00:09:57,304 Dr. Buratti doesn't point to one explanation... 182 00:09:57,597 --> 00:09:59,097 for the phenomenon. 183 00:09:59,140 --> 00:10:02,642 I think the reasons for LTP are probably myriad. 184 00:10:02,685 --> 00:10:05,186 I think there's more than one explanation. 185 00:10:05,229 --> 00:10:07,230 It's not just one phenomenon... 186 00:10:07,273 --> 00:10:11,234 it's many different types of activities. 187 00:10:11,277 --> 00:10:13,069 For now, the cause... 188 00:10:13,112 --> 00:10:15,322 of the elusive lunar transient phenomena... 189 00:10:15,364 --> 00:10:18,992 may remain hidden on the dark side of the Moon. 190 00:10:21,996 --> 00:10:24,748 But the cause of full-Moon fever here on Earth... 191 00:10:24,790 --> 00:10:31,755 may be even tougher to diagnose. 192 00:10:31,797 --> 00:10:34,174 What role, if any, does the full Moon have... 193 00:10:34,216 --> 00:10:37,677 on our bodies and our minds? 194 00:10:44,852 --> 00:10:47,854 When it comes to exploring the mysteries of the Moon... 195 00:10:47,897 --> 00:10:50,732 perhaps the most celebrated and controversial... 196 00:10:50,775 --> 00:10:53,193 is whether our satellite has any influence... 197 00:10:53,235 --> 00:10:56,363 on the mind and body. 198 00:10:56,405 --> 00:10:57,947 We know that there's some relationship... 199 00:10:57,990 --> 00:11:00,241 between the Earth and the Moon... 200 00:11:00,284 --> 00:11:02,535 and so it's perhaps not such a great leap... 201 00:11:02,578 --> 00:11:03,828 to imagine that the different changes... 202 00:11:03,871 --> 00:11:09,376 the full Moon might have some influence on people. 203 00:11:09,418 --> 00:11:11,044 There are lots and lots of mysteries... 204 00:11:11,087 --> 00:11:14,756 physical and psychological. 205 00:11:22,306 --> 00:11:24,641 One of the words for madness, lunacy... 206 00:11:24,684 --> 00:11:27,102 comes from the latin word for Moon, luna. 207 00:11:27,144 --> 00:11:28,645 So I think throughout history... 208 00:11:28,688 --> 00:11:33,733 people have associated the Moon with human psychology. 209 00:11:33,776 --> 00:11:34,776 A lot of people really believe... 210 00:11:34,819 --> 00:11:37,237 that the full Moon affects their behavior... 211 00:11:37,279 --> 00:11:43,034 affects maybe their biochemistry or something like that. 212 00:11:43,077 --> 00:11:47,330 There's a widely held belief among many people... 213 00:11:47,373 --> 00:11:49,916 including clinicians... 214 00:11:49,959 --> 00:11:54,337 that during a full Moon, there are changes... 215 00:11:54,380 --> 00:11:56,005 palpable changes... 216 00:11:56,048 --> 00:11:57,424 in emergency room visits... 217 00:11:57,466 --> 00:11:59,759 in pregnancy rates... 218 00:11:59,802 --> 00:12:02,178 in birthrates. 219 00:12:02,221 --> 00:12:05,014 There is a mythology about behavior... 220 00:12:05,057 --> 00:12:09,936 which changes consistently with the phases of the Moon. 221 00:12:09,979 --> 00:12:11,855 Anecdotal evidence abounds... 222 00:12:11,897 --> 00:12:14,441 but does science support the belief that a full Moon... 223 00:12:14,483 --> 00:12:18,069 has a measurable effect on the Earth's occupants? 224 00:12:18,112 --> 00:12:21,197 People have long tried to associate the Moon... 225 00:12:21,240 --> 00:12:22,991 and the gravitational effects of the Moon... 226 00:12:23,033 --> 00:12:28,455 with behavior in people and animals. 227 00:12:28,497 --> 00:12:31,624 Fact: the Moon stirs up the oceans... 228 00:12:31,667 --> 00:12:35,378 which make up 70 percent of our planet. 229 00:12:35,421 --> 00:12:38,840 So if the human body is made up of 70 percent water... 230 00:12:38,883 --> 00:12:41,634 wouldn't that mean the Moon has just as much pull... 231 00:12:41,677 --> 00:12:43,303 on human beings? 232 00:12:43,345 --> 00:12:46,181 Some respected members of the medical community... 233 00:12:46,223 --> 00:12:50,059 have reported changes in human behavior and physiology... 234 00:12:50,102 --> 00:12:52,228 during full Moons. 235 00:12:52,271 --> 00:12:54,355 We must be open-minded... 236 00:12:54,398 --> 00:12:57,650 and as careful observers... 237 00:12:57,693 --> 00:13:00,487 continue to posit some relationship... 238 00:13:00,529 --> 00:13:04,699 between changes in the lunar cycle... 239 00:13:04,742 --> 00:13:06,910 and the way in which we behave... 240 00:13:06,952 --> 00:13:13,333 the way in which our health and disease patterns... 241 00:13:13,375 --> 00:13:14,959 move ahead through time... 242 00:13:15,252 --> 00:13:17,545 then we probably need to ask... 243 00:13:17,588 --> 00:13:21,090 in creative and critical and rigorous fashion... 244 00:13:21,133 --> 00:13:25,011 the question: is this possible? 245 00:13:37,650 --> 00:13:39,484 There are some in law enforcement... 246 00:13:39,527 --> 00:13:41,444 who believe the crime rates increase... 247 00:13:41,487 --> 00:13:44,322 when the Moon is full... 248 00:13:44,365 --> 00:13:51,996 but others manning the frontlines aren't so sure. 249 00:13:52,039 --> 00:13:53,039 Well, the way I see it... 250 00:13:53,082 --> 00:13:55,667 personally, I see it as a myth. 251 00:13:55,709 --> 00:13:58,211 At the start of a full Moon shift... 252 00:13:58,254 --> 00:13:59,838 Deputy Jose Castro... 253 00:13:59,880 --> 00:14:01,881 with the West Hollywood Sheriff's Department... 254 00:14:01,924 --> 00:14:03,049 scoffed at the idea... 255 00:14:03,092 --> 00:14:09,389 that a lunar pull has any effect on people. 256 00:14:09,431 --> 00:14:11,516 But in his first 20 minutes on duty... 257 00:14:11,559 --> 00:14:15,812 three calls had already come in. 258 00:14:15,855 --> 00:14:18,147 Right now, we're responding to a 488... 259 00:14:18,190 --> 00:14:22,235 which is a theft that had just occurred. 260 00:14:22,278 --> 00:14:24,904 The call indicates that a male Hispanic... 261 00:14:24,947 --> 00:14:27,031 approximately 32 years of age... 262 00:14:27,074 --> 00:14:29,617 wearing an orange jail jumpsuit... 263 00:14:29,660 --> 00:14:30,910 no pants... 264 00:14:30,953 --> 00:14:32,537 wearing blue underwear... 265 00:14:32,580 --> 00:14:37,292 stole a book. 266 00:14:37,334 --> 00:14:40,003 Right now, we're responding to a call of a 273-5... 267 00:14:40,045 --> 00:14:44,507 which is a domestic violence now that is happening. 268 00:14:44,550 --> 00:14:45,925 This is the first domestic violence... 269 00:14:45,968 --> 00:14:47,093 we've had in a while... 270 00:14:47,136 --> 00:14:52,056 and it just so happens there is a full Moon. 271 00:14:52,099 --> 00:14:54,601 Right now, we are en route to a certain celebrity... 272 00:14:54,643 --> 00:14:57,604 that lives within our area. 273 00:14:57,646 --> 00:14:59,647 The call states that a neighbor... 274 00:14:59,690 --> 00:15:02,775 at this celebrity's residence... 275 00:15:02,818 --> 00:15:05,028 is throwing bottles... 276 00:15:05,070 --> 00:15:07,614 at the informant's front yard. 277 00:15:07,656 --> 00:15:10,617 By the end of his busiest Tuesday night of the year... 278 00:15:10,659 --> 00:15:14,495 Deputy Castro's skepticism was beginning to wane. 279 00:15:14,538 --> 00:15:15,955 Now, I tell you what. 280 00:15:15,998 --> 00:15:20,501 At the beginning of the shift, I wasn't a big believer... 281 00:15:20,544 --> 00:15:26,257 but I'm becoming a believer now. 282 00:15:26,300 --> 00:15:28,134 A lot of this is tied to the idea... 283 00:15:28,177 --> 00:15:30,303 that the Moon causes tides on Earth... 284 00:15:30,346 --> 00:15:32,847 so maybe it causes tides within people... 285 00:15:32,890 --> 00:15:34,474 but that just can't happen. 286 00:15:34,516 --> 00:15:37,685 The Moon does not have a tidal effect on our bodies. 287 00:15:37,728 --> 00:15:38,728 My chest doesn't get bigger... 288 00:15:38,771 --> 00:15:43,733 because the Moon is pulling on it. 289 00:15:43,776 --> 00:15:45,193 Dr. Peter Pressman... 290 00:15:45,235 --> 00:15:47,445 a medical doctor at Cedars-Sinai Hospital... 291 00:15:47,488 --> 00:15:49,030 in Los Angeles... 292 00:15:49,073 --> 00:15:50,990 acknowledged that some of his peers believe... 293 00:15:51,033 --> 00:15:58,039 that the Moon influences human behavior. 294 00:15:58,082 --> 00:15:59,540 Physicians who believe... 295 00:15:59,583 --> 00:16:03,586 that the Moon does affect our bodies and our behavior... 296 00:16:03,629 --> 00:16:05,338 come to that conclusion... 297 00:16:05,381 --> 00:16:07,882 on the basis of their observations. 298 00:16:07,925 --> 00:16:10,551 Those observations may be very skewed. 299 00:16:10,594 --> 00:16:12,720 They may be very situational... 300 00:16:12,763 --> 00:16:15,431 and they may not mean a thing... 301 00:16:15,474 --> 00:16:18,351 except that that's what somebody has observed. 302 00:16:18,644 --> 00:16:21,729 But Pressman suspects the claims may contain a bias... 303 00:16:21,772 --> 00:16:25,233 that's based on personal experiences. 304 00:16:25,275 --> 00:16:26,859 If you look at the evidence... 305 00:16:26,902 --> 00:16:30,530 you find that there really is no clear mechanism... 306 00:16:30,572 --> 00:16:32,699 for the influence of the Moon... 307 00:16:32,741 --> 00:16:35,868 with health and disease in human beings. 308 00:16:35,911 --> 00:16:39,497 Nevertheless, there continue to be astute clinicians... 309 00:16:39,540 --> 00:16:41,499 and careful observers who insist... 310 00:16:41,542 --> 00:16:44,627 that they do see relationships. 311 00:16:44,670 --> 00:16:47,630 People's behavior is driven by what they believe... 312 00:16:47,673 --> 00:16:50,383 and if you believe there is something magical... 313 00:16:50,426 --> 00:16:52,260 about the Moon and it holds a spell over you... 314 00:16:52,302 --> 00:16:54,929 then perhaps you will change your behavior. 315 00:16:54,972 --> 00:16:56,055 Whether the full Moon... 316 00:16:56,098 --> 00:16:58,933 has any measurable impact on body and mind... 317 00:16:58,976 --> 00:17:01,436 will continue to be a source of debate... 318 00:17:01,478 --> 00:17:06,065 and part of the mythology of our Moon. 319 00:17:06,108 --> 00:17:08,401 And there are other mythological legends... 320 00:17:08,444 --> 00:17:10,528 surrounding our closest neighbor. 321 00:17:10,779 --> 00:17:12,697 Even then, not everyone can see... 322 00:17:12,740 --> 00:17:17,243 the man in the Moon. 323 00:17:17,286 --> 00:17:18,286 The man on the Moon... 324 00:17:18,328 --> 00:17:21,456 are these giant dark areas... 325 00:17:21,498 --> 00:17:23,958 that create what some people think looks like eyeballs... 326 00:17:24,001 --> 00:17:25,793 and a nose and a smiley face. 327 00:17:31,008 --> 00:17:32,050 Let me begin by saying... 328 00:17:32,092 --> 00:17:37,638 that I have never seen the man on the Moon. 329 00:17:37,681 --> 00:17:40,308 And how anyone can see it... 330 00:17:40,350 --> 00:17:48,524 is a matter of subjective creativity. 331 00:17:48,567 --> 00:17:51,778 The Moon has long been the object of lore and myth... 332 00:17:51,820 --> 00:17:53,154 but what we think we see... 333 00:17:53,197 --> 00:17:58,493 is all in the eye of the beholder. 334 00:17:58,535 --> 00:18:01,370 Most cultures actually don't see a man on the Moon. 335 00:18:01,413 --> 00:18:03,539 The rabbit is a big favorite among many... 336 00:18:03,582 --> 00:18:05,416 and there are others. 337 00:18:12,007 --> 00:18:14,092 But everyone who looks up at the Moon... 338 00:18:14,134 --> 00:18:18,930 can see light and dark areas on the lunar surface... 339 00:18:18,972 --> 00:18:20,348 and these are not an illusion... 340 00:18:20,390 --> 00:18:24,811 but very real mountains and valleys. 341 00:18:24,853 --> 00:18:27,647 The light areas are rugged, cratered highlands... 342 00:18:27,689 --> 00:18:31,067 known as terrae, latin for lands. 343 00:18:31,110 --> 00:18:33,653 The highlands are part of the Moon's original crust... 344 00:18:33,695 --> 00:18:36,322 that was shattered by the impact of meteoroids... 345 00:18:36,365 --> 00:18:38,658 asteroids, and comets. 346 00:18:38,700 --> 00:18:43,162 The darker areas on the Moon are known as maria. 347 00:18:43,205 --> 00:18:47,500 Mare is a word meaning sea. 348 00:18:47,543 --> 00:18:50,169 They are ancient lava beds... 349 00:18:50,212 --> 00:18:56,050 that were at one time flowing, but are now solid. 350 00:18:56,093 --> 00:18:59,178 Formed from impact-cratering over billions of years... 351 00:18:59,221 --> 00:19:01,514 the maria account for 16 percent... 352 00:19:01,557 --> 00:19:03,015 of the Moon's surface... 353 00:19:03,058 --> 00:19:06,394 and look like bodies of water. 354 00:19:06,436 --> 00:19:09,313 The latest thinking is that giant asteroids... 355 00:19:09,356 --> 00:19:10,940 hit the other side of the Moon... 356 00:19:10,983 --> 00:19:13,901 and rocked the Moon so significantly... 357 00:19:13,944 --> 00:19:17,238 that lava oozed out of the side that we see... 358 00:19:17,281 --> 00:19:21,242 and created these big, dark expanses of lava... 359 00:19:21,285 --> 00:19:23,661 that, of course, solidified over time. 360 00:19:30,711 --> 00:19:32,211 The ancient volcanic activity... 361 00:19:32,254 --> 00:19:35,214 that formed the contrasts of dark and light... 362 00:19:35,507 --> 00:19:37,717 have inadvertently created what some see... 363 00:19:37,759 --> 00:19:44,557 as the features of a human face. 364 00:19:44,600 --> 00:19:46,893 The eyeballs are actually the Mare Imbrium... 365 00:19:46,935 --> 00:19:48,728 sea of rains... 366 00:19:48,770 --> 00:19:54,901 and the Mare Serenitatis, which means sea of serenity. 367 00:19:54,943 --> 00:20:00,865 The nose is the Sinus Aestuum, which means bay of billows. 368 00:20:00,908 --> 00:20:02,074 And the open mouth... 369 00:20:02,117 --> 00:20:04,577 is the Mare Nubium, the sea of clouds... 370 00:20:04,620 --> 00:20:08,748 and the Mare Cognitum or sea of knowledge. 371 00:20:08,790 --> 00:20:10,958 For humans to see a man on the Moon... 372 00:20:11,001 --> 00:20:14,170 may be our way of trying to understand the lunar mystery... 373 00:20:14,213 --> 00:20:20,885 and how we're inextricably connected to it. 374 00:20:20,928 --> 00:20:22,428 Many mysteries of the Moon... 375 00:20:22,471 --> 00:20:26,682 have influenced our civilization in dramatic ways. 376 00:20:26,725 --> 00:20:28,726 Ancient man based his calendar... 377 00:20:28,769 --> 00:20:32,939 agriculture, mathematics, and astronomy... 378 00:20:32,981 --> 00:20:39,153 on the changing but consistent phases of the Moon. 379 00:20:39,196 --> 00:20:42,114 Every month, the Moon appears to change its shape... 380 00:20:42,157 --> 00:20:46,869 during an eight-phase spin cycle. 381 00:20:46,912 --> 00:20:51,958 Why does the Moon have phases? 382 00:20:52,000 --> 00:20:54,293 The phases of the Moon occur... 383 00:20:54,336 --> 00:20:58,839 because as the Moon orbits around the Earth... 384 00:20:58,882 --> 00:21:04,345 we see more or less of its lit side. 385 00:21:04,388 --> 00:21:06,722 The light we see being reflected from the Moon... 386 00:21:06,765 --> 00:21:11,602 is actually coming from the Sun. 387 00:21:11,645 --> 00:21:13,229 Imagine the Sun is over there... 388 00:21:13,272 --> 00:21:14,272 and this is the Earth... 389 00:21:14,314 --> 00:21:15,815 and this is the Moon. 390 00:21:15,857 --> 00:21:20,820 When the Moon is fully lit by the Sun... 391 00:21:20,862 --> 00:21:24,031 and we can see that lit side, it's a full Moon. 392 00:21:24,074 --> 00:21:26,158 As the Moon goes around the Earth... 393 00:21:26,201 --> 00:21:29,495 we see less and less of the lit side... 394 00:21:29,538 --> 00:21:34,792 and more and more of the dark side. 395 00:21:34,835 --> 00:21:36,669 The full Moon occurs when the Moon... 396 00:21:36,712 --> 00:21:39,839 is on the opposite side of the Earth from the Sun... 397 00:21:39,881 --> 00:21:45,678 and the lunar surface facing us is fully lit. 398 00:21:45,721 --> 00:21:47,388 The shapes of the phases of the Moon... 399 00:21:47,431 --> 00:21:51,517 are due to our perspective on Earth... 400 00:21:51,560 --> 00:21:56,981 seeing more or less of the lit side of the Moon. 401 00:21:57,024 --> 00:21:59,317 It's not a case of, for example... 402 00:21:59,359 --> 00:22:02,653 the Earth blocking some of the light... 403 00:22:02,696 --> 00:22:05,489 that would have otherwise struck the Moon. 404 00:22:05,532 --> 00:22:10,828 That does occur, however, during an eclipse. 405 00:22:10,871 --> 00:22:13,039 And that terrestrial perspective... 406 00:22:13,081 --> 00:22:16,625 can sometimes play tricks on us. 407 00:22:16,668 --> 00:22:18,836 When it comes to the Moon's size... 408 00:22:18,879 --> 00:22:25,468 looks can be deceiving. 409 00:22:25,510 --> 00:22:28,804 Some of the Moon's mysteries are difficult to comprehend... 410 00:22:28,847 --> 00:22:32,183 when our eyes tell us one thing and science, another. 411 00:22:32,225 --> 00:22:36,228 We just need a different perspective on the problem. 412 00:22:36,271 --> 00:22:39,231 Sometimes, when the full Moon rises in the sky... 413 00:22:39,274 --> 00:22:42,735 it appears much larger near the horizon than it does... 414 00:22:42,778 --> 00:22:46,072 when it's positioned higher in the sky. 415 00:22:46,114 --> 00:22:47,740 Some observers judge the Moon... 416 00:22:47,783 --> 00:22:50,576 to be as much as 50 to 75 percent larger... 417 00:22:50,619 --> 00:22:52,536 when it first appears. 418 00:22:52,579 --> 00:22:54,914 But is the full Moon really larger... 419 00:22:54,956 --> 00:22:57,166 when it's near the horizon? 420 00:22:57,209 --> 00:23:00,044 My friends all think that the Moon is bigger... 421 00:23:00,087 --> 00:23:01,420 when it's on the horizon. 422 00:23:01,713 --> 00:23:04,215 I think that the Moon is bigger when it's on the horizon. 423 00:23:04,257 --> 00:23:08,677 So what could be causing it to look so different? 424 00:23:08,720 --> 00:23:11,597 The Moon doesn't really change its apparent size... 425 00:23:11,640 --> 00:23:13,432 from the horizon to overhead. 426 00:23:13,475 --> 00:23:16,102 But our perception is that it's larger. 427 00:23:16,144 --> 00:23:19,772 One theory is that our mind judges the Moon's size... 428 00:23:19,815 --> 00:23:22,775 in relation to other objects. 429 00:23:22,818 --> 00:23:24,944 It looks much larger at the horizon... 430 00:23:25,237 --> 00:23:27,196 because there are things we can compare it to... 431 00:23:27,489 --> 00:23:28,531 whereas at the top of the sky... 432 00:23:28,573 --> 00:23:33,702 it's out there by its little old self. 433 00:23:33,745 --> 00:23:34,787 In other words... 434 00:23:34,830 --> 00:23:37,123 if we see a large object such as a house... 435 00:23:37,165 --> 00:23:38,749 dwarfed by the Moon... 436 00:23:38,792 --> 00:23:42,795 our mind tells us that the Moon must be enormous. 437 00:23:42,838 --> 00:23:44,964 But when the Moon is out by itself... 438 00:23:45,006 --> 00:23:47,133 our mind doesn't make that assumption. 439 00:23:47,175 --> 00:23:51,470 We see the Moon as small. 440 00:23:51,513 --> 00:23:55,099 Another possible cause of this is the Ponzo illusion... 441 00:23:55,142 --> 00:23:57,101 named after Mario Ponzo... 442 00:23:57,144 --> 00:24:00,396 who suggested that the mind judges the size of an object... 443 00:24:00,439 --> 00:24:03,691 based on its background. 444 00:24:03,733 --> 00:24:06,026 Ponzo drew two identical bars... 445 00:24:06,069 --> 00:24:08,237 across a picture of railroad tracks... 446 00:24:08,280 --> 00:24:10,072 as they recede in the distance. 447 00:24:10,115 --> 00:24:11,532 The upper bars look wider... 448 00:24:11,575 --> 00:24:14,160 because they appear to span the rails... 449 00:24:14,202 --> 00:24:17,955 compared to the lower bars, which fits between the rails. 450 00:24:17,998 --> 00:24:20,958 But in fact, the lines overlaid on the tracks... 451 00:24:21,001 --> 00:24:27,840 are the same size at both ends. 452 00:24:27,883 --> 00:24:30,342 Go out and take a pencil. 453 00:24:30,385 --> 00:24:31,844 And when the Moon is rising... 454 00:24:31,887 --> 00:24:33,721 put the pencil out at arm's length... 455 00:24:33,763 --> 00:24:35,347 and see how big the Moon is... 456 00:24:35,390 --> 00:24:37,475 compared to the eraser on the pencil. 457 00:24:37,517 --> 00:24:38,684 And then go out a couple of hours later... 458 00:24:38,727 --> 00:24:39,852 and do the same thing... 459 00:24:39,895 --> 00:24:41,353 when the Moon is higher in the sky... 460 00:24:41,396 --> 00:24:43,981 and you'll see that the Moon is exactly the same size... 461 00:24:44,024 --> 00:24:47,985 in relation to the pencil eraser at both times. 462 00:24:53,825 --> 00:24:55,367 The Moon may play tricks with us... 463 00:24:55,410 --> 00:24:58,996 when it comes to judging its size... 464 00:24:59,039 --> 00:25:00,498 but there is nothing imaginary... 465 00:25:00,540 --> 00:25:03,083 about its effects on our Earth. 466 00:25:15,889 --> 00:25:18,015 Of all the hidden lunar mysteries... 467 00:25:18,058 --> 00:25:23,395 there is one that can be observed right here on Earth. 468 00:25:23,438 --> 00:25:26,398 It may be the most influential phenomena... 469 00:25:26,441 --> 00:25:32,238 that can be attributed to the Moon. 470 00:25:32,280 --> 00:25:33,614 From our place on Earth... 471 00:25:33,657 --> 00:25:36,242 tides just appear to be the times of day... 472 00:25:36,284 --> 00:25:38,244 when the sea rises and falls. 473 00:25:38,286 --> 00:25:41,539 But that's an interaction, a gravitational interaction... 474 00:25:41,581 --> 00:25:42,748 between the Moon and the Earth. 475 00:25:42,791 --> 00:25:45,668 So when the Moon is passing by... 476 00:25:45,710 --> 00:25:48,546 it pulls on the oceans and pulls it up higher... 477 00:25:48,588 --> 00:25:54,176 and we see it as a high tide. 478 00:25:54,219 --> 00:25:55,886 The ocean tides are caused... 479 00:25:55,929 --> 00:26:00,766 by the gravitational pull of the Sun and our Moon. 480 00:26:00,809 --> 00:26:03,185 The Sun and the Moon both pull on the Earth... 481 00:26:03,228 --> 00:26:04,270 and contribute to tides. 482 00:26:04,521 --> 00:26:05,896 But the Moon is much closer... 483 00:26:05,939 --> 00:26:09,441 so its pull of gravity is felt more strongly... 484 00:26:09,484 --> 00:26:11,986 than the Sun's. 485 00:26:12,028 --> 00:26:13,445 Oceanographer Tetjana Ross... 486 00:26:13,488 --> 00:26:17,533 says the Moon's constant tug on the Earth is formidable. 487 00:26:17,576 --> 00:26:20,160 The reason that the Moon's influence... 488 00:26:20,203 --> 00:26:22,496 is so visible in the form of tides... 489 00:26:22,539 --> 00:26:24,957 is because water can run. 490 00:26:25,250 --> 00:26:26,041 It can move. 491 00:26:26,084 --> 00:26:30,296 It's malleable. 492 00:26:30,338 --> 00:26:32,423 In a remote bay in Canada... 493 00:26:32,465 --> 00:26:35,134 one community has learned to live with mysterious... 494 00:26:35,176 --> 00:26:37,303 and extreme ocean tides... 495 00:26:37,345 --> 00:26:42,474 that are found nowhere else on Earth. 496 00:26:42,517 --> 00:26:45,394 While normal tides rise by an average of three feet... 497 00:26:45,437 --> 00:26:47,646 the waters along the Bay of Fundy... 498 00:26:47,689 --> 00:26:49,857 between Nova Scotia and New Brunswick... 499 00:26:49,899 --> 00:26:55,654 swell up to 50 feet twice every day. 500 00:26:55,697 --> 00:26:57,031 One of the reasons... 501 00:26:57,073 --> 00:26:58,657 the Bay of Fundy has such large tides... 502 00:26:58,700 --> 00:27:01,076 is because of the shape of the landform... 503 00:27:01,119 --> 00:27:02,119 underneath the bay. 504 00:27:02,162 --> 00:27:03,829 It's kind of a funnel-shape. 505 00:27:03,872 --> 00:27:07,833 And so as the water level rises, it really rises rapidly. 506 00:27:07,876 --> 00:27:11,462 At high tide, a hundred billion tons of water... 507 00:27:11,504 --> 00:27:15,090 sloshes into the bay in a matter of hours. 508 00:27:15,133 --> 00:27:16,258 Then during low tide... 509 00:27:16,301 --> 00:27:20,054 most of it drains out like a bathtub. 510 00:27:20,096 --> 00:27:21,513 The bay is shaped just so... 511 00:27:21,556 --> 00:27:24,642 so that the first tide comes in like a wave... 512 00:27:24,684 --> 00:27:26,727 and it moves along, reflects off the back... 513 00:27:26,770 --> 00:27:29,188 and it comes out to the mouth just at the same time... 514 00:27:29,230 --> 00:27:31,523 as the next tide has built up... 515 00:27:31,566 --> 00:27:37,112 and so they add up in what we call resonance. 516 00:27:37,155 --> 00:27:39,740 Tidal resonance is just getting... 517 00:27:39,783 --> 00:27:43,869 the rise of the high tides to coincide. 518 00:27:43,912 --> 00:27:46,330 Certain wavelengths are reflected... 519 00:27:46,373 --> 00:27:48,123 in a way that they reinforce each other... 520 00:27:48,166 --> 00:27:49,541 and amplify each other... 521 00:27:49,584 --> 00:27:52,878 and the tide is therefore amplified. 522 00:27:52,921 --> 00:27:55,464 The unique funnel shape of the Bay of Fundy... 523 00:27:55,507 --> 00:28:00,260 contributes to this resonance and the height of its tides. 524 00:28:00,303 --> 00:28:03,305 The bay gradually splits into a series of basins... 525 00:28:03,348 --> 00:28:06,767 and riverjunctions that restricts the tidal flow... 526 00:28:06,810 --> 00:28:12,106 and contributes to the extraordinary tides. 527 00:28:12,148 --> 00:28:17,152 Tides, one more way our planet is forever tied to the Moon. 528 00:28:17,195 --> 00:28:22,908 But it doesn't end there. 529 00:28:22,951 --> 00:28:24,326 We know that the Moon's gravity... 530 00:28:24,369 --> 00:28:27,454 is constantly pulling up on the Earth's oceans... 531 00:28:27,497 --> 00:28:32,835 while the Earth's gravity pulls down on the Moon. 532 00:28:32,877 --> 00:28:35,045 Everything in space is tugging on everything else. 533 00:28:35,088 --> 00:28:36,338 So the Earth is tugging on the Moon... 534 00:28:36,589 --> 00:28:40,718 and the Moon is tugging on the Earth. 535 00:28:40,760 --> 00:28:43,345 The Moon's gravitational pull on our oceans... 536 00:28:43,388 --> 00:28:47,433 is so powerful that it creates what's called a tidal bulge... 537 00:28:47,475 --> 00:28:50,352 on both sides of the planet. 538 00:28:50,395 --> 00:28:52,938 The Moon pulls on the Earth gravitationally... 539 00:28:52,981 --> 00:28:55,858 and when it does so, it also pulls on the oceans... 540 00:28:55,900 --> 00:28:58,986 that are sort of stretched up a little bit toward it. 541 00:28:59,028 --> 00:29:00,028 It pulls preferentially... 542 00:29:00,321 --> 00:29:01,613 on the front side of the Earth... 543 00:29:01,656 --> 00:29:03,449 pushes-pulls the ocean toward it... 544 00:29:03,491 --> 00:29:04,950 then pulls the Earth a little bit less... 545 00:29:04,993 --> 00:29:06,201 and in the backside... 546 00:29:06,244 --> 00:29:09,788 the ocean is not pulled quite as far toward the Moon. 547 00:29:09,831 --> 00:29:12,082 So that's why there are two bulges... 548 00:29:12,125 --> 00:29:18,464 that are called tidal bulges on the Earth. 549 00:29:18,506 --> 00:29:20,466 Tidal bulges on our vast oceans... 550 00:29:20,508 --> 00:29:24,344 actually impact the Earth's rotation. 551 00:29:24,387 --> 00:29:28,640 This tidal bulge that's created by the Moon... 552 00:29:28,683 --> 00:29:31,727 it's moving out ahead of the Moon a little bit... 553 00:29:31,770 --> 00:29:34,688 and the Moon is actually pulling back... 554 00:29:34,731 --> 00:29:36,648 on this tidal bulge. 555 00:29:36,691 --> 00:29:39,234 Now, when the Moon pulls back on this tidal bulge... 556 00:29:39,277 --> 00:29:42,654 that slows the Earth down. 557 00:29:42,697 --> 00:29:45,657 Without our Moon, the Earth would spin much faster... 558 00:29:45,700 --> 00:29:47,993 and our days would be much shorter. 559 00:29:48,036 --> 00:29:56,168 And this would affect how life has evolved on this planet. 560 00:29:56,211 --> 00:29:57,461 But these tidal forces... 561 00:29:57,504 --> 00:29:59,338 which tie the Earth to the Moon... 562 00:29:59,380 --> 00:30:02,508 travel a two-way street. 563 00:30:02,550 --> 00:30:07,888 Our Earth also has an undeniable effect on the Moon. 564 00:30:07,931 --> 00:30:09,765 So if the Moon had water on it... 565 00:30:09,808 --> 00:30:11,433 would the Earth's gravitational pull... 566 00:30:11,476 --> 00:30:14,520 cause similar tides on lunar oceans? 567 00:30:14,562 --> 00:30:16,647 The answer is yes. 568 00:30:16,689 --> 00:30:18,941 In fact, billions of years ago... 569 00:30:18,983 --> 00:30:22,903 the Moon was almost entirely made up of liquid... 570 00:30:22,946 --> 00:30:24,571 but not water. 571 00:30:24,614 --> 00:30:27,908 When the Moon was first formed and very young... 572 00:30:27,951 --> 00:30:31,036 it was entirely liquid rock, magma. 573 00:30:31,079 --> 00:30:38,961 The Moon would've been like a blazing inferno in the sky. 574 00:30:39,003 --> 00:30:40,796 And because the rock was liquid... 575 00:30:40,839 --> 00:30:43,215 even though it was rock... 576 00:30:43,258 --> 00:30:45,759 the gravitational pull of the Earth... 577 00:30:45,802 --> 00:30:47,010 and the orbit of the Moon... 578 00:30:47,053 --> 00:30:50,430 caused the liquid rock to have tides... 579 00:30:50,473 --> 00:30:54,977 just like the water on the Earth today. 580 00:30:55,019 --> 00:30:57,479 Over time, the Moon and its lava tides... 581 00:30:57,522 --> 00:31:00,607 cooled into a solid, desolate landscape. 582 00:31:00,650 --> 00:31:02,192 But the gravitational relationship... 583 00:31:02,235 --> 00:31:08,323 between the Earth and the Moon has never ceased. 584 00:31:08,366 --> 00:31:10,158 But imagine if there was no Moon... 585 00:31:10,201 --> 00:31:12,160 making an appearance each night. 586 00:31:12,203 --> 00:31:14,663 How different a world would it be? 587 00:31:20,295 --> 00:31:22,629 We're always tied to this mysterious orb... 588 00:31:22,672 --> 00:31:25,591 we call the Moon. 589 00:31:25,633 --> 00:31:27,301 But what would have happened to Earth... 590 00:31:27,343 --> 00:31:31,013 if there were no Moon? 591 00:31:31,055 --> 00:31:34,057 The fact that we exist today is, in part... 592 00:31:34,100 --> 00:31:35,601 due to the Moon allowing the Earth... 593 00:31:35,643 --> 00:31:40,272 to create the environment in the early oceans... 594 00:31:40,315 --> 00:31:45,319 all the minerals that allow us to exist. 595 00:31:45,361 --> 00:31:46,695 If there had never been a Moon... 596 00:31:46,738 --> 00:31:48,322 Earth would be a different place today... 597 00:31:48,364 --> 00:31:51,533 because the Moon creates tides on Earth... 598 00:31:51,576 --> 00:31:54,995 that shape our shorelines and shape the landscape. 599 00:32:05,465 --> 00:32:07,925 Here's how the Moon impacted our evolution. 600 00:32:07,967 --> 00:32:10,677 About 41/2 billion years ago... 601 00:32:10,720 --> 00:32:13,180 the gravitational forces between the Moon and Earth... 602 00:32:13,473 --> 00:32:15,349 were much stronger. 603 00:32:15,391 --> 00:32:16,516 When the Moon was formed... 604 00:32:16,559 --> 00:32:19,811 it was much, much closer to us than it is today. 605 00:32:19,854 --> 00:32:22,314 It took only five hours for it to orbit the Earth. 606 00:32:22,357 --> 00:32:26,526 And it was huge in the sky because it was so much closer. 607 00:32:26,569 --> 00:32:29,905 And more gravity exerted onto the Earth from a closer Moon... 608 00:32:29,948 --> 00:32:34,993 meant the world to our fate as a species. 609 00:32:35,036 --> 00:32:37,037 When oceans first washed our planet... 610 00:32:37,080 --> 00:32:38,372 under a closer Moon... 611 00:32:38,414 --> 00:32:40,248 the tides were a thousand times greater... 612 00:32:40,291 --> 00:32:42,834 than they are today. 613 00:32:42,877 --> 00:32:43,877 You could imagine... 614 00:32:43,920 --> 00:32:46,129 that instead of having a 10-foot tide... 615 00:32:46,172 --> 00:32:47,172 like we have today... 616 00:32:47,256 --> 00:32:49,091 you'd have a 10,000-foot tide. 617 00:32:49,133 --> 00:32:53,679 So you would have 10,000-foot tides rushing inland. 618 00:32:58,351 --> 00:33:01,353 These intense tides helped create the right conditions... 619 00:33:01,396 --> 00:33:08,068 in the oceans for life to develop. 620 00:33:08,111 --> 00:33:12,406 Tides ripped the outer layers of the crust off of the Earth... 621 00:33:12,448 --> 00:33:14,658 and put them into the oceans. 622 00:33:14,701 --> 00:33:19,287 And that mineral-rich soup, the primordial soup... 623 00:33:19,330 --> 00:33:27,671 was capable of developing and evolving life. 624 00:33:27,714 --> 00:33:30,590 And some scientists believe that tidal pools... 625 00:33:30,633 --> 00:33:33,635 would have been an ideal setting for life to evolve... 626 00:33:33,678 --> 00:33:40,851 and adapt to a terrestrial environment. 627 00:33:40,893 --> 00:33:42,644 That would have been a great place, for example... 628 00:33:42,687 --> 00:33:45,480 for the first creatures from the sea... 629 00:33:45,523 --> 00:33:47,733 to get their legs. 630 00:33:47,775 --> 00:33:49,401 They could have come into a tidal pool... 631 00:33:49,444 --> 00:33:52,154 where it's wet half the day and dry half the day... 632 00:33:52,196 --> 00:33:54,031 and it would have been a great place to grow your legs... 633 00:33:54,073 --> 00:33:59,119 and eventually move onto land. 634 00:33:59,162 --> 00:34:01,329 According to astronomer Neil Comins... 635 00:34:01,372 --> 00:34:03,915 we can't underestimate the Moon's influence... 636 00:34:03,958 --> 00:34:07,210 on our development as a species. 637 00:34:07,253 --> 00:34:09,588 Without the Moon, I don't think that that process... 638 00:34:09,630 --> 00:34:12,299 would have occurred nearly as quickly. 639 00:34:12,341 --> 00:34:16,094 We have evolved so that our biological clocks... 640 00:34:16,137 --> 00:34:22,434 are based on around 23-, 24-hour time. 641 00:34:22,477 --> 00:34:26,605 If the Moon had never existed... 642 00:34:26,647 --> 00:34:30,942 the day would be six hours long... 643 00:34:30,985 --> 00:34:37,657 and we, as the creatures we are today, couldn't exist. 644 00:34:37,700 --> 00:34:39,576 As the Moon slowed Earth's orbit... 645 00:34:39,619 --> 00:34:41,536 it stabilized our rotation... 646 00:34:41,579 --> 00:34:45,373 and affected our climate and ocean tides. 647 00:34:45,416 --> 00:34:48,210 And the Moon greatly influenced the development of mammals... 648 00:34:48,252 --> 00:34:51,755 so dependent on Moonlit nights for their survival. 649 00:34:51,798 --> 00:34:55,926 Has the Moon had a major impact on our existence? 650 00:34:55,968 --> 00:35:03,016 I think, absolutely. 651 00:35:03,059 --> 00:35:04,810 Every time the Moon is full... 652 00:35:04,852 --> 00:35:07,771 the lunar image is exactly the same. 653 00:35:15,363 --> 00:35:18,365 There's a puzzling mystery to this. 654 00:35:18,407 --> 00:35:19,783 It makes many wonder... 655 00:35:19,826 --> 00:35:28,375 why we never see another side of the Moon. 656 00:35:28,417 --> 00:35:32,712 After 4.5 billion years of evolving... 657 00:35:32,755 --> 00:35:35,340 the Earth-Moon system has arrived at a point... 658 00:35:35,383 --> 00:35:42,931 where the Moon shows us the same face all the time. 659 00:35:42,974 --> 00:35:44,349 Billions of years ago... 660 00:35:44,392 --> 00:35:46,852 the friction created by volcanic tides... 661 00:35:46,894 --> 00:35:49,646 caused the Moon to slow its rotation... 662 00:35:49,897 --> 00:35:53,608 and become tidally locked to Earth. 663 00:35:53,651 --> 00:35:55,902 This doesn't mean our Moon isn't spinning... 664 00:35:55,945 --> 00:35:57,863 but it has slowed down considerably... 665 00:35:57,905 --> 00:36:02,576 over billions of years. 666 00:36:02,618 --> 00:36:05,328 And the secret of the Moon's hidden far side... 667 00:36:05,371 --> 00:36:10,000 has to do with synchronicity. 668 00:36:10,042 --> 00:36:11,585 If this is the Earth... 669 00:36:11,627 --> 00:36:14,880 and if this is the side of the Moon that we see... 670 00:36:14,922 --> 00:36:17,757 if the Moon were not rotating... 671 00:36:17,800 --> 00:36:24,014 then eventually we would see the other side of the Moon. 672 00:36:24,056 --> 00:36:25,182 Because the Moon is rotating... 673 00:36:25,224 --> 00:36:28,059 at the same rate that it orbits the Earth... 674 00:36:28,102 --> 00:36:36,401 synchronous rotation, we always see the same side. 675 00:36:36,444 --> 00:36:38,987 The far side of the Moon is not always dark. 676 00:36:39,030 --> 00:36:41,990 If you were out in space, you'd be able to see... 677 00:36:42,033 --> 00:36:44,743 that the Sun hits all sides of the Moon... 678 00:36:44,785 --> 00:36:48,997 as the Moon makes its month-long orbit around the Earth. 679 00:36:49,040 --> 00:36:56,171 But from where we sit, we can only see one side. 680 00:36:56,214 --> 00:37:01,551 Gravity is in firm control of the Earth-Moon relationship. 681 00:37:01,594 --> 00:37:03,303 Or is it? 682 00:37:11,395 --> 00:37:13,855 The gravity that has held the Moon in our orbit... 683 00:37:13,898 --> 00:37:16,483 is slowly losing its grip... 684 00:37:16,525 --> 00:37:17,984 and the consequences of that... 685 00:37:18,027 --> 00:37:20,111 are enough to make one look at the Moon... 686 00:37:20,154 --> 00:37:26,826 in a whole new light. 687 00:37:26,869 --> 00:37:30,789 Gravity is the force that holds the Moon to the Earth. 688 00:37:30,831 --> 00:37:34,751 Just as this athlete is bound to the hammer... 689 00:37:34,794 --> 00:37:36,586 that is orbiting about his body... 690 00:37:36,629 --> 00:37:39,631 so gravity binds the Moon and the Earth. 691 00:37:39,674 --> 00:37:41,591 If gravity all of a sudden went away... 692 00:37:41,634 --> 00:37:43,802 the Moon would fly off into space... 693 00:37:43,844 --> 00:37:47,389 just as this hammer flies off over the field. 694 00:37:52,520 --> 00:37:55,021 Of course, gravity never stops working. 695 00:37:55,064 --> 00:38:00,819 But could the Moon, somehow, slip loose of its grip? 696 00:38:00,861 --> 00:38:02,153 The truth is the Moon... 697 00:38:02,196 --> 00:38:08,243 has always been slowly slipping away from us. 698 00:38:08,286 --> 00:38:11,830 The Moon has been moving away, and it's still moving away. 699 00:38:11,872 --> 00:38:13,164 In fact, the Moon moves away from us... 700 00:38:13,207 --> 00:38:15,333 a couple of inches every year. 701 00:38:15,376 --> 00:38:18,128 And eventually, the Moon is gonna be so far away... 702 00:38:18,170 --> 00:38:22,340 that it won't even seem like our Moon anymore. 703 00:38:22,383 --> 00:38:25,176 Ever since the Moon and Earth became intertwined... 704 00:38:25,219 --> 00:38:27,762 the energy from the Earth's gravitational tug... 705 00:38:27,805 --> 00:38:32,851 has been causing the Moon to spiral away from our planet. 706 00:38:32,893 --> 00:38:34,185 It's currently moving away from us... 707 00:38:34,228 --> 00:38:38,398 at a rate of one to two inches each year. 708 00:38:38,441 --> 00:38:40,358 The key to this unexpected effect... 709 00:38:40,401 --> 00:38:44,279 are the tidal bulges created on the Earth by the Moon. 710 00:38:44,322 --> 00:38:45,405 The tides on Earth... 711 00:38:45,448 --> 00:38:48,700 actually act to propel the Moon outward... 712 00:38:48,743 --> 00:38:51,995 spiraling out further from the Earth every orbit. 713 00:38:52,038 --> 00:38:54,497 The reason is because the Earth spins faster... 714 00:38:54,540 --> 00:38:56,374 than the Moon orbits us. 715 00:38:56,417 --> 00:38:59,085 So, after the Moon has pulled up a tidal bulge... 716 00:38:59,128 --> 00:39:00,211 raised a high tide... 717 00:39:00,254 --> 00:39:03,089 the Earth turns and pulls slightly ahead of it. 718 00:39:03,132 --> 00:39:06,051 So there's just a little bit of a forward force... 719 00:39:06,093 --> 00:39:08,553 that we call a torque, a little bit of an extra kick... 720 00:39:08,596 --> 00:39:10,555 that speeds it up ever so slightly. 721 00:39:10,598 --> 00:39:12,891 But over time, that speeding up... 722 00:39:13,184 --> 00:39:15,560 makes it go faster and faster, which, in orbit... 723 00:39:15,603 --> 00:39:18,897 means it's going spiraling further and further away. 724 00:39:18,939 --> 00:39:21,691 Over time, the Moon will expand its orbit... 725 00:39:21,734 --> 00:39:27,447 until someday, it will finally be beyond our Earth's gravity. 726 00:39:27,490 --> 00:39:30,575 But scientists say there is no cause for panic. 727 00:39:30,618 --> 00:39:31,951 Quite a bit of time will pass... 728 00:39:31,994 --> 00:39:34,996 before the Moon is out of sight and out of orbit. 729 00:39:35,039 --> 00:39:37,123 Estimated time of total departure... 730 00:39:37,166 --> 00:39:39,751 about 50 billion years. 731 00:39:39,794 --> 00:39:43,671 And our Sun will flame out in less than 10 billion years. 732 00:39:47,510 --> 00:39:49,469 Throughout history, the Moon has delighted... 733 00:39:49,512 --> 00:39:52,972 surprised, and sometimes terrified us... 734 00:39:53,015 --> 00:39:54,432 and the movement of our Earth... 735 00:39:54,475 --> 00:39:56,976 may be the cause of this mystery. 736 00:40:00,773 --> 00:40:02,190 Another secret of the Moon... 737 00:40:02,233 --> 00:40:05,276 has been documented in ancient texts... 738 00:40:05,319 --> 00:40:07,445 and continues to amaze. 739 00:40:07,488 --> 00:40:11,408 It usually appears every few years. 740 00:40:11,450 --> 00:40:13,952 During a total lunar eclipse... 741 00:40:13,994 --> 00:40:17,789 the full Moon dramatically changes colors. 742 00:40:17,832 --> 00:40:20,333 What causes this? 743 00:40:20,376 --> 00:40:22,377 A lunar eclipse is very simple. 744 00:40:22,420 --> 00:40:24,462 It just occurs when the Earth... 745 00:40:24,505 --> 00:40:26,506 gets between the Sun and the Moon. 746 00:40:26,549 --> 00:40:28,633 So when Earth gets in the way... 747 00:40:28,676 --> 00:40:30,468 Earth casts a giant shadow... 748 00:40:30,511 --> 00:40:33,680 that blocks the sunlight from reaching the Moon. 749 00:40:33,722 --> 00:40:35,640 At the peak of this eclipse... 750 00:40:35,683 --> 00:40:40,061 the Moon passes completely into Earth's shadow or umbra... 751 00:40:40,104 --> 00:40:43,481 and transforms, not to black, as one might expect... 752 00:40:43,524 --> 00:40:48,403 but to a blood red. 753 00:40:48,446 --> 00:40:51,239 What happens is some of the sunlight... 754 00:40:51,282 --> 00:40:52,824 that's being blocked by the Earth... 755 00:40:52,867 --> 00:40:55,368 actually slips through the atmosphere... 756 00:40:55,411 --> 00:40:58,371 and the red light gets through the best. 757 00:40:58,414 --> 00:41:00,665 As the Sun's rays pass through the Earth's atmosphere... 758 00:41:00,708 --> 00:41:02,542 they are bent a little bit... 759 00:41:02,585 --> 00:41:06,045 and the red rays are bent in such a way... 760 00:41:06,088 --> 00:41:08,465 that they make it over the surface of the Earth... 761 00:41:08,507 --> 00:41:10,258 and illuminate the Moon. 762 00:41:10,301 --> 00:41:11,968 And when only red or orange light... 763 00:41:12,011 --> 00:41:13,970 reaches the lunar surface... 764 00:41:14,013 --> 00:41:18,099 the Moon appears red, another optical phenomenon... 765 00:41:18,142 --> 00:41:23,188 that adds to the Moon's mystique. 766 00:41:23,230 --> 00:41:24,564 And part of that mystique... 767 00:41:24,607 --> 00:41:27,066 can be attributed to the dramatic presence... 768 00:41:27,109 --> 00:41:30,528 of the Moon above us. 769 00:41:30,571 --> 00:41:33,114 It outshines every other celestial body... 770 00:41:33,157 --> 00:41:37,202 in the night sky. 771 00:41:37,244 --> 00:41:39,204 There's a special magic to the Moon... 772 00:41:39,246 --> 00:41:41,372 its changing phases... 773 00:41:41,415 --> 00:41:48,838 its brightness in an otherwise dark sky. 774 00:41:48,881 --> 00:41:52,300 But we also see the Moon during the daytime. 775 00:41:52,343 --> 00:41:54,552 Why is this? 776 00:41:54,595 --> 00:41:56,346 It's actually very easy to understand... 777 00:41:56,388 --> 00:41:58,932 why we can see the Moon during the daylight. 778 00:41:58,974 --> 00:42:00,725 You can do this demonstration at home. 779 00:42:00,768 --> 00:42:03,228 All you need is a bright light to act as the Sun... 780 00:42:03,270 --> 00:42:05,438 and a piece of fruit to act as the Moon. 781 00:42:05,481 --> 00:42:07,899 My face is acting as the Earth. 782 00:42:08,192 --> 00:42:10,527 The lit-up side is the daylight side... 783 00:42:10,569 --> 00:42:12,946 and the part in shadow is the nighttime side. 784 00:42:12,988 --> 00:42:15,615 Now, the Moon, of course, orbits the Earth... 785 00:42:15,658 --> 00:42:18,409 and at some of the times during the month in its orbit... 786 00:42:18,452 --> 00:42:20,828 it's on the daylight side of the Moon. 787 00:42:20,871 --> 00:42:23,748 So I'm able to see it in full daylight. 788 00:42:33,926 --> 00:42:36,052 Actually, many planets and stars... 789 00:42:36,095 --> 00:42:38,721 are just above us during the daytime... 790 00:42:38,764 --> 00:42:41,266 but the light from the Sun is just so bright... 791 00:42:41,308 --> 00:42:44,269 that it obscures nearly all of them. 792 00:42:44,311 --> 00:42:47,772 Only the Moon, which is 100,000 times brighter... 793 00:42:47,815 --> 00:42:51,109 than the nearest star, shines through. 794 00:42:51,151 --> 00:42:53,361 We don't always see the Moon during the day... 795 00:42:53,404 --> 00:42:56,197 because it's constantly moving around our Earth... 796 00:42:56,240 --> 00:42:57,532 and it's not in the same position... 797 00:42:57,575 --> 00:43:00,285 at the same time every day. 798 00:43:00,327 --> 00:43:06,165 But somewhere on the planet, it's always visible. 799 00:43:06,208 --> 00:43:08,793 But as we've learned, not everything about the Moon... 800 00:43:08,836 --> 00:43:11,963 is easy to explain or understand. 801 00:43:12,006 --> 00:43:16,134 There are still plenty of questions left unanswered. 802 00:43:16,176 --> 00:43:17,760 It's been part of the Moon's mystique... 803 00:43:17,803 --> 00:43:21,055 since history was first recorded. 804 00:43:21,098 --> 00:43:23,308 We are forever tied to our neighbor... 805 00:43:23,350 --> 00:43:26,603 but we know so little about that dependence. 806 00:43:26,645 --> 00:43:28,229 There could be other things that are happening... 807 00:43:28,272 --> 00:43:34,152 that we just don't know about yet. 808 00:43:34,194 --> 00:43:35,778 Over the next century or so... 809 00:43:35,821 --> 00:43:39,907 I think that science is going to take us further... 810 00:43:39,950 --> 00:43:43,828 into understanding its mysteries. 811 00:43:43,871 --> 00:43:53,087 Whether we will fully understand it, I doubt it. 812 00:43:53,130 --> 00:43:54,339 I certainly don't think we know everything... 813 00:43:54,381 --> 00:43:55,590 there is to know about the Moon. 814 00:43:55,633 --> 00:43:57,258 There is a tremendous amount to learn. 815 00:43:57,301 --> 00:43:59,969 But, fortunately, it's within reach... 816 00:44:00,012 --> 00:44:02,680 and we will go exploring it further... 817 00:44:02,723 --> 00:44:05,892 and learn a lot more about it. 818 00:44:05,934 --> 00:44:07,352 Until we rekindle our efforts... 819 00:44:07,394 --> 00:44:14,984 to explore the lunar world more thoroughly... 820 00:44:15,027 --> 00:44:17,070 we may never know all the secrets... 821 00:44:17,112 --> 00:44:20,907 or hope to solve the hidden mysteries of the Moon. 64892

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