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NARRATOR:
Beneath the clear blue waters
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00:00:05,122 --> 00:00:10,258
of the Mediterranean lie
treasures of ancient empires,
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00:00:10,260 --> 00:00:15,330
relics of their bloody wars,
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00:00:15,332 --> 00:00:19,567
and secrets of the seismic
forces that shaped them,
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00:00:19,569 --> 00:00:23,972
lost beneath the waves...
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00:00:23,974 --> 00:00:26,875
until now.
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00:00:26,877 --> 00:00:29,545
Imagine if we could
empty the oceans,
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00:00:29,547 --> 00:00:31,747
letting the water drain away
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00:00:31,749 --> 00:00:36,051
to reveal the secrets
of the seafloor.
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00:00:36,053 --> 00:00:38,520
Now, we can.
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00:00:41,158 --> 00:00:44,793
Using the latest underwater
scanning technology,
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00:00:44,795 --> 00:00:47,329
piercing the deep oceans,
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00:00:47,331 --> 00:00:51,366
and turning accurate data
into 3D images.
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00:00:53,737 --> 00:00:57,172
This time,
what apocalyptic disaster
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00:00:57,174 --> 00:01:02,110
triggered the collapse
of Europe's first civilization?
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00:01:02,112 --> 00:01:06,181
Can an extraordinary
2,500-year-old shipwreck
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00:01:06,183 --> 00:01:09,918
unlock the secrets
of Ancient Greece?
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00:01:09,920 --> 00:01:12,387
How did these deadly objects
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00:01:12,389 --> 00:01:15,791
turn Ancient Rome
into a superpower?
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00:01:15,793 --> 00:01:19,328
And why does the Sin City
of the Roman Empire
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lie abandoned
beneath the waves?
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(music)
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00:01:27,271 --> 00:01:32,874
(music)
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(music)
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Ancient people call it
the Middle Sea,
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the center of the known world.
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The Egyptians,
Greeks and Romans
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build mighty civilizations
upon its shores.
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00:01:52,196 --> 00:01:57,232
Empires battle for supremacy
across its waters.
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00:01:57,234 --> 00:02:01,470
Cities grow rich and powerful
through trade.
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00:02:01,472 --> 00:02:04,973
The Mediterranean becomes
a superhighway,
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00:02:04,975 --> 00:02:09,344
connecting cultures that
will shape the modern world.
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But only by draining the sea
can we reveal
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00:02:12,917 --> 00:02:16,918
its biggest and most
terrifying secret.
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What happened on this
spectacular Greek island
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00:02:20,523 --> 00:02:23,559
to doom an entire civilization?
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COSTAS SYNOLAKIS: They must have
thought this was it,
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00:02:28,732 --> 00:02:31,733
the end of the world.
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NARRATOR: 3,600 years ago.
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00:02:35,338 --> 00:02:39,308
15 centuries before
the Roman Empire.
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A mysterious people dominate
the Mediterranean.
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We call them the Minoans.
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Their home is on Crete.
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00:02:50,220 --> 00:02:54,089
Here they build magnificent
temples and palaces,
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00:02:54,091 --> 00:02:58,427
and decorate them
with stunning frescoes.
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00:02:58,429 --> 00:03:02,664
Celebrating their love
of life and of nature.
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00:03:06,103 --> 00:03:09,838
But there's a darker side, too.
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00:03:09,840 --> 00:03:12,307
The Minoan royal palace
at Knossos
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00:03:12,309 --> 00:03:15,443
is said to contain a labyrinth.
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Home to the Minotaur.
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A fearsome creature...
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part man, part bull,
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with a terrible appetite
for human flesh.
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But apart from a grisly myth,
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much about the Minoan world
still remains a mystery.
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00:03:35,266 --> 00:03:37,065
MICHAEL SCOTT: We can't
decipher their language.
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We only have their
archaeological remains,
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00:03:38,736 --> 00:03:40,268
but what that tells us, I think,
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00:03:40,270 --> 00:03:43,137
is that they were
extremely imaginative,
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00:03:43,139 --> 00:03:45,206
they were extremely adventurous,
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00:03:45,208 --> 00:03:46,474
and that they developed
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00:03:46,476 --> 00:03:49,077
a sophisticated
hierarchical society
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that was capable of producing
elements of art and architecture
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00:03:52,950 --> 00:03:55,751
which still astound us today.
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NARRATOR: Historians do know
that the Minoans spread
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00:04:00,557 --> 00:04:02,691
across the Mediterranean,
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00:04:02,693 --> 00:04:07,429
trading olive oil and pottery
for gold and ivory,
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00:04:07,431 --> 00:04:11,300
growing ever richer
and more powerful.
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00:04:11,302 --> 00:04:15,037
And then,
in the 15th century BC,
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00:04:15,039 --> 00:04:18,173
their ancient civilization
begins to fade
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00:04:18,175 --> 00:04:20,776
from the pages of history.
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For centuries,
no one knows why.
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Until scientists start
to look closely
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at the nearby island
of Santorini.
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SYNOLAKIS: Santorini, it has
this very, very calm water.
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00:04:42,733 --> 00:04:46,001
It's almost like it plays
with you and deceives you.
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Looking at this view,
you would never imagine
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how dangerous it once was
and how dangerous it is.
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NARRATOR: The island is famous
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for its spectacular,
jagged cliffs,
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which tower above
a beautiful natural harbor.
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00:05:03,753 --> 00:05:05,921
But what created them?
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00:05:05,923 --> 00:05:10,292
And can they help explain
the downfall of the Minoans?
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00:05:14,431 --> 00:05:19,233
Marine geologist Evi Nomikou
believes that crucial clues
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may lie deep beneath
Santorini's tranquil waters.
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EVI NOMIKOU:
As I was born in Santorini,
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I wanted to study the area
to reveal their secret.
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Being a marine geologist means
that you're having access
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00:05:35,318 --> 00:05:37,619
to the mystic world
of the seafloor,
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00:05:37,621 --> 00:05:41,356
so you can see features
that nobody else can see.
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00:05:43,027 --> 00:05:44,326
NARRATOR:
She harnesses the latest
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00:05:44,328 --> 00:05:46,862
multi-beam sonar technology
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to scan the depths
of the huge bay.
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00:05:50,800 --> 00:05:55,503
By transforming her data
into powerful computer imagery,
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00:05:55,505 --> 00:05:59,975
it's possible to drain away the
waters of the Mediterranean...
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(music)
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00:06:04,848 --> 00:06:09,518
...and reveal Santorini's
terrifying secret.
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The sheer cliffs tower
1,000 feet above sea level
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00:06:14,458 --> 00:06:18,960
and drop a further 1,000 feet
to the seafloor.
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Framing a vast basin
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00:06:20,831 --> 00:06:26,835
large enough to hold
10,000 Olympic stadiums.
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The basin is a huge crater,
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00:06:30,707 --> 00:06:36,311
and Santorini itself is the
remnant of a gigantic volcano.
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(music)
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But that's not all.
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On the rim of the crater,
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more evidence of Santorini's
violent past.
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00:06:47,857 --> 00:06:52,260
(music)
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00:06:52,262 --> 00:06:55,263
(screams)
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Undiscovered until 1967,
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00:06:58,869 --> 00:07:01,469
these shattered ruins
are all that remain
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00:07:01,471 --> 00:07:03,839
of a once-thriving city,
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00:07:03,841 --> 00:07:07,409
known today as Akrotiri.
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00:07:07,411 --> 00:07:10,212
It was destroyed when
the volcano erupted,
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00:07:10,214 --> 00:07:14,082
and buried under so much ash
that it remained hidden
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00:07:14,084 --> 00:07:17,285
for 3,500 years.
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LEFTERIS ZORZOS: It's almost
like a window back in time,
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00:07:19,356 --> 00:07:23,291
where you can see how it was
when it was destroyed.
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NARRATOR: And deep in the ruins
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00:07:25,162 --> 00:07:29,064
archaeologists discover
something remarkable.
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00:07:30,700 --> 00:07:34,102
(rumbling)
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These stone steps
were not broken
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00:07:36,440 --> 00:07:39,040
by the ash and lava
from a volcano.
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00:07:39,042 --> 00:07:44,179
(rumbling)
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00:07:44,181 --> 00:07:49,050
They were shattered
by an earthquake.
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00:07:49,052 --> 00:07:50,652
ZORZOS: When the earthquake
happened,
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00:07:50,654 --> 00:07:53,788
everyone fled their town,
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00:07:53,790 --> 00:07:56,257
but then they came back to start
rebuilding their homes,
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00:07:56,259 --> 00:07:58,126
and this is exactly
what we're seeing here.
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00:08:01,131 --> 00:08:03,264
NARRATOR: Believing
the danger over,
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00:08:03,266 --> 00:08:05,933
people move furniture
into the streets,
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00:08:05,935 --> 00:08:09,271
so they can start repairing
their houses.
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00:08:09,273 --> 00:08:12,540
ZORZOS: We're seeing the beds
placed outside of their homes,
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00:08:12,542 --> 00:08:14,876
we're seeing the stones and mud
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00:08:14,878 --> 00:08:19,214
getting ready to be used
to rebuild these homes.
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00:08:19,216 --> 00:08:22,883
NARRATOR: But then they are
struck by an apocalypse.
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00:08:22,885 --> 00:08:26,087
(rumbling)
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00:08:26,089 --> 00:08:27,989
(explosion)
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The first stage of the eruption
is so powerful
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00:08:34,831 --> 00:08:36,965
that it engulfs Akrotiri
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and suffocates the whole island
in a thick layer of debris.
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00:08:44,641 --> 00:08:47,976
And the date of this
cataclysmic eruption?
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Around 1625 BC, the same time
as the Minoans
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00:08:53,383 --> 00:08:57,319
begin to disappear from
the pages of history.
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00:08:57,321 --> 00:09:00,388
But how could a single eruption
trigger the collapse
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00:09:00,390 --> 00:09:07,128
of a great civilization based
on an island 70 miles away?
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00:09:07,130 --> 00:09:10,231
Until recently most scientists
have focused
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00:09:10,233 --> 00:09:13,935
only on the evidence
above ground.
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00:09:13,937 --> 00:09:17,471
But Evi Nomikou believes
that once again
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00:09:17,473 --> 00:09:21,409
the real clues lie underwater.
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00:09:21,411 --> 00:09:22,811
EVI NOMIKOU: Scientists
have been occupied
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00:09:22,813 --> 00:09:25,580
studying only
the on-land geology,
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00:09:25,582 --> 00:09:28,282
so we are starting
mapping the seafloor,
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00:09:28,284 --> 00:09:30,352
in order to find out
the total volume
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00:09:30,354 --> 00:09:33,388
of that big, destructive
eruption.
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00:09:35,359 --> 00:09:37,958
NARRATOR: Evi heads outside
the great crater
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00:09:37,960 --> 00:09:40,795
to hunt for new evidence
on the seabed.
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And what she finds
is extraordinary.
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00:09:47,570 --> 00:09:50,772
Proof of the sheer scale
of this eruption.
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As the waters of
the Mediterranean recede
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still further, they reveal
wide stone terraces,
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fanning out from
the mouth of the volcano...
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the size of 20-story buildings.
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00:10:10,594 --> 00:10:13,628
They point to one cause.
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00:10:18,402 --> 00:10:21,469
They're called
pyroclastic flows:
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00:10:21,471 --> 00:10:26,007
torrents of superheated gas
and molten rock.
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00:10:26,009 --> 00:10:29,411
NOMIKOU: The pyroclastic flow
can cover everything.
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00:10:29,413 --> 00:10:31,412
They travel like a hurricane.
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00:10:31,414 --> 00:10:34,749
They can destroy
everything on their path
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00:10:34,751 --> 00:10:38,653
because of the high temperature,
up to 1,000 Celsius.
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NARRATOR:
When they hit the sea,
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the pyroclastic flows cool and
become solid ramparts of rock.
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00:10:51,234 --> 00:10:55,369
Around Santorini, they stretch
for a staggering 20 miles
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00:10:55,371 --> 00:10:58,573
in every direction.
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Evidence of multiple eruptions
lasting for days.
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00:11:05,782 --> 00:11:07,982
By measuring
the stone terraces,
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00:11:07,984 --> 00:11:11,052
scientists calculate that
the volcano throws out
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14 cubic miles of debris.
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00:11:14,357 --> 00:11:19,060
An eruption far more powerful
than they had ever imagined.
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It's one of the biggest
volcanic explosions
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00:11:22,265 --> 00:11:24,665
in the history of the planet.
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00:11:24,667 --> 00:11:27,202
(explosion)
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00:11:32,142 --> 00:11:36,077
SYNOLAKIS: Let's try to imagine
what this eruption looked like.
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If you were sitting somewhere in
any of the neighboring islands,
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it would have appeared
like the end of the world.
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NARRATOR: At first
the volcano blasts out
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a column of superheated debris
more than 20 miles high.
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00:11:51,661 --> 00:11:54,963
SYNOLAKIS: This huge funnel
of black ash and cloud
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00:11:54,965 --> 00:11:58,633
could have been seen going
all the way to the sky.
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00:11:58,635 --> 00:12:01,635
NARRATOR: Some of the volcanic
plume falls to Earth
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00:12:01,637 --> 00:12:05,507
many miles from Santorini.
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00:12:05,509 --> 00:12:07,374
SYNOLAKIS: It would have been
raining pumice
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00:12:07,376 --> 00:12:09,110
on the surrounding islands.
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00:12:09,112 --> 00:12:11,513
NARRATOR: But now
the volcano unleashes
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00:12:11,515 --> 00:12:14,315
its most devastating surprise,
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00:12:14,317 --> 00:12:19,521
and in its path lies Crete,
the center of the Minoan world.
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00:12:21,757 --> 00:12:23,691
NARRATOR: 70 miles
from Santorini,
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00:12:23,693 --> 00:12:28,029
the Minoans on Crete see the
soaring column of ash and smoke
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00:12:28,031 --> 00:12:30,799
from the erupting volcano.
200
00:12:30,801 --> 00:12:35,637
But they have no idea
of the disaster to come.
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00:12:35,639 --> 00:12:40,308
The volcano blasts millions
of tons of lava into the sea.
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00:12:40,310 --> 00:12:44,712
Triggering wave after wave
of powerful tsunamis.
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00:12:46,449 --> 00:12:48,616
SYNOLAKIS: When the tsunami
arrived in Crete,
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00:12:48,618 --> 00:12:50,985
they were probably taken
totally by surprise.
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00:12:50,987 --> 00:12:54,788
Imagine seeing
this wall of water,
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00:12:54,790 --> 00:12:58,759
in some places ten meters high,
advancing in.
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00:12:58,761 --> 00:13:01,596
It must have looked like
this was the end of the world.
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00:13:01,598 --> 00:13:02,930
Totally unexpected.
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00:13:02,932 --> 00:13:05,800
The wrath of the gods.
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00:13:05,802 --> 00:13:09,136
NARRATOR: Entire coastal
communities are swept away
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00:13:09,138 --> 00:13:13,374
by waves up to 30 feet tall.
212
00:13:13,376 --> 00:13:18,146
Ports are destroyed
and ships smashed to pieces.
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00:13:24,821 --> 00:13:28,490
And the gods
aren't finished yet.
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00:13:28,492 --> 00:13:31,092
After the eruption
and the tsunamis,
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00:13:31,094 --> 00:13:33,895
another disaster is looming.
216
00:13:33,897 --> 00:13:37,265
Clouds of volcanic ash
cast a deadly pall
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00:13:37,267 --> 00:13:42,203
over the whole Mediterranean,
dramatically cooling the Earth.
218
00:13:44,975 --> 00:13:48,109
SCOTT: There were a series
of effects from the eruption
219
00:13:48,111 --> 00:13:53,281
that together fatally weakened
the Minoan civilization.
220
00:13:53,283 --> 00:13:55,783
A tsunami event, a divine event.
221
00:13:55,785 --> 00:13:58,586
The destabilization
of their economy,
222
00:13:58,588 --> 00:14:01,723
the failure of harvests
over several years.
223
00:14:01,725 --> 00:14:05,927
That was the moment when Minoan
civilization started to die.
224
00:14:07,998 --> 00:14:10,197
NARRATOR: Without their ports
and ships,
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00:14:10,199 --> 00:14:14,035
the Minoans lose their mastery
over the Mediterranean.
226
00:14:16,273 --> 00:14:19,340
Invaders challenge their power.
227
00:14:22,746 --> 00:14:27,081
And as the sun sets on the
collapsing Minoan civilization,
228
00:14:27,083 --> 00:14:30,217
new powers arise.
229
00:14:30,219 --> 00:14:34,421
500 miles from Crete,
just off the coast of Cyprus,
230
00:14:34,423 --> 00:14:36,691
the draining waters
of the Mediterranean
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00:14:36,693 --> 00:14:42,964
reveal a remarkable discovery
almost 2,500 years old.
232
00:14:45,001 --> 00:14:48,703
What can it tell us about
the lives, the power,
233
00:14:48,705 --> 00:14:52,440
and the pleasures
of the Ancient Greeks?
234
00:14:52,442 --> 00:14:55,609
In the centuries after
the fall of the Minoans,
235
00:14:55,611 --> 00:14:57,178
the city-states of Greece
236
00:14:57,180 --> 00:15:01,582
produce dazzling art
and architecture.
237
00:15:01,584 --> 00:15:06,120
Forging ideas in mathematics,
democracy and theater
238
00:15:06,122 --> 00:15:10,257
that still shape our world.
239
00:15:10,259 --> 00:15:13,594
The Greeks take to the sea
in their wooden sailing ships
240
00:15:13,596 --> 00:15:16,931
risking their lives
to explore, colonize,
241
00:15:16,933 --> 00:15:18,833
and trade with each other.
242
00:15:22,271 --> 00:15:25,606
Hundreds of boats shuttle
across the Mediterranean,
243
00:15:25,608 --> 00:15:30,210
linking settlements in
Africa, Asia and Europe.
244
00:15:30,212 --> 00:15:33,715
They are the lifeblood
of Greek civilization.
245
00:15:35,451 --> 00:15:38,619
But these ships are a mystery.
246
00:15:38,621 --> 00:15:42,023
Only a few remnants have
survived to offer a glimpse
247
00:15:42,025 --> 00:15:46,493
into how they worked
and what they carried...
248
00:15:46,495 --> 00:15:49,630
until now.
249
00:15:49,632 --> 00:15:51,399
A shipwreck,
recently discovered
250
00:15:51,401 --> 00:15:53,434
in the seas off Cyprus,
251
00:15:53,436 --> 00:15:57,205
is helping to bring this
lost world back to life.
252
00:16:00,176 --> 00:16:03,644
Archaeologist Stella Demesticha
and her team
253
00:16:03,646 --> 00:16:06,481
are unlocking
the wreck's secrets.
254
00:16:08,317 --> 00:16:11,319
Where did it come from?
255
00:16:11,321 --> 00:16:13,554
What was it carrying?
256
00:16:16,459 --> 00:16:19,660
And why did it sink?
257
00:16:19,662 --> 00:16:22,563
STELLA DEMESTICHA: It's pretty
deep, so it takes a while
258
00:16:22,565 --> 00:16:26,134
when you're diving before
you can see the sea bottom.
259
00:16:28,471 --> 00:16:30,605
SCOTT: It looks all very
higgledy-piggledy,
260
00:16:30,607 --> 00:16:35,743
it looks like, well, someone's
dropped a whole load of garbage
261
00:16:35,745 --> 00:16:38,880
in the ocean.
262
00:16:38,882 --> 00:16:42,483
NARRATOR: But this apparent
chaos is packed with clues
263
00:16:42,485 --> 00:16:46,020
about the lost world
of the Ancient Greeks.
264
00:16:46,022 --> 00:16:50,024
DEMESTICHA: This is really
fantastic for an archaeologist.
265
00:16:50,026 --> 00:16:52,827
NARRATOR: Exploring such
a deep and complex site
266
00:16:52,829 --> 00:16:54,696
is challenging.
267
00:16:56,632 --> 00:17:01,102
DEMESTICHA: Diving at 45 meters
has several constraints,
268
00:17:01,104 --> 00:17:04,772
and time is one of them.
269
00:17:04,774 --> 00:17:09,210
The maximum we can stay per day
is 20 minutes.
270
00:17:09,212 --> 00:17:11,646
NARRATOR: It's almost
impossible to work effectively
271
00:17:11,648 --> 00:17:14,949
at such depths.
272
00:17:14,951 --> 00:17:17,318
So the team explores the site
273
00:17:17,320 --> 00:17:20,388
using a technique
called photogrammetry,
274
00:17:20,390 --> 00:17:22,589
taking hundreds of pictures
of the wreck
275
00:17:22,591 --> 00:17:24,692
from different angles.
276
00:17:27,196 --> 00:17:32,467
DEMESTICHA: So instead of trying
to make decisions at 45 meters
277
00:17:32,469 --> 00:17:35,670
where your brain
doesn't work properly,
278
00:17:35,672 --> 00:17:39,874
taking the pictures allows us
to have the luxury
279
00:17:39,876 --> 00:17:42,910
of diving through the screen
of our computer
280
00:17:42,912 --> 00:17:45,113
as long as we wanted.
281
00:17:48,084 --> 00:17:51,152
NARRATOR: Using the unique
photogrammetry data,
282
00:17:51,154 --> 00:17:53,687
it's possible
for the first time
283
00:17:53,689 --> 00:17:56,891
to drain the Mediterranean...
284
00:17:56,893 --> 00:18:01,129
allowing sunshine to illuminate
a site that's been in darkness
285
00:18:01,131 --> 00:18:04,298
for 2,500 years.
286
00:18:04,300 --> 00:18:08,302
(music)
287
00:18:08,304 --> 00:18:12,006
The debris lies
in the shape of a ship.
288
00:18:14,710 --> 00:18:17,578
Much of the timber hull
has rotted away,
289
00:18:17,580 --> 00:18:20,414
leaving only its ancient cargo.
290
00:18:22,919 --> 00:18:27,521
Hundreds of earthenware jars,
known as amphorae,
291
00:18:27,523 --> 00:18:30,257
piled neatly on top
of each other,
292
00:18:30,259 --> 00:18:33,060
many of them still intact.
293
00:18:33,062 --> 00:18:37,398
(music)
294
00:18:37,400 --> 00:18:38,866
SCOTT: Amphorae look very odd.
295
00:18:38,868 --> 00:18:42,003
They look very ungainly
and not very well designed
296
00:18:42,005 --> 00:18:46,406
to be storage jars or certainly
container jars on a sea vessel.
297
00:18:46,408 --> 00:18:48,976
But they are a design that's
evolved over centuries.
298
00:18:48,978 --> 00:18:51,545
And actually if you stack them
all really neatly together,
299
00:18:51,547 --> 00:18:53,647
they do all make sense,
300
00:18:53,649 --> 00:18:56,551
and they were the way
that you transported things
301
00:18:56,553 --> 00:19:00,154
around the ancient world.
302
00:19:00,156 --> 00:19:01,589
NARRATOR: Amphorae like this
303
00:19:01,591 --> 00:19:06,627
give the archaeologists
some vital clues.
304
00:19:06,629 --> 00:19:08,963
Their distinctive shape varies,
305
00:19:08,965 --> 00:19:13,567
depending on where and when
they were made.
306
00:19:13,569 --> 00:19:17,004
This one dates from
the 4th century BC
307
00:19:17,006 --> 00:19:19,974
and comes from
the Greek island of Chios,
308
00:19:19,976 --> 00:19:23,510
500 miles from the wreck site.
309
00:19:23,512 --> 00:19:26,948
So what was in it?
310
00:19:26,950 --> 00:19:30,117
Although the amphorae
are all now empty,
311
00:19:30,119 --> 00:19:34,655
they offer intriguing clues
about what they once contained.
312
00:19:34,657 --> 00:19:39,226
DEMESTICHA: In this case we have
the opportunity to see evidence.
313
00:19:39,228 --> 00:19:42,396
This dark coating
inside the amphora,
314
00:19:42,398 --> 00:19:46,400
we have to imagine that it was
all over the inside walls,
315
00:19:46,402 --> 00:19:48,803
and it was pitch, or resin,
316
00:19:48,805 --> 00:19:53,941
so it was a kind of sealant
to make these walls waterproof.
317
00:19:53,943 --> 00:19:58,479
So we are sure that these
are Chian wine containers.
318
00:19:58,481 --> 00:20:02,016
NARRATOR: Wine from the island
of Chios is highly prized
319
00:20:02,018 --> 00:20:04,685
throughout
the Ancient Mediterranean.
320
00:20:04,687 --> 00:20:07,221
The wrecked ship is loaded
with the equivalent
321
00:20:07,223 --> 00:20:11,158
of more than 10,000
modern-sized bottles.
322
00:20:11,160 --> 00:20:15,029
A hugely valuable cargo
and a telling insight
323
00:20:15,031 --> 00:20:20,167
into the Ancient Greek trade
in luxury goods.
324
00:20:20,169 --> 00:20:23,671
SCOTT: The Greeks
loved their wine.
325
00:20:23,673 --> 00:20:25,105
This little wreck off Cyprus
326
00:20:25,107 --> 00:20:28,175
is the tip of the iceberg
of the wine trade.
327
00:20:28,177 --> 00:20:32,980
It was an absolutely fundamental
part of their society
328
00:20:32,982 --> 00:20:35,115
and of all their
cultural experiences,
329
00:20:35,117 --> 00:20:37,051
whether that be religious
330
00:20:37,053 --> 00:20:38,852
or whether it be
letting their hair down
331
00:20:38,854 --> 00:20:41,589
and having a really good time.
332
00:20:41,591 --> 00:20:44,125
DEMESTICHA: The greatest thing
about Ancient Greeks
333
00:20:44,127 --> 00:20:46,126
is their love for life.
334
00:20:46,128 --> 00:20:51,298
They like to talk, to think,
to discuss, to drink, to party.
335
00:20:51,300 --> 00:20:53,401
SCOTT: There was a great profit
to be made
336
00:20:53,403 --> 00:20:57,705
in making sure that the rich
around the Mediterranean world
337
00:20:57,707 --> 00:21:01,242
had a good supply of
very good wine to drink.
338
00:21:03,145 --> 00:21:05,679
NARRATOR: Trading in wine
and other luxury items
339
00:21:05,681 --> 00:21:08,683
makes good money for
the Greek city-states.
340
00:21:08,685 --> 00:21:12,286
But their ships carry
an even more precious cargo,
341
00:21:12,288 --> 00:21:15,923
as they traverse
the Mediterranean and beyond,
342
00:21:15,925 --> 00:21:18,793
from Egypt to Southern France,
343
00:21:18,795 --> 00:21:21,628
they spread Greek
ideas and culture
344
00:21:21,630 --> 00:21:23,965
that influence
Western civilization
345
00:21:23,967 --> 00:21:26,901
to the present day.
346
00:21:26,903 --> 00:21:31,972
But this cargo never
reaches its destination.
347
00:21:31,974 --> 00:21:34,775
DEMESTICHA: One of the most
important questions that we ask
348
00:21:34,777 --> 00:21:38,846
in shipwreck archaeology
is why this ship sunk.
349
00:21:42,051 --> 00:21:46,120
NARRATOR: The biggest clue is
the shape of the debris.
350
00:21:46,122 --> 00:21:48,822
The way that the jars
lie grouped together
351
00:21:48,824 --> 00:21:50,724
rather than scattered about
352
00:21:50,726 --> 00:21:53,427
proves that the vessel
didn't capsize.
353
00:21:56,866 --> 00:22:00,033
So what did happen?
354
00:22:00,035 --> 00:22:04,071
DEMESTICHA: The ships in
antiquity were open-decked.
355
00:22:04,073 --> 00:22:06,474
The hold was not covered
with a deck,
356
00:22:06,476 --> 00:22:10,611
so when the waves were
very high, or we have a storm,
357
00:22:10,613 --> 00:22:13,047
then the water was coming in.
358
00:22:15,685 --> 00:22:19,186
NARRATOR: The ship is most
likely overwhelmed by a wave.
359
00:22:23,159 --> 00:22:26,694
Pulled down by the weight
of all the expensive wine
360
00:22:26,696 --> 00:22:28,829
to a watery grave.
361
00:22:28,831 --> 00:22:35,369
(music)
362
00:22:35,371 --> 00:22:37,805
(music)
363
00:22:37,807 --> 00:22:42,643
(music)
364
00:22:42,645 --> 00:22:44,645
As the waters
of the Mediterranean
365
00:22:44,647 --> 00:22:48,482
continue to drain away,
366
00:22:48,484 --> 00:22:52,453
they uncover unique evidence
of a titanic clash
367
00:22:52,455 --> 00:22:56,657
between two ancient
superpowers.
368
00:22:56,659 --> 00:22:58,659
This is the site of a battle
369
00:22:58,661 --> 00:23:02,129
that would change
the course of history.
370
00:23:02,131 --> 00:23:04,031
WILLIAM M. MURRAY: When they saw
the Romans in front of them,
371
00:23:04,033 --> 00:23:07,234
they had one of these
'Oh, no!' moments.
372
00:23:09,638 --> 00:23:13,073
NARRATOR: What can these
bizarre objects on the seabed
373
00:23:13,075 --> 00:23:17,311
tell us about the merciless
rise of the Romans?
374
00:23:19,982 --> 00:23:22,683
NARRATOR: The third century BC.
375
00:23:22,685 --> 00:23:25,819
Rome already controls
mainland Italy,
376
00:23:25,821 --> 00:23:30,357
and has ambitions to expand
across the whole Mediterranean.
377
00:23:30,359 --> 00:23:32,960
But its navy is weak.
378
00:23:32,962 --> 00:23:35,162
JON HENDERSON: Rome was known
as being a terrestrial power,
379
00:23:35,164 --> 00:23:39,032
not a maritime power, it was not
known for fighting sea battles,
380
00:23:39,034 --> 00:23:40,634
but they were set on
a militaristic path
381
00:23:40,636 --> 00:23:42,836
of maritime control.
382
00:23:42,838 --> 00:23:44,438
NARRATOR: This brings them
into conflict
383
00:23:44,440 --> 00:23:47,741
with another superpower
of the Mediterranean:
384
00:23:47,743 --> 00:23:51,345
the Carthaginians.
385
00:23:51,347 --> 00:23:54,048
SCOTT: The Carthaginians were
great traders, great seafarers,
386
00:23:54,050 --> 00:23:57,717
controlling most of the west
and central Mediterranean,
387
00:23:57,719 --> 00:23:58,986
and it was that fact
388
00:23:58,988 --> 00:24:03,123
that brought them
into conflict with Rome.
389
00:24:03,125 --> 00:24:04,791
NARRATOR: Carthage,
from its position
390
00:24:04,793 --> 00:24:06,927
on the north coast of Africa,
391
00:24:06,929 --> 00:24:10,798
commands the most powerful navy
in the region.
392
00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:12,533
To challenge Carthage,
393
00:24:12,535 --> 00:24:16,770
Rome must first learn
a new kind of naval warfare.
394
00:24:19,408 --> 00:24:22,343
So begins a titanic struggle
395
00:24:22,345 --> 00:24:26,313
that will last for
more than 100 years.
396
00:24:26,315 --> 00:24:29,550
The winner will dominate
the Mediterranean
397
00:24:29,552 --> 00:24:32,486
for the next seven centuries.
398
00:24:34,223 --> 00:24:37,324
Its first truly decisive
encounter happens
399
00:24:37,326 --> 00:24:41,695
somewhere off
the west coast of Sicily,
400
00:24:41,697 --> 00:24:44,632
near the Egadi Islands.
401
00:24:44,634 --> 00:24:48,435
Here, according to
ancient historian Polybius,
402
00:24:48,437 --> 00:24:51,038
the mighty navies
of Rome and Carthage
403
00:24:51,040 --> 00:24:55,976
go head-to-head
in an epic battle.
404
00:24:55,978 --> 00:24:59,112
He describes the clash
of two huge fleets
405
00:24:59,114 --> 00:25:05,752
involving 400 ships,
and at least 100,000 men...
406
00:25:05,754 --> 00:25:09,990
turning the waters of
the Mediterranean blood-red.
407
00:25:13,929 --> 00:25:15,796
But Polybius writes his history
408
00:25:15,798 --> 00:25:19,399
at least half a century
after the battle
409
00:25:19,401 --> 00:25:22,069
and for a Roman audience.
410
00:25:22,071 --> 00:25:25,939
So how reliable is his account?
411
00:25:25,941 --> 00:25:28,676
However huge this battle
may have been,
412
00:25:28,678 --> 00:25:32,946
no one has ever been able
to find any trace of it.
413
00:25:32,948 --> 00:25:35,915
MURRAY: Taking the description
from an ancient historian
414
00:25:35,917 --> 00:25:39,153
and actually pointing
to the exact place
415
00:25:39,155 --> 00:25:41,622
on the surface of the globe
where the battle took place
416
00:25:41,624 --> 00:25:44,691
is extremely difficult.
417
00:25:44,693 --> 00:25:47,828
NARRATOR: Bill Murray and
a team of marine archaeologists
418
00:25:47,830 --> 00:25:50,897
are on the trail of
some extraordinary finds
419
00:25:50,899 --> 00:25:54,968
reported by local fishermen.
420
00:25:54,970 --> 00:25:58,171
But the area they need
to survey is huge,
421
00:25:58,173 --> 00:26:01,775
many miles across.
422
00:26:01,777 --> 00:26:05,412
So first, they sonar scan
the seabed.
423
00:26:09,251 --> 00:26:12,186
Then they launch
a remotely operated vehicle
424
00:26:12,188 --> 00:26:14,655
to investigate the finds.
425
00:26:14,657 --> 00:26:17,057
(music)
426
00:26:17,059 --> 00:26:21,895
(music)
427
00:26:21,897 --> 00:26:23,664
PETER CAMPBELL: As you're
watching the live feed
428
00:26:23,666 --> 00:26:27,067
of the video from the ROV, and
it's going across the seafloor,
429
00:26:27,069 --> 00:26:28,669
the shapes suddenly
pop into view,
430
00:26:28,671 --> 00:26:30,203
and it's incredibly distinctive.
431
00:26:30,205 --> 00:26:31,871
So there's a great moment
of excitement
432
00:26:31,873 --> 00:26:34,908
as these objects are first seen.
433
00:26:34,910 --> 00:26:38,145
NARRATOR: They discover
a truly astonishing shape
434
00:26:38,147 --> 00:26:40,347
300 feet down.
435
00:26:44,120 --> 00:26:45,419
CAMPBELL: These are
the rarest artifacts
436
00:26:45,421 --> 00:26:47,721
we have from antiquity.
437
00:26:50,759 --> 00:26:52,660
NARRATOR: So what is it?
438
00:26:56,032 --> 00:26:58,899
Using the data gathered
by the expedition,
439
00:26:58,901 --> 00:27:02,436
it's possible to pull the plug
on the Mediterranean,
440
00:27:02,438 --> 00:27:05,906
emptying the waters from
around the coast of Sicily.
441
00:27:05,908 --> 00:27:10,910
The mysterious object on the
seabed comes clearly into view.
442
00:27:10,912 --> 00:27:14,247
It's three feet wide
and made of metal.
443
00:27:14,249 --> 00:27:18,251
Its jagged edges suggest
a deadly purpose.
444
00:27:18,253 --> 00:27:21,855
SCOTT: So these are
bronze battering rams.
445
00:27:21,857 --> 00:27:25,459
They would have been attached
to the front of a ship,
446
00:27:25,461 --> 00:27:27,194
and this was the main method
447
00:27:27,196 --> 00:27:31,264
of attacking and destroying
ships in antiquity.
448
00:27:31,266 --> 00:27:33,400
NARRATOR: Rams are
the superweapons
449
00:27:33,402 --> 00:27:36,203
of ancient naval warfare.
450
00:27:36,205 --> 00:27:40,073
The large vertical fin is
like a splitting axe,
451
00:27:40,075 --> 00:27:43,076
and the horizontal fins
are like blades,
452
00:27:43,078 --> 00:27:46,146
to slice through
an enemy ship's timbers.
453
00:27:46,148 --> 00:27:47,748
SCOTT: You didn't
have cannon fire,
454
00:27:47,750 --> 00:27:50,417
there were no kind of guns
a la Pirates of the Caribbean
455
00:27:50,419 --> 00:27:51,719
or anything like that.
456
00:27:51,721 --> 00:27:53,620
The only way to take down
the enemy ship
457
00:27:53,622 --> 00:27:56,156
was to smash a massive hole
in the middle of it
458
00:27:56,158 --> 00:27:57,624
and let it sink to the bottom,
459
00:27:57,626 --> 00:27:59,760
and the only way of doing that
was to ram it.
460
00:27:59,762 --> 00:28:04,431
(crashing)
461
00:28:04,433 --> 00:28:05,799
NARRATOR: A closer look reveals
462
00:28:05,801 --> 00:28:08,435
that this ram is
battle-damaged,
463
00:28:08,437 --> 00:28:10,771
its metal edges
broken and distorted
464
00:28:10,773 --> 00:28:12,873
by a violent collision.
465
00:28:15,711 --> 00:28:17,110
MURRAY: In one episode
466
00:28:17,112 --> 00:28:20,447
we're told that the men
up in a forward tower
467
00:28:20,449 --> 00:28:23,183
were literally catapulted
out of the tower
468
00:28:23,185 --> 00:28:26,019
and into the sea
after a ram strike.
469
00:28:29,825 --> 00:28:32,059
And we're told that it was
an effective ram strike,
470
00:28:32,061 --> 00:28:36,196
because as the ancient author
wrote, 'Bronze hit bronze.'
471
00:28:42,738 --> 00:28:46,673
NARRATOR: And this isn't
the only discovery.
472
00:28:46,675 --> 00:28:49,142
Based on data from the survey,
473
00:28:49,144 --> 00:28:51,812
draining away more
of the Mediterranean
474
00:28:51,814 --> 00:28:54,815
reveals a remarkable pattern.
475
00:28:54,817 --> 00:28:57,017
Ten more rams, scattered
476
00:28:57,019 --> 00:28:59,953
across two square miles.
477
00:28:59,955 --> 00:29:02,890
More than enough
to convince historians
478
00:29:02,892 --> 00:29:06,326
that an important naval battle
took place here.
479
00:29:08,163 --> 00:29:12,032
But is it the legendary
Battle of the Egadi Islands
480
00:29:12,034 --> 00:29:14,034
described by Polybius?
481
00:29:16,372 --> 00:29:20,340
An unlikely piece of evidence
may hold the answer.
482
00:29:22,445 --> 00:29:27,281
A single amphora storage jar,
found near one of the rams.
483
00:29:29,652 --> 00:29:32,185
By analyzing its shape
484
00:29:32,187 --> 00:29:37,691
archaeologists can narrow down
when and where it was made.
485
00:29:37,693 --> 00:29:41,929
It's like finding
a black box recorder.
486
00:29:41,931 --> 00:29:45,065
The team believes the amphora
is Carthaginian
487
00:29:45,067 --> 00:29:48,334
and dates
to the 3rd century BC,
488
00:29:48,336 --> 00:29:53,740
the same period as the Battle
of the Egadi Islands.
489
00:29:53,742 --> 00:29:57,344
The historian Polybius
describes how the Carthaginians
490
00:29:57,346 --> 00:30:02,049
are carrying supplies for
their soldiers in Sicily.
491
00:30:02,051 --> 00:30:06,753
Could this amphora
be part of that cargo?
492
00:30:06,755 --> 00:30:08,755
POLYBIUS: The plan was to cross
to Mount Erice,
493
00:30:08,757 --> 00:30:12,559
unobserved by the enemy,
and offload the stores.
494
00:30:12,561 --> 00:30:15,161
Then take on soldiers
in the lightened ships
495
00:30:15,163 --> 00:30:17,130
and engage the enemy.
496
00:30:19,034 --> 00:30:22,269
NARRATOR: But the Carthaginians
never make it.
497
00:30:22,271 --> 00:30:25,305
Compelling evidence
from the drained seabed
498
00:30:25,307 --> 00:30:29,776
now indicates this is
where it all happened.
499
00:30:29,778 --> 00:30:32,378
MURRAY: A number of rams line up
and give us a bearing
500
00:30:32,380 --> 00:30:35,182
that makes some sense,
501
00:30:35,184 --> 00:30:38,051
and that's fascinating,
that is exciting.
502
00:30:38,053 --> 00:30:40,186
NARRATOR: The words
of an ancient historian
503
00:30:40,188 --> 00:30:42,789
and the evidence
of modern technology
504
00:30:42,791 --> 00:30:46,126
both point
to the same conclusion:
505
00:30:46,128 --> 00:30:50,497
this is the site of the Battle
of the Egadi Islands.
506
00:30:52,535 --> 00:30:54,601
MURRAY: It was an important
enough event for the Romans
507
00:30:54,603 --> 00:30:56,003
that they remembered the date.
508
00:30:56,005 --> 00:30:58,605
It was actually written down
in a calendar somewhere,
509
00:30:58,607 --> 00:31:02,809
and we know that it occurred
on 10 March, 241 BC.
510
00:31:05,881 --> 00:31:09,483
This is not your typical naval
battle where both sides prepare.
511
00:31:09,485 --> 00:31:11,785
This was a battle
of opportunity.
512
00:31:14,222 --> 00:31:17,691
NARRATOR: The Carthaginians,
still laden with supplies,
513
00:31:17,693 --> 00:31:21,495
head for shore believing
the coast is clear.
514
00:31:23,765 --> 00:31:26,833
But the Romans keep dozens
of their ships hidden
515
00:31:26,835 --> 00:31:29,036
behind one of the islands.
516
00:31:29,038 --> 00:31:32,305
It's a huge ambush.
517
00:31:32,307 --> 00:31:35,509
MURRAY: The lookouts spied the
Carthaginian ships coming in,
518
00:31:35,511 --> 00:31:38,311
and as the Carthaginians saw
the Romans in front of them,
519
00:31:38,313 --> 00:31:41,982
they had one of these
'Oh, no!' moments.
520
00:31:41,984 --> 00:31:44,384
CAMPBELL: So we're talking about
tens of thousands of men
521
00:31:44,386 --> 00:31:45,986
on board these ships,
522
00:31:45,988 --> 00:31:47,988
and they would have lined up
across from each other
523
00:31:47,990 --> 00:31:49,656
in lines of battle,
524
00:31:49,658 --> 00:31:51,191
headed toward each other
at a great rate,
525
00:31:51,193 --> 00:31:53,260
and smashed into each other
head-to-head.
526
00:31:55,831 --> 00:31:59,533
(crashing)
527
00:31:59,535 --> 00:32:03,103
(men yelling)
528
00:32:05,274 --> 00:32:09,843
NARRATOR: Polybius describes
what happened next.
529
00:32:09,845 --> 00:32:12,746
POLYBIUS: Before long,
they were defeated.
530
00:32:12,748 --> 00:32:15,515
50 of the Carthaginians' ships
were sunk,
531
00:32:15,517 --> 00:32:18,218
and 70 captured
with their crews,
532
00:32:18,220 --> 00:32:22,989
while the prisoners
numbered almost 10,000.
533
00:32:22,991 --> 00:32:26,960
NARRATOR: Another discovery on
the seabed is a stark reminder
534
00:32:26,962 --> 00:32:31,965
that this epic victory came
at a high price in human life.
535
00:32:37,305 --> 00:32:42,009
This is the last resting place
of thousands of brave men.
536
00:32:45,180 --> 00:32:47,781
And it has been judged
so important
537
00:32:47,783 --> 00:32:52,653
that its exact location
must remain secret.
538
00:32:52,655 --> 00:32:54,054
CAMPBELL: There's nothing else
really like this.
539
00:32:54,056 --> 00:32:55,455
It's the first
ancient battle site
540
00:32:55,457 --> 00:32:57,057
that's ever been discovered.
541
00:32:57,059 --> 00:33:00,594
It's just an incredible
debris field.
542
00:33:00,596 --> 00:33:02,729
SCOTT: The Battle of the Egadi
Islands was the turning point,
543
00:33:02,731 --> 00:33:08,602
when a Roman fleet managed
to absolutely trounce
544
00:33:08,604 --> 00:33:11,605
a Carthaginian fleet at sea.
545
00:33:11,607 --> 00:33:13,206
CAMPBELL: This was
the defining battle
546
00:33:13,208 --> 00:33:17,878
where Rome went from a regional
power to a superpower.
547
00:33:17,880 --> 00:33:20,346
NARRATOR: The struggle between
Rome and Carthage
548
00:33:20,348 --> 00:33:23,416
would last for another century.
549
00:33:23,418 --> 00:33:26,620
But victory here
set Rome on a path
550
00:33:26,622 --> 00:33:33,293
to shaping the destiny of
Europe for the next 700 years.
551
00:33:33,295 --> 00:33:36,229
As the last of its water
runs away,
552
00:33:36,231 --> 00:33:40,100
the Mediterranean reveals
a final secret.
553
00:33:40,102 --> 00:33:43,704
What can draining
the Bay of Naples teach us
554
00:33:43,706 --> 00:33:48,775
about the glory and the
decadence of the Roman Empire?
555
00:33:51,729 --> 00:33:53,663
NARRATOR: 2,000 years ago
556
00:33:53,665 --> 00:33:57,667
Rome has grown far beyond
its Italian homeland.
557
00:33:57,669 --> 00:34:00,604
Its legions control a vast area
558
00:34:00,606 --> 00:34:03,940
from North Africa
to Northern Europe,
559
00:34:03,942 --> 00:34:07,076
from Spain to the Black Sea,
560
00:34:07,078 --> 00:34:10,814
and the Roman navy dominates
the Mediterranean,
561
00:34:10,816 --> 00:34:14,618
from its port next
to the city of Baiae
562
00:34:14,620 --> 00:34:17,521
in the shadow
of mighty Vesuvius.
563
00:34:20,092 --> 00:34:25,161
Baiae earns a reputation as
the Sin City of Ancient Rome.
564
00:34:25,163 --> 00:34:28,965
It's famous for debauchery
and excess.
565
00:34:31,570 --> 00:34:36,639
But what really went on
in this seaside party town?
566
00:34:36,641 --> 00:34:41,378
And why does so much of it lie
abandoned beneath the waves?
567
00:34:44,182 --> 00:34:48,585
Now, marine archaeologist
Jon Henderson is exploring
568
00:34:48,587 --> 00:34:51,354
the secrets
of this sunken city.
569
00:34:53,692 --> 00:34:56,393
Starting with
the huge harbor walls
570
00:34:56,395 --> 00:34:59,229
that once surrounded
the city's port.
571
00:35:01,099 --> 00:35:03,600
HENDERSON: These are built
by the Romans.
572
00:35:03,602 --> 00:35:06,002
They were incredible engineers.
573
00:35:06,004 --> 00:35:08,137
You can still see
the artificial construction
574
00:35:08,139 --> 00:35:10,206
of this very clearly.
575
00:35:10,208 --> 00:35:14,144
You can see the brickwork,
overlapping bricks.
576
00:35:14,146 --> 00:35:15,745
Amazing!
577
00:35:19,885 --> 00:35:23,553
NARRATOR: Beyond the port walls
lie magnificent villas
578
00:35:23,555 --> 00:35:27,523
where Roman emperors
host lavish parties.
579
00:35:27,525 --> 00:35:29,292
HENDERSON: Look at this.
580
00:35:29,294 --> 00:35:34,096
This is a mosaic floor
of one of the bath houses.
581
00:35:34,098 --> 00:35:36,165
Looks like it was
just done yesterday.
582
00:35:36,167 --> 00:35:38,434
It's phenomenal!
583
00:35:38,436 --> 00:35:40,904
Absolutely amazing!
584
00:35:44,008 --> 00:35:46,109
This is called the nymphaeum.
585
00:35:46,111 --> 00:35:48,111
It's actually
an elaborate dining room
586
00:35:48,113 --> 00:35:49,946
for the Emperor Claudius.
587
00:35:49,948 --> 00:35:51,715
You can imagine people
eating food
588
00:35:51,717 --> 00:35:54,250
surrounded by
these water nymphs.
589
00:35:54,252 --> 00:35:58,188
It was built to entertain the
emperor's most honored guests.
590
00:36:01,360 --> 00:36:02,592
Well, one of the things
I'm interested in
591
00:36:02,594 --> 00:36:04,327
is actually the scale
of the site.
592
00:36:04,329 --> 00:36:07,731
Much of the focus has been on
the resort area of Baiae itself.
593
00:36:07,733 --> 00:36:09,131
But on the margins of the site
594
00:36:09,133 --> 00:36:11,601
there are constantly
new areas coming up.
595
00:36:11,603 --> 00:36:16,406
(music)
596
00:36:16,408 --> 00:36:18,008
That's it, slow it down.
597
00:36:21,646 --> 00:36:23,547
There's a lot down there.
598
00:36:25,550 --> 00:36:28,951
NARRATOR: So why did the Romans
lavish so much wealth
599
00:36:28,953 --> 00:36:33,290
on building
a pleasure city here?
600
00:36:33,292 --> 00:36:35,057
HENDERSON:
The Romans came to Baiae
601
00:36:35,059 --> 00:36:39,029
because of the lovely maritime
climate and the thermal springs.
602
00:36:39,031 --> 00:36:41,097
But Baiae was also
a very important port,
603
00:36:41,099 --> 00:36:42,231
it's a natural port,
604
00:36:42,233 --> 00:36:43,767
it's one of the best ports
605
00:36:43,769 --> 00:36:47,437
on the western coast of Italy
at the time.
606
00:36:47,439 --> 00:36:49,773
NARRATOR: Wealth brought
pleasure and excess
607
00:36:49,775 --> 00:36:53,576
to this Las Vegas
of the Roman world.
608
00:36:53,578 --> 00:36:55,745
HENDERSON: There were parties,
there was drinking,
609
00:36:55,747 --> 00:36:58,048
it was a place
to get prostitutes,
610
00:36:58,050 --> 00:37:01,251
and writers at the time referred
to it as 'a harbor of vice'
611
00:37:01,253 --> 00:37:04,587
or 'a vortex of luxury.'
612
00:37:04,589 --> 00:37:07,323
NARRATOR: The famous
Roman philosopher Seneca
613
00:37:07,325 --> 00:37:10,994
is appalled by what he finds.
614
00:37:10,996 --> 00:37:14,530
SENECA: Baiae is a place
to be avoided.
615
00:37:14,532 --> 00:37:17,733
People wandering drunk
along the beach,
616
00:37:17,735 --> 00:37:21,003
the riotous reveling
of sailing parties,
617
00:37:21,005 --> 00:37:24,741
the lakes noisy with singing.
618
00:37:24,743 --> 00:37:28,612
NARRATOR: But time is running
out for this party town.
619
00:37:30,815 --> 00:37:34,150
Gradually many of its most
impressive public buildings
620
00:37:34,152 --> 00:37:37,821
and private villas are
lost beneath the waves.
621
00:37:41,093 --> 00:37:44,294
What happened?
622
00:37:44,296 --> 00:37:47,029
Based on detailed
sonar scanning,
623
00:37:47,031 --> 00:37:51,734
draining away the Mediterranean
begins to reveal the real story
624
00:37:51,736 --> 00:37:56,039
of the rise and fall of Baiae.
625
00:37:56,041 --> 00:38:00,510
It exposes just how much of
the city fell under the waves.
626
00:38:00,512 --> 00:38:04,714
430 acres of streets, shops,
627
00:38:04,716 --> 00:38:07,851
warehouses, and luxury villas.
628
00:38:10,321 --> 00:38:14,590
Draining beyond the town
uncovers the reason--
629
00:38:14,592 --> 00:38:16,860
an extraordinary landscape,
630
00:38:16,862 --> 00:38:20,997
shaped by powerful
underground forces.
631
00:38:20,999 --> 00:38:26,535
The whole town sits inside
the shallow crater
632
00:38:26,537 --> 00:38:29,672
of a giant volcano.
633
00:38:29,674 --> 00:38:31,207
HENDERSON:
You hear about Naples,
634
00:38:31,209 --> 00:38:33,409
people talk about Vesuvius,
they don't seem to realize that
635
00:38:33,411 --> 00:38:38,481
the whole western Bay of Naples
itself is a massive volcano.
636
00:38:38,483 --> 00:38:42,619
We're actually standing
in a volcano now.
637
00:38:42,621 --> 00:38:45,488
NARRATOR: The people of Baiae
may not understand
638
00:38:45,490 --> 00:38:50,293
the unpredictable forces
stirring beneath them.
639
00:38:50,295 --> 00:38:53,363
DOUGAL JERRAM: And we know
we're sat on a volcano.
640
00:38:53,365 --> 00:38:55,231
But it's not
your normal volcano.
641
00:38:55,233 --> 00:39:00,503
It's this much larger and much
more complex volcanic system.
642
00:39:00,505 --> 00:39:03,306
NARRATOR: There's remarkable
evidence of its restless power
643
00:39:03,308 --> 00:39:08,144
three miles away, across the
bay in the Temple of Serapis.
644
00:39:11,183 --> 00:39:13,315
JERRAM: It's really when you
get into the Roman ruins
645
00:39:13,317 --> 00:39:15,051
that you can see
what's going on.
646
00:39:15,053 --> 00:39:16,252
You have to look closely,
though.
647
00:39:16,254 --> 00:39:18,254
If you look up
at the column behind me,
648
00:39:18,256 --> 00:39:19,589
you'll see in the middle part
649
00:39:19,591 --> 00:39:21,991
it's got this strange
texture to it.
650
00:39:21,993 --> 00:39:24,828
Lots and lots of holes in it.
651
00:39:24,830 --> 00:39:26,462
There's even bits of shell
on this.
652
00:39:26,464 --> 00:39:29,064
This is a stone-boring
marine mollusk.
653
00:39:29,066 --> 00:39:33,403
That tells me that this stuff
has been under the sea.
654
00:39:33,405 --> 00:39:34,871
Time enough for those mollusks
655
00:39:34,873 --> 00:39:36,473
to get to grips
with the columns.
656
00:39:36,475 --> 00:39:39,008
But look now,
these columns are in place,
657
00:39:39,010 --> 00:39:41,411
and look where those
marker horizons are now.
658
00:39:41,413 --> 00:39:43,612
That's like a tide
on the side of a bath
659
00:39:43,614 --> 00:39:45,815
telling you where
the sea level was.
660
00:39:45,817 --> 00:39:49,419
So we know that this has been
dropped under the sea,
661
00:39:49,421 --> 00:39:51,654
and it's now risen above.
662
00:39:51,656 --> 00:39:53,890
NARRATOR: Can draining
the waters of the bay
663
00:39:53,892 --> 00:39:57,426
even further explain why
this ancient landscape
664
00:39:57,428 --> 00:40:01,764
is constantly rising
and falling,
665
00:40:01,766 --> 00:40:06,936
and finally show why the Romans
lost their Sin City?
666
00:40:12,477 --> 00:40:16,813
NARRATOR: Baiae,
once a major Roman port,
667
00:40:16,815 --> 00:40:21,951
lies half-submerged amid
a volcanic landscape.
668
00:40:21,953 --> 00:40:25,855
(music)
669
00:40:25,857 --> 00:40:28,224
Jon Henderson has been
exploring the area
670
00:40:28,226 --> 00:40:31,027
beneath the waves,
671
00:40:31,029 --> 00:40:35,865
and he finds a telltale sign
of the power at work here.
672
00:40:35,867 --> 00:40:37,100
HENDERSON: So we've got
all these bubbles
673
00:40:37,102 --> 00:40:39,735
are coming out of the ground,
674
00:40:39,737 --> 00:40:43,640
all this hot air coming up
from the seabed.
675
00:40:46,711 --> 00:40:50,580
You really get a sense here
of the power that's underneath,
676
00:40:50,582 --> 00:40:53,716
waiting to burst out.
677
00:40:53,718 --> 00:40:57,320
Hot water piling out
of the ground under the sea.
678
00:40:59,057 --> 00:41:01,991
I've never seen
anything like this.
679
00:41:01,993 --> 00:41:04,594
NARRATOR: These underwater
vents are superheated
680
00:41:04,596 --> 00:41:07,797
by molten rock
from the volcano below,
681
00:41:07,799 --> 00:41:11,267
evidence that the forces
stirring under Baiae
682
00:41:11,269 --> 00:41:13,803
are highly active.
683
00:41:13,805 --> 00:41:16,940
Locals call the area
Campi Flegri,
684
00:41:16,942 --> 00:41:19,942
the Fields of Fire.
685
00:41:19,944 --> 00:41:23,279
Now, for the first time,
draining the water
686
00:41:23,281 --> 00:41:29,219
from the entire bay exposes
an extraordinary site.
687
00:41:29,221 --> 00:41:34,724
24 separate volcanoes
nesting inside the crater.
688
00:41:36,761 --> 00:41:40,930
It spans an incredible
38 square miles.
689
00:41:43,067 --> 00:41:45,234
But geologists here
have been mapping
690
00:41:45,236 --> 00:41:48,771
deep inside the Earth itself.
691
00:41:48,773 --> 00:41:52,041
Now, draining not only
the Mediterranean,
692
00:41:52,043 --> 00:41:56,212
but looking deep into
the layers of rock below it,
693
00:41:56,214 --> 00:41:59,716
reveals a fantastical sight.
694
00:41:59,718 --> 00:42:02,985
Giant cauldrons of
superheated molten rock,
695
00:42:02,987 --> 00:42:05,354
known as a magma chambers,
696
00:42:05,356 --> 00:42:09,659
that slowly empty and fill
over centuries.
697
00:42:09,661 --> 00:42:13,196
Evidence that this
huge volcanic system
698
00:42:13,198 --> 00:42:16,799
is still very much alive.
699
00:42:16,801 --> 00:42:18,534
HENDERSON: Basically you've got
magma chambers
700
00:42:18,536 --> 00:42:21,604
sitting under the sea, which
operate almost like bellows.
701
00:42:21,606 --> 00:42:24,473
When they fill full of lava,
the ground goes up,
702
00:42:24,475 --> 00:42:26,542
and then when they empty again
the ground goes down,
703
00:42:26,544 --> 00:42:29,211
and this process is
going on constantly.
704
00:42:29,213 --> 00:42:32,548
NARRATOR: It's as if the land
within the Campi Flegri crater
705
00:42:32,550 --> 00:42:35,618
itself is breathing.
706
00:42:37,088 --> 00:42:38,487
SCOTT: You feel like
you're standing
707
00:42:38,489 --> 00:42:42,892
on some kind of giant's chest.
708
00:42:42,894 --> 00:42:47,696
You feel minute compared
to the giant tectonic forces
709
00:42:47,698 --> 00:42:49,699
that are creating
the world around you.
710
00:42:49,701 --> 00:42:51,166
NARRATOR: The damage caused
711
00:42:51,168 --> 00:42:53,903
by these breathing
chambers of magma
712
00:42:53,905 --> 00:42:58,307
coincides with the decline
of the Roman Empire.
713
00:42:58,309 --> 00:43:01,978
As part of the city slides
beneath the Mediterranean,
714
00:43:01,980 --> 00:43:06,582
the population shrinks
and the parties end;
715
00:43:06,584 --> 00:43:10,453
Sin City is no more.
716
00:43:12,724 --> 00:43:15,925
Today, the scientists studying
the landscape here
717
00:43:15,927 --> 00:43:18,728
believe that pressures
in the magma chambers
718
00:43:18,730 --> 00:43:20,929
are increasing once again,
719
00:43:20,931 --> 00:43:23,999
and that could have
catastrophic consequences
720
00:43:24,001 --> 00:43:27,804
for the millions of people
living close by.
721
00:43:27,806 --> 00:43:29,505
JERRAM: We know
it's an active system.
722
00:43:29,507 --> 00:43:31,341
So one of the interesting
problems we have
723
00:43:31,343 --> 00:43:34,744
with something the size
of Campi Flegri is,
724
00:43:34,746 --> 00:43:39,214
is it going to erupt big or
is it going to erupt small?
725
00:43:39,216 --> 00:43:43,252
NARRATOR:
Big could mean very big.
726
00:43:45,490 --> 00:43:50,593
In AD 79,
nearby Vesuvius erupts.
727
00:43:50,595 --> 00:43:54,864
It destroys
the city of Pompeii.
728
00:43:54,866 --> 00:43:59,769
Thousands of people burn to
death or choke on volcanic ash.
729
00:44:02,040 --> 00:44:04,406
But scientists know
the volcanic system
730
00:44:04,408 --> 00:44:08,111
feeding the Fields of Fire
is far larger
731
00:44:08,113 --> 00:44:12,281
and far more powerful
than Vesuvius.
732
00:44:12,283 --> 00:44:14,983
And with so many people
living nearby,
733
00:44:14,985 --> 00:44:17,320
it's vital to keep a close eye
734
00:44:17,322 --> 00:44:22,158
on the breathing giant
beneath them.
735
00:44:22,160 --> 00:44:23,226
JERRAM: It's even more critical
736
00:44:23,228 --> 00:44:25,360
that we monitor
volcanoes like this,
737
00:44:25,362 --> 00:44:27,163
and that's because we're verging
738
00:44:27,165 --> 00:44:30,133
on the side of what we call
a supervolcano.
739
00:44:30,135 --> 00:44:33,069
NARRATOR: Even the smallest
changes in the ground level,
740
00:44:33,071 --> 00:44:36,606
or its temperature, could be
a vital warning sign
741
00:44:36,608 --> 00:44:42,045
that the unstoppable forces of
nature are about to turn ugly.
742
00:44:43,748 --> 00:44:45,148
JERRAM: If we had an eruption
743
00:44:45,150 --> 00:44:47,817
where these multiple craters
evacuated,
744
00:44:47,819 --> 00:44:50,152
it would be devastating.
745
00:44:50,154 --> 00:44:54,290
It would essentially
flatten this area.
746
00:44:54,292 --> 00:44:58,294
NARRATOR: The eruption could be
almost ten times more powerful
747
00:44:58,296 --> 00:45:02,398
than the one at Santorini that
shattered the Minoan world.
748
00:45:02,400 --> 00:45:07,937
(music)
749
00:45:07,939 --> 00:45:10,239
Vast amounts
of volcanic material
750
00:45:10,241 --> 00:45:12,975
would be ejected
into the atmosphere,
751
00:45:12,977 --> 00:45:17,580
blocking out the sunlight.
752
00:45:17,582 --> 00:45:19,982
Global temperatures
would plummet
753
00:45:19,984 --> 00:45:22,585
with devastating consequences.
754
00:45:26,591 --> 00:45:30,092
New scanning technology
reveals remarkable evidence
755
00:45:30,094 --> 00:45:34,263
lying hidden beneath the waters
of the Mediterranean.
756
00:45:34,265 --> 00:45:36,265
The raw forces of nature
757
00:45:36,267 --> 00:45:39,302
still shaping
this volcanic landscape.
758
00:45:41,372 --> 00:45:47,009
Priceless evidence of the trade
that drove the ancient world,
759
00:45:47,011 --> 00:45:52,648
and an epic battle that changed
the course of history.
60441
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