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{\an7}Bettany Hughes: ANCIENT ROME:
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00:00:02,469 --> 00:00:04,905
{\an7}ONE OF THE GREATEST SUPERPOWERS
IN HISTORY
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00:00:04,938 --> 00:00:08,909
{\an7}\h\hWHOSE FAR-REACHING LEGACY
CONTINUES TO SHAPE OUR LIVES.
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00:00:08,942 --> 00:00:11,044
{\an7}FOR CLOSE ON 1,000 YEARS,
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00:00:11,078 --> 00:00:14,381
{\an7}THE ROMANS DOMINATED
\h\hTHE KNOWN WORLD.
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00:00:14,414 --> 00:00:17,384
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHEIRS WAS
AN EXTRAORDINARY EMPIRE
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00:00:17,417 --> 00:00:18,785
{\an7}THAT HERALDED AN AGE
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00:00:18,819 --> 00:00:22,222
{\an7}OF UNPRECEDENTED PROSPERITY
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND STABILITY,
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00:00:22,256 --> 00:00:26,660
{\an7}BUT THAT ALSO RULED THROUGH
\h\hVIOLENCE AND OPPRESSION.
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00:00:26,693 --> 00:00:27,761
{\an7}[THUNDER]
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00:00:27,794 --> 00:00:30,897
{\an7}ROME’S RISE TO GREATNESS
\h\h\hWASN’T INEVITABLE;
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00:00:30,931 --> 00:00:33,534
{\an7}\hITS EPIC HISTORY
WAS OFTEN DECIDED
13
00:00:33,567 --> 00:00:36,637
{\an7}BY SINGLE CRITICAL MOMENTS.
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00:00:36,670 --> 00:00:37,604
{\an7}[YELLING]
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00:00:37,638 --> 00:00:38,839
{\an7}[GASP]
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00:00:38,872 --> 00:00:43,009
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN THIS SERIES
I’M EXPLORING EIGHT KEY DAYS
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00:00:43,043 --> 00:00:49,216
{\an7}THAT I BELIEVE HELP TO EXPLAIN
\h\hROME’S REMARKABLE SUCCESS.
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00:00:49,249 --> 00:00:50,851
{\an7}\h\h\h\hTO UNDERSTAND
THE FULL SIGNIFICANCE
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00:00:50,884 --> 00:00:52,085
{\an7}OF THESE EIGHT DAYS,
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00:00:52,119 --> 00:00:54,822
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hI’M TRAVELING
ACROSS THE ROMAN WORLD.
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00:00:54,855 --> 00:00:57,458
{\an7}I AM INCREDIBLY LUCKY
\h\h\h\hTO GET ACCESS
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00:00:57,491 --> 00:00:59,860
{\an7}TO THIS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE.
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00:00:59,893 --> 00:01:02,596
{\an7}EXAMINING REMARKABLE FINDS.
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00:01:02,629 --> 00:01:04,998
{\an7}\h\h\h\hMan: THE GERMANS
ARE DESCRIBED BY CAESAR
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00:01:05,032 --> 00:01:06,500
{\an7}AS KIND OF TERRORISTS.
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00:01:06,533 --> 00:01:07,801
{\an7}[CLANGING]
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00:01:07,834 --> 00:01:10,036
{\an7}Bettany: AND INVESTIGATING
\h\h\h\h\hTHE COMPLEXITIES
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00:01:10,070 --> 00:01:12,806
{\an7}OF WHAT IT WAS TO BE ROMAN.
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00:01:12,839 --> 00:01:15,075
{\an7}[SCREAMING]
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00:01:15,108 --> 00:01:17,944
{\an7}Man: POMPEY AND I
HAD AN AGREEMENT!
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00:01:17,978 --> 00:01:20,747
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBettany:
THIS IS THE DAY IN 49 B.C.
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00:01:20,781 --> 00:01:24,118
{\an7}\h\h\h\hWHEN JULIUS CAESAR
CROSSED THE RUBICON RIVER
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00:01:24,151 --> 00:01:26,286
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAT THE HEAD
OF HIS ALL-CONQUERING ARMY.
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00:01:27,721 --> 00:01:30,190
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hIT WAS THE START
OF A BLOODY REVOLUTION...
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00:01:30,223 --> 00:01:33,159
{\an7}\h\h\h\hMan: CICERO,
JOIN THE LIBERATORS.
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00:01:33,193 --> 00:01:34,661
{\an7}[SPLASHING]
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00:01:34,695 --> 00:01:37,498
{\an7}Bettany: THAT WOULD LEAD
\h\h\hTO THE DESTRUCTION
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00:01:37,531 --> 00:01:40,300
{\an7}OF ROME’S 500-YEAR-OLD REPUBLIC.
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00:01:48,909 --> 00:01:51,145
{\an7}GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR WAS BORN
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00:01:51,178 --> 00:01:54,281
{\an7}JUST A FEW HUNDRED YARDS
\hFROM HERE IN 100 B.C.,
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00:01:54,314 --> 00:01:56,883
{\an7}\h\h\hAT A TIME WHEN ROME
STILL REFERRED TO HERSELF
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00:01:56,917 --> 00:01:58,819
{\an7}AS A REPUBLIC.
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00:01:58,852 --> 00:02:03,190
{\an7}NOW, THE ROMANS WERE VERY PROUD
OF THEIR IDEAL OF LIBERTY,
44
00:02:03,223 --> 00:02:04,991
{\an7}AND THAT, AS A REPUBLIC,
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00:02:05,025 --> 00:02:08,095
{\an7}\h\h\h\hHER CITIZENS HAD
BOTH A VOICE AND A VOTE.
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00:02:09,363 --> 00:02:11,999
{\an7}RULE WAS, IN THEORY AT LEAST,
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00:02:12,032 --> 00:02:14,401
{\an7}"FOR THE PEOPLE."
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00:02:14,434 --> 00:02:18,138
{\an7}\h\h\h\hASSEMBLIES AND ELECTIONS
WERE OPEN TO ORDINARY CITIZENS,
49
00:02:18,171 --> 00:02:20,240
{\an7}BUT THE POWERFUL SENATE
50
00:02:20,273 --> 00:02:22,742
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWAS DOMINATED
BY A FEW ELITE FAMILIES.
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00:02:24,411 --> 00:02:28,248
{\an7}AS A REPUBLIC, ROME HAD GONE
\hFROM STRENGTH TO STRENGTH.
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00:02:29,383 --> 00:02:31,685
{\an7}BY THE 1st CENTURY B.C.,
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00:02:31,718 --> 00:02:35,822
{\an7}ROME WAS THE MOST POWERFUL STATE
IN THE ANCIENT WORLD.
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00:02:35,856 --> 00:02:37,157
{\an7}HER EMPIRE NOW STRETCHED
55
00:02:37,190 --> 00:02:39,693
{\an7}FROM WHAT IS NOW GREECE
\hAND TURKEY IN THE EAST
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00:02:39,726 --> 00:02:44,164
{\an7}\hACROSS NORTH AFRICA
TO SPAIN IN THE WEST.
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00:02:44,197 --> 00:02:47,033
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSHE’D DEFEATED
HER GREAT RIVAL CARTHAGE...
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00:02:47,067 --> 00:02:50,304
{\an7}Man: VICTORY FOR ROME!
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00:02:50,337 --> 00:02:53,807
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hBettany: AND OVERCOME
A SLAVE REVOLT LED BY SPARTACUS.
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00:02:55,208 --> 00:02:58,712
{\an7}BUT ROME’S VICTORIES
\h\hCAME AT A PRICE.
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00:02:58,745 --> 00:03:02,148
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hHER LUST FOR LAND
LED TO THE RISE OF ARMY GENERALS
62
00:03:02,182 --> 00:03:04,918
{\an7}WHO COULD DELIVER
FOREIGN CONQUESTS.
63
00:03:04,951 --> 00:03:06,586
{\an7}ENRICHED BY PLUNDER,
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00:03:06,620 --> 00:03:10,190
{\an7}\h\h\hTHESE MEN ACCUMULATED
DANGEROUS AMOUNTS OF POWER.
65
00:03:12,259 --> 00:03:16,764
{\an7}AND ONE STOOD HEAD AND SHOULDERS
ABOVE THE REST.
66
00:03:16,797 --> 00:03:18,299
{\an7}AS A GENERAL AND STATESMAN,
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00:03:18,331 --> 00:03:21,801
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hJULIUS CAESAR
WAS IN A CLASS OF HIS OWN--
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00:03:21,835 --> 00:03:24,638
{\an7}\h\hA MAN SAID TO HAVE
RAZOR-SHARP INTELLECT
69
00:03:24,671 --> 00:03:28,508
{\an7}AND A CLINICAL, STEELY
\hAMBITION TO SUCCEED.
70
00:03:31,078 --> 00:03:33,080
{\an7}CAESAR’S RISE WOULD CHALLENGE
71
00:03:33,113 --> 00:03:36,650
{\an7}\h\h\hTHE VERY EXISTENCE
OF THE REPUBLIC ITSELF.
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00:03:36,683 --> 00:03:39,819
{\an7}AT THIS CRUCIAL MOMENT
\h\hIN ROME’S HISTORY,
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00:03:39,853 --> 00:03:42,823
{\an7}THE CITY HAD A STARK CHOICE--
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00:03:42,856 --> 00:03:47,327
{\an7}TO STAY TRUE TO ITS PRINCIPLES
\h\h\h\h\hOF RULE BY THE MANY,
75
00:03:47,360 --> 00:03:48,895
{\an7}OR TO STAND BY AND WATCH
76
00:03:48,929 --> 00:03:53,500
{\an7}\h\h\hAS POWER WAS SUBVERTED
FOR THE BENEFIT OF THE FEW.
77
00:03:55,836 --> 00:03:59,740
{\an7}\h\hTHESE GROWING TENSIONS
WOULD REACH A CRISIS POINT
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00:03:59,773 --> 00:04:02,976
{\an7}ON WHAT WOULD PROVE TO BE
\h\h\h\h\hA MOMENTOUS DAY,
79
00:04:03,009 --> 00:04:05,578
{\an7}WHEN CAESAR CROSSED
\hTHE RUBICON RIVER,
80
00:04:05,612 --> 00:04:09,249
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hDECLARING WAR
ON THE REPUBLIC ITSELF.
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00:04:09,282 --> 00:04:12,285
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hI WANT TO EXPLORE
THE EVENTS AROUND THAT DAY--
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00:04:12,319 --> 00:04:13,887
{\an7}A MOMENT THAT WOULD HERALD
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00:04:13,920 --> 00:04:17,090
{\an7}THE TRANSFORMATION
\hOF THE REPUBLIC
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00:04:17,124 --> 00:04:21,228
{\an7}INTO AN EMPIRE RULED
\h\hBY A SINGLE MAN.
85
00:04:22,829 --> 00:04:26,533
{\an7}CAESAR FIRST MADE HIS NAME
\h\h\h\h\hAND HIS FORTUNE
86
00:04:26,566 --> 00:04:29,803
{\an7}WHEN HE LED THE PITILESS
\h\h\hINVASION OF GAUL,
87
00:04:29,836 --> 00:04:31,638
{\an7}A BLOODY MILITARY CAMPAIGN
88
00:04:31,671 --> 00:04:36,176
{\an7}THAT REACHED A TERRIBLE CLIMAX
\h\h\hIN TODAY’S NETHERLANDS.
89
00:04:36,209 --> 00:04:37,644
{\an7}WHEN GERMANIC TRIBES
90
00:04:37,677 --> 00:04:40,914
{\an7}\h\hCROSSED INTO CAESAR’S
NEWLY CONQUERED TERRITORY
91
00:04:40,947 --> 00:04:45,118
{\an7}\h\h\hWHAT FOLLOWED WAS ONE OF
THE MOST VICIOUS MASS KILLINGS
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00:04:45,152 --> 00:04:47,221
{\an7}IN ROMAN HISTORY.
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00:04:49,189 --> 00:04:52,092
{\an7}IN CAESAR’S ACCOUNT
OF THE GALLIC WARS,
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00:04:52,125 --> 00:04:53,994
{\an7}\h\h\hHE WRITES THAT
THE GERMANIC TRIBES
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00:04:54,027 --> 00:04:55,996
{\an7}BEGGED HIM FOR A TRUCE.
96
00:04:56,029 --> 00:04:57,664
{\an7}[YELLING]
97
00:04:57,697 --> 00:05:02,635
{\an7}\h\hINSTEAD, HE ORDERED
THAT THEY BE WIPED OUT--
98
00:05:02,669 --> 00:05:08,008
{\an7}A TASK HIS SOLDIERS CARRIED OUT
WITH RUTHLESS SAVAGERY.
99
00:05:08,041 --> 00:05:15,315
{\an7}[SCREAMING]
100
00:05:15,348 --> 00:05:17,884
{\an7}AT CAESAR’S SIDE,
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00:05:17,918 --> 00:05:20,587
{\an7}HIS LOYAL OFFICER, MARK ANTONY.
102
00:05:20,620 --> 00:05:22,555
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hMark Antony: THESE
REPRESENTATIVES OF THE PEOPLE
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00:05:22,589 --> 00:05:24,691
{\an7}HAVE COME TO TALK PEACE.
104
00:05:24,724 --> 00:05:28,928
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hCaesar: WE’LL HAVE TO
DISAPPOINT THEM, THEN, WON’T WE?
105
00:05:28,962 --> 00:05:34,501
{\an7}[SCREAMING]
106
00:05:36,036 --> 00:05:37,271
{\an7}Man: RUN!
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00:05:37,304 --> 00:05:39,339
{\an7}RUN INTO THE FOREST!
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00:05:39,372 --> 00:05:49,415
{\an7}♪
109
00:05:49,416 --> 00:05:54,755
{\an7}♪
110
00:06:01,027 --> 00:06:01,995
{\an7}[MAN GROANS]
111
00:06:02,028 --> 00:06:03,897
{\an7}[CHUCKLING]
112
00:06:03,930 --> 00:06:05,265
{\an7}Caesar: HA!
113
00:06:06,766 --> 00:06:07,900
{\an7}Bettany: CAESAR BOASTED
114
00:06:07,934 --> 00:06:11,704
{\an7}\h\h\h\hTHAT HIS TROOPS
ANNIHILATED THE TRIBES,
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00:06:11,738 --> 00:06:17,143
{\an7}KILLING AROUND 150,000 MEN,
\h\h\h\hWOMEN, AND CHILDREN.
116
00:06:18,044 --> 00:06:20,246
{\an7}[BABY CRYING]
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00:06:25,118 --> 00:06:26,686
{\an7}UP UNTIL NOW,
118
00:06:26,720 --> 00:06:29,690
{\an7}HISTORIANS HAVE HAD TO RELY
ON CAESAR’S WRITTEN ACCOUNT
119
00:06:29,723 --> 00:06:33,727
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAS THE ONLY PROOF
FOR THIS HORRIFYING EPISODE.
120
00:06:33,760 --> 00:06:37,097
{\an7}\h\h\hREMARKABLY, ARCHAEOLOGISTS
WORKING HERE IN THE NETHERLANDS
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00:06:37,130 --> 00:06:39,232
{\an7}BELIEVE THEY MAY HAVE IDENTIFIED
122
00:06:39,266 --> 00:06:41,735
{\an7}\h\h\h\hDIRECT EVIDENCE
OF THE EVENTS THAT DAY.
123
00:06:41,768 --> 00:06:44,237
{\an7}AND SOME OF THE KEY FINDS
\h\h\hARE BEING HELD HERE
124
00:06:44,271 --> 00:06:46,240
{\an7}IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM
\h\h\h\h\h\hIN LEIDEN.
125
00:06:47,641 --> 00:06:50,944
{\an7}THIS NEWLY DISCOVERED,
\h\hCHILLING EVIDENCE
126
00:06:50,977 --> 00:06:53,313
{\an7}\h\h\hWAS DREDGED FROM
THE NEARBY MAAS RIVER
127
00:06:53,346 --> 00:06:57,617
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND ANALYZED BY
ARCHAEOLOGIST NICO ROYMANS.
128
00:06:57,651 --> 00:06:59,853
{\an7}\h\hWHAT KIND OF EVIDENCE
HAVE YOU BEEN WORKING WITH
129
00:06:59,886 --> 00:07:01,788
{\an7}TO PIECE TOGETHER THIS STORY?
130
00:07:01,821 --> 00:07:04,557
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNico Roymans:
HERE YOU HAVE A FEW EXAMPLES.
131
00:07:04,591 --> 00:07:07,194
{\an7}YOU HAVE HERE A SKULL
\h\hOF AN ADULT PERSON
132
00:07:07,227 --> 00:07:08,862
{\an7}ABOUT 60 YEARS OLD,
133
00:07:08,895 --> 00:07:14,100
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWHERE THE FACE HERE
WAS CUT OFF BY ONE SWORD BLOW.
134
00:07:14,134 --> 00:07:17,871
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSO THAT’S REALLY
A MORTAL INJURY, I CAN TELL YOU.
135
00:07:17,904 --> 00:07:19,873
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBettany:
THAT’S HORRIFIC, ISN’T IT?
136
00:07:19,906 --> 00:07:22,008
{\an7}Nico: HERE, AN ADULT WOMAN
137
00:07:22,042 --> 00:07:25,846
{\an7}\h\h\hWITH A HOLE HERE
ABOVE ONE OF THE EYES,
138
00:07:25,879 --> 00:07:27,981
{\an7}CAUSED BY A ROMAN SPEAR HEAD.
139
00:07:28,014 --> 00:07:29,015
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBettany:
I MEAN, IT’S INTERESTING
140
00:07:29,049 --> 00:07:30,918
{\an7}THAT YOU’RE FINDING WOMEN HERE
141
00:07:30,951 --> 00:07:32,252
{\an7}\hBECAUSE WE HEAR
FROM THE ACCOUNTS
142
00:07:32,285 --> 00:07:35,288
{\an7}THAT WOMEN AND CHILDREN
\hWERE ALSO SLAUGHTERED.
143
00:07:35,322 --> 00:07:37,724
{\an7}\hNico: THAT’S EXACTLY
WHAT CAESAR DESCRIBES,
144
00:07:37,757 --> 00:07:40,760
{\an7}THAT HE TRIED TO SLAUGHTER
\hTHE COMPLETE POPULATION.
145
00:07:40,794 --> 00:07:42,963
{\an7}Bettany: HISTORICALLY
THIS IS VERY EXCITING
146
00:07:42,996 --> 00:07:44,331
{\an7}BECAUSE IT’S VERY RARE
147
00:07:44,364 --> 00:07:46,633
{\an7}THAT WE GET ARCHAEOLOGICAL
\h\h\h\hEVIDENCE LIKE THIS
148
00:07:46,666 --> 00:07:49,802
{\an7}ABSOLUTELY BUTTRESSING
IN A VERY PRECISE WAY
149
00:07:49,836 --> 00:07:51,604
{\an7}THE WRITTEN RECORD,
150
00:07:51,638 --> 00:07:55,008
{\an7}BUT EMOTIONALLY IT’S VERY HARD
\h\h\hTO LOOK AT SOME OF THIS
151
00:07:55,041 --> 00:07:57,911
{\an7}BECAUSE YOU GET A SENSE
\h\h\h\hOF THE FEROCITY
152
00:07:57,944 --> 00:07:59,946
{\an7}OF CAESAR AND HIS CAMPAIGN.
153
00:07:59,980 --> 00:08:04,751
{\an7}Nico: WHAT HE DID HERE IN THIS
NORTHERN FRINGE AREA OF GAUL,
154
00:08:04,784 --> 00:08:10,223
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHERE WAS CLEAR CASES
OF MASSACRES AND EVEN GENOCIDE.
155
00:08:10,256 --> 00:08:11,758
{\an7}Bettany: FINDS LIKE THESE
156
00:08:11,791 --> 00:08:14,727
{\an7}\h\h\h\hSHOULD MAKE US RE-DRAW
OUR MENTAL PICTURE OF CAESAR.
157
00:08:14,761 --> 00:08:18,064
{\an7}AS WELL AS BEING AN AMBITIOUS
\h\h\h\hAND BRILLIANT GENERAL,
158
00:08:18,098 --> 00:08:22,636
{\an7}\h\hHE WAS A BRUTAL
AND CALLOUS WARLORD.
159
00:08:22,669 --> 00:08:25,672
{\an7}TODAY HE’D BE CALLED
\h\hA WAR CRIMINAL.
160
00:08:25,705 --> 00:08:28,708
{\an7}\h\hHE DESTROYED HUNDREDS
OF TOWNS AND SETTLEMENTS,
161
00:08:28,742 --> 00:08:31,878
{\an7}\hENSLAVED AND KILLED
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS
162
00:08:31,911 --> 00:08:34,847
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND POSSIBLY
EVEN MILLIONS OF GAULS.
163
00:08:34,881 --> 00:08:39,085
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hWHAT CAESAR WANTED
WAS PERSONAL POWER AND GLORY,
164
00:08:39,119 --> 00:08:41,588
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSETTING HIM
ON A DIRECT COLLISION COURSE
165
00:08:41,621 --> 00:08:44,257
{\an7}\h\h\hWITH THE IDEALS
OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC.
166
00:08:46,359 --> 00:08:48,328
{\an7}ROME’S OVERSEAS CONQUESTS
167
00:08:48,361 --> 00:08:50,663
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hHAD PRODUCED
A NEW BREED OF GENERAL--
168
00:08:50,697 --> 00:08:54,334
{\an7}MEN WHOSE ENORMOUS
PERSONAL INFLUENCE
169
00:08:54,367 --> 00:08:55,702
{\an7}THREATENED TO DESTABILIZE
170
00:08:55,735 --> 00:08:58,504
{\an7}\hTHE ENTIRE SYSTEM
OF ROMAN GOVERNMENT.
171
00:08:58,538 --> 00:09:02,175
{\an7}\hTHREE IN PARTICULAR
WERE HUNGRY FOR POWER,
172
00:09:02,208 --> 00:09:04,077
{\an7}AND THE FOREMOST AMONGST THEM
173
00:09:04,110 --> 00:09:06,479
{\an7}WAS THE CONQUEROR OF GAUL,
174
00:09:06,513 --> 00:09:08,949
{\an7}JULIUS CAESAR.
175
00:09:08,982 --> 00:09:11,685
{\an7}\h\h\h\hA STATE WHOSE POLITICS
WERE SUPPOSED TO BE PLAYED OUT
176
00:09:11,718 --> 00:09:14,754
{\an7}\h\h\hIN THE PUBLIC SPACES
AND BUILDINGS OF THE FORUM
177
00:09:14,788 --> 00:09:17,190
{\an7}\h\hWAS ABOUT TO HAVE
ITS FUTURE THREATENED
178
00:09:17,223 --> 00:09:19,525
{\an7}BY A SLEAZY BACKROOM DEAL.
179
00:09:25,432 --> 00:09:28,602
{\an7}170 MILES NORTH OF THE CAPITAL,
180
00:09:28,635 --> 00:09:32,305
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hROME’S THREE
MOST POWERFUL CITIZENS MET
181
00:09:32,338 --> 00:09:34,140
{\an7}TO LAUNCH A CONSPIRACY
182
00:09:34,174 --> 00:09:37,778
{\an7}\h\h\hTO DIVIDE UP CONTROL
OF THE VAST ROMAN EMPIRE.
183
00:09:39,546 --> 00:09:44,551
{\an7}CALLING THE SHOTS,
\hCAESAR HIMSELF.
184
00:09:44,584 --> 00:09:46,286
{\an7}BEFORE HIM, CRASSUS,
185
00:09:46,319 --> 00:09:48,855
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hCOMMANDER
WHO DEFEATED SPARTACUS
186
00:09:48,888 --> 00:09:51,224
{\an7}AND THE RICHEST MAN IN ROME.
187
00:09:51,257 --> 00:09:52,558
{\an7}POMPEY THE GREAT,
188
00:09:52,592 --> 00:09:55,228
{\an7}\hA BRILLIANT GENERAL,
CONQUEROR OF THE EAST,
189
00:09:55,261 --> 00:09:58,131
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND HUSBAND
TO CAESAR’S DAUGHTER, JULIA.
190
00:10:04,037 --> 00:10:05,372
{\an7}[SLAM]
191
00:10:09,008 --> 00:10:11,677
{\an7}Caesar: SPAIN FOR YOU, POMPEY.
192
00:10:16,249 --> 00:10:18,985
{\an7}SYRIA FOR YOU, CRASSUS.
193
00:10:19,018 --> 00:10:21,854
{\an7}Crassus: SYRIA.
194
00:10:21,888 --> 00:10:24,657
{\an7}Caesar: MORE TRIUMPHS,
195
00:10:24,691 --> 00:10:27,627
{\an7}MORE TROPHIES,
196
00:10:27,660 --> 00:10:30,096
{\an7}MORE GOLD, CRASSUS.
197
00:10:30,130 --> 00:10:33,600
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hPompey:
HE DOESN’T NEED MORE GOLD.
198
00:10:33,633 --> 00:10:36,736
{\an7}Crassus: YOU DON’T NEED
\h\h\hANY MORE TRIUMPH.
199
00:10:38,571 --> 00:10:40,840
{\an7}Pompey: AND FOR YOU, CAESAR?
200
00:10:40,874 --> 00:10:44,311
{\an7}\h\h\hCaesar: THE EXTENSION
OF MY GOVERNORSHIP OF GAUL.
201
00:10:47,147 --> 00:10:49,716
{\an7}FIVE MORE YEARS,
202
00:10:49,749 --> 00:10:54,554
{\an7}SUPPORTED BY FRESH FINANCE
\h\h\h\h\hFROM THE SENATE.
203
00:10:54,587 --> 00:10:57,223
{\an7}Pompey: THE STUBBORN OLD DOGS
\hIN THE SENATE WILL FIGHT IT.
204
00:10:58,725 --> 00:11:02,495
{\an7}Caesar: THE STUBBORN OLD DOGS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF THE SENATE
205
00:11:02,529 --> 00:11:05,365
{\an7}\h\hWILL BE NO MATCH
FOR THE THREE OF US.
206
00:11:12,071 --> 00:11:14,307
{\an7}Bettany: THIS WAS A POWER GRAB,
207
00:11:14,340 --> 00:11:17,777
{\an7}A PLAN TO SEIZE CONTROL
\h\h\h\hOF THE REPUBLIC.
208
00:11:17,810 --> 00:11:19,512
{\an7}THREE OF THE RICHEST MEN
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN ROME,
209
00:11:19,546 --> 00:11:21,882
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hEACH AT THE HEAD
OF A BATTLE-HARDENED ARMY,
210
00:11:21,915 --> 00:11:25,852
{\an7}WORKING TOGETHER TO FURTHER
\h\h\h\hTHEIR OWN INTERESTS.
211
00:11:25,885 --> 00:11:30,790
{\an7}\hTRULY THE STUFF OF NIGHTMARES
FOR THE OLD ORDER IN THE SENATE.
212
00:11:30,823 --> 00:11:32,491
{\an7}[THUNDER]
213
00:11:32,525 --> 00:11:35,461
{\an7}NOW, THERE’S A RATHER BRILLIANT
THING ABOUT THE SITUATION HERE,
214
00:11:35,495 --> 00:11:37,530
{\an7}BECAUSE WE HAVE AN EYEWITNESS
215
00:11:37,564 --> 00:11:42,135
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hRIGHT AT THE HEART
OF THE ROMAN POLITICAL SYSTEM.
216
00:11:42,168 --> 00:11:44,804
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hHIS NAME WAS
MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO,
217
00:11:44,837 --> 00:11:47,506
{\an7}AND HE WASN’T JUST
ANY OLD OBSERVER,
218
00:11:47,540 --> 00:11:52,245
{\an7}\hBUT AN INCREDIBLY ASTUTE
AND PROLIFIC COMMENTATOR.
219
00:11:52,278 --> 00:11:55,381
{\an7}\h\h\hTHANKS TO HIS SPEECHES
AND HIS HUNDREDS OF LETTERS,
220
00:11:55,415 --> 00:11:57,284
{\an7}WE KNOW WHAT WAS GOING ON
221
00:11:57,317 --> 00:12:01,254
{\an7}\h\hAT THE ACTUAL TIME
THAT IT WAS HAPPENING.
222
00:12:01,287 --> 00:12:04,624
{\an7}\h\hCICERO CAME FROM
OBSCURE BEGINNINGS,
223
00:12:04,657 --> 00:12:06,225
{\an7}HERE IN ARPINO,
224
00:12:06,259 --> 00:12:09,395
{\an7}SOME 60 MILES SOUTH OF ROME.
225
00:12:09,429 --> 00:12:12,165
{\an7}DESPITE THE WAY HE’S BEEN
PORTRAYED IN THIS STATUE,
226
00:12:12,198 --> 00:12:15,068
{\an7}CICERO WASN’T A CONQUERING HERO.
227
00:12:15,101 --> 00:12:17,470
{\an7}\hHE WAS A LAWYER
AND A POLITICIAN,
228
00:12:17,503 --> 00:12:19,305
{\an7}ALTHOUGH HE WAS WIDELY REGARDED
229
00:12:19,339 --> 00:12:23,343
{\an7}AS THE VERY BEST ORATOR
\hIN THE WHOLE OF ROME.
230
00:12:23,376 --> 00:12:27,513
{\an7}BUT HIS POLITICAL INSTINCTS
\h\hWERE VERY CONSERVATIVE.
231
00:12:27,547 --> 00:12:31,651
{\an7}THE VALUES OF THE REPUBLIC
\hMEANT EVERYTHING TO HIM.
232
00:12:33,586 --> 00:12:35,588
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hHE WAS ALSO
ASTUTE ENOUGH TO KNOW
233
00:12:35,622 --> 00:12:38,558
{\an7}\h\h\h\hTHAT POLITICS
WAS A DANGEROUS GAME.
234
00:12:38,591 --> 00:12:41,360
{\an7}VIOLENCE WAS A CONSTANT THREAT
235
00:12:41,394 --> 00:12:44,230
{\an7}FROM MOBS LOYAL TO CAESAR
\h\h\h\h\hAND HIS ALLIES.
236
00:12:44,264 --> 00:12:46,833
{\an7}OPPOSE CAESAR, POMPEY,
\h\h\h\h\hOR CRASSUS,
237
00:12:46,866 --> 00:12:51,037
{\an7}\h\hAND YOU RISKED INTIMIDATION
OR SOMETIMES EVEN ASSASSINATION.
238
00:12:51,070 --> 00:12:54,707
{\an7}IT WAS SOMETHING THAT CICERO
\hHAD EXPERIENCED FIRST-HAND
239
00:12:54,741 --> 00:13:00,981
{\an7}\hWHEN HIS BELOVED HOME IN ROME
WAS RANSACKED BY A HOSTILE MOB.
240
00:13:05,685 --> 00:13:07,253
{\an7}SO CICERO FELT FORCED
241
00:13:07,287 --> 00:13:10,757
{\an7}TO PLEDGE HIS LOYALTY
TO THE THREE GENERALS.
242
00:13:10,790 --> 00:13:13,092
{\an7}BUT WHAT IS FASCINATING
243
00:13:13,126 --> 00:13:15,362
{\an7}IS THAT IF YOU READ
HIS PRIVATE LETTERS,
244
00:13:15,395 --> 00:13:20,400
{\an7}\h\h\hTHEN THESE REVEAL HIS REAL
HEARTFELT FEARS FOR THE FUTURE.
245
00:13:20,433 --> 00:13:23,169
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hHE WRITES
IN THE SUMMER OF 56 B.C.
246
00:13:23,202 --> 00:13:25,204
{\an7}TO HIS FRIEND ATTICUS:
247
00:13:25,238 --> 00:13:28,708
{\an7}"YOU WILL NOT BELIEVE
\h\h\h\hTHE TREACHERY
248
00:13:28,741 --> 00:13:30,843
{\an7}OF THESE, OUR ’LEADERS,’
249
00:13:30,877 --> 00:13:32,645
{\an7}AS THEY WOULD HAVE THEMSELVES.
250
00:13:32,679 --> 00:13:39,119
{\an7}\hFAREWELL TO STRAIGHT,
TRUE, HONEST POLITICS."
251
00:13:42,355 --> 00:13:45,592
{\an7}BUT THE GANG OF THREE’S
\h\h\hPOWER-SHARING PLOT
252
00:13:45,625 --> 00:13:47,160
{\an7}WAS SHORT-LIVED.
253
00:13:48,528 --> 00:13:52,232
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHE GREAT CRASSUS
MIGHT HAVE BEATEN SPARTACUS,
254
00:13:52,265 --> 00:13:55,502
{\an7}\h\h\h\hBUT OUT ON CAMPAIGN
AGAINST THE PARTHIAN EMPIRE,
255
00:13:55,535 --> 00:13:58,104
{\an7}HE WAS DEFEATED IN BATTLE.
256
00:13:58,137 --> 00:14:01,073
{\an7}30,000 OF HIS SOLDIERS WERE LOST
257
00:14:01,107 --> 00:14:03,376
{\an7}AND THE GENERAL HIMSELF
\h\hWAS TAKEN PRISONER.
258
00:14:13,019 --> 00:14:15,555
{\an7}Man: ARE YOU THIRSTY, ROMAN?
259
00:14:15,588 --> 00:14:19,025
{\an7}[GRUNTING]
260
00:14:21,861 --> 00:14:25,231
{\an7}[GRUNTING]
261
00:14:25,264 --> 00:14:26,632
{\an7}[SCREAMING]
262
00:14:26,666 --> 00:14:27,834
{\an7}[LAUGHING]
263
00:14:27,867 --> 00:14:30,737
{\an7}[SCREAMING AND SIZZLING]
264
00:14:30,770 --> 00:14:32,572
{\an7}[GAGGING]
265
00:14:32,605 --> 00:14:35,475
{\an7}[LAUGHING]
266
00:14:35,508 --> 00:14:37,677
{\an7}Bettany: LEGENDS ABOUT
THE USE OF MOLTEN GOLD
267
00:14:37,710 --> 00:14:39,979
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO MURDER
THE INFAMOUSLY WEALTHY CRASSUS
268
00:14:40,012 --> 00:14:44,083
{\an7}WERE RECORDED BY THE ROMAN
\h\hHISTORIAN CASSIUS DIO.
269
00:14:44,117 --> 00:14:45,485
{\an7}WITH CRASSUS GONE,
270
00:14:45,518 --> 00:14:48,488
{\an7}THE GANG OF THREE’S DEAL
\hWAS DEAD IN THE WATER.
271
00:14:50,490 --> 00:14:53,660
{\an7}\hCAESAR ACTED SWIFTLY
TO SHORE UP HIS POWER,
272
00:14:53,693 --> 00:14:54,761
{\an7}PUTTING HIMSELF FORWARD
273
00:14:54,794 --> 00:14:57,730
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hFOR THE HIGHEST
POLITICAL OFFICE IN ROME,
274
00:14:57,764 --> 00:14:59,699
{\an7}THE CONSULSHIP.
275
00:14:59,732 --> 00:15:02,368
{\an7}BUT THERE WAS A PROBLEM.
276
00:15:02,402 --> 00:15:04,137
{\an7}IN ORDER TO RUN FOR OFFICE,
277
00:15:04,170 --> 00:15:05,605
{\an7}ROMAN LAW STATED
278
00:15:05,638 --> 00:15:09,275
{\an7}THAT A GENERAL MUST GIVE UP
\h\h\hCOMMAND OF HIS ARMIES.
279
00:15:09,308 --> 00:15:10,910
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE AGREEMENT
THAT HAD BEEN THRASHED OUT
280
00:15:10,943 --> 00:15:12,878
{\an7}DOWN THERE IN THE HEART OF ROME
281
00:15:12,912 --> 00:15:14,714
{\an7}BY THE CITIZENS
OF THE REPUBLIC
282
00:15:14,747 --> 00:15:18,251
{\an7}\hWAS THAT A CANDIDATE
HAD TO BE A CIVILIAN.
283
00:15:18,284 --> 00:15:19,452
{\an7}THE THING WAS,
284
00:15:19,485 --> 00:15:22,288
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hCAESAR HAD
ABSOLUTELY NO INTENTION
285
00:15:22,321 --> 00:15:24,657
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF GIVING UP
THE SOURCE OF HIS POWER--
286
00:15:24,690 --> 00:15:29,495
{\an7}\h\hHIS POSITION AS GENERAL
IN COMMAND OF A LOYAL ARMY.
287
00:15:31,063 --> 00:15:33,832
{\an7}SEEKING TO BUILD SUPPORT
\h\h\hFOR HIS CANDIDACY,
288
00:15:33,866 --> 00:15:37,470
{\an7}CAESAR NEEDED THE ENDORSEMENT
\h\h\h\h\hOF A SENIOR SENATOR.
289
00:15:37,503 --> 00:15:39,205
{\an7}Caesar: CICERO!
290
00:15:39,238 --> 00:15:40,573
{\an7}MY DEAR FRIEND.
291
00:15:40,606 --> 00:15:43,075
{\an7}Bettany: SO, HE SUMMONED
\hROME’S GREATEST ORATOR
292
00:15:43,109 --> 00:15:45,745
{\an7}TO HIS MILITARY HEADQUARTERS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN RAVENNA--
293
00:15:45,778 --> 00:15:47,380
{\an7}THEN PART OF SOUTHERN GAUL.
294
00:15:49,449 --> 00:15:52,786
{\an7}Man: DON’T GO UPSETTING HIM,
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hYOU OLD DOG,
295
00:15:52,819 --> 00:15:54,387
{\an7}OR YOU’LL HAVE ME TO ANSWER TO.
296
00:16:00,493 --> 00:16:03,329
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hCicero:
YOU WISH TO BE ELECTED CONSUL
297
00:16:03,362 --> 00:16:05,564
{\an7}IN THE UPCOMING ELECTIONS.
298
00:16:05,598 --> 00:16:07,266
{\an7}Caesar: YES.
299
00:16:07,300 --> 00:16:10,270
{\an7}MY GOVERNORSHIP OF GAUL
\h\hIS COMING TO AN END.
300
00:16:10,303 --> 00:16:12,806
{\an7}Cicero: BUT YOU WANT
TO KEEP YOUR ARMIES?
301
00:16:12,839 --> 00:16:17,977
{\an7}I DON’T THINK THAT WOULD BE
\hACCEPTABLE TO THE SENATE.
302
00:16:18,010 --> 00:16:19,512
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hCaesar:
THE SENATE SEEMS DETERMINED
303
00:16:19,545 --> 00:16:23,282
{\an7}\hTO PUNISH AND HUMILIATE ME
FOR BRINGING GLORY TO ROME.
304
00:16:23,316 --> 00:16:26,352
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hCicero: THE LAW
WOULD HAVE TO BE REWRITTEN.
305
00:16:27,987 --> 00:16:29,255
{\an7}Caesar: REWRITE IT, THEN.
306
00:16:31,691 --> 00:16:33,826
{\an7}WHY NOT?
307
00:16:33,860 --> 00:16:35,462
{\an7}THEY FOLLOW YOU LIKE SHEEP.
308
00:16:37,897 --> 00:16:41,567
{\an7}\h\h\hCicero: YOUR OPPONENTS
RISE TO THEIR FEET EVERY DAY
309
00:16:41,601 --> 00:16:43,903
{\an7}\h\h\h\hTO DECLARE YOU
AN ENEMY OF THE SENATE
310
00:16:43,936 --> 00:16:46,205
{\an7}AND OF ROME ITSELF.
311
00:16:47,940 --> 00:16:49,542
{\an7}THEY ARE TRYING THEIR BEST
312
00:16:49,575 --> 00:16:52,778
{\an7}TO TURN POMPEY ROUND
\h\h\hTO THEIR SIDE.
313
00:16:54,547 --> 00:16:56,649
{\an7}Caesar: POMPEY AND I
\hHAD AN AGREEMENT!
314
00:16:59,051 --> 00:17:01,186
{\an7}I CANNOT BE LEFT DEFENSELESS!
315
00:17:04,357 --> 00:17:05,825
{\an7}I SIMPLY ASK TO BE TREATED
316
00:17:05,858 --> 00:17:08,728
{\an7}\h\h\hWITH THE RESPECT DUE
TO MY RANK AND EXPERIENCE.
317
00:17:10,997 --> 00:17:13,700
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hCicero:
I WILL SEE WHAT I CAN DO.
318
00:17:20,373 --> 00:17:21,474
{\an7}Caesar: I THINK YOU’LL FIND IT
319
00:17:21,507 --> 00:17:23,776
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE SAFEST
AND MOST HONORABLE PATH.
320
00:17:33,319 --> 00:17:35,488
{\an7}Bettany: DESPITE CICERO’S
\h\h\h\hPLEDGE OF SUPPORT,
321
00:17:35,521 --> 00:17:37,356
{\an7}CAESAR’S ENEMIES IN THE SENATE
322
00:17:37,390 --> 00:17:40,026
{\an7}\hDENIED HIS REQUEST
TO KEEP HIS ARMIES,
323
00:17:40,059 --> 00:17:45,998
{\an7}\h\h\hARGUING INSTEAD THAT HE BE
STRIPPED OF HIS COMMAND IN GAUL.
324
00:17:46,032 --> 00:17:47,734
{\an7}\h\h\h\hTHE STORY GOES
THAT WHEN CAESAR HEARD
325
00:17:47,767 --> 00:17:50,303
{\an7}THAT THE SENATE PLANNED
\hTO CANCEL HIS COMMAND,
326
00:17:50,336 --> 00:17:54,407
{\an7}HE CLAPPED HIS HAND TO THE HILT
OF HIS SWORD AND DECLARED,
327
00:17:54,440 --> 00:17:57,543
{\an7}"THIS WILL GIVE IT TO ME."
328
00:17:57,577 --> 00:18:02,282
{\an7}\hBIG TALK WAS EDGING CLOSER TO
THE POSSIBILITY OF OUTRIGHT WAR
329
00:18:02,315 --> 00:18:04,484
{\an7}\hBETWEEN CAESAR
AND THE SENATE.
330
00:18:06,218 --> 00:18:08,253
{\an7}SO, WHERE DID POMPEY,
331
00:18:08,287 --> 00:18:10,956
{\an7}THE OTHER SURVIVING MEMBER
\h\hOF THE GANG OF THREE,
332
00:18:10,990 --> 00:18:13,326
{\an7}STAND ON ALL OF THIS?
333
00:18:13,359 --> 00:18:15,228
{\an7}HE HAD TRIED TO REMAIN
\h\h\h\hON GOOD TERMS
334
00:18:15,261 --> 00:18:17,997
{\an7}WITH BOTH CAESAR AND THE SENATE,
335
00:18:18,030 --> 00:18:20,432
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBUT NOW
WITH THE REPUBLIC IN CRISIS,
336
00:18:20,466 --> 00:18:23,002
{\an7}HE’D HAVE TO PICK A SIDE.
337
00:18:25,171 --> 00:18:27,740
{\an7}CICERO WAS FOLLOWING
ALL OF THIS CLOSELY
338
00:18:27,773 --> 00:18:30,576
{\an7}FROM ONE OF HIS VILLAS
\h\h\h\hOUTSIDE ROME.
339
00:18:30,610 --> 00:18:33,146
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hHIS LETTERS
GIVE US A UNIQUE INSIGHT
340
00:18:33,179 --> 00:18:35,481
{\an7}INTO HISTORY AS IT HAPPENED,
341
00:18:35,514 --> 00:18:38,050
{\an7}AND AS EVENTS ESCALATED
\h\h\h\h\hTOWARDS CHAOS,
342
00:18:38,084 --> 00:18:40,386
{\an7}THEY GROW EVER MORE DESPAIRING.
343
00:18:40,419 --> 00:18:42,354
{\an7}IN THE WINTER OF 50 B.C.,
344
00:18:42,388 --> 00:18:45,391
{\an7}HE WAS WRITING ALMOST DAILY
\h\h\hTO HIS FRIEND ATTICUS.
345
00:18:45,424 --> 00:18:48,394
{\an7}JUST LISTEN TO THIS
FROM EARLY DECEMBER.
346
00:18:48,427 --> 00:18:51,597
{\an7}"THESE MEN ARE FIGHTING
\h\h\hFOR PERSONAL POWER
347
00:18:51,631 --> 00:18:53,867
{\an7}AT SOCIETY’S RISK.
348
00:18:53,899 --> 00:18:55,868
{\an7}CAESAR’S BECOME SO STRONG
349
00:18:55,901 --> 00:18:59,872
{\an7}\hTHAT ALL HOPE OF RESISTANCE
RESTS WITH A SINGLE CITIZEN,"
350
00:18:59,905 --> 00:19:01,173
{\an7}MEANING POMPEY.
351
00:19:01,207 --> 00:19:04,010
{\an7}\hAND SOON AFTER THAT,
ON DECEMBER THE 18th,
352
00:19:04,043 --> 00:19:08,414
{\an7}HE IS CRYSTAL CLEAR
\hABOUT ROME’S FATE.
353
00:19:08,447 --> 00:19:13,285
{\an7}"THE POLITICAL SITUATION GIVES
\hME GREATER TERROR EVERY DAY.
354
00:19:13,319 --> 00:19:17,023
{\an7}ALL WE WANT IS PEACE,
355
00:19:17,056 --> 00:19:21,827
{\an7}\h\h\h\hBUT A VICTORY
MAY PRODUCE A TYRANT."
356
00:19:21,861 --> 00:19:24,530
{\an7}CICERO WAS DESOLATE,
357
00:19:24,563 --> 00:19:29,268
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWITH A FRONT-ROW SEAT
AS ROME GEARED UP FOR CIVIL WAR,
358
00:19:29,301 --> 00:19:33,739
{\an7}\h\h\hA WAR THAT WOULD DESTROY
THE REPUBLIC THAT HE SO LOVED.
359
00:19:35,908 --> 00:19:38,110
{\an7}\hJUST A FEW DAYS
AFTER THAT LETTER,
360
00:19:38,144 --> 00:19:40,279
{\an7}MATTERS CAME TO A HEAD.
361
00:19:40,312 --> 00:19:42,915
{\an7}THE SENATE ASKED POMPEY
TO DEFEND THE REPUBLIC,
362
00:19:42,948 --> 00:19:45,551
{\an7}WITH ARMS IF NECESSARY.
363
00:19:45,584 --> 00:19:48,520
{\an7}FORCED TO MAKE A DECISION,
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hHE ACCEPTED,
364
00:19:48,554 --> 00:19:51,257
{\an7}AND A STATE OF EMERGENCY
\h\h\h\h\hWAS DECLARED.
365
00:19:51,290 --> 00:19:54,894
{\an7}\h\h\hCAESAR WAS THEN ORDERED TO
RELINQUISH HIS MILITARY COMMAND
366
00:19:54,927 --> 00:19:57,363
{\an7}AND TO RETURN TO THE CITY
\h\h\h\hWITHOUT HIS ARMY.
367
00:19:59,065 --> 00:20:02,769
{\an7}\h\hCAESAR WAS NOW FACED
WITH A CRITICAL DILEMMA.
368
00:20:02,802 --> 00:20:05,972
{\an7}\h\h\hTO REMAIN IN GAUL MEANT
FORFEITING HIS POLITICAL POWER
369
00:20:06,005 --> 00:20:07,907
{\an7}TO HIS ENEMIES.
370
00:20:07,940 --> 00:20:09,942
{\an7}RETURNING TO ROME
\hWITHOUT AN ARMY
371
00:20:09,975 --> 00:20:13,812
{\an7}WOULD VERGE ON THE SUICIDAL.
372
00:20:13,846 --> 00:20:15,715
{\an7}THE ONLY OTHER OPTION
373
00:20:15,748 --> 00:20:19,218
{\an7}\hWAS ONE THAT WOULD HAVE
DEVASTATING CONSEQUENCES.
374
00:20:20,519 --> 00:20:22,554
{\an7}FROM HIS BASE IN RAVENNA,
375
00:20:22,588 --> 00:20:25,458
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hCAESAR PLANNED
TO TRAVEL THROUGH THE NIGHT
376
00:20:25,491 --> 00:20:29,595
{\an7}\h\h\hTO MEET HIS ARMY
AT THE RUBICON RIVER,
377
00:20:29,628 --> 00:20:32,631
{\an7}\hTHE FRONTIER WITH
THE ROMAN HOMELAND.
378
00:20:32,665 --> 00:20:34,367
{\an7}ACCORDING TO THE LAW,
379
00:20:34,400 --> 00:20:37,703
{\an7}ANY GENERAL LEADING TROOPS
\h\h\h\hACROSS THIS BORDER
380
00:20:37,737 --> 00:20:40,473
{\an7}WOULD BE DECLARED
\hA PUBLIC ENEMY.
381
00:20:40,506 --> 00:20:43,342
{\an7}CROSSING THE RUBICON WOULD BE,
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hQUITE SIMPLY,
382
00:20:43,375 --> 00:20:45,377
{\an7}A DECLARATION OF WAR
383
00:20:45,411 --> 00:20:47,280
{\an7}AGAINST THE REPUBLIC OF ROME.
384
00:20:50,116 --> 00:20:52,185
{\an7}SECRECY WAS PARAMOUNT.
385
00:20:54,920 --> 00:20:56,355
{\an7}Soldier: NOT A WORD TO ANYONE,
386
00:20:56,388 --> 00:20:57,856
{\an7}OR I’LL COME TO THAT FILTHY
\h\h\hLITTLE HOVEL OF YOURS
387
00:20:57,890 --> 00:20:59,058
{\an7}AND SLIT YOUR THROAT.
388
00:20:59,091 --> 00:21:00,926
{\an7}UNDERSTAND?
389
00:21:00,960 --> 00:21:02,028
{\an7}GOOD.
390
00:21:04,597 --> 00:21:06,099
{\an7}\hBettany: THE CHOICE
THAT CAESAR WOULD MAKE
391
00:21:06,132 --> 00:21:07,800
{\an7}\h\h\h\hON THE BANKS
OF THE RUBICON RIVER
392
00:21:07,833 --> 00:21:09,535
{\an7}THE FOLLOWING MORNING
393
00:21:09,568 --> 00:21:12,004
{\an7}CHANGED THE COURSE OF HISTORY.
394
00:21:15,674 --> 00:21:17,409
{\an7}CAESAR’S CONFLICT
\hWITH THE SENATE
395
00:21:17,443 --> 00:21:20,212
{\an7}HAD REACHED CRISIS POINT.
396
00:21:20,246 --> 00:21:21,380
{\an7}HE RODE THROUGH THE NIGHT
397
00:21:21,413 --> 00:21:24,016
{\an7}TO MEET UP WITH HIS ARMY
\h\h\h\hAT THE RUBICON,
398
00:21:24,049 --> 00:21:26,285
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE BORDER
OF THE ROMAN HOMELAND.
399
00:21:37,096 --> 00:21:40,633
{\an7}Caesar: WHOA. WHOA. WHOA.
400
00:21:40,666 --> 00:21:44,069
{\an7}\hBettany: IF CAESAR CROSSED THE
RUBICON AT THE HEAD OF HIS ARMY,
401
00:21:44,103 --> 00:21:46,072
{\an7}IT WOULD BE AN ACT OF TREASON,
402
00:21:46,105 --> 00:21:48,674
{\an7}AN OPEN VIOLATION OF ROMAN LAW.
403
00:21:50,609 --> 00:21:54,279
{\an7}\h\h\hTHIS WOULD TRIGGER
A DEVASTATING CIVIL WAR
404
00:21:54,313 --> 00:21:56,782
{\an7}BETWEEN CAESAR AND THE REPUBLIC.
405
00:21:56,816 --> 00:21:58,418
{\an7}[HORSE NICKERS]
406
00:22:00,953 --> 00:22:02,354
{\an7}IF HE TURNED BACK,
407
00:22:02,388 --> 00:22:05,791
{\an7}\h\hHE’D LOSE HIS COMMAND
AND BE TRIED AS A TRAITOR.
408
00:22:20,506 --> 00:22:26,078
{\an7}[WIND HOWLING]
409
00:22:49,034 --> 00:22:55,107
{\an7}♪
410
00:22:55,140 --> 00:22:57,643
{\an7}\hWoman, echoing:
DO NOT GO FURTHER.
411
00:23:00,179 --> 00:23:09,455
{\an7}♪
412
00:23:19,064 --> 00:23:20,632
{\an7}Caesar: DID I, UH...
413
00:23:20,666 --> 00:23:21,901
{\an7}Soldier: YOU PASSED OUT.
414
00:23:21,934 --> 00:23:23,769
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hI HAD TO HAUL YOU
OUT OF THE RIVER LIKE A FISH.
415
00:23:26,772 --> 00:23:29,808
{\an7}Caesar: I SAW A FIGURE.
416
00:23:29,842 --> 00:23:32,178
{\an7}A WOMAN.
417
00:23:32,211 --> 00:23:35,347
{\an7}RISING OUT OF THE WATER.
418
00:23:37,850 --> 00:23:40,052
{\an7}SHE TOLD ME TO GO NO FURTHER.
419
00:23:41,220 --> 00:23:42,755
{\an7}Soldier: A DREAM?
420
00:23:44,423 --> 00:23:47,326
{\an7}[HORSES WHINNYING
\hAND MEN YELLING]
421
00:23:47,359 --> 00:23:49,261
{\an7}Caesar: THEY’RE HERE.
422
00:23:52,765 --> 00:23:54,400
{\an7}SAY NO MORE OF THIS.
423
00:24:01,006 --> 00:24:04,576
{\an7}Bettany: THE AUTHOR LUCAN’S
STORY OF THIS GHOSTLY VISION
424
00:24:04,610 --> 00:24:08,247
{\an7}AS CAESAR STOOD ON THE THRESHOLD
OF ALL-OUT REBELLION
425
00:24:08,280 --> 00:24:12,050
{\an7}SPEAKS OF THE TROUBLED STATE
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF HIS MIND.
426
00:24:12,084 --> 00:24:15,054
{\an7}THE DECISION THAT CAESAR
\hWOULD MAKE ON THAT DAY
427
00:24:15,087 --> 00:24:19,558
{\an7}WOULD TRANSFORM THE FATE
\h\hOF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.
428
00:24:19,591 --> 00:24:21,093
{\an7}[HORSE NICKERS]
429
00:24:24,063 --> 00:24:26,732
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hCaesar:
SOLDIERS OF THE THIRTEENTH,
430
00:24:26,765 --> 00:24:30,235
{\an7}LOYAL FRIENDS...
431
00:24:30,269 --> 00:24:34,640
{\an7}I HAVE BEEN YOUR COMMANDER
\h\h\h\h\hFOR NINE YEARS.
432
00:24:34,673 --> 00:24:36,875
{\an7}WE MEET HERE TODAY,
433
00:24:36,909 --> 00:24:38,978
{\an7}ON THE BANKS OF THE RUBICON,
434
00:24:39,011 --> 00:24:40,946
{\an7}BECAUSE THE SENATE...
435
00:24:40,980 --> 00:24:43,649
{\an7}AND POMPEY
436
00:24:43,682 --> 00:24:49,054
{\an7}HAVE DECREED THAT UNLESS
I RELINQUISH MY COMMAND,
437
00:24:49,088 --> 00:24:53,559
{\an7}I SHALL BE BRANDED
AN ENEMY OF ROME.
438
00:24:53,592 --> 00:24:59,031
{\an7}GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR,
\hAN ENEMY OF ROME!
439
00:24:59,064 --> 00:25:00,599
{\an7}HOW DARE THEY?
440
00:25:05,237 --> 00:25:08,040
{\an7}NOW WE HAVE A CHOICE.
441
00:25:08,073 --> 00:25:09,575
{\an7}WE TURN BACK...
442
00:25:11,744 --> 00:25:15,448
{\an7}OR WE CROSS THIS RIVER...
443
00:25:15,481 --> 00:25:19,618
{\an7}AND WE FIGHT AGAINST MY ENEMIES
444
00:25:19,651 --> 00:25:24,890
{\an7}TO PROVE MY HONOR
\hAND MY STATION!
445
00:25:24,923 --> 00:25:27,325
{\an7}WHAT IS IT TO BE, MEN?
446
00:25:37,970 --> 00:25:42,107
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBettany:
ON THE 10th OF JANUARY, 49 B.C.,
447
00:25:42,141 --> 00:25:44,343
{\an7}JULIUS CAESAR URGED HIS HORSE
448
00:25:44,376 --> 00:25:48,347
{\an7}\hINTO THE ICY WATERS
OF THE RUBICON RIVER.
449
00:25:48,380 --> 00:25:52,718
{\an7}\h\h\hTHIS APPARENTLY SIMPLE ACT
WOULD SET OFF A CHAIN OF EVENTS
450
00:25:52,751 --> 00:25:56,221
{\an7}THAT WOULD COME TO DEFINE
\h\h\h\hTHE ROMAN EMPIRE.
451
00:26:01,894 --> 00:26:03,429
{\an7}EVEN NOW,
452
00:26:03,462 --> 00:26:07,132
{\an7}\h\h"CROSSING A RUBICON" MEANS
REACHING A POINT OF NO RETURN,
453
00:26:07,166 --> 00:26:10,903
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAN ACT WITH
PERMANENT CONSEQUENCES.
454
00:26:10,936 --> 00:26:14,173
{\an7}CAESAR HAD STARTED A CIVIL WAR,
455
00:26:14,206 --> 00:26:15,541
{\an7}AND THAT DECISION
456
00:26:15,574 --> 00:26:18,377
{\an7}WOULD SHAPE THE COURSE
OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION,
457
00:26:18,410 --> 00:26:20,379
{\an7}WHICH MEANS THAT ITS FALLOUT
458
00:26:20,412 --> 00:26:24,116
{\an7}\h\h\hSTILL IMPACTS
ON ALL OF US TODAY.
459
00:26:31,590 --> 00:26:34,927
{\an7}\h\h\h\hFOR CICERO,
WHATEVER HE INTENDED
460
00:26:34,960 --> 00:26:37,429
{\an7}AND WHOEVER WON THESE BATTLES,
461
00:26:37,463 --> 00:26:42,268
{\an7}THE REAL LOSER COULD ONLY BE
\hTHE 500-YEAR-OLD REPUBLIC.
462
00:26:43,702 --> 00:26:46,171
{\an7}"WE SHOULD HAVE RESISTED CAESAR
WHEN HE WAS WEAK.
463
00:26:46,205 --> 00:26:48,441
{\an7}THAT WOULD HAVE BEEN EASY.
464
00:26:48,474 --> 00:26:50,343
{\an7}NOW WE FACE ELEVEN LEGIONS,
465
00:26:50,375 --> 00:26:52,410
{\an7}CAVALRY AT HIS COMMAND,
466
00:26:52,444 --> 00:26:55,414
{\an7}THE CITY RABBLE, CORRUPT YOUTH,
467
00:26:55,447 --> 00:26:57,649
{\an7}\h\h\hA LEADER OF SUCH
AUTHORITY AND DARING.
468
00:26:57,683 --> 00:27:00,286
{\an7}\h\h\h\hAGAINST THIS
WE MUST EITHER FIGHT
469
00:27:00,319 --> 00:27:03,756
{\an7}OR ADMIT HIS CANDIDATURE
\h\h\h\h\h\hIN THE LAW."
470
00:27:03,789 --> 00:27:08,193
{\an7}\h\hAND THEN HE COMES UP WITH
SOMETHING REALLY INTERESTING,
471
00:27:08,227 --> 00:27:11,363
{\an7}"BETTER FIGHT THAN BE A SLAVE,
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hYOU SAY?
472
00:27:11,396 --> 00:27:12,497
{\an7}FOR WHAT?
473
00:27:12,531 --> 00:27:15,234
{\an7}\hA DEATH SENTENCE
IF YOU’RE BEATEN,
474
00:27:15,267 --> 00:27:19,738
{\an7}\h\h\hAND IF YOU WIN,
SLAVERY ALL THE SAME."
475
00:27:19,771 --> 00:27:22,007
{\an7}WHAT CICERO WAS SAYING
476
00:27:22,040 --> 00:27:24,276
{\an7}\h\hIS THAT BECAUSE
THIS IS A CIVIL WAR,
477
00:27:24,309 --> 00:27:27,312
{\an7}EVERYTHING IS ALREADY LOST.
478
00:27:27,346 --> 00:27:32,718
{\an7}\hLEGITIMATE POLITICAL POWER
CANNOT BE WON BY THE SWORD,
479
00:27:32,751 --> 00:27:34,086
{\an7}AND IF POMPEY TRIUMPHED,
480
00:27:34,119 --> 00:27:35,253
{\an7}THERE WAS NOTHING TO SAY
481
00:27:35,287 --> 00:27:39,224
{\an7}THAT HE WOULDN’T END UP
\h\h\h\hBEING A TYRANT.
482
00:27:39,258 --> 00:27:42,695
{\an7}DEATH OR MORAL SLAVERY
483
00:27:42,728 --> 00:27:44,430
{\an7}WOULD BE THE ONLY OUTCOME.
484
00:27:45,998 --> 00:27:49,201
{\an7}AN EPIC SHOWDOWN LOOMED.
485
00:27:49,234 --> 00:27:53,004
{\an7}\h\h\hCAESAR MARCHED SOUTH
FROM THE RUBICON TO ROME.
486
00:27:53,038 --> 00:27:56,408
{\an7}BUT POMPEY AND HIS SUPPORTERS
\h\h\h\h\hABANDONED THE CITY,
487
00:27:56,441 --> 00:28:00,312
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hFLEEING TO GREECE,
WHERE THEY RAISED A HUGE ARMY.
488
00:28:00,345 --> 00:28:02,747
{\an7}CAESAR SAILED EAST TO MEET THEM,
489
00:28:02,781 --> 00:28:05,584
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hAND THE TWO SIDES
FINALLY CONFRONTED ONE ANOTHER
490
00:28:05,617 --> 00:28:07,919
{\an7}AT THE DECISIVE BATTLE
\h\h\h\hOF PHARSALUS.
491
00:28:07,953 --> 00:28:10,355
{\an7}♪
492
00:28:12,391 --> 00:28:15,995
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hFACING POMPEY’S FORCES
ON THE PLAINS OF CENTRAL GREECE,
493
00:28:16,028 --> 00:28:19,298
{\an7}\h\hCAESAR FOUND HIMSELF
IN A PERILOUS POSITION--
494
00:28:19,331 --> 00:28:23,702
{\an7}ISOLATED, SHORT OF PROVISIONS,
\h\hAND SERIOUSLY OUTNUMBERED.
495
00:28:25,270 --> 00:28:27,706
{\an7}BUT THEN CAESAR’S MEN,
496
00:28:27,739 --> 00:28:29,641
{\an7}BATTLE-HARDENED VETERANS,
497
00:28:29,675 --> 00:28:33,045
{\an7}EMPLOYED SUPERIOR STRATEGY
\h\h\hAND FIGHTING SKILLS
498
00:28:33,078 --> 00:28:35,113
{\an7}AND DEFIED MILITARY LOGIC
499
00:28:35,147 --> 00:28:38,183
{\an7}\h\h\h\hTO WIN CAESAR
HIS GREATEST VICTORY.
500
00:28:39,318 --> 00:28:41,654
{\an7}AFTER THIS CRUSHING DEFEAT,
501
00:28:41,687 --> 00:28:44,924
{\an7}POMPEY WENT ON THE RUN,
\h\h\hFLEEING TO EGYPT.
502
00:28:44,957 --> 00:28:47,159
{\an7}[BIRD SHRIEKS]
503
00:28:49,428 --> 00:28:52,498
{\an7}CAESAR PURSUED HIM THERE,
504
00:28:52,531 --> 00:28:55,501
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hHOPING TO PERSUADE
THE EGYPTIAN KING, PTOLEMY,
505
00:28:55,534 --> 00:28:58,670
{\an7}\h\h\h\hTO HAND OVER
HIS GREAT ADVERSARY.
506
00:28:58,704 --> 00:29:03,442
{\an7}\hMan: CONQUEROR OF THE WORLD
AND MIGHTIEST OF THE ROMANS...
507
00:29:05,877 --> 00:29:09,347
{\an7}YOU ARE MADE SAFE BY THIS GIFT.
508
00:29:22,194 --> 00:29:24,063
{\an7}Caesar: HOW IS THIS A GIFT?
509
00:29:26,331 --> 00:29:30,068
{\an7}Man: IT IS YOUR ENEMY’S RING
510
00:29:30,102 --> 00:29:31,303
{\an7}AND HIS HEAD.
511
00:29:33,105 --> 00:29:36,041
{\an7}Caesar: THIS IS THE HEAD
\h\hOF A GREAT GENERAL,
512
00:29:36,074 --> 00:29:39,144
{\an7}A CONSUL OF ROME,
513
00:29:39,177 --> 00:29:42,447
{\an7}AND MY SON-IN-LAW.
514
00:29:45,851 --> 00:29:48,187
{\an7}TELL YOUR KING
515
00:29:48,220 --> 00:29:53,025
{\an7}I DEMAND THAT THE ASSASSINS
\h\h\h\h\hOF THIS GREAT MAN
516
00:29:53,058 --> 00:29:56,495
{\an7}BE EXECUTED WITHOUT DELAY!
517
00:29:56,528 --> 00:29:59,131
{\an7}Bettany: CAESAR’S REACTION
\h\h\h\hTO POMPEY’S DEATH
518
00:29:59,164 --> 00:30:01,566
{\an7}MIGHT SEEM STRANGE,
519
00:30:01,600 --> 00:30:02,568
{\an7}BUT IT COULD BE PUT DOWN
520
00:30:02,601 --> 00:30:06,171
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTO HIS ANGER
AT A MISSED OPPORTUNITY.
521
00:30:06,204 --> 00:30:08,573
{\an7}\h\hRATHER THAN HAVE
HIS ENEMIES KILLED,
522
00:30:08,607 --> 00:30:12,211
{\an7}HE PREFERRED TO OFFER THEM
\h\h\h\hMERCY OR CLEMENCY,
523
00:30:12,244 --> 00:30:14,213
{\an7}PROVING THE REACH OF HIS POWER
524
00:30:14,246 --> 00:30:17,716
{\an7}AND PERSUADING PEOPLE
\h\h\h\h\hTO HIS SIDE.
525
00:30:17,749 --> 00:30:21,753
{\an7}\h\h\h\hWHETHER CAESAR’S MERCY
WAS SINCERE OR JUST FOR SHOW,
526
00:30:21,787 --> 00:30:23,155
{\an7}WITH POMPEY DEAD,
527
00:30:23,188 --> 00:30:26,758
{\an7}\h\hTHERE WAS NO DOUBT
HE HAD ABSOLUTE POWER.
528
00:30:26,792 --> 00:30:30,095
{\an7}CICERO WAS ONE OF THE MANY
\hWHO PUBLICLY PRAISED HIM
529
00:30:30,128 --> 00:30:32,197
{\an7}FOR HIS WILLINGNESS TO FORGIVE.
530
00:30:32,230 --> 00:30:34,365
{\an7}BUT IN TRUTH,
531
00:30:34,399 --> 00:30:37,402
{\an7}HE HELD OUT LITTLE HOPE FOR ROME
UNDER CAESAR’S RULE.
532
00:30:37,436 --> 00:30:40,139
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN THE SECURITY
OF HIS PRIVATE CORRESPONDENCE,
533
00:30:40,172 --> 00:30:45,277
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hCICERO WROTE,
"LIBERTY HAS BEEN LOST."
534
00:30:47,446 --> 00:30:52,117
{\an7}\hIN 46 B.C., WHEN CAESAR
FINALLY RETURNED TO ROME,
535
00:30:52,150 --> 00:30:54,486
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE SENATE
GRANTED HIM A TRIUMPH,
536
00:30:54,519 --> 00:30:57,422
{\an7}A GLORIOUS PROCESSION
\h\h\h\hINTO THE CITY.
537
00:30:57,456 --> 00:30:59,792
{\an7}THE ROMANS ALWAYS LOVED
\h\h\hA MILITARY PARADE,
538
00:30:59,825 --> 00:31:02,094
{\an7}AND IT’S NO DIFFERENT TODAY.
539
00:31:02,127 --> 00:31:06,431
{\an7}\h\h\h\hCAESAR’S VICTORY
APPEARED TO BE COMPLETE.
540
00:31:06,465 --> 00:31:10,636
{\an7}THE NEWLY TAMED SENATE AWARDED
CAESAR WITH POWERS AND HONORS
541
00:31:10,669 --> 00:31:13,138
{\an7}UNHEARD OF IN THE HISTORY
\h\h\h\hOF THE REPUBLIC--
542
00:31:13,171 --> 00:31:15,407
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTITLES LIKE
"PREFECT OF THE MORALS"
543
00:31:15,440 --> 00:31:18,510
{\an7}AND "FATHER OF THE FATHERLAND."
544
00:31:18,543 --> 00:31:21,746
{\an7}\h\hTHEY EVEN GAVE HIM
HIS OWN RELIGIOUS CULT
545
00:31:21,780 --> 00:31:24,516
{\an7}WHERE HE WAS WORSHIPPED
\hAS A KIND OF DEMIGOD.
546
00:31:26,718 --> 00:31:28,720
{\an7}THEN, IN 44 B.C.,
547
00:31:28,754 --> 00:31:31,757
{\an7}HIS BIRTHDAY WAS DECLARED
\h\h\h\hA PUBLIC HOLIDAY,
548
00:31:31,790 --> 00:31:36,561
{\an7}AND THE MONTH OF QUINTILIS
WAS RENAMED JULIUS--JULY--
549
00:31:36,595 --> 00:31:38,764
{\an7}AFTER HIM.
550
00:31:38,797 --> 00:31:42,668
{\an7}BUT CAESAR WAS WALKING
\h\hA DANGEROUS PATH.
551
00:31:42,701 --> 00:31:44,069
{\an7}TO MANY OBSERVERS,
552
00:31:44,102 --> 00:31:47,606
{\an7}\h\h\hHE SEEMED TO BE
BEHAVING LIKE A KING,
553
00:31:47,639 --> 00:31:50,408
{\an7}AND SINCE THE FOUNDING
\h\h\hOF THE REPUBLIC,
554
00:31:50,442 --> 00:31:54,680
{\an7}THE ROMANS HAD A DEEP HATRED
\h\h\hOF KINGS AND TYRANTS.
555
00:31:56,782 --> 00:32:00,519
{\an7}\h\h\hUNDERGROUND OPPOSITION
TO CAESAR’S AUTOCRATIC RULE
556
00:32:00,552 --> 00:32:01,720
{\an7}WAS GROWING.
557
00:32:05,690 --> 00:32:08,326
{\an7}[RUMBLING]
558
00:32:11,430 --> 00:32:13,365
{\an7}AND ANCIENT WRITERS TELL US
559
00:32:13,398 --> 00:32:16,902
{\an7}THAT CAESAR WAS PLAGUED
\hWITH A MYSTERY ILLNESS
560
00:32:16,935 --> 00:32:20,672
{\an7}\h\hTHAT FURTHER THREATENED
TO UNDERMINE HIS AUTHORITY.
561
00:32:20,705 --> 00:32:22,207
{\an7}[BREATHING HEAVILY]
562
00:32:36,955 --> 00:32:39,424
{\an7}PLUTARCH DESCRIBES CAESAR
563
00:32:39,458 --> 00:32:42,594
{\an7}\h\h\hAS SUFFERING FROM
"DISTEMPER IN THE HEAD."
564
00:32:44,596 --> 00:32:48,233
{\an7}\hSUETONIUS WRITES OF
"SUDDEN FAINTING FITS"
565
00:32:48,266 --> 00:32:49,667
{\an7}AND "NIGHTMARES."
566
00:32:51,736 --> 00:32:56,174
{\an7}Cicero: CAESAR, MIGHT WE HAVE
\h\h\h\h\h\hA BRIEF AUDIENCE?
567
00:33:01,913 --> 00:33:04,048
{\an7}Caesar: CICERO, BRUTUS.
568
00:33:06,084 --> 00:33:08,153
{\an7}WHAT HAVE YOU COME TO SAY?
569
00:33:11,022 --> 00:33:13,591
{\an7}Brutus: CAESAR DICTATOR,
\h\h\hHEAR MY PETITION.
570
00:33:19,297 --> 00:33:23,535
{\an7}Man: WILL HE NOT STAND
TO SPEAK TO SENATORS?
571
00:33:23,568 --> 00:33:26,771
{\an7}\hCicero: PERHAPS CAESAR THINKS
WE SHOULD ALL KNEEL BEFORE HIM,
572
00:33:26,805 --> 00:33:29,708
{\an7}LIKE SUBJECTS.
573
00:33:29,741 --> 00:33:32,143
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBettany:
UNAWARE OF CAESAR’S ILLNESS,
574
00:33:32,177 --> 00:33:34,146
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHE SENATORS
WERE GREATLY OFFENDED
575
00:33:34,179 --> 00:33:36,148
{\an7}BY HIS FAILURE TO STAND.
576
00:33:36,181 --> 00:33:38,617
{\an7}THEY SAW IT AS AN INSULT
\h\h\h\h\hTO THEIR RANK
577
00:33:38,650 --> 00:33:42,320
{\an7}AND EVIDENCE OF HIS DESIRE
\h\hTO RULE AS THEIR KING.
578
00:33:42,354 --> 00:33:44,523
{\an7}Caesar: WELL, DO YOU HAVE
\h\h\h\hSOMETHING TO SAY?
579
00:33:50,161 --> 00:33:52,330
{\an7}DO YOU?
580
00:33:53,732 --> 00:33:55,334
{\an7}[DOOR CLOSES]
581
00:33:55,367 --> 00:33:57,236
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBettany:
ACCORDING TO PLUTARCH,
582
00:33:57,269 --> 00:33:59,638
{\an7}CAESAR LATER CLAIMED
HIS FAILURE TO RISE
583
00:33:59,671 --> 00:34:01,806
{\an7}WAS DUE TO HIS SICKNESS,
584
00:34:01,840 --> 00:34:03,308
{\an7}CAUSING HIS SENSES TO BE
585
00:34:03,341 --> 00:34:06,277
{\an7}\h\h"SPEEDILY SHAKEN
AND WHIRLED ABOUT."
586
00:34:08,813 --> 00:34:11,149
{\an7}CAESAR’S CURIOUS BEHAVIOR
587
00:34:11,182 --> 00:34:13,651
{\an7}WAS GREAT AMMUNITION
\hFOR HIS OPPONENTS.
588
00:34:13,685 --> 00:34:17,956
{\an7}\h\h\h\hSOME ANCIENT SOURCES
BLAMED HIS GROWING ARROGANCE
589
00:34:17,989 --> 00:34:19,557
{\an7}ON HIS RECURRENT SEIZURES,
590
00:34:19,591 --> 00:34:24,396
{\an7}AND THAT IDEA HAS BEEN DISMISSED
AS JUST A CONVENIENT EXCUSE.
591
00:34:24,429 --> 00:34:28,300
{\an7}BUT INTRIGUING NEW RESEARCH
\h\h\h\hIS NOW CASTING LIGHT
592
00:34:28,333 --> 00:34:30,836
{\an7}\h\hON THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN CAESAR’S HEALTH
593
00:34:30,869 --> 00:34:32,804
{\an7}AND HIS BEHAVIOR.
594
00:34:32,837 --> 00:34:37,041
{\an7}DR. HUTAN ASHRAFIAN HAS APPLIED
MODERN MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE
595
00:34:37,075 --> 00:34:39,911
{\an7}\h\hTO THE SYMPTOMS
OF CAESAR’S ILLNESS,
596
00:34:39,945 --> 00:34:41,513
{\an7}SYMPTOMS THAT WE KNOW ABOUT
597
00:34:41,546 --> 00:34:46,117
{\an7}ENTIRELY FROM DESCRIPTIONS
\hIN HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS.
598
00:34:46,151 --> 00:34:47,552
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hHutan Ashrafian:
CLEARLY AS A SUCCESSFUL GENERAL,
599
00:34:47,586 --> 00:34:50,155
{\an7}JULIUS CAESAR WAS HEALTHY
\h\hFOR MOST OF HIS LIFE.
600
00:34:50,188 --> 00:34:52,090
{\an7}BUT HE STARTS SUFFERING
\h\h\hFROM SOME SYMPTOMS
601
00:34:52,123 --> 00:34:54,859
{\an7}OF FALLING AND HEADACHES,
602
00:34:54,893 --> 00:34:56,962
{\an7}AND THIS HAS BEEN BROUGHT DOWN
\h\h\h\h\hTO US OVER THE YEARS
603
00:34:56,995 --> 00:34:59,264
{\an7}AS HAVING SUFFERED
\h\hFROM EPILEPSY.
604
00:34:59,297 --> 00:35:00,765
{\an7}Bettany: WHY DID YOU HAVE
\hA PROBLEM WITH EPILEPSY?
605
00:35:00,799 --> 00:35:02,567
{\an7}WHY DID YOU THINK
THAT WAS UNLIKELY?
606
00:35:02,601 --> 00:35:06,271
{\an7}Hutan: EPILEPSY’S A DISEASE THAT
TYPICALLY PRESENTS IN CHILDHOOD.
607
00:35:06,304 --> 00:35:08,106
{\an7}\hBUT WHAT WE KNOW
FROM JULIUS CAESAR
608
00:35:08,139 --> 00:35:09,607
{\an7}WAS THAT HE WAS HEALTHY
\hFOR MOST OF HIS LIFE,
609
00:35:09,641 --> 00:35:12,344
{\an7}AND THEN SUDDENLY IN MIDDLE AGE,
HE HAS THESE DISEASES,
610
00:35:12,377 --> 00:35:14,112
{\an7}AND THAT’S HIGHLY UNUSUAL
611
00:35:14,145 --> 00:35:16,114
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hAND DOESN’T FIT IN
WITH THE STORY OF EPILEPSY.
612
00:35:16,147 --> 00:35:18,483
{\an7}IT FITS MUCH BETTER, ACTUALLY,
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWITH A DISEASE
613
00:35:18,516 --> 00:35:20,885
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hOF THE FURRING UP OF
THE ARTERIES GOING TO THE BRAIN,
614
00:35:20,919 --> 00:35:22,521
{\an7}OR CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE.
615
00:35:22,554 --> 00:35:24,423
{\an7}Bettany: AND WHAT WOULD BE
\h\hTHE SYMPTOMS OF THAT?
616
00:35:24,456 --> 00:35:26,959
{\an7}Hutan: SO TYPICALLY THE SYMPTOMS
OF CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE
617
00:35:26,992 --> 00:35:28,327
{\an7}ARE WEAKNESS IN A LIMB,
618
00:35:28,360 --> 00:35:30,262
{\an7}UH, BLINDNESS TEMPORARILY.
619
00:35:30,295 --> 00:35:32,130
{\an7}IT COULD BE DIFFICULTY
\h\h\h\h\hIN HEARING,
620
00:35:32,163 --> 00:35:34,198
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hIT COULD BE
A DIFFICULTY OF BALANCE,
621
00:35:34,232 --> 00:35:37,402
{\an7}AND VERY RARELY IT COULD BE
\h\h\h\hEVEN HAVING VISIONS.
622
00:35:37,435 --> 00:35:39,237
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBettany:
AND THAT’S VERY INTERESTING.
623
00:35:39,270 --> 00:35:41,572
{\an7}DO YOU THINK THAT IS ACTUALLY
\h\h\hAFFECTING CAESAR, THEN,
624
00:35:41,606 --> 00:35:43,341
{\an7}THAT KIND OF HISTORY
IS BEING PLAYED OUT
625
00:35:43,375 --> 00:35:45,177
{\an7}\h\h\h\hBECAUSE HE’S GOT THIS
PARTICULAR MEDICAL CONDITION?
626
00:35:45,210 --> 00:35:47,479
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hHutan: I THINK SO,
BECAUSE IN JULIUS CAESAR’S CASE,
627
00:35:47,512 --> 00:35:50,515
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hHE BECAME
QUITE EMOTIONALLY UNSTABLE
628
00:35:50,548 --> 00:35:51,849
{\an7}TOWARDS THE END OF HIS LIFE.
629
00:35:51,883 --> 00:35:55,387
{\an7}AND THIS WAS DESCRIBED
\hIN SEVERAL SOURCES.
630
00:35:55,420 --> 00:35:58,556
{\an7}Bettany: IF CAESAR REALLY DID
\h\h\h\h\hTHINK HE WAS DYING,
631
00:35:58,590 --> 00:36:03,028
{\an7}\hOR WAS SPURRED ON BY A KIND OF
ENHANCED SENSE OF RECKLESSNESS,
632
00:36:03,061 --> 00:36:06,798
{\an7}THEN HE COULD WELL HAVE WANTED
\hTO TRY TO SECURE HIS LEGACY.
633
00:36:06,831 --> 00:36:08,266
{\an7}AND IT SEEMS AS THOUGH
634
00:36:08,299 --> 00:36:11,569
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHAT WAS EXACTLY
WHAT HE WAS TRYING TO DO.
635
00:36:11,603 --> 00:36:15,140
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hHE KICKED OFF
A MASSIVE BUILDING PROGRAM,
636
00:36:15,173 --> 00:36:17,642
{\an7}REBRANDING THE CITY OF ROME.
637
00:36:17,676 --> 00:36:20,712
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hHE ORDERED UP
A WHOLE NEW SENATE HOUSE,
638
00:36:20,745 --> 00:36:22,680
{\an7}THE CURIA JULIA,
639
00:36:22,714 --> 00:36:25,016
{\an7}AND EVEN A NEW FORUM,
640
00:36:25,050 --> 00:36:27,152
{\an7}THE FORUM JULIUM,
641
00:36:27,185 --> 00:36:28,586
{\an7}AND RIGHT AT ITS CENTER
642
00:36:28,620 --> 00:36:32,624
{\an7}HE BUILT THIS MASSIVE TEMPLE
\h\h\h\hTO VENUS GENETRIX--
643
00:36:32,657 --> 00:36:33,992
{\an7}VENUS THE MOTHER--
644
00:36:34,025 --> 00:36:37,629
{\an7}DECLARING TO THE ROMAN WORLD
\hTHAT THIS WAS THE GODDESS
645
00:36:37,662 --> 00:36:41,065
{\an7}WHO WAS THE ANCESTOR
\h\h\hOF HIS FAMILY.
646
00:36:43,101 --> 00:36:45,170
{\an7}THEN, IN 44 B.C.,
647
00:36:45,203 --> 00:36:47,272
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hJUST A FEW DAYS
AFTER HE’D FAILED TO STAND
648
00:36:47,305 --> 00:36:48,573
{\an7}FOR THE SENATORS,
649
00:36:48,606 --> 00:36:52,910
{\an7}CAESAR MADE HIMSELF
DICTATOR FOR LIFE--
650
00:36:52,944 --> 00:36:55,814
{\an7}A KING IN ALL BUT NAME.
651
00:36:58,249 --> 00:37:00,752
{\an7}\hROME’S REPUBLIC
HAD BEEN REPLACED
652
00:37:00,785 --> 00:37:03,688
{\an7}BY A MILITARY DICTATORSHIP.
653
00:37:03,722 --> 00:37:05,757
{\an7}\h\hTHE SENATE HAD BEEN
SYSTEMATICALLY STRIPPED
654
00:37:05,790 --> 00:37:07,191
{\an7}OF ITS POWERS,
655
00:37:07,225 --> 00:37:10,729
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hITS RANKS SWELLED
WITH CAESAR’S LOYAL SUPPORTERS.
656
00:37:12,697 --> 00:37:16,100
{\an7}FIVE YEARS AFTER CAESAR
\h\hCROSSED THE RUBICON,
657
00:37:16,134 --> 00:37:17,969
{\an7}A SMALL GROUP OF SENATORS
658
00:37:18,002 --> 00:37:20,538
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hNOW DECIDED
THAT HE’D GONE TOO FAR.
659
00:37:20,572 --> 00:37:24,976
{\an7}AND WHAT THEY DID NEXT WOULD
REVERBERATE THROUGH HISTORY.
660
00:37:26,745 --> 00:37:31,483
{\an7}\h\h\h\hIN 44 B.C., FIVE YEARS
AFTER HE CROSSED THE RUBICON,
661
00:37:31,516 --> 00:37:35,920
{\an7}CAESAR WAS ESTABLISHED
AS DICTATOR FOR LIFE.
662
00:37:35,954 --> 00:37:39,391
{\an7}\h\h\h\hFOR SOME, YEARNING FOR
THE LIBERTIES OF THE REPUBLIC,
663
00:37:39,424 --> 00:37:43,028
{\an7}CAESAR HAD PROVED HIMSELF
\h\h\hA POWER-MAD TYRANT.
664
00:37:43,061 --> 00:37:46,598
{\an7}\hA SMALL GROUP OF SENATORS
NOW DECIDED THEY HAD TO ACT.
665
00:37:47,966 --> 00:37:50,268
{\an7}Cicero: I HOPE THIS WON’T BE
\h\h\hANOTHER WASTE OF TIME.
666
00:37:50,301 --> 00:37:51,669
{\an7}Bettany: ON THE IDES OF MARCH,
667
00:37:51,703 --> 00:37:54,506
{\an7}\h\h\h\hCICERO ATTENDED
A MEETING OF THE SENATE,
668
00:37:54,539 --> 00:37:58,777
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hUNAWARE THAT INSIDE,
CAESAR’S FATE HAD BEEN SEALED.
669
00:37:58,810 --> 00:38:00,045
{\an7}Man: GET OUT NOW!
670
00:38:00,078 --> 00:38:02,547
{\an7}[CROWD MURMURING]
671
00:38:05,416 --> 00:38:07,718
{\an7}Cicero: WHAT’S HAPPENING?
\h\h\h\h\hWHAT’S GOING ON?
672
00:38:12,991 --> 00:38:14,759
{\an7}Man: CICERO!
673
00:38:14,793 --> 00:38:16,094
{\an7}LIBERTY HAS BEEN RECOVERED!
674
00:38:16,127 --> 00:38:18,029
{\an7}WE ARE FREE!
675
00:38:18,062 --> 00:38:19,564
{\an7}JOIN THE LIBERATORS!
676
00:38:32,844 --> 00:38:34,746
{\an7}\h\hBettany: WHEN CAESAR
HAD ENTERED THE CHAMBER,
677
00:38:34,779 --> 00:38:38,249
{\an7}\h\h\h\hHE WAS SURROUNDED
BY AROUND 20 CONSPIRATORS,
678
00:38:38,283 --> 00:38:40,218
{\an7}WHO STABBED HIM TO DEATH.
679
00:38:40,251 --> 00:38:42,286
{\an7}Cicero: OH...
680
00:38:44,222 --> 00:38:46,091
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBettany:
IN THE AUTOPSY AFTERWARDS,
681
00:38:46,124 --> 00:38:50,395
{\an7}\h\h\hDOCTORS COUNTED
23 WOUNDS ON HIS BODY.
682
00:38:50,428 --> 00:39:01,940
{\an7}♪
683
00:39:01,973 --> 00:39:13,218
{\an7}♪
684
00:39:13,251 --> 00:39:16,488
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE MURDER
OF GAIUS JULIUS CAESAR
685
00:39:16,521 --> 00:39:17,789
{\an7}TOOK PLACE HERE,
686
00:39:17,822 --> 00:39:21,559
{\an7}RIGHT AT THE HEART OF POMPEY’S
\h\h\hMASSIVE THEATER COMPLEX.
687
00:39:21,593 --> 00:39:23,995
{\an7}IT WAS A MESSY BUSINESS,
688
00:39:24,028 --> 00:39:27,899
{\an7}WITH THE CONSPIRATORS SLASHING
ONE ANOTHER IN THE CONFUSION.
689
00:39:27,932 --> 00:39:31,269
{\an7}\h\h\hTHOSE WHO PHYSICALLY HAD
CAESAR’S BLOOD ON THEIR HANDS
690
00:39:31,302 --> 00:39:34,372
{\an7}WERE CLOSELY CONNECTED
\h\h\hTO THE DICTATOR.
691
00:39:34,405 --> 00:39:38,042
{\an7}CASCA, WHO STRUCK FIRST,
\h\h\hWAS AN OLD FRIEND.
692
00:39:38,076 --> 00:39:41,746
{\an7}\hMARCUS BRUTUS WAS THE SON
OF A LONG-STANDING MISTRESS,
693
00:39:41,779 --> 00:39:43,814
{\an7}AND DECIMUS BRUTUS WAS A COUSIN,
694
00:39:43,848 --> 00:39:47,352
{\an7}\hAS WELL AS OTHERS WHO’D BEEN
PERSONALLY FORGIVEN BY CAESAR
695
00:39:47,385 --> 00:39:49,687
{\an7}FOR THEIR ALLEGIANCE TO POMPEY.
696
00:39:49,721 --> 00:39:53,091
{\an7}BUT ALL THESE PERSONAL HISTORIES
WERE PUT ASIDE
697
00:39:53,124 --> 00:39:56,661
{\an7}\h\h\hIN A FRANTIC BID
TO MURDER THEIR MASTER
698
00:39:56,694 --> 00:40:00,064
{\an7}AND TO RESTORE THE REPUBLIC
\h\h\h\h\h\hAND ITS VALUES.
699
00:40:02,667 --> 00:40:04,102
{\an7}FOR CAESAR’S ENEMIES,
700
00:40:04,135 --> 00:40:05,370
{\an7}HE’D COME TO REPRESENT
701
00:40:05,403 --> 00:40:06,838
{\an7}\h\h\hEVERYTHING THAT
THEY’D BEEN BROUGHT UP
702
00:40:06,871 --> 00:40:09,974
{\an7}TO FEAR AND TO DESPISE.
703
00:40:10,008 --> 00:40:11,343
{\an7}HE WAS A TYRANT,
704
00:40:11,376 --> 00:40:13,845
{\an7}AN ALL-POWERFUL DICTATOR,
705
00:40:13,878 --> 00:40:16,714
{\an7}AN ENEMY OF THE REPUBLIC,
706
00:40:16,748 --> 00:40:20,418
{\an7}AN ENEMY OF THE IDEA
\h\h\hTHAT WAS ROME.
707
00:40:22,587 --> 00:40:25,523
{\an7}\h\h\h\hCICERO HAD SPENT
MOST OF CAESAR’S TYRANNY
708
00:40:25,556 --> 00:40:27,858
{\an7}EITHER PRAISING THE DICTATOR
709
00:40:27,892 --> 00:40:30,395
{\an7}OR SULKING IN SEMI-RETIREMENT.
710
00:40:30,428 --> 00:40:32,730
{\an7}BUT WITH CAESAR’S MURDER,
711
00:40:32,764 --> 00:40:35,200
{\an7}HE SPRANG BACK INTO LIFE.
712
00:40:35,233 --> 00:40:37,335
{\an7}\h\h\h\hHE DIDN’T ACTUALLY
GO AND JOIN THE MURDERERS
713
00:40:37,368 --> 00:40:39,737
{\an7}WHEN THEY REGROUPED
ON CAPITOLINE HILL,
714
00:40:39,771 --> 00:40:43,608
{\an7}BUT HE DID WRITE THIS
\h\h\hTO ONE OF THEM:
715
00:40:43,641 --> 00:40:45,610
{\an7}"CONGRATULATIONS!
716
00:40:45,643 --> 00:40:46,911
{\an7}I REJOICE.
717
00:40:46,945 --> 00:40:50,449
{\an7}\h\h\hI LOVE YOU, AND HAVE
YOUR INTERESTS AT HEART."
718
00:40:50,481 --> 00:40:52,083
{\an7}AND THEN, HE LATER HE ADDED,
719
00:40:52,116 --> 00:40:53,651
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h"HOW I WISH
THAT YOU’D INVITED ME
720
00:40:53,685 --> 00:40:57,222
{\an7}TO THAT SPLENDID FEAST
ON THE IDES OF MARCH!
721
00:40:57,255 --> 00:41:00,091
{\an7}THERE WOULD HAVE BEEN
\h\h\h\hNO LEFTOVERS."
722
00:41:00,124 --> 00:41:02,126
{\an7}\h\h\hBY WHICH HE MEANT
THAT HE’D HAVE MADE SURE
723
00:41:02,160 --> 00:41:04,663
{\an7}THAT MARK ANTONY AND CAESAR’S
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOTHER SUPPORTERS
724
00:41:04,696 --> 00:41:07,599
{\an7}HAD ALSO BEEN KILLED.
725
00:41:07,632 --> 00:41:10,835
{\an7}\h\h\hLATER HE WROTE,
JUSTIFYING THE MURDER,
726
00:41:10,868 --> 00:41:14,872
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hDESCRIBING TYRANNY
AS A CRIME PUNISHABLE BY DEATH,
727
00:41:14,906 --> 00:41:17,542
{\an7}A CRIME AGAINST HUMANITY.
728
00:41:19,210 --> 00:41:20,411
{\an7}THROUGH HISTORY,
729
00:41:20,445 --> 00:41:21,880
{\an7}CAESAR’S NAME WOULD BE TAKEN
730
00:41:21,913 --> 00:41:25,316
{\an7}BY DESPOTS AND IMPERIAL LEADERS
ACROSS THE WORLD,
731
00:41:25,350 --> 00:41:27,252
{\an7}FROM ROMAN CAESARS,
732
00:41:27,285 --> 00:41:29,053
{\an7}TO RUSSIAN TSARS
733
00:41:29,087 --> 00:41:31,423
{\an7}AND GERMAN KAISERS.
734
00:41:31,456 --> 00:41:33,591
{\an7}\h\h\hAND THE STORY
OF HIS RISE AND FALL
735
00:41:33,624 --> 00:41:36,494
{\an7}\h\h\hREFLECTS A BATTLE
THAT STILL RAGES TODAY,
736
00:41:36,527 --> 00:41:39,730
{\an7}WHEREVER DEMOCRACY,
WITH ALL ITS FLAWS,
737
00:41:39,764 --> 00:41:42,133
{\an7}IS PITTED AGAINST TYRANNY.
738
00:41:43,534 --> 00:41:46,270
{\an7}IN THE DAYS AND WEEKS
AFTER CAESAR’S MURDER,
739
00:41:46,304 --> 00:41:49,841
{\an7}CICERO AND OTHERS WORKED HARD
\h\h\hTO RESTORE THE REPUBLIC,
740
00:41:49,874 --> 00:41:51,909
{\an7}TO AVOID MORE VIOLENCE.
741
00:41:51,943 --> 00:41:54,012
{\an7}BUT IT WAS TOO LATE.
742
00:41:54,045 --> 00:41:57,615
{\an7}CAESAR’S FOLLOWERS WHIPPED UP
\h\h\h\h\hA HUNGER FOR REVENGE
743
00:41:57,648 --> 00:42:00,451
{\an7}AND CHASED HIS ASSASSINS
\h\h\h\h\hFROM THE CITY.
744
00:42:00,485 --> 00:42:06,257
{\an7}\h\h\hSOON ROME WAS IN THE GRIP
OF YET ANOTHER BRUTAL CIVIL WAR.
745
00:42:06,290 --> 00:42:11,061
{\an7}ALL THIS VIOLENCE STEMMED
\hFROM ONE PIVOTAL MOMENT,
746
00:42:11,095 --> 00:42:14,865
{\an7}\hWHEN CAESAR CROSSED
THE RUBICON IN 49 B.C.
747
00:42:14,899 --> 00:42:16,134
{\an7}IT WAS AN ACT THAT ENSURED
748
00:42:16,167 --> 00:42:18,636
{\an7}\h\h\hTHE DESTRUCTION
OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC
749
00:42:18,669 --> 00:42:22,006
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND THE DOWNFALL
OF SOME OF ITS GREATEST FIGURES.
750
00:42:22,040 --> 00:42:24,009
{\an7}WITHIN JUST 10 YEARS,
751
00:42:24,042 --> 00:42:27,379
{\an7}\h\hPOMPEY, BRUTUS,
CAESAR, CATO, CICERO
752
00:42:27,412 --> 00:42:30,382
{\an7}\h\h\hHAD BEEN KILLED
OR COMMITTED SUICIDE.
753
00:42:30,415 --> 00:42:33,018
{\an7}MURDER BEGAT MURDER,
754
00:42:33,051 --> 00:42:36,288
{\an7}CIVIL WAR BEGAT CIVIL WAR.
755
00:42:36,320 --> 00:42:40,524
{\an7}\h\hA POINT OF NO RETURN
REALLY HAD BEEN CROSSED.
756
00:42:40,558 --> 00:42:41,893
{\an7}NEXT TIME...
757
00:42:41,926 --> 00:42:45,096
{\an7}\hTHE DAY THAT CAESAR’S
ADOPTED HEIR, OCTAVIAN,
758
00:42:45,129 --> 00:42:48,165
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTRIUMPHED OVER
HIS RIVAL, MARK ANTONY,
759
00:42:48,199 --> 00:42:50,368
{\an7}AND WAS ACCLAIMED AUGUSTUS,
760
00:42:50,401 --> 00:42:53,404
{\an7}THE FIRST EMPEROR OF ROME.
761
00:42:53,438 --> 00:42:56,541
{\an7}Cicero: ROME, STILL MOURNING
THE DEATH OF JULIUS CAESAR.
762
00:42:56,574 --> 00:42:59,610
{\an7}\h\h\hWILL NOT BE PREPARED,
NOR WILL IT SEE YOU COMING.
763
00:42:59,644 --> 00:43:06,784
{\an7}♪
764
00:43:06,818 --> 00:43:16,027
{\an7}♪
765
00:43:16,060 --> 00:43:26,571
{\an7}♪
87875
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