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{\an7}Bettany Hughes: ANCIENT ROME:
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{\an7}ONE OF THE GREATEST SUPERPOWERS
IN HISTORY
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00:00:05,239 --> 00:00:09,009
{\an7}\h\hWHOSE FAR-REACHING LEGACY
CONTINUES TO SHAPE OUR LIVES.
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00:00:09,042 --> 00:00:11,144
{\an7}FOR CLOSE ON 1,000 YEARS,
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00:00:11,178 --> 00:00:14,848
{\an7}THE ROMANS DOMINATED
\h\hTHE KNOWN WORLD.
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{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHEIRS WAS
AN EXTRAORDINARY EMPIRE
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{\an7}THAT HERALDED AN AGE
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{\an7}OF UNPRECEDENTED PROSPERITY
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND STABILITY,
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00:00:22,322 --> 00:00:26,693
{\an7}BUT THAT ALSO RULED THROUGH
\h\hVIOLENCE AND OPPRESSION.
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00:00:26,727 --> 00:00:28,028
{\an7}[THUNDER]
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00:00:28,061 --> 00:00:30,997
{\an7}ROME’S RISE TO GREATNESS
\h\h\hWASN’T INEVITABLE;
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00:00:31,031 --> 00:00:33,634
{\an7}\hITS EPIC HISTORY
WAS OFTEN DECIDED
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00:00:33,667 --> 00:00:36,570
{\an7}BY SINGLE CRITICAL MOMENTS.
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00:00:36,603 --> 00:00:37,504
{\an7}[YELLING]
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00:00:37,538 --> 00:00:39,106
{\an7}[GASP]
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{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN THIS SERIES
I’M EXPLORING EIGHT KEY DAYS
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{\an7}THAT I BELIEVE HELP TO EXPLAIN
\h\hROME’S REMARKABLE SUCCESS.
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00:00:49,349 --> 00:00:50,984
{\an7}\h\h\h\hTO UNDERSTAND
THE FULL SIGNIFICANCE
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00:00:51,018 --> 00:00:52,219
{\an7}OF THESE EIGHT DAYS,
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00:00:52,252 --> 00:00:55,088
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hI’M TRAVELING
ACROSS THE ROMAN WORLD.
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00:00:55,122 --> 00:00:57,591
{\an7}I AM INCREDIBLY LUCKY
\h\h\h\hTO GET ACCESS
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00:00:57,624 --> 00:00:59,626
{\an7}TO THIS ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE.
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{\an7}EXAMINING REMARKABLE FINDS.
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00:01:01,828 --> 00:01:03,596
{\an7}\h\hWHEN YOU DIG UP
SOMETHING LIKE THIS,
25
00:01:03,630 --> 00:01:04,931
{\an7}HOW DOES IT MAKE YOU FEEL
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00:01:04,965 --> 00:01:07,401
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hABOUT THE ROMANS
WHO WERE HERE AT THE TIME?
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00:01:07,434 --> 00:01:11,471
{\an7}\h\h\hMan: WE THINK THAT
IT’S A KIND OF GENOCIDE.
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{\an7}Bettany: AND INVESTIGATING
\h\h\h\h\hTHE COMPLEXITIES
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00:01:13,440 --> 00:01:16,443
{\an7}OF WHAT IT WAS TO BE ROMAN.
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00:01:16,476 --> 00:01:18,645
{\an7}[SCREAM]
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{\an7}\h\h\hTHIS IS THE DAY
WHEN A ROMAN GENERAL,
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{\an7}PUBLIUS CORNELIUS SCIPIO,
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{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWENT HEAD TO HEAD
WITH THE LEGENDARY HANNIBAL
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{\an7}AND THE MIGHTY EMPIRE
\h\h\h\h\hOF CARTHAGE.
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{\an7}IN A BATTLE THAT WOULD DETERMINE
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{\an7}IF ROME REALLY HAD THE MUSCLE
\h\hTO RULE THE ANCIENT WORLD.
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{\an7}Scipio: FORWARD!
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{\an7}[YELLING]
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00:01:53,714 --> 00:01:57,918
{\an7}Bettany: ON 19th OF OCTOBER,
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h202 BC,
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00:01:57,951 --> 00:02:01,421
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE FUTURE OF TWO
GREAT CIVILIZATIONS WAS DECIDED
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00:02:01,455 --> 00:02:05,225
{\an7}IN THE UNFORGIVING DESERTS
\h\h\h\h\hOF NORTH AFRICA
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00:02:05,258 --> 00:02:08,361
{\an7}AT A PLACE CALLED ZAMA.
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00:02:08,395 --> 00:02:10,797
{\an7}FOR ME, THIS WAS A MOMENTOUS DAY
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{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hIN THE STORY
OF THE ANCIENT WORLD...
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00:02:13,300 --> 00:02:15,936
{\an7}A WINNER-TAKES-ALL
\h\hCONFRONTATION
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00:02:15,969 --> 00:02:19,172
{\an7}BETWEEN THE MAJESTY OF CARTHAGE
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00:02:19,206 --> 00:02:22,810
{\an7}AND THE UPSTART THAT WAS ROME.
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00:02:22,843 --> 00:02:26,847
{\an7}[SCREAMING]
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{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNOW, 500 YEARS
BEFORE THIS TITANIC BATTLE,
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00:02:33,053 --> 00:02:34,621
{\an7}ROME HAD BEEN PRETTY MUCH
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00:02:34,655 --> 00:02:38,392
{\an7}LIKE ANY OTHER SMALL-TIME
MEDITERRANEAN SETTLEMENT.
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00:02:38,425 --> 00:02:40,394
{\an7}\h\h\h\hAND IN THIS CASE
A BUNCH OF WOODEN HOUSES
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00:02:40,427 --> 00:02:41,828
{\an7}AROUND THE RIVER TIBER
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00:02:41,862 --> 00:02:45,432
{\an7}SURROUNDED BY THESE
\hPROTECTING HILLS.
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00:02:45,465 --> 00:02:49,970
{\an7}BUT THERE SEEMED TO BE SOMETHING
SPECIAL IN THE ROMAN DNA,
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00:02:50,003 --> 00:02:53,039
{\an7}SOMETHING THAT DROVE HER
TO THE TOP OF THE PILE.
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00:02:55,442 --> 00:02:59,913
{\an7}A RELENTLESS AMBITION,
\hA DELIGHT IN BATTLE,
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00:02:59,946 --> 00:03:01,514
{\an7}THAT PROPELLED ROME
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00:03:01,548 --> 00:03:04,384
{\an7}\hTO THE DAY SHE’D CONFRONT
HANNIBAL’S CARTHAGINIAN ARMY
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00:03:04,418 --> 00:03:06,720
{\an7}AT ZAMA.
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00:03:06,753 --> 00:03:09,789
{\an7}AND THE ROMANS TOLD THEMSELVES
\h\h\h\h\h\hTHIS WARRIOR ETHOS
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00:03:09,823 --> 00:03:14,161
{\an7}\h\hWAS THEIR RIGHT
AT THE CITY’S BIRTH.
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00:03:14,194 --> 00:03:16,063
{\an7}\hROME’S FOUNDERS,
ROMULUS AND REMUS,
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00:03:16,096 --> 00:03:18,799
{\an7}WERE, ALL GOOD ROMANS BELIEVED,
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00:03:18,832 --> 00:03:23,570
{\an7}THE ACTUAL SONS OF MARS,
\h\h\h\hTHE GOD OF WAR.
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00:03:23,603 --> 00:03:25,472
{\an7}\hAND IT WAS SAID
THAT WHEN ROMULUS
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00:03:25,505 --> 00:03:28,975
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hINFAMOUSLY MURDERED
HIS OWN BROTHER TO RULE ALONE,
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00:03:29,009 --> 00:03:31,278
{\an7}THE CHARACTER OF ROME WAS SET--
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00:03:31,311 --> 00:03:35,682
{\an7}DRIVEN, BLOODY, RUTHLESS--
\h\h\h\h\h\hFROM DAY ONE.
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00:03:37,484 --> 00:03:39,686
{\an7}EVEN BY ANCIENT STANDARDS,
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00:03:39,720 --> 00:03:45,593
{\an7}THE ROMANS FETISHIZED VIOLENCE
\hAND AGGRESSION AND AMBITION.
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00:03:45,625 --> 00:03:47,460
{\an7}IT SEEMS THAT THIS LITTLE STATE
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00:03:47,494 --> 00:03:53,667
{\an7}HAD A HARD, FLINTY DETERMINATION
TO MAKE THEIR MARK ON THE WORLD.
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00:03:58,338 --> 00:04:00,140
{\an7}2,500 YEARS AGO
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00:04:00,173 --> 00:04:03,610
{\an7}ROME OCCUPIED A FRACTION
OF TODAY’S MODERN CITY,
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00:04:03,643 --> 00:04:07,147
{\an7}JUST 4 TIGHTLY PACKED
\h\h\h\hSQUARE MILES,
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00:04:07,180 --> 00:04:10,417
{\an7}WITH A POPULATION
OF AROUND 60,000.
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00:04:10,450 --> 00:04:13,820
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hBUT ROME WAS
IN A PRIME LOCATION...
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00:04:13,854 --> 00:04:15,656
{\an7}THE RIVER TIBER OFFERING ACCESS
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00:04:15,689 --> 00:04:18,725
{\an7}TO THE POSSIBILITIES
OF THE WIDER WORLD.
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00:04:21,661 --> 00:04:26,199
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTHE CITY WAS RULED
AS A REPUBLIC, A "RES PUBLICA,"
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00:04:26,233 --> 00:04:27,534
{\an7}SOMEWHERE THAT PEOPLE
\h\h\h\hCAME TOGETHER
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00:04:27,567 --> 00:04:31,838
{\an7}TO ENGAGE LITERALLY
\hIN PUBLIC THINGS.
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00:04:31,872 --> 00:04:35,342
{\an7}IT WAS A SUPER-SMART
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY
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00:04:35,375 --> 00:04:37,043
{\an7}WHERE EVERY ROMAN WAS ASSURED
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00:04:37,077 --> 00:04:39,813
{\an7}\h\h\h\hTHAT THE STATE HAD
THEIR INTERESTS AT HEART,
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00:04:39,846 --> 00:04:42,649
{\an7}THAT WE’RE ALL IN THIS TOGETHER.
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00:04:42,682 --> 00:04:45,618
{\an7}SO EVERY ROMAN CITIZEN
HAD A VESTED INTEREST
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00:04:45,652 --> 00:04:49,923
{\an7}TO ENSURE THAT ROME DIDN’T
JUST SURVIVE, BUT THRIVED.
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00:04:52,392 --> 00:04:56,463
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hIN THE 6th CENTURY BC,
ROME PUSHED INTO CENTRAL ITALY,
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00:04:56,496 --> 00:05:00,967
{\an7}THE LANDS OF LATIUM, WHERE LATIN
WAS THE COMMON LANGUAGE.
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00:05:01,001 --> 00:05:03,804
{\an7}\h\hTHE CITY OF GABII,
11 MILES TO THE EAST,
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00:05:03,837 --> 00:05:09,142
{\an7}\h\h\hWAS ONE OF THE FIRST TO BE
ABSORBED INTO THE ROMAN PROJECT.
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00:05:09,176 --> 00:05:11,912
{\an7}HERE, AT THE SITE
OF ANCIENT GABII,
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00:05:11,945 --> 00:05:13,513
{\an7}NEW EXCAVATIONS ARE REVEALING
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00:05:13,547 --> 00:05:17,551
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hEXACTLY HOW ROME
ASSIMILATED HER NEIGHBORS.
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00:05:17,584 --> 00:05:23,356
{\an7}TURNING OUTSIDERS, THEM,
\hINTO ROMAN ALLIES, US,
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00:05:23,390 --> 00:05:25,125
{\an7}WITH THREATS OF VIOLENCE
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00:05:25,158 --> 00:05:28,862
{\an7}BUT ALSO PROMISES OF PROTECTION
AND PROSPERITY.
100
00:05:28,895 --> 00:05:33,867
{\an7}NICOLA TERRENATO IS DIRECTOR
OF THIS REMARKABLE PROJECT.
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00:05:33,900 --> 00:05:35,668
{\an7}\h\h\h\hDIGGING HERE,
WHAT DOES IT TELL YOU
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00:05:35,702 --> 00:05:39,206
{\an7}ABOUT A RELATIONSHIP OF A TOWN
\h\h\h\hLIKE GABII WITH ROME?
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00:05:39,239 --> 00:05:42,175
{\an7}Nicola Terrenato: THIS IS A CITY
THAT IS CLOSEST TO ROME.
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00:05:42,209 --> 00:05:45,846
{\an7}AND SO THIS IS WHERE ROME
\h\hIS TESTING ITS METTLE.
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00:05:45,879 --> 00:05:49,416
{\an7}WE SEE RIGHT AFTER THE ALLIANCE
WITH ROME STARTS,
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00:05:49,449 --> 00:05:51,851
{\an7}\h\h\h\hTHEN ALL SORTS
OF GOOD THINGS HAPPEN.
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00:05:51,885 --> 00:05:53,453
{\an7}GREAT TEMPLES BEING BUILT,
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00:05:53,486 --> 00:05:56,589
{\an7}ELITE HOUSES BECOME BIGGER,
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hMORE LAVISH,
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00:05:56,623 --> 00:05:58,425
{\an7}FABULOUS ROADS BEING LAID.
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00:05:58,458 --> 00:06:01,895
{\an7}WE’RE STANDING RIGHT ON TOP
\h\h\hOF A SEQUENCE OF ROADS
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00:06:01,928 --> 00:06:03,696
{\an7}CONNECTING THE PEOPLE OF GABII
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWITH ROME,
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00:06:03,730 --> 00:06:05,765
{\an7}ROADS THAT THE ROMAN ARMY
\h\h\hIS GOING TO PROTECT,
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00:06:05,799 --> 00:06:08,535
{\an7}\h\hSO THAT MAKES IT
VERY EASY TO TRAVEL.
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00:06:08,568 --> 00:06:10,904
{\an7}Bettany: THERE’S A VERY STRONG
\hROMAN STRATEGY, ISN’T THERE,
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00:06:10,937 --> 00:06:14,841
{\an7}TO COME TO TOWNS LIKE THIS
\h\h\hAND OFFER PROTECTION
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00:06:14,875 --> 00:06:18,312
{\an7}IN RETURN FOR MEN WHO WILL
\h\h\hTHEN FIGHT FOR ROME.
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00:06:18,345 --> 00:06:20,948
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hNicola: ABSOLUTELY.
IT’S A CHEAP WAY OF EXPANDING.
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00:06:20,981 --> 00:06:24,351
{\an7}BUT THEY ALSO HAVE THE ABILITY
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hTO BE RUTHLESS,
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00:06:24,384 --> 00:06:27,621
{\an7}AND WHEN A CITY IS OPPOSING
\h\h\hTHAT ROMAN EXPANSION,
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00:06:27,654 --> 00:06:30,423
{\an7}THEY WILL ATTACK, THEY WILL
\hSIEGE, THEY WILL PILLAGE.
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00:06:30,457 --> 00:06:32,025
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND, YOU KNOW,
EXCEPTIONALLY IN INSTANCES,
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00:06:32,058 --> 00:06:33,660
{\an7}THEY WILL ELIMINATE THE CITY.
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00:06:33,693 --> 00:06:35,929
{\an7}SO, IT IS A CARROT AND STICK
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAPPROACH.
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00:06:35,962 --> 00:06:37,831
{\an7}\h\h\hBettany: I TELL YOU WHAT
IS BRILLIANT ABOUT BEING HERE
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00:06:37,864 --> 00:06:41,434
{\an7}IS THAT YOU CAN ALMOST SMELL
\h\h\hROME’S DETERMINATION.
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00:06:41,468 --> 00:06:43,737
{\an7}Nicola: THIS IS ROME
\hLEARNING HOW TO DO
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00:06:43,770 --> 00:06:46,273
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hWHAT THEN IT WILL DO
ACROSS THE WHOLE MEDITERRANEAN.
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00:06:46,306 --> 00:06:49,376
{\an7}\hTHIS IS THE LABORATORY,
AND THEY WILL REPEAT THIS
129
00:06:49,409 --> 00:06:51,411
{\an7}WITH HUNDREDS OF OTHER
\h\hURBAN COMMUNITIES
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00:06:51,444 --> 00:06:53,880
{\an7}THROUGHOUT THE MEDITERRANEAN,
\h\h\h\h\hBUT THEY START HERE.
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00:06:56,917 --> 00:06:59,920
{\an7}\h\h\hBettany: 250 YEARS
AFTER GABII’S TAKEOVER,
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00:06:59,953 --> 00:07:03,790
{\an7}MOST OF ITALY HAD FALLEN
\h\hUNDER ROMAN CONTROL.
133
00:07:03,823 --> 00:07:07,894
{\an7}THIS WAS A VAST PROTECTION
\hRACKET IN ALL BUT NAME.
134
00:07:07,928 --> 00:07:10,397
{\an7}\hNOW THE ONLY THING
STANDING IN THE WAY
135
00:07:10,430 --> 00:07:13,366
{\an7}OF ROME’S INSATIABLE AMBITION
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00:07:13,400 --> 00:07:15,769
{\an7}WAS CARTHAGE.
137
00:07:15,802 --> 00:07:21,508
{\an7}CARTHAGE HAD WHAT ROME WANTED--
A GLORIOUS EMPIRE.
138
00:07:21,541 --> 00:07:23,510
{\an7}WITH TRADING NETWORKS
\h\h\h\h\hAND COLONIES
139
00:07:23,543 --> 00:07:25,612
{\an7}STRETCHING FROM LEBANON
\h\h\h\h\h\hIN THE EAST
140
00:07:25,645 --> 00:07:27,380
{\an7}TO SPAIN IN THE WEST,
141
00:07:27,414 --> 00:07:29,750
{\an7}IT WAS THE SOPHISTICATED
\h\h\h\h\h\hSUPER POWER
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00:07:29,783 --> 00:07:33,720
{\an7}OF THE MEDITERRANEAN.
143
00:07:33,753 --> 00:07:37,457
{\an7}THESE TWO POWERS WERE ABOUT
\h\h\hTO COME HEAD TO HEAD.
144
00:07:37,490 --> 00:07:40,727
{\an7}CARTHAGE, THE DOMINANT FORCE
\h\h\hIN THE ANCIENT WORLD,
145
00:07:40,760 --> 00:07:44,597
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hVERSUS ROME,
THE NEW KID ON THE BLOCK.
146
00:07:44,631 --> 00:07:47,134
{\an7}THE FIELDS OF EUROPE
\h\hAND NORTH AFRICA
147
00:07:47,167 --> 00:07:49,569
{\an7}WERE TO BE GIANT BATTLEGROUNDS,
148
00:07:49,602 --> 00:07:54,140
{\an7}WITH ONE MAN EMERGING TO BLOCK
\hROME’S OVERWEENING AMBITION.
149
00:07:54,174 --> 00:07:55,075
{\an7}[HORSE WHINNIES]
150
00:07:55,108 --> 00:07:58,678
{\an7}HIS NAME WAS HANNIBAL BARCA,
151
00:07:58,712 --> 00:08:01,415
{\an7}\h\h\h\hTHE LEGENDARY
CARTHAGINIAN GENERAL,
152
00:08:01,448 --> 00:08:04,985
{\an7}AND HE THREATENED TO BE
\h\h\h\hROME’S NEMESIS.
153
00:08:07,821 --> 00:08:11,992
{\an7}IN 218 BC, HANNIBAL LAUNCHED
\h\h\hONE OF THE MOST FAMOUS
154
00:08:12,025 --> 00:08:15,529
{\an7}AND DARING MILITARY MANEUVERS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hIN HISTORY.
155
00:08:15,562 --> 00:08:17,998
{\an7}AT THE HEAD OF A HUGE
\h\hMULTIETHNIC ARMY,
156
00:08:18,031 --> 00:08:22,235
{\an7}HE MARCHED FROM SPAIN,
WITH 38 WAR ELEPHANTS,
157
00:08:22,268 --> 00:08:26,038
{\an7}ACROSS THE FROZEN ALPS
\h\h\hAND INTO ITALY.
158
00:08:26,072 --> 00:08:30,543
{\an7}\hPUSHING SOUTH, HANNIBAL
WON VICTORY AFTER VICTORY.
159
00:08:30,577 --> 00:08:33,580
{\an7}ROME WAS FACING DISASTER.
160
00:08:33,613 --> 00:08:36,983
{\an7}MIKE LOADES IS AN EXPERT
\h\hIN ANCIENT WARFARE.
161
00:08:37,017 --> 00:08:39,786
{\an7}WHAT AN EXCEPTIONAL MAN
HANNIBAL MUST HAVE BEEN.
162
00:08:39,819 --> 00:08:41,554
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hMike Loades:
HANNIBAL IS SUCH A LEGEND
163
00:08:41,588 --> 00:08:44,124
{\an7}BECAUSE HE WAS BOTH
\hA STRATEGIC GENIUS
164
00:08:44,157 --> 00:08:46,459
{\an7}AND A TACTICAL GENIUS.
165
00:08:46,493 --> 00:08:48,562
{\an7}HE LED A POLYGLOT ARMY.
166
00:08:48,595 --> 00:08:50,964
{\an7}\hHE HAD NUMIDIANS
FROM NORTH AFRICA,
167
00:08:50,997 --> 00:08:53,766
{\an7}HE HAD HIS LIBY-PHOENICIANS
\h\h\h\h\hFROM NORTH AFRICA,
168
00:08:53,800 --> 00:08:56,870
{\an7}\h\h\hHE HAD IBERIAN TROOPS
FROM HIS SPANISH CAMPAIGNS.
169
00:08:56,903 --> 00:08:58,772
{\an7}AND HE SUPPOSEDLY SPOKE
\h\hTO ALL THESE PEOPLE
170
00:08:58,805 --> 00:09:00,006
{\an7}IN THEIR OWN LANGUAGES.
171
00:09:00,040 --> 00:09:02,309
{\an7}HE WAS A SOLDIER’S GENERAL.
172
00:09:02,342 --> 00:09:05,378
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWHAT GREATER TESTAMENT
COULD THERE BE TO HIS CHARACTER?
173
00:09:05,412 --> 00:09:07,748
{\an7}THESE MEN WILLINGLY FOLLOWED HIM
174
00:09:07,781 --> 00:09:11,752
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hON THIS GREAT
AND DANGEROUS ADVENTURE.
175
00:09:11,785 --> 00:09:14,821
{\an7}[YELLING]
176
00:09:14,854 --> 00:09:17,690
{\an7}\hBettany: ROME WAS
IN A DESPERATE FIGHT
177
00:09:17,724 --> 00:09:19,726
{\an7}AGAINST HANNIBAL AND HIS ARMIES
178
00:09:19,759 --> 00:09:23,663
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAS THEY RAMPAGED
THROUGH THE ITALIAN HOMELAND.
179
00:09:24,631 --> 00:09:27,167
{\an7}[BIRDS CHIRPING]
180
00:09:27,200 --> 00:09:32,906
{\an7}EVENTUALLY IN AUGUST 216 BC
AT CANNAE IN SOUTHERN ITALY,
181
00:09:32,939 --> 00:09:35,909
{\an7}A HUGE ROMAN ARMY WAS ASSEMBLED,
182
00:09:35,942 --> 00:09:39,512
{\an7}\h\hTHE LARGEST FORCE
EVER PUT IN THE FIELD.
183
00:09:39,546 --> 00:09:44,351
{\an7}\h\h\h\hIT WAS 80,000 STRONG,
TWICE THE SIZE OF HANNIBAL’S,
184
00:09:44,384 --> 00:09:49,022
{\an7}\h\hAND THE ROMAN GENERALS
WERE CONFIDENT OF VICTORY.
185
00:09:49,055 --> 00:09:50,723
{\an7}BUT WHAT HAPPENED NEXT
186
00:09:50,757 --> 00:09:54,394
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hWOULD BECOME KNOWN
AS ONE OF ROME’S DARKEST HOURS.
187
00:09:56,096 --> 00:10:02,069
{\an7}♪
188
00:10:02,102 --> 00:10:04,938
{\an7}MORE THAN 40,000 MEN--
189
00:10:04,971 --> 00:10:07,040
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOVER HALF
OF ROME’S FIGHTING FORCE--
190
00:10:07,073 --> 00:10:09,075
{\an7}WERE MASSACRED.
191
00:10:09,109 --> 00:10:10,577
{\an7}HANNIBAL’S VICTORY AT CANNAE
192
00:10:10,610 --> 00:10:13,646
{\an7}STANDS AS ONE OF THE MOST
\hMEMORABLE MILITARY FEATS
193
00:10:13,680 --> 00:10:15,549
{\an7}OF ALL TIME.
194
00:10:18,885 --> 00:10:21,287
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hMaharbal:
A SIGHT TO BEHOLD, GENERAL.
195
00:10:21,321 --> 00:10:33,567
{\an7}♪
196
00:10:33,600 --> 00:10:34,568
{\an7}[BLADE SLICES]
197
00:10:34,601 --> 00:10:37,437
{\an7}[MAN GROANS]
198
00:10:37,470 --> 00:10:39,505
{\an7}Bettany: BUT ACCORDING
\h\h\hTO ONE OF ROME’S
199
00:10:39,539 --> 00:10:42,809
{\an7}MOST CELEBRATED HISTORIANS,
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hLIVY,
200
00:10:42,842 --> 00:10:45,611
{\an7}\hFROM THE SHAMEFUL
BLOODBATH OF CANNAE
201
00:10:45,645 --> 00:10:50,250
{\an7}EMERGED A TRUE ROMAN HERO--
202
00:10:50,283 --> 00:10:54,487
{\an7}PUBLIUS CORNELIUS SCIPIO.
203
00:11:02,195 --> 00:11:03,830
{\an7}[HORSE WHINNIES]
204
00:11:03,863 --> 00:11:05,298
{\an7}Man: YAH!
205
00:11:07,967 --> 00:11:14,807
{\an7}[GRUNTING]
206
00:11:14,841 --> 00:11:15,975
{\an7}[GROANS]
207
00:11:16,009 --> 00:11:17,611
{\an7}[HORSE WHINNIES]
208
00:11:21,981 --> 00:11:25,651
{\an7}\h\h\hBettany: THIS WAS THE MAN
WHO’D CONFRONT HANNIBAL AT ZAMA
209
00:11:25,685 --> 00:11:32,025
{\an7}\h\hAND SHOW THE WORLD WHY ROME
WAS THE EXCEPTION, BORN TO RULE.
210
00:11:34,494 --> 00:11:39,799
{\an7}216 BC, IMMEDIATELY AFTER
\h\hROME’S CRUSHING DEFEAT
211
00:11:39,832 --> 00:11:43,602
{\an7}AT THE HANDS OF HANNIBAL...
212
00:11:43,636 --> 00:11:45,771
{\an7}THE ROMAN HISTORIAN LIVY RECORDS
213
00:11:45,805 --> 00:11:49,409
{\an7}THAT THE YOUNG ARMY OFFICER,
\h\h\hSCIPIO, WAS ON THE RUN
214
00:11:49,442 --> 00:11:52,545
{\an7}\h\hIN ENEMY TERRITORY
WITH A FELLOW SOLDIER.
215
00:11:54,080 --> 00:11:56,482
{\an7}[HORSE WHINNIES]
216
00:11:56,516 --> 00:12:10,663
{\an7}♪
217
00:12:10,697 --> 00:12:14,868
{\an7}\h\h\hNOW, AFTER THE SLAUGHTER
AT CANNAE, SCIPIO’S COMPANION
218
00:12:14,901 --> 00:12:18,738
{\an7}\h\hWAS ONE OF MANY READY
TO DESERT THE ROMAN ARMY.
219
00:12:18,771 --> 00:12:21,274
{\an7}Metellus: I’M DONE
HIDING IN DITCHES.
220
00:12:21,307 --> 00:12:23,543
{\an7}I’M HEADING TO THE COAST.
221
00:12:23,576 --> 00:12:25,011
{\an7}ARE YOU WITH ME?
222
00:12:28,915 --> 00:12:30,884
{\an7}[GROANING]
223
00:12:30,917 --> 00:12:34,220
{\an7}\h\h\hScipio: I SWEAR THAT
I WILL NEVER DESERT ROME.
224
00:12:34,254 --> 00:12:37,858
{\an7}\hIF I BREAK MY VOW,
MAY JUPITER HIMSELF
225
00:12:37,890 --> 00:12:39,959
{\an7}BRING TO ME A SHAMEFUL DEATH.
226
00:12:39,993 --> 00:12:42,095
{\an7}NOW YOU!
227
00:12:42,128 --> 00:12:48,234
{\an7}Metellus: TAKE THE SWORD FROM
\hMY THROAT AND I’LL SWEAR IT.
228
00:12:48,268 --> 00:12:50,070
{\an7}Scipio: SWEAR IT!
229
00:12:50,103 --> 00:12:51,438
{\an7}[GRUNTS]
230
00:12:51,471 --> 00:12:54,207
{\an7}\h\hMetellus: I SWEAR
NEVER TO DESERT ROME.
231
00:12:54,240 --> 00:13:00,947
{\an7}IF I BREAK MY OATH, MAY JUPITER
BRING ME TO A SHAMEFUL DEATH!
232
00:13:00,980 --> 00:13:02,615
{\an7}AGH!
233
00:13:04,684 --> 00:13:06,786
{\an7}Bettany: SCIPIO’S REFUSAL
\h\h\h\h\hTO ABANDON ROME
234
00:13:06,819 --> 00:13:09,021
{\an7}AT THIS CRITICAL TIME...
235
00:13:09,055 --> 00:13:10,623
{\an7}Scipio: ROME IS THIS WAY.
236
00:13:10,657 --> 00:13:14,094
{\an7}Bettany: ...WOULD BECOME PART
\h\h\h\h\h\hOF ROMAN FOLKLORE.
237
00:13:18,798 --> 00:13:23,069
{\an7}IN A WAR THAT WAS GOING BADLY,
\hSCIPIO’S BRAVADO STOOD OUT.
238
00:13:23,102 --> 00:13:26,372
{\an7}IN FACT, HE WAS MADE TO EMBODY
\h\h\h\h\h\hALL THE QUALITIES
239
00:13:26,406 --> 00:13:30,877
{\an7}THAT THE ROMANS VALUED,
\hIN PARTICULAR VIRTUS.
240
00:13:30,910 --> 00:13:35,248
{\an7}NOW, VIRTUS COMES FROM THE WORD
"VIR," WHICH MEANS MAN,
241
00:13:35,281 --> 00:13:37,083
{\an7}AND IF YOU POSSESSED VIRTUS,
242
00:13:37,116 --> 00:13:40,353
{\an7}THEN YOU WERE BRAVE AND STRONG
\h\h\h\h\h\hON BEHALF OF ROME,
243
00:13:40,386 --> 00:13:45,091
{\an7}AND IN RETURN THAT BESTOWED
ON YOU GLORIA AND DIGNITAS--
244
00:13:45,124 --> 00:13:49,695
{\an7}\h\hA KIND OF GLORIOUS FAME
AND A DIGNIFIED REPUTATION.
245
00:13:52,131 --> 00:13:54,800
{\an7}\h\h\hTHESE QUALITIES
WOULD MARK SCIPIO OUT
246
00:13:54,834 --> 00:13:58,705
{\an7}AS A TEXTBOOK ROMAN HERO.
247
00:13:58,738 --> 00:14:02,008
{\an7}BUT IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE DEFEAT
AT CANNAE,
248
00:14:02,041 --> 00:14:05,545
{\an7}IDEAS OF GLORY SEEMED
\h\h\hA LONG WAY OFF.
249
00:14:05,578 --> 00:14:08,915
{\an7}WHEN NEWS OF THE SLAUGHTER
\hFINALLY ARRIVED IN ROME,
250
00:14:08,948 --> 00:14:14,253
{\an7}\h\h\hONE EMOTION SWEPT
THROUGH THE CITY: FEAR.
251
00:14:14,287 --> 00:14:17,190
{\an7}\h\h\hHANNIBAL COULD ARRIVE
AT THE GATES AT ANY MOMENT.
252
00:14:19,425 --> 00:14:22,128
{\an7}\h\hPANIC WAS THREATENING
TO TAKE HOLD OF THE CITY.
253
00:14:22,161 --> 00:14:24,664
{\an7}ALMOST EVERY HOUSEHOLD
\h\hHAD LOST SOMEONE,
254
00:14:24,697 --> 00:14:28,601
{\an7}\h\hAND THE SOUND OF WAILING
MOURNERS FILLED THE STREETS.
255
00:14:28,634 --> 00:14:31,637
{\an7}THE POLITICIANS HAD TO GET
\hA GRIP ON THE SITUATION.
256
00:14:31,671 --> 00:14:33,406
{\an7}AT THE TIME OF CANNAE,
257
00:14:33,439 --> 00:14:36,142
{\an7}THE ROMAN SENATE WAS IN CHARGE
OF ADMINISTRATION OF THE CITY,
258
00:14:36,175 --> 00:14:38,277
{\an7}\h\hAND THEY CALLED
AN EMERGENCY MEETING
259
00:14:38,311 --> 00:14:41,881
{\an7}IN A BUILDING THAT’S NOW BURIED
RIGHT UNDERNEATH THIS CHURCH.
260
00:14:43,683 --> 00:14:46,019
{\an7}AT A LOSS AS TO WHAT TO DO,
261
00:14:46,052 --> 00:14:48,621
{\an7}THE SENATE SOUGHT THE GUIDANCE
\h\hOF AN ESTABLISHMENT FIGURE
262
00:14:48,654 --> 00:14:52,091
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hFROM ONE OF ROME’S
MOST DISTINGUISHED FAMILIES.
263
00:14:54,460 --> 00:14:57,763
{\an7}QUINTUS FABIUS MAXIMUS
WAS AN ELDER STATESMAN
264
00:14:57,797 --> 00:14:59,565
{\an7}AND CELEBRATED GENERAL
265
00:14:59,599 --> 00:15:02,569
{\an7}WHO’D ADVISED AGAINST FIGHTING
\h\h\h\h\hHANNIBAL AT CANNAE.
266
00:15:02,602 --> 00:15:04,204
{\an7}Soldier: SENATOR.
267
00:15:04,237 --> 00:15:07,073
{\an7}Bettany: HE NOW TOOK CONTROL
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOF THE CITY.
268
00:15:09,809 --> 00:15:12,578
{\an7}ONE OF FABIUS MAXIMUS’S
\h\h\h\h\hFIRST ACTIONS
269
00:15:12,612 --> 00:15:15,615
{\an7}WAS TO BAN FEMALE MOURNERS
\h\h\h\h\hFROM THE STREETS
270
00:15:15,648 --> 00:15:18,784
{\an7}IN AN EFFORT TO RESTORE CALM.
271
00:15:18,818 --> 00:15:21,654
{\an7}IN EFFECT, WEEPING WAS OUTLAWED,
272
00:15:21,687 --> 00:15:23,923
{\an7}BUT THAT WASN’T ENOUGH.
273
00:15:23,956 --> 00:15:26,959
{\an7}\h\hTHE ROMAN HISTORIAN LIVY
TELLS US WHAT HAPPENS NEXT,
274
00:15:26,993 --> 00:15:33,833
{\an7}\h\h\hAND IT IS AN EXTRAORDINARY
AND, FOR US, APPALLING MEASURE.
275
00:15:33,866 --> 00:15:47,046
{\an7}♪
276
00:15:47,079 --> 00:15:50,649
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hA PRIESTESS,
KNOWN AS A VESTAL VIRGIN,
277
00:15:50,683 --> 00:15:56,322
{\an7}WAS ACCUSED OF HAVING HAD SEX,
BREAKING HER VOW OF CHASTITY.
278
00:15:58,257 --> 00:16:01,761
{\an7}\h\h\hFABIUS MAXIMUS DECLARED
THAT SHE HAD ANGERED THE GODS,
279
00:16:01,794 --> 00:16:07,400
{\an7}\hWHO’D PUNISHED ROME WITH THE
DEVASTATING DEFEAT AT CANNAE.
280
00:16:07,433 --> 00:16:10,636
{\an7}TO APPEASE THE GODS, HE ORDERED
THAT THE VESTAL VIRGIN
281
00:16:10,670 --> 00:16:16,543
{\an7}\h\h\h\hBE CONDEMNED
TO A HORRIFIC FATE--
282
00:16:16,576 --> 00:16:18,978
{\an7}HUMAN SACRIFICE.
283
00:16:19,011 --> 00:16:27,920
{\an7}♪
284
00:16:27,954 --> 00:16:32,225
{\an7}\h\h\hFabius Maximus:
ANY NEWS OF YOUR SON?
285
00:16:32,258 --> 00:16:34,460
{\an7}Publius: NO, SENATOR.
286
00:16:37,964 --> 00:16:39,866
{\an7}Fabius Maximus: PRAY THE GODS,
\h\h\h\h\h\hIN THEIR MAJESTY,
287
00:16:39,899 --> 00:16:41,934
{\an7}LET HIM BE LIVING.
288
00:16:46,706 --> 00:16:49,809
{\an7}Publius: IS THIS SPECTACLE
\h\h\h\hREALLY NECESSARY?
289
00:16:52,278 --> 00:16:56,582
{\an7}Fabius Maximus: ROME IS NOTHING
WITHOUT THE FAVOR OF THE GODS.
290
00:16:56,616 --> 00:17:01,187
{\an7}[QUIETLY SOBBING]
291
00:17:04,790 --> 00:17:08,127
{\an7}\h\h\hIF THIS WHORE,
AND OTHERS LIKE HER,
292
00:17:08,160 --> 00:17:11,330
{\an7}HAD NOT DESECRATED THEIR OFFICE,
293
00:17:11,364 --> 00:17:14,901
{\an7}PERHAPS YOUR SON WOULD BE
\h\h\hAT YOUR SIDE TODAY.
294
00:17:14,934 --> 00:17:23,409
{\an7}♪
295
00:17:23,442 --> 00:17:26,645
{\an7}[PANTING]
296
00:17:26,679 --> 00:17:29,148
{\an7}♪
297
00:17:29,181 --> 00:17:43,328
{\an7}♪
298
00:17:43,362 --> 00:17:44,597
{\an7}[SCREAMS]
299
00:17:48,367 --> 00:17:52,037
{\an7}Bettany: THIS WAS RITUAL MURDER
CARRIED OUT BY A PEOPLE
300
00:17:52,071 --> 00:17:56,342
{\an7}DESPERATE TO OVERCOME
THE TRAUMA OF DEFEAT.
301
00:17:56,375 --> 00:17:59,278
{\an7}WHEN WE THINK ABOUT THE ROMANS,
WE SHOULDN’T JUST IMAGINE
302
00:17:59,312 --> 00:18:02,348
{\an7}MEN AND WOMEN LIKE US
\h\hDRESSED IN TOGAS.
303
00:18:02,381 --> 00:18:04,583
{\an7}THIS WAS OFTEN A VERY PRIMITIVE
304
00:18:04,617 --> 00:18:07,353
{\an7}AND DEEPLY SUPERSTITIOUS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSOCIETY.
305
00:18:07,386 --> 00:18:09,154
{\an7}THERE WERE GODS AND GODDESSES
306
00:18:09,188 --> 00:18:12,692
{\an7}AND DEMIGODS AND SPIRITS
\h\h\h\h\h\hALL AROUND.
307
00:18:12,725 --> 00:18:17,230
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hIT WAS SOMEWHERE BOTH
OF EXTRAORDINARY SOPHISTICATION
308
00:18:17,263 --> 00:18:20,967
{\an7}\h\hAND ALSO SOMETIMES
OF CHILLING SAVAGERY.
309
00:18:23,069 --> 00:18:26,973
{\an7}\h\h\h\hAND ROME WAS ALSO
AN ACHINGLY MACHO SOCIETY
310
00:18:27,006 --> 00:18:30,042
{\an7}WHERE GIRLS WERE MARRIED OFF
\h\h\h\hFROM THE AGE OF 10,
311
00:18:30,076 --> 00:18:35,615
{\an7}WITH MYTHIC RAPES RE-ENACTED AS
PART OF THEIR MARRIAGE RITUALS.
312
00:18:35,648 --> 00:18:38,384
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHE ROMANS HOPED
THAT BURYING A WOMAN ALIVE
313
00:18:38,417 --> 00:18:41,353
{\an7}WOULD HELP TO PURIFY THE STATE,
314
00:18:41,387 --> 00:18:45,625
{\an7}\h\h\hRESTORING ROME’S
CONFIDENCE AND VIGOR.
315
00:18:45,658 --> 00:18:50,429
{\an7}\h\hALEXANDER EVERS IS AN EXPERT
ON THE CULTURE OF ANCIENT ROME.
316
00:18:50,463 --> 00:18:53,533
{\an7}Alexander Evers: CANNAE WAS
\hA HUGE PSYCHOLOGICAL BLOW
317
00:18:53,566 --> 00:18:55,234
{\an7}TO THE ROMAN MIND,
318
00:18:55,267 --> 00:18:58,270
{\an7}\hAND CLEARLY THE RELATIONSHIP
WITH THE GODS MUST HAVE BEEN,
319
00:18:58,304 --> 00:18:59,872
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAT THE TIME
MUST HAVE BEEN DISTURBED,
320
00:18:59,905 --> 00:19:03,409
{\an7}AND SO THE ROMANS LOOK
\h\h\hFOR A SCAPEGOAT.
321
00:19:03,442 --> 00:19:05,477
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBettany:
IT’S ABSOLUTELY HORRIFIC.
322
00:19:05,511 --> 00:19:07,980
{\an7}Alexander: GRUESOME AS IT
\h\h\h\h\hMAY SEEM TO US,
323
00:19:08,014 --> 00:19:11,484
{\an7}\h\h\hBURYING SOMEONE ALIVE,
IT DOES WORK FOR THE ROMANS.
324
00:19:11,517 --> 00:19:15,621
{\an7}IT UNITES EVERYONE, IT PULLS
THEM ALL BACK TOGETHER AGAIN
325
00:19:15,655 --> 00:19:19,859
{\an7}BEHIND THE COMMON CAUSE, WHICH
\hIS THE WAR AGAINST HANNIBAL.
326
00:19:22,128 --> 00:19:23,963
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBettany:
THE ROMANS WERE REDISCOVERING
327
00:19:23,996 --> 00:19:27,066
{\an7}THEIR UNRELENTING DRIVE.
328
00:19:32,772 --> 00:19:36,009
{\an7}\h\hIN THE INTERVENING YEARS
AFTER THE DEFEAT AT CANNAE,
329
00:19:36,042 --> 00:19:39,646
{\an7}THE WAR WITH CARTHAGE SPREAD
\hACROSS THE ANCIENT WORLD,
330
00:19:39,679 --> 00:19:42,715
{\an7}AN INTERCONTINENTAL GAME
\h\h\h\hOF CAT AND MOUSE
331
00:19:42,748 --> 00:19:46,318
{\an7}WITH BITTER FIGHTING
\h\hON LAND AND SEA.
332
00:19:46,352 --> 00:19:49,355
{\an7}WHILE ROME FOUGHT A DESPERATE
\h\h\hGUERRILLA WAR IN ITALY,
333
00:19:49,388 --> 00:19:52,524
{\an7}\h\h\hPREVENTING HANNIBAL
ATTACKING THE CITY ITSELF,
334
00:19:52,558 --> 00:19:54,160
{\an7}THE ROMAN GENERALS MADE A PLAN
335
00:19:54,193 --> 00:19:57,997
{\an7}TO DESTABILIZE THE WIDER
\h\hCARTHAGINIAN EMPIRE.
336
00:19:59,465 --> 00:20:03,269
{\an7}IN 210 BC THEY LAUNCHED
\h\h\h\hA COUNTERATTACK,
337
00:20:03,302 --> 00:20:07,039
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hIN CARTHAGE’S
MAIN POWER BASE, SPAIN.
338
00:20:09,675 --> 00:20:12,044
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hFOR SCIPIO,
THIS WAS AN OPPORTUNITY
339
00:20:12,078 --> 00:20:14,814
{\an7}TO RISE THROUGH THE RANKS.
340
00:20:14,847 --> 00:20:17,983
{\an7}A SINGULAR MAN BRAVE ENOUGH
\h\h\h\h\h\hTO TAKE ON A JOB
341
00:20:18,017 --> 00:20:22,288
{\an7}\hMOST CONSIDERED
A DEATH SENTENCE--
342
00:20:22,321 --> 00:20:26,792
{\an7}TO LEAD ROME’S FORCES
\h\h\h\hHERE IN SPAIN.
343
00:20:26,826 --> 00:20:28,361
{\an7}SCIPIO WAS JUST 25
344
00:20:28,394 --> 00:20:31,297
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWHEN HE TOOK COMMAND
OF THE ROMAN ARMIES IN SPAIN,
345
00:20:31,330 --> 00:20:35,067
{\an7}AND ALMOST IMMEDIATELY HE TURNED
THE WAR IN ROME’S FAVOR
346
00:20:35,101 --> 00:20:39,038
{\an7}BY CAPTURING CARTHAGINIAN
\h\h\h\hFORCES AND CITIES.
347
00:20:39,071 --> 00:20:44,810
{\an7}BUT HE DID SO WITH A COMBINATION
OF CUNNING AND DOWNRIGHT CRUELTY
348
00:20:44,844 --> 00:20:48,181
{\an7}\h\h\hTHAT WOULD COME TO BE
A HALLMARK OF ROMAN WARFARE.
349
00:20:49,715 --> 00:20:52,618
{\an7}THIS IS ILLITURGIS, ANDALUCÍA--
350
00:20:52,651 --> 00:20:57,356
{\an7}THE SITE OF A CITY ATTACKED
\h\h\h\hBY SCIPIO IN 206 BC.
351
00:20:59,125 --> 00:21:01,060
{\an7}\h\h\h\hTHERE ARE SOME
REMARKABLE FINDS HERE
352
00:21:01,093 --> 00:21:03,395
{\an7}THAT ARE TRANSFORMING
\h\hOUR UNDERSTANDING
353
00:21:03,429 --> 00:21:06,065
{\an7}\hOF HOW THE ROMANS
CLAWED BACK CONTROL
354
00:21:06,098 --> 00:21:08,701
{\an7}\h\h\h\hAT THE EXPENSE
OF THE CARTHAGINIANS.
355
00:21:11,837 --> 00:21:14,006
{\an7}A GROUP OF SPANISH
\h\hARCHAEOLOGISTS
356
00:21:14,039 --> 00:21:16,208
{\an7}LED BY JUAN PEDRO BELLÓN
357
00:21:16,242 --> 00:21:19,078
{\an7}\h\hHAVE JUST DISCOVERED
FASCINATING NEW EVIDENCE
358
00:21:19,111 --> 00:21:22,815
{\an7}DIRECTLY LINKING SCIPIO
TO AN ACT OF MASS MURDER
359
00:21:22,848 --> 00:21:26,151
{\an7}AGAINST THE CIVILIAN POPULATION
OF ILLITURGIS.
360
00:21:34,660 --> 00:21:36,195
{\an7}\hBettany: AND DO YOU HAVE
EVIDENCE OF CONFLICT HERE?
361
00:21:36,228 --> 00:21:37,162
{\an7}Juan Pedro: YES, OF COURSE.
362
00:21:39,031 --> 00:21:39,932
{\an7}Bettany: GOSH.
363
00:21:43,803 --> 00:21:47,273
{\an7}Bettany: ILLITURGIS WAS ONCE
\h\h\h\hA FLOURISHING TOWN,
364
00:21:47,306 --> 00:21:48,841
{\an7}BUT THE INHABITANTS
\h\hMADE THE MISTAKE
365
00:21:48,874 --> 00:21:52,711
{\an7}OF TAKING THE CARTHAGINIAN SIDE
IN THE WAR.
366
00:21:52,745 --> 00:21:55,514
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hFOR SCIPIO,
THIS BETRAYAL DESERVED
367
00:21:55,548 --> 00:21:58,317
{\an7}THE ULTIMATE PUNISHMENT.
368
00:21:58,350 --> 00:22:00,819
{\an7}JUAN PEDRO’S TEAM HAVE BEEN
\h\h\h\h\h\hUNCOVERING SIGNS
369
00:22:00,853 --> 00:22:03,656
{\an7}OF A SAVAGE ROMAN ATTACK.
370
00:22:05,891 --> 00:22:08,193
{\an7}SO TALK ME THROUGH WHAT
YOU’VE GOT ON THE TABLE.
371
00:22:13,833 --> 00:22:14,967
{\an7}\h\hBettany: HOBNAILS
FROM THE ROMAN BOOTS!
372
00:22:15,000 --> 00:22:16,568
{\an7}Juan Pedro: YES.
373
00:22:16,602 --> 00:22:18,270
{\an7}Bettany: THAT’S REALLY
SIGNIFICANT, ISN’T IT,
374
00:22:18,304 --> 00:22:20,973
{\an7}BECAUSE THE HOBNAILED BOOT IS
\hA REAL EMBLEM OF THE ROMANS.
375
00:22:21,006 --> 00:22:21,907
{\an7}Juan Pedro: YES.
376
00:22:27,513 --> 00:22:28,447
{\an7}Bettany: YES.
377
00:22:30,683 --> 00:22:32,451
{\an7}Bettany: AMAZING, AND THIS IS,
\h\h\hI KNOW, A VERY TYPICAL,
378
00:22:32,484 --> 00:22:35,721
{\an7}\h\hHORRIBLE, FEROCIOUS
ROMAN WEAPON, ISN’T IT?
379
00:22:38,624 --> 00:22:40,593
{\an7}\hBettany: YES, IT’S FROM
A BALLISTA BOLT, ISN’T IT?
380
00:22:40,626 --> 00:22:41,927
{\an7}Juan Pedro: YES, YES, YES.
381
00:22:49,735 --> 00:22:51,003
{\an7}Bettany: I PROBABLY
SHOULDN’T ASK THIS,
382
00:22:51,036 --> 00:22:52,838
{\an7}\h\h\h\hBUT I CAN SEE
THERE’S A RING THERE,
383
00:22:52,872 --> 00:22:54,307
{\an7}IS THERE ANY CHANCE
\hI COULD TRY IT ON?
384
00:22:54,340 --> 00:22:55,775
{\an7}\h\h\h\hJuan Pedro:
YES, YOU CAN TRY IT.
385
00:22:55,808 --> 00:22:57,343
{\an7}Bettany: GOSH, THANK YOU.
\h\h\h\hWHAT’S IT MADE OF?
386
00:23:00,279 --> 00:23:01,914
{\an7}Bettany: AH, THAT’S AMAZING.
387
00:23:01,947 --> 00:23:03,916
{\an7}SO THIS WILL BE THE FIRST TIME
\h\h\hTHAT THIS HAS BEEN WORN
388
00:23:03,949 --> 00:23:06,051
{\an7}IN 2,200 YEARS?
389
00:23:06,085 --> 00:23:07,954
{\an7}Juan Pedro: YES.
390
00:23:07,987 --> 00:23:10,256
{\an7}Bettany: I MEAN, IT IS
\hJUST A LITTLE THING,
391
00:23:10,289 --> 00:23:12,024
{\an7}BUT IT SPEAKS VOLUMES,
\h\h\h\h\hDOESN’T IT,
392
00:23:12,057 --> 00:23:14,960
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hBECAUSE IT TALKS
ABOUT THE LOCAL PEOPLE HERE
393
00:23:14,994 --> 00:23:18,531
{\an7}WHO ARE JUST SUFFERING INVASION
FROM FOREIGN ARMIES
394
00:23:18,564 --> 00:23:21,000
{\an7}WHO ARE USING THEIR TERRITORY
\h\h\h\h\h\hAS A BATTLEGROUND.
395
00:23:32,177 --> 00:23:34,379
{\an7}Bettany: SO THE POPULATION HERE
WAS PRETTY MUCH WIPED OUT, THEN?
396
00:23:34,413 --> 00:23:35,347
{\an7}Juan Pedro: YES.
397
00:23:42,087 --> 00:23:44,256
{\an7}Bettany: THE EVIDENCE FOUND
\hBY JUAN PEDRO AND HIS TEAM
398
00:23:44,290 --> 00:23:46,192
{\an7}IS COMPELLING:
399
00:23:46,225 --> 00:23:48,260
{\an7}AT THE EXACT HISTORICAL MOMENT
400
00:23:48,294 --> 00:23:51,397
{\an7}THAT ROMAN WEAPONS APPEAR
\h\h\h\hIN THIS LANDSCAPE
401
00:23:51,430 --> 00:23:54,166
{\an7}NEARLY ALL SIGNS OF LIFE
\h\h\h\h\hIN ILLITURGIS
402
00:23:54,199 --> 00:23:58,170
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hDISAPPEAR FROM
THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD.
403
00:23:58,203 --> 00:24:00,706
{\an7}IT’S SOBERING TO THINK
\h\h\h\h\hTHAT SCIPIO,
404
00:24:00,739 --> 00:24:03,175
{\an7}ONE OF ROME’S GREATEST HEROES,
405
00:24:03,208 --> 00:24:07,979
{\an7}WAS CAPABLE OF THE COLD-BLOODED
MASSACRE OF MEN AND WOMEN
406
00:24:08,013 --> 00:24:11,416
{\an7}WHO DARED TO DEFY ROME.
407
00:24:11,450 --> 00:24:13,385
{\an7}\h\h\h\hJUST LISTEN TO WHAT
THE ROMAN AUTHOR LIVY WROTE
408
00:24:13,419 --> 00:24:16,389
{\an7}ABOUT THE BATTLE HERE:
409
00:24:16,422 --> 00:24:19,425
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h"NO ONE THOUGHT
OF TAKING PRISONERS ALIVE.
410
00:24:19,458 --> 00:24:22,261
{\an7}NO ONE THOUGHT OF PLUNDER.
411
00:24:22,294 --> 00:24:26,131
{\an7}THEY SLAUGHTERED THE UNARMED
\h\h\h\hAND THE ARMED ALIKE.
412
00:24:26,165 --> 00:24:28,634
{\an7}THE WOMEN BESIDES THE MEN.
413
00:24:28,667 --> 00:24:31,336
{\an7}DRIVEN ON BY A CRUEL RAGE,
414
00:24:31,370 --> 00:24:34,840
{\an7}THEY BUTCHERED THE INFANTS, TOO.
415
00:24:34,873 --> 00:24:38,677
{\an7}THEY DELIGHTED IN DESTROYING
\h\h\hALL TRACES OF THE CITY
416
00:24:38,711 --> 00:24:43,616
{\an7}\hAND IN BLOTTING OUT THE VERY
MEMORY OF THEIR ENEMY’S HOME."
417
00:24:45,184 --> 00:24:47,653
{\an7}IT’S A VERY POWERFUL BIT
\h\h\h\h\h\hOF WRITING,
418
00:24:47,686 --> 00:24:51,957
{\an7}BUT UP UNTIL NOW WE HAVEN’T
\h\hBEEN ABLE TO VERIFY IT.
419
00:24:51,991 --> 00:24:54,193
{\an7}THE FINDS HERE, THOUGH, TELL US
420
00:24:54,226 --> 00:24:57,996
{\an7}THAT THIS WAS THE SITE
\h\h\hOF AN ATROCITY.
421
00:24:58,030 --> 00:25:00,499
{\an7}\h\hWORD OF THE MASSACRE
SPREAD INCREDIBLY FAST,
422
00:25:00,532 --> 00:25:01,933
{\an7}AND THIS ACTUALLY BECAME
423
00:25:01,967 --> 00:25:07,206
{\an7}\h\h\h\hONE OF THE ROMANS’
MOST POWERFUL TOOLS--FEAR.
424
00:25:07,239 --> 00:25:11,510
{\an7}\hTHE MESSAGE WAS CLEAR--
YOU DON’T MESS WITH ROME.
425
00:25:11,543 --> 00:25:15,614
{\an7}YOU ARE EITHER WITH THEM
\h\h\h\hOR AGAINST THEM.
426
00:25:15,647 --> 00:25:21,386
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hIT’S AN EARLY FORM
OF STATE-SPONSORED TERRORISM.
427
00:25:21,420 --> 00:25:24,323
{\an7}SCIPIO’S BLOODY VICTORIES
\hIN SPAIN ESTABLISHED HIM
428
00:25:24,356 --> 00:25:26,024
{\an7}AS ROME’S GREATEST HOPE
429
00:25:26,058 --> 00:25:30,663
{\an7}\h\h\hFOR DEFEATING HANNIBAL
AND THE ARMIES OF CARTHAGE.
430
00:25:30,696 --> 00:25:32,631
{\an7}NOW THIS FEROCIOUS BATTLE
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hFOR POWER
431
00:25:32,664 --> 00:25:36,334
{\an7}WAS ABOUT TO REACH ITS CLIMAX...
432
00:25:36,368 --> 00:25:39,872
{\an7}\h\h\h\hIN A CONFRONTATION
BETWEEN THE TWO GENERALS,
433
00:25:39,905 --> 00:25:43,075
{\an7}NOT IN ITALY OR SPAIN,
434
00:25:43,108 --> 00:25:45,744
{\an7}BUT ON THE PLAINS
\hOF NORTH AFRICA.
435
00:25:47,846 --> 00:25:50,549
{\an7}206 BC.
436
00:25:50,582 --> 00:25:52,851
{\an7}\h\hAFTER FIVE YEARS
OF BLOODY FIGHTING,
437
00:25:52,885 --> 00:25:56,622
{\an7}\h\h\hSCIPIO HAD DEFEATED THE
CARTHAGINIAN FORCES IN SPAIN,
438
00:25:56,655 --> 00:25:59,358
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hSECURING LAND
AND CRITICAL RESOURCES,
439
00:25:59,391 --> 00:26:04,329
{\an7}INCLUDING SPANISH SILVER MINES,
FOR HIS MOTHER CITY.
440
00:26:04,363 --> 00:26:07,132
{\an7}SCIPIO RETURNED TO ROME A HERO,
441
00:26:07,166 --> 00:26:09,902
{\an7}DETERMINED TO WIN THE WAR
\h\h\h\hAGAINST HANNIBAL,
442
00:26:09,935 --> 00:26:12,971
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hWHO 12 YEARS
AFTER CROSSING THE ALPS
443
00:26:13,005 --> 00:26:16,575
{\an7}WAS STILL AT LARGE
IN SOUTHERN ITALY.
444
00:26:16,608 --> 00:26:18,043
{\an7}\h\h\h\hROME’S LEADERS
HAD AVOIDED LAUNCHING
445
00:26:18,077 --> 00:26:20,713
{\an7}ANOTHER LARGE-SCALE ATTACK
\h\h\h\hAGAINST HANNIBAL,
446
00:26:20,746 --> 00:26:24,316
{\an7}\hTERRIFIED OF REPEATING
THE MISTAKES OF CANNAE.
447
00:26:24,349 --> 00:26:27,452
{\an7}\h\h\h\hSCIPIO, EMBOLDENED
BY HIS VICTORIES IN SPAIN,
448
00:26:27,486 --> 00:26:31,457
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hNOW PROPOSED
A RADICAL AND DARING PLAN:
449
00:26:31,490 --> 00:26:34,393
{\an7}HE WOULD DRAW HANNIBAL
\h\h\h\h\hOUT OF ITALY
450
00:26:34,426 --> 00:26:36,795
{\an7}BY SAILING WITH AN ARMY
\h\h\h\hTO NORTH AFRICA
451
00:26:36,829 --> 00:26:39,432
{\an7}AND ATTACKING CARTHAGE ITSELF.
452
00:26:42,000 --> 00:26:46,338
{\an7}\h\hFIRST, SCIPIO HAD TO WIN
THE APPROVAL OF THE SENATE.
453
00:26:49,074 --> 00:26:52,244
{\an7}BUT HIS HIGH-STAKES STRATEGY
\h\h\h\h\h\hFLEW IN THE FACE
454
00:26:52,277 --> 00:26:56,882
{\an7}OF EVERYTHING THE OLD SENATOR
\h\hFABIUS MAXIMUS STOOD FOR.
455
00:26:58,984 --> 00:27:01,753
{\an7}\h\hScipio: YOUR STRATEGY
OF AVOIDANCE AND RESTRAINT
456
00:27:01,787 --> 00:27:04,423
{\an7}WILL NEVER RID US OF HANNIBAL.
457
00:27:04,456 --> 00:27:07,726
{\an7}I WILL STRIKE HIM WHERE HE IS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hMOST VULNERABLE,
458
00:27:07,759 --> 00:27:10,895
{\an7}IN HIS HOMELAND.
459
00:27:10,929 --> 00:27:13,732
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hFabius Maximus:
HANNIBAL ISN’T IN HIS HOMELAND.
460
00:27:13,765 --> 00:27:16,101
{\an7}HE’S HERE IN ITALY.
461
00:27:16,135 --> 00:27:19,005
{\an7}IT IS WHERE THE ROMAN ARMY
\h\h\h\h\hSHOULD BE, ALSO.
462
00:27:19,037 --> 00:27:23,842
{\an7}\h\h\h\hNOT IN AFRICA ON SOME
VAINGLORIOUS PLUNDERING TRIP.
463
00:27:23,876 --> 00:27:28,114
{\an7}Scipio: I’VE NO TIME FOR THIS,
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hOLD MAN.
464
00:27:28,147 --> 00:27:31,851
{\an7}\hTHE SENATE ASKED ME TO SPEAK
WITH YOU, AND WE HAVE SPOKEN.
465
00:27:31,884 --> 00:27:36,789
{\an7}NOW IS THE TIME FOR ROMANS
\h\h\hTO BE ROMANS AGAIN.
466
00:27:36,822 --> 00:27:40,292
{\an7}IT’S AFRICA’S TURN TO BE PUT
\h\h\h\h\hTO FIRE AND SWORD!
467
00:27:44,229 --> 00:27:45,197
{\an7}[DOOR SLAMS]
468
00:27:46,965 --> 00:27:51,570
{\an7}Bettany: FINALLY, TWO YEARS
AFTER HIS RETURN FROM SPAIN,
469
00:27:51,603 --> 00:27:57,442
{\an7}\h\h\h\hTHE SENATE RELENTED;
SCIPIO SET SAIL FOR AFRICA.
470
00:27:57,476 --> 00:28:00,346
{\an7}\h\hWITH CARTHAGE ITSELF
NOW UNDER DIRECT THREAT,
471
00:28:00,379 --> 00:28:04,016
{\an7}\h\h\hHANNIBAL WAS FORCED
TO RETURN TO HIS HOMELAND.
472
00:28:04,049 --> 00:28:08,820
{\an7}SO FAR, SCIPIO’S AUDACIOUS PLAN
APPEARED TO BE WORKING.
473
00:28:08,854 --> 00:28:13,292
{\an7}AND IN OCTOBER, 202 BC,
\hON THE PLAINS OF ZAMA,
474
00:28:13,325 --> 00:28:16,528
{\an7}ABOUT 80 MILES INLAND
\h\h\h\hFROM CARTHAGE,
475
00:28:16,562 --> 00:28:19,365
{\an7}\h\hTHE TWO ARMIES
CAME FACE TO FACE.
476
00:28:25,871 --> 00:28:30,509
{\an7}\h\hSCIPIO HAD GOT HANNIBAL
EXACTLY WHERE HE WANTED HIM.
477
00:28:30,542 --> 00:28:33,211
{\an7}\hTHE STAGE WAS SET
FOR A CRITICAL CLASH
478
00:28:33,245 --> 00:28:37,783
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBETWEEN ROME AND
THE ANCIENT POWER OF CARTHAGE.
479
00:28:39,051 --> 00:28:40,953
{\an7}Mike: THE BATTLE OF ZAMA
480
00:28:40,986 --> 00:28:43,822
{\an7}WAS AN ENORMOUSLY PERSONAL
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hGRUDGE MATCH
481
00:28:43,855 --> 00:28:46,791
{\an7}BETWEEN HANNIBAL AND SCIPIO.
482
00:28:46,825 --> 00:28:49,594
{\an7}BOTH OF THESE MEN HAD HISTORY.
483
00:28:49,628 --> 00:28:51,363
{\an7}AND THEY MET.
484
00:28:51,396 --> 00:28:54,933
{\an7}\h\h\h\hTHEY ALLEGEDLY MET
BEFORE THE BATTLE OF ZAMA.
485
00:28:54,967 --> 00:28:59,538
{\an7}IT PLAYS INTO ROMANTIC IDEALS
\h\h\h\h\hOF ANCIENT WARFARE.
486
00:28:59,571 --> 00:29:00,872
{\an7}IT’S LIKE TWO TEAM CAPTAINS
487
00:29:00,906 --> 00:29:03,742
{\an7}\h\h\hHAVING A HANDSHAKE
BEFORE A SPORTING MATCH.
488
00:29:03,775 --> 00:29:05,310
{\an7}Bettany: AND EVEN IF
THEY ARE DOING THIS
489
00:29:05,344 --> 00:29:08,080
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hFOR THEIR OWN
INDIVIDUAL CIVILIZATIONS,
490
00:29:08,113 --> 00:29:12,618
{\an7}\hTHIS IS AN AGE WHERE PERSONAL
GLORY COUNTS FOR A HUGE AMOUNT.
491
00:29:12,651 --> 00:29:15,420
{\an7}\hMike: ABSOLUTELY,
THE WARRIOR CULTURE.
492
00:29:15,454 --> 00:29:20,960
{\an7}FOR THESE TWO GIANTS OF GENERALS
NOW TO COME FACE TO FACE,
493
00:29:20,993 --> 00:29:22,995
{\an7}MAYBE IT’S BECAUSE
\hTHEY JUST WANTED
494
00:29:23,028 --> 00:29:24,763
{\an7}TO LOOK EACH OTHER
\hIN THE EYE ONCE.
495
00:29:24,796 --> 00:29:26,097
{\an7}WHO KNOWS?
496
00:29:26,131 --> 00:29:27,566
{\an7}BUT IT IS A REMARKABLE THING
497
00:29:27,599 --> 00:29:30,635
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHAT THEY HAD
A PRIVATE, SOLO MEETING,
498
00:29:30,669 --> 00:29:34,940
{\an7}BEFORE THIS FINAL,
\hDECISIVE BATTLE.
499
00:29:34,973 --> 00:29:37,609
{\an7}[HORSES WHINNYING]
500
00:29:37,643 --> 00:29:43,916
{\an7}[DISTANT YELLING]
501
00:29:45,784 --> 00:29:48,186
{\an7}[HORSE NICKERS]
502
00:29:48,220 --> 00:30:01,233
{\an7}♪
503
00:30:01,266 --> 00:30:08,006
{\an7}\h\h\hHannibal: CERTAIN PEACE
OR UNCERTAIN HOPE OF VICTORY?
504
00:30:08,040 --> 00:30:11,677
{\an7}THE FIRST...
505
00:30:11,710 --> 00:30:14,213
{\an7}I OFFER YOU NOW.
506
00:30:16,181 --> 00:30:20,619
{\an7}\h\h\hTHE SECOND WOULD BE
IN THE HANDS OF THE GODS.
507
00:30:23,221 --> 00:30:25,223
{\an7}Scipio: HERE ARE MY TERMS--
508
00:30:25,257 --> 00:30:30,262
{\an7}YOU MUST PUT YOURSELF AND YOUR
COUNTRY ENTIRELY AT MY MERCY.
509
00:30:30,295 --> 00:30:32,230
{\an7}[CHUCKLES]
510
00:30:36,134 --> 00:30:38,136
{\an7}SO BE IT.
511
00:30:40,205 --> 00:30:43,008
{\an7}\h\h\h\hBettany: THE BATTLE THAT
FOLLOWED THIS LEGENDARY MEETING
512
00:30:43,041 --> 00:30:45,477
{\an7}WOULD BE A SINGLE DAY OF COMBAT
513
00:30:45,510 --> 00:30:48,446
{\an7}\hTO DECIDE IF ROME
HAD THE WIT AND WILL
514
00:30:48,480 --> 00:30:53,251
{\an7}TO ACHIEVE ITS BOLDEST AMBITIONS
TO DEFEAT THE POWER
515
00:30:53,285 --> 00:30:58,423
{\an7}\h\h\h\hTHAT HAD TAUGHT ROME
HOW A GREAT EMPIRE OPERATED.
516
00:30:58,457 --> 00:31:03,429
{\an7}AS LIVY MAKES CLEAR, THE STAKES
COULD NOT HAVE BEEN HIGHER:
517
00:31:03,462 --> 00:31:05,764
{\an7}"IF THEY WERE SUCCESSFUL,
\h\h\h\hTHEY’D BE VICTORS
518
00:31:05,797 --> 00:31:09,534
{\an7}NOT ONLY FOR A DAY,
\hBUT FOR ALL TIME;
519
00:31:09,568 --> 00:31:11,336
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHEY WOULD KNOW
BEFORE THE NEXT DAY ENDED
520
00:31:11,370 --> 00:31:16,008
{\an7}WHETHER ROME OR CARTHAGE WAS
TO GIVE LAWS TO THE NATIONS.
521
00:31:16,041 --> 00:31:18,277
{\an7}FOR NOT ONLY AFRICA AND ITALY,
522
00:31:18,310 --> 00:31:22,481
{\an7}THE WHOLE WORLD WOULD BE
\hTHE PRIZE OF VICTORY.
523
00:31:22,514 --> 00:31:29,087
{\an7}GREAT AS IS THE PRIZE, THE PERIL
OF DEFEAT WILL BE AS GREAT."
524
00:31:29,121 --> 00:31:31,457
{\an7}\h\h\hTHIS WAS WRITTEN
200 YEARS AFTER ZAMA,
525
00:31:31,490 --> 00:31:33,959
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hSO WE KNOW THEN
THAT THE BATTLE LOOMED LARGE
526
00:31:33,992 --> 00:31:36,094
{\an7}IN THE ROMAN IMAGINATION.
527
00:31:36,128 --> 00:31:39,765
{\an7}BUT I AM ABSOLUTELY SURE
THAT PEOPLE AT THE TIME
528
00:31:39,798 --> 00:31:43,101
{\an7}REALIZED HOW CRITICALLY
\h\h\hIMPORTANT IT WAS.
529
00:31:43,135 --> 00:31:46,972
{\an7}\h\hTHIS WAS THE CULMINATION OF
50 YEARS OF ON-AND-OFF CONFLICT
530
00:31:47,005 --> 00:31:51,109
{\an7}BETWEEN THE GREATEST POWERS
\h\h\hIN THE MEDITERRANEAN.
531
00:31:51,143 --> 00:31:55,414
{\an7}\hTHIS REALLY WAS
WINNER-TAKES-ALL.
532
00:31:55,447 --> 00:32:05,157
{\an7}♪
533
00:32:05,190 --> 00:32:07,993
{\an7}THE TWO GREAT ARMIES
\hFACED ONE ANOTHER.
534
00:32:13,432 --> 00:32:20,072
{\an7}HANNIBAL HAD 36,000 TROOPS,
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hSCIPIO 30,000.
535
00:32:24,843 --> 00:32:27,079
{\an7}BUT SCIPIO HAD ONE ADVANTAGE,
536
00:32:27,112 --> 00:32:31,750
{\an7}THANKS TO A POLITICAL
\h\h\h\hMASTERSTROKE.
537
00:32:31,783 --> 00:32:34,686
{\an7}Mike: ONE OF THE THINGS THAT
SCIPIO LEARNED FROM HANNIBAL
538
00:32:34,719 --> 00:32:41,693
{\an7}IS TO USE TROOPS FROM OTHER
NATIONS, TO USE SPECIALISTS.
539
00:32:41,726 --> 00:32:43,361
{\an7}YOU HAVE GOT THE NUMIDIANS
540
00:32:43,395 --> 00:32:46,765
{\an7}\h\h\hWITH THIS VASTLY SUPERIOR
CAVALRY FORCE FROM NORTH AFRICA
541
00:32:46,798 --> 00:32:49,834
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWITH THEIR JAVELINS
AND THEIR FAST, AGILE HORSES,
542
00:32:49,868 --> 00:32:53,772
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hWHO HAD BEEN CRUCIAL
IN ALL OF HANNIBAL’S CAMPAIGNS
543
00:32:53,805 --> 00:32:59,411
{\an7}FOR 16 YEARS THROUGH ITALY,
\h\hNOW FIGHTING FOR SCIPIO.
544
00:32:59,444 --> 00:33:01,246
{\an7}Bettany: AND THE CRITICAL THING
ABOUT THIS BATTLE
545
00:33:01,279 --> 00:33:02,814
{\an7}IS THAT IT REMINDS US
546
00:33:02,848 --> 00:33:06,318
{\an7}IT’S NOT JUST BRAWN BUT BRAIN
\h\h\h\h\hTHAT THE ROMANS USE,
547
00:33:06,351 --> 00:33:09,855
{\an7}BECAUSE THEY’VE BEEN WOOING
\h\hTHE NUMIDIANS FOR YEARS.
548
00:33:09,888 --> 00:33:14,593
{\an7}\hDIPLOMACY IS AS IMPORTANT
AS SHEER MILITARY STRENGTH.
549
00:33:14,626 --> 00:33:17,195
{\an7}\h\h\hMike: ABSOLUTELY.
THE TABLES HAVE TURNED.
550
00:33:17,229 --> 00:33:19,164
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hTHEY HAD BEEN
HANNIBAL’S SECRET WEAPON;
551
00:33:19,197 --> 00:33:23,435
{\an7}NOW THEY’RE ROME’S
\h\hSECRET WEAPON.
552
00:33:23,468 --> 00:33:25,804
{\an7}\h\hBettany: COURTESY OF
THE HISTORIAN POLYBIUS,
553
00:33:25,837 --> 00:33:30,208
{\an7}WE HAVE AN ACCOUNT OF THE SPEECH
EACH GENERAL GAVE TO HIS TROOPS.
554
00:33:30,242 --> 00:33:32,811
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hScipio:
IF YOU OVERCOME YOUR ENEMIES,
555
00:33:32,844 --> 00:33:36,581
{\an7}YOU WILL GAIN FOR YOURSELVES
\h\h\h\h\h\hAND YOUR COUNTRY
556
00:33:36,615 --> 00:33:40,152
{\an7}THE UNDISPUTED COMMAND
\h\h\hAND SOVEREIGNTY
557
00:33:40,185 --> 00:33:42,454
{\an7}OF THE REST OF THE WORLD!
558
00:33:42,487 --> 00:33:48,259
{\an7}[YELLING]
559
00:33:48,293 --> 00:33:56,134
{\an7}[DISTANT YELLING]
560
00:34:01,840 --> 00:34:07,913
{\an7}♪
561
00:34:07,946 --> 00:34:10,348
{\an7}Hannibal: THIS IS THE DAY
562
00:34:10,382 --> 00:34:18,190
{\an7}TO CONFIRM YOUR REPUTATION
\h\h\h\hFOR INVINCIBILITY!
563
00:34:18,223 --> 00:34:26,598
{\an7}FIGHT BRAVELY AND UPHOLD
\hYOUR PROUD REPUTATION
564
00:34:26,631 --> 00:34:30,969
{\an7}AS AN ARMY THAT HAS NEVER...
565
00:34:31,002 --> 00:34:33,071
{\an7}KNOWN...
566
00:34:33,104 --> 00:34:36,541
{\an7}DEFEAT!
567
00:34:36,575 --> 00:34:37,843
{\an7}[YELLING]
568
00:34:37,876 --> 00:34:40,746
{\an7}[HORSE WHINNIES]
569
00:34:40,779 --> 00:34:42,981
{\an7}Scipio: FORWARD!
570
00:34:43,014 --> 00:34:45,216
{\an7}[HORSE WHINNIES]
571
00:34:53,291 --> 00:34:54,993
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hBettany:
SCIPIO’S NUMIDIAN CAVALRY
572
00:34:55,026 --> 00:34:58,296
{\an7}IMMEDIATELY ATTACKED HANNIBAL’S
SMALLER CAVALRY FORCE,
573
00:34:58,330 --> 00:35:01,033
{\an7}PURSUING THEM INTO THE DESERT.
574
00:35:01,066 --> 00:35:03,302
{\an7}\hBUT AS THEY CHARGED
FROM THE BATTLEFIELD,
575
00:35:03,335 --> 00:35:07,840
{\an7}SCIPIO HAD TEMPORARILY LOST
\h\h\h\h\hHIS ONE ADVANTAGE.
576
00:35:07,872 --> 00:35:10,908
{\an7}NOW THE TWO ARMIES CLASHED.
577
00:35:10,942 --> 00:35:14,012
{\an7}[YELLING]
578
00:35:14,045 --> 00:35:24,322
{\an7}[WEAPONS CLASHING]
579
00:35:24,356 --> 00:35:36,535
{\an7}[YELLING]
580
00:35:36,568 --> 00:35:40,172
{\an7}THE ROMAN INFANTRY HAD THE EDGE
IN DISCIPLINE AND TRAINING,
581
00:35:40,205 --> 00:35:43,975
{\an7}\h\hBUT THE CARTHAGINIANS FOUGHT
DESPERATELY TO SAVE THEIR CITY.
582
00:35:44,009 --> 00:35:46,044
{\an7}Hannibal: LENGTHEN THE LINE!
583
00:35:47,712 --> 00:35:49,981
{\an7}\h\hBettany: NOW HANNIBAL
ORDERED SOME OF HIS TROOPS
584
00:35:50,015 --> 00:35:53,552
{\an7}\h\hTO MOVE OUT TO THE WINGS,
HOPING TO ENVELOP THE ROMANS,
585
00:35:53,585 --> 00:35:56,788
{\an7}JUST AS HE’D DONE AT CANNAE.
586
00:35:56,821 --> 00:35:59,223
{\an7}Hannibal: DON’T LET THEM PASS!
587
00:36:02,460 --> 00:36:04,963
{\an7}FORWARD!
588
00:36:06,164 --> 00:36:07,132
{\an7}[GROANING]
589
00:36:07,165 --> 00:36:09,200
{\an7}[HORSE WHINNIES]
590
00:36:09,234 --> 00:36:11,203
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hBettany: SO FAR,
SCIPIO’S FORCES HAD HELD OUT
591
00:36:11,236 --> 00:36:13,004
{\an7}AGAINST THE LARGER ARMY.
592
00:36:13,038 --> 00:36:16,542
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hBUT SUDDENLY THEY WERE
OUTFLANKED BY THE CARTHAGINIANS,
593
00:36:16,574 --> 00:36:20,211
{\an7}FACING HANNIBAL’S ELITE,
BATTLE-HARDENED VETERANS
594
00:36:20,245 --> 00:36:24,149
{\an7}\h\h\h\hWHO HE’D HELD BACK
TO DELIVER A KILLER BLOW.
595
00:36:24,182 --> 00:36:26,918
{\an7}\h\h\h\hSCIPIO’S DECISION
OVER THE NEXT FEW MOMENTS
596
00:36:26,951 --> 00:36:29,854
{\an7}WOULD DECIDE THE FATE
OF TWO GREAT EMPIRES.
597
00:36:33,024 --> 00:36:35,126
{\an7}AS THE BATTLE OF ZAMA RAGED...
598
00:36:35,160 --> 00:36:37,963
{\an7}Hannibal: DON’T LET THEM PASS!
599
00:36:37,996 --> 00:36:41,733
{\an7}\h\hBettany: ROME’S INFANTRY
WERE BLOODIED AND EXHAUSTED.
600
00:36:44,369 --> 00:36:48,373
{\an7}BUT SCIPIO HELD FAST.
601
00:36:48,406 --> 00:36:53,478
{\an7}[SCREAMING]
602
00:36:53,511 --> 00:36:55,813
{\an7}Hannibal: FORWARD!
603
00:36:55,847 --> 00:36:57,782
{\an7}Scipio: COME ON!
604
00:36:57,816 --> 00:36:59,351
{\an7}COME ON!
605
00:37:02,520 --> 00:37:07,425
{\an7}[GRUNTING]
606
00:37:07,459 --> 00:37:09,161
{\an7}FOR VICTORY!
607
00:37:09,194 --> 00:37:12,497
{\an7}Bettany: WITH ROME’S SUPERIOR
\hCAVALRY STILL OUT OF SIGHT,
608
00:37:12,530 --> 00:37:16,334
{\an7}SCIPIO RUSHED REINFORCEMENTS TO
THE CENTER OF THE BATTLEFIELD...
609
00:37:16,367 --> 00:37:18,436
{\an7}Scipio: COME ON, FORWARD!
610
00:37:18,470 --> 00:37:21,406
{\an7}IN YOUR FORMATIONS! NOW!
611
00:37:23,675 --> 00:37:25,410
{\an7}Bettany: ...WHERE HANNIBAL’S
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hELITE VETERANS
612
00:37:25,443 --> 00:37:28,146
{\an7}\h\hTHREATENED TO PUNCH
THROUGH THE ROMAN LINES.
613
00:37:28,179 --> 00:37:31,516
{\an7}Scipio: COME ON, COME ON,
\h\hTHE CENTER MUST HOLD!
614
00:37:31,549 --> 00:37:34,719
{\an7}Officer: OUR STRONGEST TROOPS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hARE SO FAR...
615
00:37:36,821 --> 00:37:38,423
{\an7}Scipio: PUSH!
616
00:37:44,829 --> 00:37:50,134
{\an7}[CLANGING]
617
00:37:55,273 --> 00:37:59,611
{\an7}[LABORED BREATHING]
618
00:37:59,644 --> 00:38:04,282
{\an7}\h\h\hBettany: SCIPIO’S FORCES
WERE ON THE BRINK OF COLLAPSE.
619
00:38:04,315 --> 00:38:07,418
{\an7}BUT THE TIDE WAS ABOUT TO TURN.
620
00:38:07,452 --> 00:38:11,222
{\an7}[HORN BLOWING]
621
00:38:12,323 --> 00:38:14,425
{\an7}[SCREAMING]
622
00:38:14,459 --> 00:38:18,096
{\an7}[HORN BLOWING]
623
00:38:19,430 --> 00:38:24,902
{\an7}\h\h[HORN BLOWING,
HOOVES THUNDERING]
624
00:38:24,936 --> 00:38:31,810
{\an7}[YELLING]
625
00:38:36,414 --> 00:38:38,917
{\an7}THE BATTLE HAD BEEN RAGING
\h\h\h\h\hSINCE DAYBREAK.
626
00:38:38,950 --> 00:38:43,221
{\an7}BY EARLY AFTERNOON THE NUMIDIAN
CAVALRY RETURNED TO THE FRAY,
627
00:38:43,254 --> 00:38:45,556
{\an7}ATTACKING HANNIBAL’S FORCES
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hFROM THE REAR
628
00:38:45,590 --> 00:38:48,026
{\an7}AND ENCIRCLING HIS TROOPS,
629
00:38:48,059 --> 00:38:51,529
{\an7}JUST AS 14 YEARS BEFORE
\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAT CANNAE,
630
00:38:51,563 --> 00:38:55,133
{\an7}HANNIBAL HAD ENCIRCLED
\hTHE FORCES OF ROME.
631
00:38:56,768 --> 00:39:05,110
{\an7}♪
632
00:39:05,143 --> 00:39:12,817
{\an7}♪
633
00:39:12,851 --> 00:39:17,989
{\an7}\h\h\hSCIPIO HAD WON
A STUNNING VICTORY;
634
00:39:18,022 --> 00:39:22,226
{\an7}20,000 CARTHAGINIAN TROOPS
\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hLAY DEAD.
635
00:39:22,260 --> 00:39:28,333
{\an7}♪
636
00:39:28,366 --> 00:39:34,005
{\an7}HANNIBAL’S ARMY HAD BEEN
\hCOMPLETELY DESTROYED.
637
00:39:34,038 --> 00:39:36,774
{\an7}Scipio: VICTORY FOR ROME!
638
00:39:36,808 --> 00:39:42,781
{\an7}[YELLING]
639
00:39:44,349 --> 00:39:46,985
{\an7}Bettany: HANNIBAL HIMSELF
\h\hESCAPED THE SLAUGHTER,
640
00:39:47,018 --> 00:39:48,820
{\an7}RIDING STRAIGHT FOR CARTHAGE,
641
00:39:48,853 --> 00:39:52,590
{\an7}A CITY HE’D NOT SEEN
\h\h\hFOR 36 YEARS.
642
00:39:54,559 --> 00:40:00,331
{\an7}HE’D SURVIVE TO SEE ROME HUMBLE
HIS ONCE PROUD HOMELAND.
643
00:40:02,400 --> 00:40:04,869
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\hSCIPIO KNEW
WHAT THIS VICTORY MEANT.
644
00:40:04,903 --> 00:40:08,573
{\an7}\hHE’D ESTABLISHED HIMSELF AS
ROME’S MOST SUCCESSFUL GENERAL
645
00:40:08,606 --> 00:40:12,543
{\an7}\hAND HAD CHANGED THE BALANCE
OF POWER IN THE MEDITERRANEAN.
646
00:40:12,577 --> 00:40:17,148
{\an7}THE CARTHAGINIANS HAD NO CHOICE
BUT TO BEG FOR PEACE;
647
00:40:17,181 --> 00:40:21,752
{\an7}THEY KNEW THAT THE ALTERNATIVE
\h\h\h\h\h\hWAS ANNIHILATION.
648
00:40:21,786 --> 00:40:25,356
{\an7}CARTHAGE WAS MADE TO PAY
\hA MASSIVE INDEMNITY--
649
00:40:25,390 --> 00:40:31,029
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h10,000 TALENTS,
ABOUT 250 TONS OF SILVER--
650
00:40:31,062 --> 00:40:35,033
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAND HAND OVER
ALL BUT 10 OF HER WARSHIPS.
651
00:40:35,066 --> 00:40:38,670
{\an7}\h\h\h\hROME’S TERMS ENSURED
THE MIGHTY CITY OF CARTHAGE
652
00:40:38,703 --> 00:40:42,307
{\an7}\h\h\hWOULD NEVER BE
A GREAT POWER AGAIN.
653
00:40:42,340 --> 00:40:46,477
{\an7}FINALLY, IN 146 BC,
\h\h\hROMAN FORCES,
654
00:40:46,511 --> 00:40:49,914
{\an7}\h\h\hLED BY NONE OTHER
THAN SCIPIO’S GRANDSON,
655
00:40:49,948 --> 00:40:53,318
{\an7}RAZED CARTHAGE TO THE GROUND.
656
00:40:53,351 --> 00:40:59,257
{\an7}\h\hTHE ENTIRE POPULATION
WAS MASSACRED OR ENSLAVED.
657
00:40:59,290 --> 00:41:01,859
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hTHE SUFFERING
MUST HAVE BEEN HIDEOUS.
658
00:41:01,893 --> 00:41:07,932
{\an7}MEN AND WOMEN WERE STRUNG UP,
DISEMBOWELED, RAPED, BEHEADED.
659
00:41:07,966 --> 00:41:11,636
{\an7}\h\h\h\hMEANWHILE THE ROMANS
SET ABOUT REWRITING HISTORY,
660
00:41:11,669 --> 00:41:14,172
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\h\hPORTRAYING
THE CIVILIZED CARTHAGINIANS
661
00:41:14,205 --> 00:41:21,379
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h\h\hAS RANK BARBARIANS
WHO DESERVED NO MERCY IN DEFEAT.
662
00:41:21,412 --> 00:41:22,813
{\an7}THE VERY SAME YEAR
663
00:41:22,847 --> 00:41:26,250
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\hROME ALSO SACKED
THE GREEK CITY OF CORINTH,
664
00:41:26,284 --> 00:41:29,254
{\an7}MAKING GREEK CULTURE THEIR OWN.
665
00:41:29,287 --> 00:41:32,991
{\an7}SUCH STOMACH-CHURNING FEROCITY
\h\h\hAND CYNICAL MYTH-MAKING
666
00:41:33,024 --> 00:41:34,692
{\an7}WAS ESSENTIAL.
667
00:41:34,726 --> 00:41:36,962
{\an7}THE TRIUMPHALISM OF A PEOPLE
668
00:41:36,995 --> 00:41:41,032
{\an7}EMBARKING ON A MASSIVE
\h\hIMPERIAL PROJECT.
669
00:41:41,065 --> 00:41:44,502
{\an7}\h\hAND THAT’S WHAT FOR ME
MAKES THIS DAY SO CRUCIAL.
670
00:41:44,535 --> 00:41:46,404
{\an7}SCIPIO’S VICTORY OVER HANNIBAL
671
00:41:46,437 --> 00:41:49,507
{\an7}MARKS A TIPPING POINT
\h\hIN ROME’S HISTORY,
672
00:41:49,540 --> 00:41:51,809
{\an7}WHEN AN INFLUENTIAL CITY-STATE
673
00:41:51,843 --> 00:41:56,715
{\an7}BECOMES AN UNSTOPPABLE
\h\h\hIMPERIAL POWER.
674
00:41:56,748 --> 00:41:58,817
{\an7}IN THEIR DEFEAT OF CARTHAGE,
675
00:41:58,850 --> 00:42:01,653
{\an7}\h\h\hONE PITILESS DAY
ON THE PLAINS OF ZAMA,
676
00:42:01,686 --> 00:42:03,388
{\an7}WE ALSO SEE KEY FEATURES
677
00:42:03,421 --> 00:42:06,391
{\an7}OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE
STARTING TO EMERGE--
678
00:42:06,424 --> 00:42:11,029
{\an7}AN IRREPRESSIBLE BELIEF
IN THEIR RIGHT TO RULE,
679
00:42:11,062 --> 00:42:14,832
{\an7}A RUTHLESS DETERMINATION
\h\hTO WIN AT ANY COSTS,
680
00:42:14,866 --> 00:42:17,268
{\an7}AND A COMPLEX IDENTITY--
681
00:42:17,301 --> 00:42:19,870
{\an7}LIONIZING HONOR AND DECENCY
682
00:42:19,904 --> 00:42:26,077
{\an7}AS WELL AS INSTIGATING CAMPAIGNS
OF VIOLENCE AND TERROR.
683
00:42:26,110 --> 00:42:30,715
{\an7}WELCOME TO THE BRAVE NEW
\h\h\h\h\h\hROMAN WORLD.
684
00:42:32,116 --> 00:42:34,452
{\an7}NEXT TIME...
685
00:42:34,485 --> 00:42:37,755
{\an7}ROME’S NEW EMPIRE
IS UNDER THREAT...
686
00:42:37,789 --> 00:42:39,791
{\an7}FROM WITHIN.
687
00:42:39,824 --> 00:42:41,592
{\an7}\hON THE DAY WHEN
A SLAVE ESCAPED...
688
00:42:41,626 --> 00:42:43,027
{\an7}[SCREAM]
689
00:42:43,061 --> 00:42:45,430
{\an7}...AND WENT ON TO LEAD
A BLOODY REBELLION...
690
00:42:45,463 --> 00:42:47,498
{\an7}[YELLING]
691
00:42:47,532 --> 00:42:52,670
{\an7}\h\h\h\h\h...THAT THREATENED
TO DESTROY SCIPIO’S LEGACY.
692
00:42:52,703 --> 00:42:55,573
{\an7}Spartacus: MY NAME IS SPARTACUS.
693
00:42:55,606 --> 00:43:07,918
{\an7}♪
694
00:43:07,952 --> 00:43:17,995
{\an7}♪
695
00:43:18,029 --> 00:43:23,201
{\an7}♪
696
00:43:23,234 --> 00:43:27,638
{\an7}♪
81562
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