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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:03,222 --> 00:00:07,491 The night sky glitters with enumerable stars, 2 00:00:07,492 --> 00:00:09,459 but space has many objects 3 00:00:09,460 --> 00:00:12,213 still hidden from our view 4 00:00:14,600 --> 00:00:18,019 as if they were just waiting to be discovered. 5 00:00:23,909 --> 00:00:26,944 Some four decades ago an astrophysicist 6 00:00:26,945 --> 00:00:29,579 argued that at the heart of every galaxy 7 00:00:29,580 --> 00:00:32,834 there exists a supermassive black hole. 8 00:00:38,358 --> 00:00:41,909 A galaxy can have hundreds of billions of stars. 9 00:00:42,928 --> 00:00:45,897 Many are concentrated in the galaxy's nucleus 10 00:00:45,898 --> 00:00:48,733 making that part called the "bulge" 11 00:00:48,734 --> 00:00:50,752 the brightest part. 12 00:00:55,005 --> 00:00:57,258 And in the very center 13 00:01:01,980 --> 00:01:04,749 an astounding phenomenon, 14 00:01:04,750 --> 00:01:07,468 a supermassive black hole. 15 00:01:09,354 --> 00:01:14,057 One as massive, in fact, as several billion suns, 16 00:01:14,058 --> 00:01:16,378 a monster black hole. 17 00:01:28,839 --> 00:01:30,741 Surrounding gases are sucked in 18 00:01:30,742 --> 00:01:33,143 with powerful gravitational force 19 00:01:33,144 --> 00:01:35,864 even light cannot escape. 20 00:01:42,220 --> 00:01:44,555 Lynden-Bell's theory was that every galaxy 21 00:01:44,556 --> 00:01:46,524 has this kind of supermassive 22 00:01:46,525 --> 00:01:48,610 black hole at its center. 23 00:02:02,908 --> 00:02:05,042 This is the Institute of Astromony 24 00:02:05,043 --> 00:02:07,195 at the University of Cambridge. 25 00:02:15,987 --> 00:02:17,787 Donald Lynden-Bell argued 26 00:02:17,788 --> 00:02:20,624 for the existence of supermassive black holes 27 00:02:20,625 --> 00:02:22,744 when he was 34 years old. 28 00:02:24,330 --> 00:02:27,116 He is still unraveling their mysteries. 29 00:02:31,203 --> 00:02:32,471 When he published his argument 30 00:02:32,472 --> 00:02:35,772 that supermassive black holes exist in every galaxy 31 00:02:35,773 --> 00:02:38,259 he was met with a storm of criticism. 32 00:02:42,314 --> 00:02:44,482 I think most people felt that they knew 33 00:02:44,483 --> 00:02:46,517 what galaxies were like, 34 00:02:46,518 --> 00:02:49,386 and they didn't see any reason why 35 00:02:49,387 --> 00:02:51,456 there should be enormous masses 36 00:02:51,457 --> 00:02:56,194 in the middles of galaxies, so it was an idea, 37 00:02:56,195 --> 00:02:57,895 but you know far out, 38 00:02:57,896 --> 00:03:01,399 and not very much considered as natural. 39 00:03:04,202 --> 00:03:06,371 However, subsequent observations 40 00:03:06,372 --> 00:03:08,405 by space based telescopes, 41 00:03:08,406 --> 00:03:10,875 and by giant telescopes on earth 42 00:03:10,876 --> 00:03:13,510 have confirmed that supermassive black holes 43 00:03:13,511 --> 00:03:15,830 do indeed exist. 44 00:03:23,388 --> 00:03:26,356 Now it is conceded that supermassive black holes 45 00:03:26,357 --> 00:03:28,725 have a deep connection not only 46 00:03:28,726 --> 00:03:30,760 to the formation of galaxies, 47 00:03:30,761 --> 00:03:34,319 but to the very structure of space itself. 48 00:03:46,144 --> 00:03:48,582 This program is dedicated to understanding 49 00:03:48,583 --> 00:03:50,714 these mysteries objects 50 00:03:50,715 --> 00:03:53,551 that seem to dominate space. 51 00:03:53,552 --> 00:03:56,237 Supermassive black holes. 52 00:05:07,059 --> 00:05:10,260 The black hole is a bizarre space object 53 00:05:10,261 --> 00:05:12,095 defined by the absence of everything 54 00:05:12,096 --> 00:05:14,631 except gravitational force. 55 00:05:14,632 --> 00:05:17,386 How do scientists wrap their minds around it? 56 00:05:22,675 --> 00:05:24,726 It's complicated. 57 00:05:25,444 --> 00:05:29,280 Seriously massive objects warp the fabric of space. 58 00:05:29,281 --> 00:05:33,150 The heavier the star, that is the greater its mass, 59 00:05:33,151 --> 00:05:35,502 the greater the distortion. 60 00:05:42,161 --> 00:05:44,828 So light which would otherwise travel 61 00:05:44,829 --> 00:05:47,382 in a straight path gets bent. 62 00:05:53,871 --> 00:05:56,874 If a star of any given mass shrinks sufficiently 63 00:05:56,875 --> 00:05:58,875 its density increases until 64 00:05:58,876 --> 00:06:02,096 its local distortion of space is infinite. 65 00:06:09,054 --> 00:06:11,206 That's a black hole. 66 00:06:18,129 --> 00:06:20,631 A border develops separating the black hole 67 00:06:20,632 --> 00:06:22,833 from the space around it. 68 00:06:22,834 --> 00:06:24,601 Once this border has been crossed 69 00:06:24,602 --> 00:06:28,789 going into the black hole even light cannot escape. 70 00:06:31,676 --> 00:06:33,142 Border diameter is determined 71 00:06:33,143 --> 00:06:35,780 by the weight of the compressed mass. 72 00:06:35,781 --> 00:06:37,481 A hole with the same mass as earth 73 00:06:37,482 --> 00:06:40,584 would be merely two centimeters across 74 00:06:40,585 --> 00:06:43,555 something the mass of the sun six kilometers. 75 00:06:43,556 --> 00:06:46,907 That's considered the size of the black hole. 76 00:06:49,861 --> 00:06:53,148 Black holes are created the instant stars die. 77 00:06:59,071 --> 00:07:00,270 Let's say a star 78 00:07:00,271 --> 00:07:02,674 20 or more times larger than our sun 79 00:07:02,675 --> 00:07:05,659 reaches the end of its life and explodes. 80 00:07:11,450 --> 00:07:13,351 The stars own gravity than causes 81 00:07:13,352 --> 00:07:16,753 its remaining core to implode infinitely 82 00:07:16,754 --> 00:07:19,407 becoming a purely gravitational force. 83 00:07:21,326 --> 00:07:23,227 When a black hole is born like this 84 00:07:23,228 --> 00:07:25,062 from the death of a star 85 00:07:25,063 --> 00:07:28,182 its diameter is 50 kilometers at most, 86 00:07:30,234 --> 00:07:31,936 but one can find black holes 87 00:07:31,937 --> 00:07:34,638 of truly monstrous proportions 88 00:07:34,639 --> 00:07:37,859 over 10 billion kilometers in diameter. 89 00:07:54,993 --> 00:07:56,560 Andrea Ghez is an expert 90 00:07:56,561 --> 00:07:59,714 on this invisible phenomenon of the black hole. 91 00:08:01,399 --> 00:08:05,069 It was when she saw the Apollo moon landing on TV 92 00:08:05,070 --> 00:08:07,754 that her interest in space was awakened. 93 00:08:09,707 --> 00:08:12,342 My biggest objective in life when I was very young 94 00:08:12,343 --> 00:08:14,195 was to become a ballerina. 95 00:08:16,228 --> 00:08:18,583 I see things spinning in space now 96 00:08:18,584 --> 00:08:20,253 as opposed to myself. 97 00:08:24,388 --> 00:08:26,657 The path was unclear, 98 00:08:26,658 --> 00:08:28,792 and today I view doing astronomy, 99 00:08:28,793 --> 00:08:29,893 and studying the black hole 100 00:08:29,894 --> 00:08:32,013 as putting together one big puzzle. 101 00:08:37,935 --> 00:08:39,703 Donald Lynden-Bell predicted 102 00:08:39,704 --> 00:08:41,905 that a supermassive black hole 103 00:08:41,906 --> 00:08:44,741 lurks at the heart of every galaxy. 104 00:08:44,742 --> 00:08:47,345 Andrea Ghez tried to find such a black hole 105 00:08:47,346 --> 00:08:49,964 in our own Milky Way Galaxy. 106 00:08:55,886 --> 00:08:56,919 Actually, the first thing 107 00:08:56,920 --> 00:08:59,689 that we're trying to do is watch how stars move. 108 00:08:59,690 --> 00:09:01,892 That's the key to finding that there's a black hole. 109 00:09:01,893 --> 00:09:06,230 The way you do this is by pointing your telescope 110 00:09:06,231 --> 00:09:07,965 at the center of the galaxy, 111 00:09:07,966 --> 00:09:09,834 and using a technique that allows you 112 00:09:09,835 --> 00:09:12,369 to see the stars around the black hole. 113 00:09:12,370 --> 00:09:14,872 Here's the black hole, and what you want to do 114 00:09:14,873 --> 00:09:16,140 is you want to be able to see a star. 115 00:09:16,141 --> 00:09:17,207 You want to be able to see a star 116 00:09:17,208 --> 00:09:19,461 make a complete orbit around the center. 117 00:09:22,614 --> 00:09:25,682 Ghez followed the movements of the stars for years 118 00:09:25,683 --> 00:09:28,219 plotting their trajectories. 119 00:09:28,220 --> 00:09:31,221 If they were, in fact, orbiting some unseen object 120 00:09:31,222 --> 00:09:34,208 than that would be proof of a black hole. 121 00:09:42,333 --> 00:09:44,269 The center of the Milky Way, however, 122 00:09:44,270 --> 00:09:47,605 is 26,000 light years from earth. 123 00:09:47,606 --> 00:09:49,640 Ascertaining the movements of stars around 124 00:09:49,641 --> 00:09:53,294 a point so far off in space is no easy matter. 125 00:10:00,753 --> 00:10:02,852 Mauna Kea, Hawaii, 126 00:10:02,853 --> 00:10:05,307 home to several giant telescopes. 127 00:10:14,033 --> 00:10:15,866 Ghez used one of the obervatories 128 00:10:15,867 --> 00:10:19,087 on this summit, the Keck Observatory. 129 00:10:24,275 --> 00:10:25,710 The Keck has two of the largest 130 00:10:25,711 --> 00:10:29,112 telescopes in the world with primary mirrors 131 00:10:29,113 --> 00:10:31,166 that are 10 meters in diameter. 132 00:10:39,389 --> 00:10:43,178 Ghez's observations here began in 1995, 133 00:10:45,096 --> 00:10:47,397 but Ghez and her team were not the only ones 134 00:10:47,398 --> 00:10:49,733 searching for a supermassive black hole 135 00:10:49,734 --> 00:10:51,987 in the center of our galaxy. 136 00:10:57,274 --> 00:11:00,076 A European team based in the heart of Germany 137 00:11:00,077 --> 00:11:02,863 had also been hunting the same monster. 138 00:11:07,986 --> 00:11:09,854 The leader of these star trackers 139 00:11:09,855 --> 00:11:11,906 is Stefan Gillessen. 140 00:11:12,890 --> 00:11:14,725 I have a 10 meter telescope. 141 00:11:14,726 --> 00:11:16,560 We have an eight meter telescope, 142 00:11:16,561 --> 00:11:18,695 so our telescope is a bit smaller, 143 00:11:18,696 --> 00:11:21,697 however, we are on the southern hemisphere 144 00:11:21,698 --> 00:11:25,034 where the galactic center is visible for more hours 145 00:11:25,035 --> 00:11:28,622 so we can observe from February to October. 146 00:11:29,807 --> 00:11:32,609 The European team conducts its observations 147 00:11:32,610 --> 00:11:35,462 at the Paranal Observatory in Chile. 148 00:11:38,382 --> 00:11:40,418 The VLT array there comprises 149 00:11:40,419 --> 00:11:43,537 four 8.2 meter telescopes. 150 00:11:46,858 --> 00:11:49,259 But even with such advanced technology 151 00:11:49,260 --> 00:11:51,344 success is elusive. 152 00:11:57,668 --> 00:12:00,288 The problem is earth's atmosphere. 153 00:12:04,941 --> 00:12:07,795 Atmospheric fluctuations blur the stars. 154 00:12:13,585 --> 00:12:16,988 April 2002 the European team installs 155 00:12:16,989 --> 00:12:19,707 epic making new equipment. 156 00:12:28,432 --> 00:12:30,199 From the VLT at Paranal 157 00:12:30,200 --> 00:12:32,570 they shoot laser beams into the night sky 158 00:12:32,571 --> 00:12:34,537 to measure and adjust for 159 00:12:34,538 --> 00:12:37,273 those atmospheric fluctuations. 160 00:12:37,274 --> 00:12:39,109 Their special equipment succeeds 161 00:12:39,110 --> 00:12:41,096 in doing just that. 162 00:12:44,548 --> 00:12:47,668 The new method is called "adaptive optics." 163 00:12:52,289 --> 00:12:55,042 It brings the stars into focus. 164 00:13:00,631 --> 00:13:03,033 Corrected for atmospheric fluctuations 165 00:13:03,034 --> 00:13:05,522 the stars shine much more clearly. 166 00:13:11,642 --> 00:13:14,644 Ghez, who did not yet have adaptive optics 167 00:13:14,645 --> 00:13:17,232 was at a disadvantage. 168 00:13:21,252 --> 00:13:23,453 She minimized atmospheric fluctuations 169 00:13:23,454 --> 00:13:27,309 by restricting exposure time in imaging the stars. 170 00:13:33,264 --> 00:13:36,400 Meticulously, she charted their movements. 171 00:13:36,401 --> 00:13:38,269 Success or failure depended on 172 00:13:38,270 --> 00:13:40,721 choosing the right stars to follow. 173 00:13:47,613 --> 00:13:49,812 At first both teams were following 174 00:13:49,813 --> 00:13:52,366 a start designated SO-1. 175 00:13:55,586 --> 00:13:58,539 But Ghez's attention was drawn to another star. 176 00:14:01,927 --> 00:14:03,159 Another star which people were very 177 00:14:03,160 --> 00:14:06,596 excited about in the earliest days was SO-1. 178 00:14:06,597 --> 00:14:09,232 It was the star that was moving fastest, initially, 179 00:14:09,233 --> 00:14:10,801 but it was SO-2 180 00:14:10,802 --> 00:14:13,004 that as it got closer to the black hole 181 00:14:13,005 --> 00:14:15,778 has become the fastest moving star 182 00:14:15,779 --> 00:14:18,625 that we've known about. 183 00:14:20,912 --> 00:14:24,247 This graphic represents Ghez's findings. 184 00:14:24,248 --> 00:14:26,716 Knowing that stars orbit the center of the galaxy 185 00:14:26,717 --> 00:14:28,183 was not enough to prove 186 00:14:28,184 --> 00:14:30,444 the existence of a black hole. 187 00:14:35,060 --> 00:14:39,930 In January of 2002 another star designated SO-2 188 00:14:39,931 --> 00:14:42,849 was observed to be behaving strangely. 189 00:15:02,655 --> 00:15:06,289 It was executing a blindingly fast and tight orbit 190 00:15:06,290 --> 00:15:09,291 clocked at 5,000 kilometers per second 191 00:15:09,292 --> 00:15:12,979 as if being swung violently around and around. 192 00:15:15,733 --> 00:15:17,568 These were incredibly exciting times 193 00:15:17,569 --> 00:15:20,004 because, of course, at every stage 194 00:15:20,005 --> 00:15:22,305 of this experiment people said: 195 00:15:22,306 --> 00:15:23,573 "You can't do it," 196 00:15:23,574 --> 00:15:24,751 or "What you're seeing isn't" 197 00:15:24,752 --> 00:15:27,209 "what you should be seeing." 198 00:15:27,210 --> 00:15:29,179 We initially saw that they were moving fast, 199 00:15:29,180 --> 00:15:30,177 and people said: 200 00:15:30,178 --> 00:15:32,514 "These stars aren't bound to the galaxy." 201 00:15:32,515 --> 00:15:34,203 "You're not gonna see them curve." 202 00:15:36,687 --> 00:15:41,108 Yet SO-2 was indeed curving in a rapid orbit. 203 00:15:46,932 --> 00:15:50,270 This is an actual imaging sequence. 204 00:15:50,271 --> 00:15:52,535 Exhaustive analysis showed it to be 205 00:15:52,536 --> 00:15:56,624 a giant star with a mass equivalent to 10 suns. 206 00:16:03,614 --> 00:16:05,182 The only thing that can make stars 207 00:16:05,183 --> 00:16:08,284 move that fast is a lot of mass. 208 00:16:08,285 --> 00:16:09,452 These stars are moving 209 00:16:09,453 --> 00:16:11,988 because there's a lot of gravity, 210 00:16:11,989 --> 00:16:14,457 and the only thing that makes that much gravity 211 00:16:14,458 --> 00:16:18,447 in that small a space is a supermassive black hole. 212 00:16:19,765 --> 00:16:21,464 With their adaptive optics 213 00:16:21,465 --> 00:16:23,533 the strange behavior of SO-2 214 00:16:23,534 --> 00:16:24,668 had not escaped the notice 215 00:16:24,669 --> 00:16:27,088 of the European team either. 216 00:16:30,607 --> 00:16:33,009 They succeeded in imaging SO-2 217 00:16:33,010 --> 00:16:35,028 at around the same time. 218 00:16:43,754 --> 00:16:45,156 Of course, that was the moment 219 00:16:45,157 --> 00:16:47,556 everybody was extremely excited about 220 00:16:47,557 --> 00:16:51,428 "Wow! that orbit is proving" 221 00:16:51,429 --> 00:16:53,096 "there must be a mass," 222 00:16:53,097 --> 00:16:54,431 "and we can measure the mass." 223 00:16:54,432 --> 00:16:56,232 We can actually calculate the mass. 224 00:16:56,233 --> 00:16:57,367 It's an easy calculation. 225 00:16:57,368 --> 00:16:58,701 Any student can do it, 226 00:16:58,702 --> 00:17:01,237 and the result is extremely fascinating. 227 00:17:01,238 --> 00:17:04,173 This mass which we are seeing in these images 228 00:17:04,174 --> 00:17:07,595 is four million times the mass of the sun. 229 00:17:14,919 --> 00:17:18,121 Finally, after 10 years of observations 230 00:17:18,122 --> 00:17:21,058 it was determined that a supermassive black hole 231 00:17:21,059 --> 00:17:24,813 does, in fact, exist in the center of our galaxy. 232 00:17:33,504 --> 00:17:36,172 And it is bigger than was imagined 233 00:17:36,173 --> 00:17:38,859 by many orders of magnitude. 234 00:17:44,516 --> 00:17:47,150 Black holes created when stars die 235 00:17:47,151 --> 00:17:50,320 are typically 50 kilometers in diameter at most, 236 00:17:50,321 --> 00:17:54,641 but the one at the center of our galaxy is gigantic. 237 00:18:02,033 --> 00:18:03,432 The diameter is estimated 238 00:18:03,433 --> 00:18:06,369 to be 24 million kilometers. 239 00:18:06,370 --> 00:18:11,591 That's like 17 of our suns lined up in a row. 240 00:18:18,049 --> 00:18:21,217 Around this monster black hole rushes SO-2, 241 00:18:21,218 --> 00:18:25,422 a giant blue star at 5,000 kilometers per second, 242 00:18:25,423 --> 00:18:27,890 about 200 times the speed 243 00:18:27,891 --> 00:18:30,426 at which the earth orbits the sun. 244 00:18:30,427 --> 00:18:33,029 That is a speed made possible only by 245 00:18:33,030 --> 00:18:36,583 the immense gravitational pull of a black hole. 246 00:18:44,575 --> 00:18:47,076 In the center of our own galaxy, 247 00:18:47,077 --> 00:18:50,831 but far from earth unfolds a dance of the stars. 248 00:18:58,756 --> 00:19:00,824 It was this dancing of the stars 249 00:19:00,825 --> 00:19:02,693 that proved the existence 250 00:19:02,694 --> 00:19:05,112 of a supermassive black hole. 251 00:19:06,997 --> 00:19:09,765 It was an idea, but you know, far out, 252 00:19:09,766 --> 00:19:13,502 and not very much considered this natural. 253 00:19:13,503 --> 00:19:16,724 It remained that way for about 15 years. 254 00:19:17,674 --> 00:19:19,342 Lynden-Bell had predicted that 255 00:19:19,343 --> 00:19:21,345 a supermassive black hole exists 256 00:19:21,346 --> 00:19:23,531 at the center of every galaxy. 257 00:19:25,282 --> 00:19:27,684 Apart from observing the orbits of the stars 258 00:19:27,685 --> 00:19:29,318 there's another way to prove 259 00:19:29,319 --> 00:19:31,672 the existence of such a black hole. 260 00:19:38,062 --> 00:19:39,595 That's to observe the moment when 261 00:19:39,596 --> 00:19:43,149 a black hole swallows up stars or gases. 262 00:19:45,201 --> 00:19:47,538 As gases are sucked into a black hole 263 00:19:47,539 --> 00:19:50,406 they first flatten into a disk. 264 00:19:50,407 --> 00:19:52,875 Friction causes them to super heat, 265 00:19:52,876 --> 00:19:55,946 and to emit intense radio waves. 266 00:19:55,947 --> 00:19:58,181 If these radio waves can be detected 267 00:19:58,182 --> 00:20:01,401 that can indicate the presence of a black hole. 268 00:20:12,663 --> 00:20:14,498 The largest telescope in the world 269 00:20:14,499 --> 00:20:16,532 for detecting extremely high frequency 270 00:20:16,533 --> 00:20:18,567 millimeter band radio waves 271 00:20:18,568 --> 00:20:21,203 is the 45 meter radio telescope 272 00:20:21,204 --> 00:20:25,061 at the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan. 273 00:20:29,380 --> 00:20:32,014 It was, in fact, a Japanese scientist 274 00:20:32,015 --> 00:20:34,583 who first proved Lynden-Bell's theory that 275 00:20:34,584 --> 00:20:36,253 a supermassive black hole 276 00:20:36,254 --> 00:20:38,538 lies hidden in every galaxy. 277 00:20:44,361 --> 00:20:46,664 It happened in 1990, 278 00:20:46,665 --> 00:20:49,683 21 years after Lynden-Bell's prediction. 279 00:20:52,970 --> 00:20:54,904 Naomasa Nakai was working at 280 00:20:54,905 --> 00:20:57,507 the Nobeyama Radio Observatory 281 00:20:57,508 --> 00:21:00,361 studying gases at the centers of galaxies. 282 00:21:07,317 --> 00:21:08,951 He was interested in a galaxy 283 00:21:08,952 --> 00:21:11,538 adjacent to the Big Dipper. 284 00:21:15,226 --> 00:21:18,595 Galaxy M106, a spiral galaxy 285 00:21:18,596 --> 00:21:21,282 21 million light years from earth. 286 00:21:22,667 --> 00:21:24,133 Radio waves had been reported 287 00:21:24,134 --> 00:21:28,225 to be issuing regularly from the nucleus of M106. 288 00:21:50,661 --> 00:21:52,395 In addition to a 45 meter 289 00:21:52,396 --> 00:21:54,730 diameter parabolic dish antenna 290 00:21:54,731 --> 00:21:56,967 Nobeyama Radio Observatory 291 00:21:56,968 --> 00:21:59,786 has some world class instrumentation. 292 00:22:03,007 --> 00:22:04,440 Eight spectrometers capable 293 00:22:04,441 --> 00:22:07,528 of minute observation of radio waves. 294 00:22:13,183 --> 00:22:15,618 A single spectrometer is sufficient to observe 295 00:22:15,619 --> 00:22:18,472 radio waves from the nucleus of a galaxy. 296 00:22:24,962 --> 00:22:28,030 But to be thorough Nakai used two spectrometers 297 00:22:28,031 --> 00:22:30,234 for the very center of the galaxy, 298 00:22:30,235 --> 00:22:33,087 and flanked them with the six remaining ones. 299 00:22:34,739 --> 00:22:37,607 That decision to use all eight instruments 300 00:22:37,608 --> 00:22:40,560 led to the discovery of the century. 301 00:22:45,116 --> 00:22:46,549 Nakai had simply wanted to put 302 00:22:46,550 --> 00:22:49,118 all his spectrometers to some use, 303 00:22:49,119 --> 00:22:51,572 but the results astonished him. 304 00:22:57,528 --> 00:22:59,162 There were surprising spikes 305 00:22:59,163 --> 00:23:01,832 on both ends of the combined graphs. 306 00:23:01,833 --> 00:23:03,633 Nakai was especially struck 307 00:23:03,634 --> 00:23:05,869 by the ones on the left. 308 00:23:05,870 --> 00:23:07,237 This indicated something moving 309 00:23:07,238 --> 00:23:10,461 at high velocities never before observed. 310 00:23:33,096 --> 00:23:34,931 More detailed observations 311 00:23:34,932 --> 00:23:37,618 were made using a high resolution telescope. 312 00:23:38,636 --> 00:23:40,470 They found something remarkable 313 00:23:40,471 --> 00:23:42,322 at the core of the galaxy. 314 00:23:45,442 --> 00:23:47,528 A spinning disk. 315 00:23:50,314 --> 00:23:51,881 This was a structure very like 316 00:23:51,882 --> 00:23:53,617 the disk formed by gases 317 00:23:53,618 --> 00:23:55,903 being sucked into a black hole. 318 00:23:59,858 --> 00:24:00,923 The spikes recorded by 319 00:24:00,924 --> 00:24:03,126 the eight Nobeyama spectrometers 320 00:24:03,127 --> 00:24:05,044 were from this disk. 321 00:24:09,800 --> 00:24:12,335 The disk was spinning furiously. 322 00:24:12,336 --> 00:24:15,522 3.6 million kilometers an hour. 323 00:24:16,208 --> 00:24:17,845 Detailed analysis revealed that 324 00:24:17,846 --> 00:24:19,409 the mass at its center 325 00:24:19,410 --> 00:24:22,945 was equivalent to 39 million of our suns. 326 00:24:22,946 --> 00:24:26,899 It was, indeed, a monster black hole. 327 00:24:50,106 --> 00:24:51,774 When his discovery was published 328 00:24:51,775 --> 00:24:55,329 in 1995 Nakai received a letter. 329 00:25:00,851 --> 00:25:02,318 The letter read: 330 00:25:02,319 --> 00:25:05,554 "I have been waiting 26 years for such proof," 331 00:25:05,555 --> 00:25:07,290 "and congratulate you" 332 00:25:07,291 --> 00:25:09,309 "on your great discovery." 333 00:25:14,764 --> 00:25:17,017 The letter came from England. 334 00:25:20,139 --> 00:25:24,172 The sender, none other than Donald Lynden-Bell, 335 00:25:24,173 --> 00:25:25,975 who had predicted the existence 336 00:25:25,976 --> 00:25:28,194 of supermassive black holes. 337 00:25:30,614 --> 00:25:33,515 I was very happy because I didn't feel that 338 00:25:33,516 --> 00:25:34,952 I absolutely knew. 339 00:25:34,953 --> 00:25:36,919 I thought it was likely, 340 00:25:36,920 --> 00:25:38,621 and gradually I thought it was 341 00:25:38,622 --> 00:25:40,273 more and more likely. 342 00:25:44,227 --> 00:25:48,164 A black hole equivalent to 39 million solar masses 343 00:25:48,165 --> 00:25:51,000 was sucking in huge volumes of gas 344 00:25:51,001 --> 00:25:53,655 with its tremendous gravitational force. 345 00:25:58,041 --> 00:25:59,574 The dark object in the center 346 00:25:59,575 --> 00:26:02,645 of this artist's conception is a black hole. 347 00:26:02,646 --> 00:26:05,247 Its diameter is awesome 348 00:26:05,248 --> 00:26:09,035 as if 160 of our suns were lined up in a row. 349 00:26:13,789 --> 00:26:15,091 It is now thought that almost 350 00:26:15,092 --> 00:26:17,603 all galaxies have these supermassive 351 00:26:17,604 --> 00:26:19,780 black holes at their center. 352 00:26:31,841 --> 00:26:34,209 The most advanced observational instruments 353 00:26:34,210 --> 00:26:37,097 are detecting ever larger black holes. 354 00:26:44,254 --> 00:26:46,722 Situated outside earth's atmosphere 355 00:26:46,723 --> 00:26:48,156 the Hubble Space Telescope 356 00:26:48,157 --> 00:26:50,943 can see space objects with great clarity. 357 00:26:55,299 --> 00:26:58,802 Hubble took aim at NGC 7052, 358 00:26:58,803 --> 00:27:02,422 a galaxy located 37 million light years away. 359 00:27:08,911 --> 00:27:12,181 The image it captured was that of a huge disk 360 00:27:12,182 --> 00:27:15,052 comprised of gases and stars. 361 00:27:15,053 --> 00:27:16,987 In its center there ought to be 362 00:27:16,988 --> 00:27:19,372 a supermassive black hole. 363 00:27:24,227 --> 00:27:25,762 When we got this image 364 00:27:25,763 --> 00:27:27,463 I was just super excited, I mean, 365 00:27:27,464 --> 00:27:29,933 because it was such beautiful rich detail 366 00:27:29,934 --> 00:27:31,834 that I really knew right when I saw this 367 00:27:31,835 --> 00:27:32,868 that we were gonna be able 368 00:27:32,869 --> 00:27:34,570 to get excellent spectra, 369 00:27:34,571 --> 00:27:36,205 and really be able to determine 370 00:27:36,206 --> 00:27:37,974 whether this galaxy has a black hole, 371 00:27:37,975 --> 00:27:41,324 and how massive it is, so I was very, very excited. 372 00:27:43,514 --> 00:27:45,214 The galaxy was, indeed, 373 00:27:45,215 --> 00:27:47,633 harboring a supermassive black hole. 374 00:27:52,255 --> 00:27:53,655 A black hole equivalent to 375 00:27:53,656 --> 00:27:56,660 300 million solar masses. 376 00:27:56,661 --> 00:27:58,861 That's more than 70 times larger 377 00:27:58,862 --> 00:28:00,262 than the one at the center 378 00:28:00,263 --> 00:28:02,633 of our own Milky Way Galaxy. 379 00:28:02,634 --> 00:28:04,734 A black hole with a diameter of 380 00:28:04,735 --> 00:28:08,387 1,200 of our suns lined up in a row. 381 00:28:11,074 --> 00:28:14,043 Hubble has spotted an even larger one. 382 00:28:14,044 --> 00:28:16,362 An ultra massive black hole. 383 00:28:20,050 --> 00:28:25,105 This one is in M87, 59 million light years away. 384 00:28:27,591 --> 00:28:29,558 Scientists had long been puzzled by 385 00:28:29,559 --> 00:28:32,111 a band of white light there. 386 00:28:37,434 --> 00:28:38,533 When Hubble was trained on 387 00:28:38,534 --> 00:28:41,136 the galaxy's core the band of white light 388 00:28:41,137 --> 00:28:44,323 was revealed to be a gigantic jet of gases. 389 00:28:49,346 --> 00:28:51,314 As the gases are sucked violently 390 00:28:51,315 --> 00:28:54,616 into the black hole a portion of them are rejected 391 00:28:54,617 --> 00:28:56,736 in the form of this jet. 392 00:29:00,691 --> 00:29:02,125 The mass of the black hole 393 00:29:02,126 --> 00:29:04,427 at the base of this jet has been calculated 394 00:29:04,428 --> 00:29:07,615 to be 6.4 billion solar masses. 395 00:29:15,639 --> 00:29:18,140 That's 10 million times greater than 396 00:29:18,141 --> 00:29:19,743 the supermassive black hole 397 00:29:19,744 --> 00:29:22,811 at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy. 398 00:29:22,812 --> 00:29:25,414 In size its diameter is equal to 399 00:29:25,415 --> 00:29:29,169 25,000 of our suns lined up in a row. 400 00:29:34,625 --> 00:29:37,227 Then, in 2011 the largest black hole 401 00:29:37,228 --> 00:29:39,594 in history was discovered. 402 00:29:39,595 --> 00:29:43,634 In the galactic nucleus of NGC 4889 403 00:29:43,635 --> 00:29:45,701 there's an unimaginably monstrous 404 00:29:45,702 --> 00:29:48,170 black hole with a mass equivalent 405 00:29:48,171 --> 00:29:52,092 to 9.7 billion times that of our sun. 406 00:30:02,319 --> 00:30:03,785 What scientists are most eager 407 00:30:03,786 --> 00:30:06,289 to elucidate now is the process by which 408 00:30:06,290 --> 00:30:09,241 these black holes become so large 409 00:30:10,246 --> 00:30:12,594 they may start with the death of a star, 410 00:30:12,595 --> 00:30:14,464 but how do they then grow to 411 00:30:14,465 --> 00:30:17,185 billions of times their original size? 412 00:30:32,115 --> 00:30:35,535 Trinity College at the University of Cambridge. 413 00:30:46,363 --> 00:30:48,298 Isaac Newton, who formulated 414 00:30:48,299 --> 00:30:50,566 the universal law of gravitation 415 00:30:50,567 --> 00:30:52,520 conducted research here. 416 00:31:03,113 --> 00:31:04,814 Martin Rees has served as 417 00:31:04,815 --> 00:31:07,116 master of Trinity College. 418 00:31:07,117 --> 00:31:08,483 Rees has conducted research 419 00:31:08,484 --> 00:31:10,351 on supermassive black holes 420 00:31:10,352 --> 00:31:12,538 together with Lynden-Bell. 421 00:31:23,233 --> 00:31:25,167 The impetus for his research was 422 00:31:25,168 --> 00:31:26,768 the discovery of galaxies 423 00:31:26,769 --> 00:31:28,971 whose high energy cores were emitting 424 00:31:28,972 --> 00:31:31,258 powerful radio waves. 425 00:31:33,777 --> 00:31:37,247 Well, there were various alternative theories 426 00:31:37,248 --> 00:31:39,347 about what might be happening 427 00:31:39,348 --> 00:31:41,050 in the centers of the galaxies 428 00:31:41,051 --> 00:31:43,519 which are putting out a concentrated 429 00:31:43,520 --> 00:31:46,106 high source of power. 430 00:31:49,160 --> 00:31:52,695 These ideas included a very dense cluster of stars. 431 00:31:52,696 --> 00:31:54,831 A very massive star, 432 00:31:54,832 --> 00:31:58,051 a binary, supermassive object, et cetera. 433 00:31:58,936 --> 00:32:02,705 I realized that if you followed forward 434 00:32:02,706 --> 00:32:06,375 the likely evolution of any of these objects 435 00:32:06,376 --> 00:32:09,311 they would all have no alternative 436 00:32:09,312 --> 00:32:11,830 to becoming a big black hole. 437 00:32:17,688 --> 00:32:19,089 So any object emitting 438 00:32:19,090 --> 00:32:21,258 sufficiently high amounts of energy 439 00:32:21,259 --> 00:32:24,677 will inevitably become a supermassive black hole. 440 00:32:31,134 --> 00:32:34,421 How then are supermassive black holes born? 441 00:32:35,171 --> 00:32:37,139 The "Rees Diagram" as it was called 442 00:32:37,140 --> 00:32:39,360 chartered the possible routes. 443 00:32:49,285 --> 00:32:50,886 In the 30 years since 444 00:32:50,887 --> 00:32:53,056 the Rees Diagram was published 445 00:32:53,057 --> 00:32:55,025 there has been a succession of disoveries 446 00:32:55,026 --> 00:32:57,358 of supermassive black holes. 447 00:32:57,359 --> 00:32:59,794 At the same time the study of their birth 448 00:32:59,795 --> 00:33:01,881 has also been progressing. 449 00:33:07,569 --> 00:33:09,606 One scenario suggested by Rees 450 00:33:09,607 --> 00:33:11,606 was the consolidation of several 451 00:33:11,607 --> 00:33:13,693 smaller black holes. 452 00:33:14,777 --> 00:33:17,379 At the end of their lives stars explode 453 00:33:17,380 --> 00:33:20,648 forming relatively small black holes. 454 00:33:20,649 --> 00:33:24,287 Hundreds of millions of them may cluster together 455 00:33:24,288 --> 00:33:27,206 merging into one supermassive black hole. 456 00:33:35,366 --> 00:33:37,333 This is NASA's space-based 457 00:33:37,334 --> 00:33:39,619 Chandra X-ray Observatory. 458 00:33:41,004 --> 00:33:42,705 Chandra has been examining a region 459 00:33:42,706 --> 00:33:44,605 where black hole consolidation 460 00:33:44,606 --> 00:33:46,659 is thought to be taking place. 461 00:33:52,784 --> 00:33:55,984 Galaxy NGC 6240 is located 462 00:33:55,985 --> 00:33:59,087 400 million light years from earth. 463 00:33:59,088 --> 00:34:02,207 Actually, two galaxies are colliding there. 464 00:34:06,629 --> 00:34:09,465 As Chandra examines their galactic cores 465 00:34:09,466 --> 00:34:12,151 two bluish white spots appear. 466 00:34:16,238 --> 00:34:18,773 They are both massive black holes, 467 00:34:18,774 --> 00:34:21,527 one at the center of each galaxy. 468 00:34:23,746 --> 00:34:26,716 This blue region here is a blowup of the center, 469 00:34:26,717 --> 00:34:28,919 and you can see there are two little sources there. 470 00:34:28,920 --> 00:34:31,453 One brighter, and one a bit fainter, 471 00:34:31,454 --> 00:34:33,655 but each of those when we look at the spectrum 472 00:34:33,656 --> 00:34:35,558 shows a very characteristic sign 473 00:34:35,559 --> 00:34:36,959 that this is just emission from 474 00:34:36,960 --> 00:34:39,929 a supermassive black hole in each case 475 00:34:39,930 --> 00:34:41,931 which has never been seen before 476 00:34:41,932 --> 00:34:43,801 until we had the beautiful Chandra image, 477 00:34:43,802 --> 00:34:45,952 and could separate the two. 478 00:34:48,972 --> 00:34:52,975 Two black holes in close proximity to each other, 479 00:34:52,976 --> 00:34:55,294 but they cannot soon merge. 480 00:35:05,921 --> 00:35:07,956 Rather like the earth and the moon 481 00:35:07,957 --> 00:35:09,691 in their perpetual dance 482 00:35:09,692 --> 00:35:12,194 the two black holes orbit about each other 483 00:35:12,195 --> 00:35:14,550 without colliding. 484 00:35:23,839 --> 00:35:25,708 So what about Rees's concept of 485 00:35:25,709 --> 00:35:27,576 black holes merging to form 486 00:35:27,577 --> 00:35:29,862 a supermassive black hole? 487 00:35:34,751 --> 00:35:38,087 Masayuki Uemura uses a super computer 488 00:35:38,088 --> 00:35:41,241 to create simulations of black hole mergers. 489 00:35:47,765 --> 00:35:49,697 Here, he simulates the behaviors 490 00:35:49,698 --> 00:35:52,651 of 10 black holes of equivalent mass. 491 00:35:56,473 --> 00:35:58,008 The first consolidation happens 492 00:35:58,009 --> 00:36:00,108 far sooner than expected. 493 00:36:00,109 --> 00:36:02,528 It takes only 50 million years. 494 00:36:06,017 --> 00:36:08,117 The process repeats. 495 00:36:08,118 --> 00:36:10,418 Within about 500 million years 496 00:36:10,419 --> 00:36:13,372 five black holes have merged into one. 497 00:36:41,953 --> 00:36:45,120 Let's look at our actual universe. 498 00:36:45,121 --> 00:36:46,788 There are galactic collisions, 499 00:36:46,789 --> 00:36:49,141 and mergers all over the place. 500 00:37:01,370 --> 00:37:03,171 And when galaxies merge 501 00:37:03,172 --> 00:37:06,392 the thinking is that their black holes merge too. 502 00:37:17,254 --> 00:37:19,155 Wherever galaxies cluster 503 00:37:19,156 --> 00:37:22,074 there's bound to be a cluster of black holes. 504 00:37:25,096 --> 00:37:27,496 That means a process of consolidation 505 00:37:27,497 --> 00:37:29,130 of black holes. 506 00:37:29,131 --> 00:37:31,233 This conforms to actual observations 507 00:37:31,234 --> 00:37:33,252 of our universe. 508 00:37:43,146 --> 00:37:45,248 A second Rees Diagram scenario 509 00:37:45,249 --> 00:37:48,284 has a seed black hole becoming supermassive 510 00:37:48,285 --> 00:37:50,902 by swallowing up gases and stars. 511 00:37:57,193 --> 00:37:58,627 In that scenario 512 00:37:58,628 --> 00:38:00,596 the monster is born by gulping down 513 00:38:00,597 --> 00:38:03,531 an unbelievable quantity of gases 514 00:38:03,532 --> 00:38:06,888 equivalent to hundreds of millions of our sun. 515 00:38:14,210 --> 00:38:16,744 The gases are sucked in with so much force 516 00:38:16,745 --> 00:38:19,732 that the friction produces incredible heat. 517 00:38:25,288 --> 00:38:28,324 That violent process emits intense light, 518 00:38:28,325 --> 00:38:32,678 and X-radiation, and blows away surrounding gases. 519 00:38:35,098 --> 00:38:36,364 The result is that there are 520 00:38:36,365 --> 00:38:38,500 no more gases to feed on, 521 00:38:38,501 --> 00:38:41,186 and the black hole seizes to grow, 522 00:38:43,772 --> 00:38:47,042 but how is it that such a huge quantity of gases 523 00:38:47,043 --> 00:38:49,629 could be sucked in in the first place? 524 00:38:53,718 --> 00:38:56,118 Gases that are being sucked in 525 00:38:56,119 --> 00:38:58,720 blowing away other gases. 526 00:38:58,721 --> 00:39:01,823 Ken Ohsuga studies this contradiction. 527 00:39:01,824 --> 00:39:03,992 He has found a particular mechanism 528 00:39:03,993 --> 00:39:06,928 within black holes by which they can continue 529 00:39:06,929 --> 00:39:09,916 to draw in vast amounts of gases. 530 00:39:14,503 --> 00:39:16,773 He's prepared a simulation of one scenario 531 00:39:16,774 --> 00:39:21,260 for how supermassive black holes may be created. 532 00:39:22,578 --> 00:39:24,812 As a black hole sucks in gases 533 00:39:24,813 --> 00:39:27,581 it generates magnetic field lines which 534 00:39:27,582 --> 00:39:31,119 penetrate the surrounding gas disk like hoops. 535 00:39:31,120 --> 00:39:33,456 Thus embedded they are then distorted 536 00:39:33,457 --> 00:39:35,742 by the swirl of the disk. 537 00:39:39,163 --> 00:39:41,897 As the disk swirls the magnetic field lines 538 00:39:41,898 --> 00:39:44,265 are caught in a spiral vortex 539 00:39:44,266 --> 00:39:46,885 twisted and coiled like a spring. 540 00:39:49,839 --> 00:39:53,809 This is a plasma jet a portion of the disk's gases 541 00:39:53,810 --> 00:39:56,211 charged with energy such as light 542 00:39:56,212 --> 00:39:58,380 shoots out in opposite directions 543 00:39:58,381 --> 00:40:00,700 perpendicular to the disk. 544 00:40:01,918 --> 00:40:05,219 Any remaining gases are sucked into the black hole 545 00:40:05,220 --> 00:40:07,506 which grows supermassive. 546 00:40:41,024 --> 00:40:42,389 Hubble has captured this 547 00:40:42,390 --> 00:40:44,760 actual image of an intense jet 548 00:40:44,761 --> 00:40:47,547 erupting from the center of a galaxy. 549 00:40:58,507 --> 00:41:00,208 The gas guzzling scenario 550 00:41:00,209 --> 00:41:02,277 for supermassive black hole creation 551 00:41:02,278 --> 00:41:04,812 as outlined in the Rees Diagram 552 00:41:04,813 --> 00:41:07,171 thus seems persuasive. 553 00:41:20,062 --> 00:41:22,097 Martin Rees developed several theories 554 00:41:22,098 --> 00:41:25,066 of supermassive black hole formation. 555 00:41:25,067 --> 00:41:27,970 One was by the continuing consumption of gases. 556 00:41:27,971 --> 00:41:29,939 Another was by the consolidation 557 00:41:29,940 --> 00:41:32,207 of smaller black holes, 558 00:41:32,208 --> 00:41:34,476 but the Rees Diagram indicated 559 00:41:34,477 --> 00:41:37,163 a third possibility as well. 560 00:41:41,118 --> 00:41:42,817 Under this third scenario 561 00:41:42,818 --> 00:41:44,986 just after the creation of the universe 562 00:41:44,987 --> 00:41:47,388 large clouds of gas condensed into 563 00:41:47,389 --> 00:41:49,757 supermassive black holes directly 564 00:41:49,758 --> 00:41:52,479 without first becoming stars at all. 565 00:41:57,833 --> 00:42:00,501 Recently, evidence for this third scenario 566 00:42:00,502 --> 00:42:02,755 has also come to light. 567 00:42:07,710 --> 00:42:09,577 By combining information from 568 00:42:09,578 --> 00:42:12,447 the Chandra X-ray and Hubble Space telescopes 569 00:42:12,448 --> 00:42:14,849 Priyamvada Natarajan hunts for 570 00:42:14,850 --> 00:42:17,051 supermassive black holes created 571 00:42:17,052 --> 00:42:19,506 at the inception of the universe. 572 00:42:25,628 --> 00:42:29,365 These far off galaxies were photographed by Hubble. 573 00:42:29,366 --> 00:42:31,465 Among those circled on the screen 574 00:42:31,466 --> 00:42:34,586 are some that are 12 billion light years away. 575 00:42:35,505 --> 00:42:37,238 They are small galaxies 576 00:42:37,239 --> 00:42:40,443 born immediately after the universe itself. 577 00:42:40,444 --> 00:42:43,196 Some 200 of them have been identified. 578 00:42:50,619 --> 00:42:53,372 Here's one as perceived by Chandra. 579 00:42:58,594 --> 00:43:02,782 And it already has a supermassive black hole in it. 580 00:43:07,137 --> 00:43:09,137 Natarajan was surprised to discover 581 00:43:09,138 --> 00:43:11,373 that almost all 200 of them 582 00:43:11,374 --> 00:43:13,992 had supermassive black holes in them. 583 00:43:16,111 --> 00:43:18,447 If so many supermassive black holes 584 00:43:18,448 --> 00:43:20,382 were already present immediately after 585 00:43:20,383 --> 00:43:22,085 the creation of the universe 586 00:43:22,086 --> 00:43:24,186 then that lends powerful support 587 00:43:24,187 --> 00:43:27,339 to the third scenario in the Rees Diagram. 588 00:43:31,260 --> 00:43:34,095 So just as we think a gas cloud 589 00:43:34,096 --> 00:43:35,864 that is collapsing could make 590 00:43:35,865 --> 00:43:39,301 the first star reasonably easily 591 00:43:39,302 --> 00:43:42,170 the conditions that you need for making 592 00:43:42,171 --> 00:43:45,807 a black hole seed directly without forming a star 593 00:43:45,808 --> 00:43:47,475 instead of forming a star 594 00:43:47,476 --> 00:43:50,061 also exist in the early universe. 595 00:43:51,947 --> 00:43:53,616 Efforts are also underway 596 00:43:53,617 --> 00:43:55,417 to confirm the third Rees Diagram 597 00:43:55,418 --> 00:43:57,870 scenario computationally. 598 00:43:59,922 --> 00:44:01,622 I think that it is the first time 599 00:44:01,623 --> 00:44:03,057 that there is a lot of showing 600 00:44:03,058 --> 00:44:04,726 that it is possible to produce 601 00:44:04,727 --> 00:44:08,162 a precursor of a big black hole 602 00:44:08,163 --> 00:44:11,333 in the form of a supermassive cloud. 603 00:44:11,334 --> 00:44:13,835 This is a giant gas cloud. 604 00:44:13,836 --> 00:44:16,220 100 light years in diameter. 605 00:44:18,107 --> 00:44:21,777 70,000 years after it formed into a gas cloud 606 00:44:21,778 --> 00:44:23,678 its gasses were compressed into 607 00:44:23,679 --> 00:44:25,964 a disk one light year across. 608 00:44:27,049 --> 00:44:29,251 The gas disk was equivalent in mass 609 00:44:29,252 --> 00:44:32,070 to 100,000 of our suns. 610 00:44:32,988 --> 00:44:34,821 It then condensed further 611 00:44:34,822 --> 00:44:36,725 compressed by its own weight 612 00:44:36,726 --> 00:44:39,746 giving rise to a supermassive black hole. 613 00:44:43,766 --> 00:44:46,401 So the third scenario in the Rees Diagram 614 00:44:46,402 --> 00:44:49,704 going directly from gas cloud to black hole 615 00:44:49,705 --> 00:44:52,057 is a real possibility. 616 00:44:55,546 --> 00:44:57,313 Studies of the origins of these 617 00:44:57,314 --> 00:45:00,232 supermassive black holes are ongoing. 618 00:45:06,522 --> 00:45:08,422 The latest research reveals that 619 00:45:08,423 --> 00:45:12,029 the supermassive black holes do not simply grow fat 620 00:45:12,030 --> 00:45:14,246 consuming everything nearby. 621 00:45:20,170 --> 00:45:23,205 Surprisingly, they exert a huge constructive 622 00:45:23,206 --> 00:45:25,692 effect on the space around them. 623 00:45:42,090 --> 00:45:43,691 What these remarkable monsters 624 00:45:43,692 --> 00:45:46,679 call home is a galaxy's core. 625 00:45:49,231 --> 00:45:51,165 More specifically it's inside 626 00:45:51,166 --> 00:45:54,736 the concentration of stars called the "bulge." 627 00:45:54,737 --> 00:45:56,571 The shape and size of the bulge 628 00:45:56,572 --> 00:45:58,591 varies with each galaxy. 629 00:46:12,255 --> 00:46:14,256 John Kormendy has investigated 630 00:46:14,257 --> 00:46:16,991 the relationship between the mass of a bulge, 631 00:46:16,992 --> 00:46:19,811 and of its supermassive black hole. 632 00:46:29,104 --> 00:46:32,773 The first galaxy he observed was Andromeda. 633 00:46:32,774 --> 00:46:34,876 The supermassive black hole here 634 00:46:34,877 --> 00:46:38,480 is equivalent to 150 million solar masses. 635 00:46:38,481 --> 00:46:40,182 The bulge is approximately 636 00:46:40,183 --> 00:46:42,701 1,000 times greater in mass. 637 00:46:48,657 --> 00:46:51,827 Next, he looked at the Sombrero Galaxy. 638 00:46:51,828 --> 00:46:55,514 The black hole here is one billion solar masses. 639 00:46:56,400 --> 00:46:58,365 The mass of the bulge is approximately 640 00:46:58,366 --> 00:47:00,619 1,000 times that. 641 00:47:05,374 --> 00:47:07,508 Plotted on a graph coordinating the masses 642 00:47:07,509 --> 00:47:09,978 of the bulges with those of the black holes 643 00:47:09,979 --> 00:47:13,331 the galaxies form a nearly straight line. 644 00:47:16,151 --> 00:47:18,053 In most galaxies the black hole 645 00:47:18,054 --> 00:47:22,240 to bulge ratio of masses is one to 1,000. 646 00:47:29,832 --> 00:47:31,499 This strong relationship between 647 00:47:31,500 --> 00:47:33,901 the mass of supermassive black holes, 648 00:47:33,902 --> 00:47:35,638 and their galaxies bulges 649 00:47:35,639 --> 00:47:37,856 surprised many scientists. 650 00:47:45,747 --> 00:47:47,549 We know that when gas densities 651 00:47:47,550 --> 00:47:50,585 get very big you get a burst of new stars 652 00:47:50,586 --> 00:47:53,053 being formed, and so at the same time 653 00:47:53,054 --> 00:47:56,780 when this burst of stars is making the bulge 654 00:47:56,781 --> 00:47:59,593 the rest of the gas is being fed to the black hole, 655 00:47:59,594 --> 00:48:01,662 and making the black hole bigger. 656 00:48:01,663 --> 00:48:03,298 So you get lots of new stars, 657 00:48:03,299 --> 00:48:05,334 and you get a higher mass black hole, 658 00:48:05,335 --> 00:48:07,353 and the two correlate. 659 00:48:10,171 --> 00:48:14,608 A galaxy comprises hundreds of billions of stars. 660 00:48:14,609 --> 00:48:17,246 It turns out that at the galactic cores 661 00:48:17,247 --> 00:48:19,315 the black holes and the bulges 662 00:48:19,316 --> 00:48:21,600 have a deep interrelationship. 663 00:48:33,329 --> 00:48:35,463 A giant bulge will correlate 664 00:48:35,464 --> 00:48:37,765 with a giant black hole. 665 00:48:37,766 --> 00:48:40,655 A small bulge with a small black hole. 666 00:48:44,340 --> 00:48:46,641 This strange law of outerspace 667 00:48:46,642 --> 00:48:49,444 may mean that galaxies and black holes 668 00:48:49,445 --> 00:48:51,797 evolve together. 669 00:49:05,527 --> 00:49:08,995 Andrea Ghez discovered the supermassive black hole 670 00:49:08,996 --> 00:49:11,884 at the center of our own Milky Way Galaxy. 671 00:49:20,509 --> 00:49:22,209 She also found evidence 672 00:49:22,210 --> 00:49:24,444 that it performs an astonishing function 673 00:49:24,445 --> 00:49:26,732 within the galaxies bulge. 674 00:49:33,523 --> 00:49:35,790 We've had one surprise after another 675 00:49:35,791 --> 00:49:37,859 in our study of the center of the galaxy. 676 00:49:37,860 --> 00:49:39,861 What we see is that there are 677 00:49:39,862 --> 00:49:41,596 very massive stars which tells us 678 00:49:41,597 --> 00:49:43,498 that they're very young stars. 679 00:49:43,499 --> 00:49:45,833 The last thing you expect near a black hole 680 00:49:45,834 --> 00:49:48,068 is to find a very young star 681 00:49:48,069 --> 00:49:51,672 because black holes are very 682 00:49:51,673 --> 00:49:54,042 inhospitable to star formation. 683 00:49:54,043 --> 00:49:57,479 They should just tear apart any cloud 684 00:49:57,480 --> 00:50:00,181 that might eventually become a star, 685 00:50:00,182 --> 00:50:01,954 so you really don't expect to see 686 00:50:01,955 --> 00:50:04,551 young stars, baby stars near a black hole, 687 00:50:04,552 --> 00:50:06,922 and yet all the stars that told us 688 00:50:06,923 --> 00:50:08,856 there's a black hole are the ones 689 00:50:08,857 --> 00:50:10,892 we predicted shouldn't be there, 690 00:50:10,893 --> 00:50:13,845 so it's one mystery after another. 691 00:50:18,834 --> 00:50:20,735 Near the supermassive black hole 692 00:50:20,736 --> 00:50:22,569 at the center of the Milky Way 693 00:50:22,570 --> 00:50:25,257 Ghez found many baby stars. 694 00:50:33,449 --> 00:50:36,050 This suggests something astounding 695 00:50:36,051 --> 00:50:38,619 that new stars may be emerging 696 00:50:38,620 --> 00:50:41,255 from the gases that originally accumulate 697 00:50:41,256 --> 00:50:43,475 around a black hole. 698 00:50:51,533 --> 00:50:53,068 The effect black holes have 699 00:50:53,069 --> 00:50:55,569 on surrounding space is not limited 700 00:50:55,570 --> 00:50:57,655 to the birthing of stars. 701 00:51:07,248 --> 00:51:09,250 A project spear-headed by NASA 702 00:51:09,251 --> 00:51:12,119 called TANAMI is endeavoring to capture 703 00:51:12,120 --> 00:51:14,406 distant galaxies. 704 00:51:16,291 --> 00:51:18,493 TANAMI involves the participation of 705 00:51:18,494 --> 00:51:21,228 radio telescopes in a dozen locations 706 00:51:21,229 --> 00:51:23,298 in the southern hemisphere. 707 00:51:23,299 --> 00:51:26,266 Chiefly, in Australia, but also in Chile, 708 00:51:26,267 --> 00:51:28,954 South Africa, and the South Pole. 709 00:51:31,739 --> 00:51:34,375 One of its targets is a galaxy located 710 00:51:34,376 --> 00:51:39,565 14 million light years from earth Centaurus A. 711 00:51:44,622 --> 00:51:47,254 This is the image they obtained. 712 00:51:47,255 --> 00:51:50,792 A clear view of a plasma jet violently shooting out 713 00:51:50,793 --> 00:51:53,628 from an invisible black hole. 714 00:51:53,629 --> 00:51:57,415 The jet bursts out at 30% of the speed of light. 715 00:52:00,936 --> 00:52:03,004 Analysis of this jet turned up 716 00:52:03,005 --> 00:52:05,356 something quite unexpected. 717 00:52:11,846 --> 00:52:14,048 The jet shooting out of the black hole 718 00:52:14,049 --> 00:52:16,601 even escapes the galaxy itself. 719 00:52:20,122 --> 00:52:21,989 Its plume expands for a distance 720 00:52:21,990 --> 00:52:24,275 of a million light years. 721 00:52:27,629 --> 00:52:30,631 So the black hole doesn't just guzzle down gases 722 00:52:30,632 --> 00:52:33,867 it sends out the stuff that stars are made of 723 00:52:33,868 --> 00:52:36,655 far beyond its own galaxy. 724 00:52:40,144 --> 00:52:42,310 The role of the supermassive black holes 725 00:52:42,311 --> 00:52:45,812 in the universe is still largely mysterious, 726 00:52:45,813 --> 00:52:49,034 but scientists are learning more and more. 727 00:52:57,892 --> 00:53:01,596 Cosmos looks the same from Britain to Japan. 728 00:53:01,597 --> 00:53:06,267 Indeed, the night sky is the same to all of us, 729 00:53:06,268 --> 00:53:08,836 and has been the same to all our ancestors 730 00:53:08,837 --> 00:53:09,970 throughout human history. 731 00:53:09,971 --> 00:53:12,806 It's the one common feature of all humanity. 732 00:53:12,807 --> 00:53:14,175 They've all looked up at the night sky, 733 00:53:14,176 --> 00:53:15,709 and wondered at it, 734 00:53:15,710 --> 00:53:17,711 and interpreted it in their own way. 735 00:53:17,712 --> 00:53:19,113 It's a wonderful story 736 00:53:19,114 --> 00:53:20,614 when we found all these extraordinary 737 00:53:20,615 --> 00:53:23,985 objects in the universe, and we can understand 738 00:53:23,986 --> 00:53:26,487 these vast cosmic horizons in a way 739 00:53:26,488 --> 00:53:29,324 that our ancestors could only have dreamed of, 740 00:53:29,325 --> 00:53:31,511 so it's a wonderful story. 741 00:53:37,166 --> 00:53:39,633 Supermassive black holes. 742 00:53:39,634 --> 00:53:42,153 Monsters in the galactic cores. 743 00:53:45,540 --> 00:53:47,808 They may gobble up everything around them, 744 00:53:47,809 --> 00:53:50,379 but they also give birth to stars, 745 00:53:50,380 --> 00:53:53,180 and send out energy rich materials 746 00:53:53,181 --> 00:53:55,383 into the universe. 747 00:53:55,384 --> 00:53:57,651 Some came into being at the same time 748 00:53:57,652 --> 00:54:01,774 as their galaxies, and grew along with them. 749 00:54:04,760 --> 00:54:06,895 What role have they played in the formation 750 00:54:06,896 --> 00:54:09,180 of the universe itself? 751 00:54:12,904 --> 00:54:16,570 This is a great mystery, but one whose solution 752 00:54:16,571 --> 00:54:18,724 may be surprisingly close. 55825

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