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In a vast ocean...
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00:00:08,342 --> 00:00:11,545
along a wild continent.
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00:00:11,545 --> 00:00:16,683
An incredible place
of sanctuary.
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00:00:16,683 --> 00:00:21,388
These pristine beaches,
the tidal forests
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00:00:21,388 --> 00:00:26,560
and the most southerly submerged
reef are a hotspot of diversity.
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00:00:29,529 --> 00:00:33,867
A crowded home
to thousands of species,
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00:00:33,867 --> 00:00:38,305
where some inhabitants
work together...
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00:00:38,305 --> 00:00:41,141
and others are solitary hunters.
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00:00:42,609 --> 00:00:46,313
And for two of the ocean's
nomadic giants,
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00:00:46,313 --> 00:00:51,418
this coast is the key to
the survival of their species.
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00:00:51,418 --> 00:00:53,687
This is the Indian
Ocean's secret refuge.
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00:00:56,290 --> 00:01:00,227
This is Africa's
ocean sanctuary.
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00:01:00,227 --> 00:01:05,232
(♪♪♪)
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00:01:05,232 --> 00:01:10,237
(♪♪♪)
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(♪♪♪)
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(♪♪♪)
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Spanning two hemispheres
and touching three continents,
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00:01:34,861 --> 00:01:39,599
The Indian Ocean covers over
28 million square miles.
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00:01:43,437 --> 00:01:47,407
Here, off the east coast
of Southern Africa,
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00:01:47,407 --> 00:01:50,177
it washes up against
a shoreline
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00:01:50,177 --> 00:01:54,381
of subtropical bush
and golden beaches.
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00:01:54,381 --> 00:01:57,484
A lush, abundant landscape.
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00:01:57,484 --> 00:02:02,489
Where mangrove forests and dune
fields meet an inviting ocean.
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00:02:04,825 --> 00:02:09,496
With a climate created
by the warm Agulhas current,
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00:02:09,496 --> 00:02:13,867
its warm waters are a sanctuary
for a diverse collection
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00:02:13,867 --> 00:02:16,503
of marine species.
27
00:02:16,503 --> 00:02:22,642
And yet, the apparent abundance
of this world is deceptive.
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00:02:22,642 --> 00:02:26,847
This African shoreline
is gentle and warm,
29
00:02:26,847 --> 00:02:29,916
but life here
is a relative struggle
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00:02:29,916 --> 00:02:32,986
compared to that
enjoyed by species
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00:02:32,986 --> 00:02:36,490
just six hundred miles
down the coast,
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00:02:36,490 --> 00:02:39,326
where these azure waters
give way
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00:02:39,326 --> 00:02:45,499
to the violent Atlantic washing
up on a semi-desert world.
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00:02:45,499 --> 00:02:50,537
Southern Africa's Atlantic coast
is pounded by huge surf
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00:02:50,537 --> 00:02:52,806
whipped up by constant winds.
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00:02:55,976 --> 00:03:00,781
But those winds also draw water
up from the depths,
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00:03:00,781 --> 00:03:04,351
bringing with it
vast amounts of nutrients
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00:03:04,351 --> 00:03:07,554
from a millennia of
decomposing plant matter.
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00:03:10,624 --> 00:03:14,795
This bonanza of food
supports massive populations
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00:03:14,795 --> 00:03:18,799
of marine species
on the west coast -
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00:03:18,799 --> 00:03:23,270
over two million Cape fur seals
jostle for space
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00:03:23,270 --> 00:03:25,639
in large breeding colonies.
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00:03:25,639 --> 00:03:31,611
They are fed by enormous shoals
of pelagic fish such as sardines
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00:03:31,611 --> 00:03:35,649
that are drawn here by the cold,
nutrient-rich water.
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00:03:39,786 --> 00:03:42,055
But along the east coast,
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00:03:42,055 --> 00:03:44,491
the prevailing winds
are gentler.
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00:03:47,294 --> 00:03:49,830
Without the battering gales,
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00:03:49,830 --> 00:03:54,000
there is no upwelling of
nutrients from the depths.
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00:03:54,000 --> 00:03:57,637
The water might be warm
and tranquil,
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00:03:57,637 --> 00:04:00,907
but it doesn't have the benefit
of the west coast's
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00:04:00,907 --> 00:04:04,845
endless conveyor belt of food
brought up from the deep.
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00:04:06,746 --> 00:04:10,484
What it does have, though,
is coral:
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00:04:10,484 --> 00:04:14,688
a living landscape thriving
on a symbiotic relationship
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00:04:14,688 --> 00:04:18,525
between coral polyps
and single-celled algae.
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00:04:19,993 --> 00:04:25,866
As the algae photosynthesize and
give off oxygen for the polyps,
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00:04:25,866 --> 00:04:30,637
and the polyps give off carbon
dioxide for the algae,
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00:04:30,637 --> 00:04:34,474
they create
a solar-powered oasis,
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00:04:34,474 --> 00:04:37,978
offering food and shelter
for the creatures
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00:04:37,978 --> 00:04:41,448
that are drawn here.
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00:04:41,448 --> 00:04:45,452
It's a vibrant concentration
of life,
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00:04:45,452 --> 00:04:49,055
a safe zone created
by a unique confluence
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00:04:49,055 --> 00:04:51,424
of geography and climate;
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00:04:52,392 --> 00:04:56,062
where Africa's marine animals
gather together
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00:04:56,062 --> 00:04:58,932
to form a vibrant community
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00:04:58,932 --> 00:05:02,602
in one of the last great
wilderness strongholds.
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00:05:27,894 --> 00:05:32,766
Out in the open ocean, some
of this region's great migrants
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00:05:32,766 --> 00:05:37,871
are ending long journeys.
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00:05:37,871 --> 00:05:42,842
Drawn to the warm waters and
relative safety of the coast,
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00:05:42,842 --> 00:05:45,645
turtles and Ragged-tooth sharks
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00:05:45,645 --> 00:05:48,648
make an annual journey
to gestate.
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00:05:58,525 --> 00:06:01,861
This Ragged-tooth shark
is pregnant.
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00:06:01,861 --> 00:06:06,600
She has come to these waters to
bring her pups closer to term.
73
00:06:11,004 --> 00:06:15,809
The Hawksbill turtle, too,
is returning to these waters,
74
00:06:15,809 --> 00:06:18,111
but her nesting grounds
are further up
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00:06:18,111 --> 00:06:21,848
the African coast
in Mozambique.
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00:06:21,848 --> 00:06:23,850
She knows these waters well.
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00:06:25,785 --> 00:06:28,989
She has travelled this way
every two years
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00:06:28,989 --> 00:06:32,926
since she was old
enough to breed.
79
00:06:32,926 --> 00:06:36,563
Now she is gathering her
strength for the last leg
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00:06:36,563 --> 00:06:38,098
of our journey.
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00:06:38,098 --> 00:06:41,234
It's been a long trek.
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00:06:41,234 --> 00:06:46,506
One young Hawksbill was found to
have swum from the Cocos Islands
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00:06:46,506 --> 00:06:50,543
southwest of Sumatra
to Tanzania -
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00:06:50,543 --> 00:06:55,215
a journey of 3,800 miles.
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00:06:55,215 --> 00:06:57,917
She's not alone.
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00:06:57,917 --> 00:07:02,155
Somewhere out beyond the reef,
other female turtles
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00:07:02,155 --> 00:07:06,726
are reaching the end
of their own epic journeys.
88
00:07:06,726 --> 00:07:10,163
Now, though,
she's focused on her meal.
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00:07:10,163 --> 00:07:11,865
She's tired.
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00:07:11,865 --> 00:07:14,134
The current is powerful.
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00:07:14,134 --> 00:07:16,703
But it's worth persevering.
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00:07:16,703 --> 00:07:21,441
The reef hides her favorite meal
- soft sponges.
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00:07:25,945 --> 00:07:30,650
The coral reef is built
on ancient foundations.
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00:07:30,650 --> 00:07:35,655
Millions of years ago, sand
dunes on a prehistoric beach
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00:07:35,655 --> 00:07:39,559
solidified into something
like sandstone.
96
00:07:39,559 --> 00:07:42,228
Slowly swallowed up
by the ocean,
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00:07:42,228 --> 00:07:46,466
they became the bedrock
upon which this coral reef grew.
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00:07:52,072 --> 00:07:55,608
Coral is a living creature,
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00:07:55,608 --> 00:07:57,944
a soft-bodied organism
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00:07:57,944 --> 00:08:01,981
that attaches to bedrock
and grows,
101
00:08:01,981 --> 00:08:05,051
creating hard
calcium carbonate tubes.
102
00:08:08,121 --> 00:08:12,225
Colonies are formed,
creating reefs
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00:08:12,225 --> 00:08:16,096
and in turn,
entire habitats.
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00:08:16,096 --> 00:08:18,832
They grow slowly -
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00:08:18,832 --> 00:08:22,736
just four inches per year -
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00:08:22,736 --> 00:08:26,573
but when they are left
undisturbed for millennia,
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00:08:26,573 --> 00:08:31,878
their colonies can build up into
entire landscapes like this one.
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00:08:34,080 --> 00:08:37,217
This is the southernmost
submerged reef
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00:08:37,217 --> 00:08:40,787
along the African coast.
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00:08:40,787 --> 00:08:43,223
It's also deep.
111
00:08:43,223 --> 00:08:49,262
Its shallowest outcrop is still
33 feet below the surface.
112
00:08:49,262 --> 00:08:53,366
The deeper the reef, the less
sunlight reaches the algae
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00:08:53,366 --> 00:08:56,136
on which it depends.
114
00:08:56,136 --> 00:08:58,805
And yet,
enough filters down here
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00:08:58,805 --> 00:09:01,875
to make this one of the most
diverse ecosystems
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00:09:01,875 --> 00:09:04,277
on the planet.
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00:09:06,045 --> 00:09:10,283
The location of the reef
might seem arbitrary:
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00:09:10,283 --> 00:09:14,888
these corals could have settled
on any rocky outcrop
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00:09:14,888 --> 00:09:18,691
anywhere along the hundreds
of miles of this shore.
120
00:09:21,027 --> 00:09:26,132
And yet, it owes its success
as a center of diversity
121
00:09:26,132 --> 00:09:30,637
to a quirk of geography
that makes it part
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00:09:30,637 --> 00:09:33,006
of a uniquely interlocking
ecosystem.
123
00:09:37,076 --> 00:09:41,815
Just beyond the dunes, an
estuary winds towards the sea.
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00:09:47,687 --> 00:09:51,157
At the head
of its mysterious waterways
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00:09:51,157 --> 00:09:57,197
lies a forest unlike
any other along this shore.
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A mangrove forest,
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00:10:00,433 --> 00:10:02,869
able to survive
in the salt water
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00:10:02,869 --> 00:10:05,672
that floods it
with every high tide.
129
00:10:13,813 --> 00:10:19,385
Every day, this unique forest
drops tons of plant matter
130
00:10:19,385 --> 00:10:22,388
into the waterlogged mud
around its roots.
131
00:10:24,757 --> 00:10:27,994
Much of that waste
is dragged underground
132
00:10:27,994 --> 00:10:31,464
by the mangrove's
composter-in-chief,
133
00:10:31,464 --> 00:10:34,067
the Red-claw mangrove crab.
134
00:10:40,473 --> 00:10:45,879
Alerted by the soft vibrations
of an impact on the mud,
135
00:10:45,879 --> 00:10:51,084
these tireless recyclers keep
the forest floor clean -
136
00:10:51,084 --> 00:10:57,290
and keep the entire estuary
system flooded with nutrients.
137
00:10:57,290 --> 00:11:02,762
Tons of pods and leaves
quickly become tons of compost.
138
00:11:05,431 --> 00:11:11,337
As the tide comes in, flooding
the forest with salt water,
139
00:11:11,337 --> 00:11:15,508
the water fills
with dissolved nutrients.
140
00:11:15,508 --> 00:11:21,748
When it retreats, all of that
food is washed out into the sea,
141
00:11:21,748 --> 00:11:25,718
bringing a feast to the filter
feeders of the nearby reef.
142
00:11:29,088 --> 00:11:33,026
The ebb and flow of the tides
in the mangrove forest
143
00:11:33,026 --> 00:11:37,330
keeps the reef well fed.
144
00:11:37,330 --> 00:11:42,502
But it provides more than food
to the fish of this coast.
145
00:11:42,502 --> 00:11:45,004
It also provides a nursery.
146
00:11:49,943 --> 00:11:53,212
At high tide,
an unbroken passage
147
00:11:53,212 --> 00:11:58,217
stretches from ocean to forest.
148
00:11:58,217 --> 00:12:03,456
Now these beaches are no longer
a barrier between worlds,
149
00:12:03,456 --> 00:12:06,292
as channels open
for new visitors.
150
00:12:10,029 --> 00:12:13,499
A waterway deep
into the mangrove forest
151
00:12:13,499 --> 00:12:17,070
is an invitation
to the reef's baby fish.
152
00:12:19,272 --> 00:12:22,342
Young reef fish have
evolved to follow
153
00:12:22,342 --> 00:12:24,510
the incoming tide upstream.
154
00:12:28,147 --> 00:12:33,252
The journey from coral to coast
is a long one for a small fish,
155
00:12:33,252 --> 00:12:35,822
but it's worth the effort.
156
00:12:35,822 --> 00:12:38,057
Submerged mangrove roots:
157
00:12:40,026 --> 00:12:43,363
the fish have reached
the outskirts of the forest,
158
00:12:43,363 --> 00:12:46,065
where salt- and fresh water
are mingling.
159
00:12:51,337 --> 00:12:55,008
Pulled together by the promise
of the mangroves,
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00:12:55,008 --> 00:12:57,910
a new community forms.
161
00:12:57,910 --> 00:13:01,948
An underwater nursery
for young fish.
162
00:13:01,948 --> 00:13:04,350
They come in the thousands.
163
00:13:17,630 --> 00:13:20,199
The mangroves are a sanctuary,
164
00:13:20,199 --> 00:13:24,103
offering a few vital months
of abundant food
165
00:13:24,103 --> 00:13:27,306
and safety from
the reef's predators.
166
00:13:27,306 --> 00:13:33,012
Here the fish will mature,
growing bigger and stronger
167
00:13:33,012 --> 00:13:36,215
until they're ready
to take on the challenges
168
00:13:36,215 --> 00:13:38,351
of the open ocean.
169
00:13:38,351 --> 00:13:41,421
For a world
struggling for sustenance,
170
00:13:41,421 --> 00:13:45,625
the nutrient-rich
water of the forest is a bonanza
171
00:13:45,625 --> 00:13:48,995
and its effects are dramatic:
172
00:13:48,995 --> 00:13:52,098
tropical fish species
have been found to be
173
00:13:52,098 --> 00:13:54,333
up to twice as abundant
174
00:13:54,333 --> 00:13:58,304
on reefs bordering mangroves
on this coast.
175
00:13:58,304 --> 00:14:01,040
But not all of
the reef's inhabitants
176
00:14:01,040 --> 00:14:04,410
have access
to a convenient nursery.
177
00:14:04,410 --> 00:14:07,046
They cannot disappear
for a few months
178
00:14:07,046 --> 00:14:09,549
until they are ready
to compete.
179
00:14:09,549 --> 00:14:15,021
Instead, they disappear right
where they are - in plain sight.
180
00:14:18,124 --> 00:14:22,695
On an exposed reef
offering few places to hide,
181
00:14:22,695 --> 00:14:27,033
the art of camouflage becomes
a vital weapon
182
00:14:27,033 --> 00:14:31,037
in the battle for survival.
183
00:14:31,037 --> 00:14:34,107
Indistinguishable
from the textured backdrop
184
00:14:34,107 --> 00:14:36,476
of the rocks and coral,
185
00:14:36,476 --> 00:14:40,513
a predator waits for a catch.
186
00:14:40,513 --> 00:14:43,983
The Frogfish is a type
of Anglerfish,
187
00:14:43,983 --> 00:14:49,455
using a lure attached to its
head to attract hungry victims.
188
00:14:49,455 --> 00:14:52,325
It's easy to miss him.
189
00:14:52,325 --> 00:14:57,196
His unique skin makes him
a master of disguise.
190
00:14:57,196 --> 00:15:02,268
Instead of scales, Frogfish
are covered with fleshy spines,
191
00:15:02,268 --> 00:15:05,471
hairy extensions
and tiny skin flaps
192
00:15:05,471 --> 00:15:08,441
to blur any recognizable
features.
193
00:15:08,441 --> 00:15:11,043
All the better to be mistaken
194
00:15:11,043 --> 00:15:14,213
for a piece of
algae-covered sponge.
195
00:15:14,213 --> 00:15:18,451
Since his camouflage depends
on him being motionless,
196
00:15:18,451 --> 00:15:21,521
the Frogfish doesn't move much.
197
00:15:21,521 --> 00:15:27,326
When he does, he reveals
a unique waddling walk,
198
00:15:27,326 --> 00:15:30,463
as he makes his way
along the seabed
199
00:15:30,463 --> 00:15:33,232
using his jointed pelvic fins.
200
00:15:34,567 --> 00:15:37,703
He's not a strong swimmer,
201
00:15:37,703 --> 00:15:40,206
but these feet-like fins
202
00:15:40,206 --> 00:15:45,344
brace him against the current
as he waddles across the reef.
203
00:15:45,344 --> 00:15:48,347
When he finds
his next hiding place,
204
00:15:48,347 --> 00:15:51,617
he will settle down
and become invisible
205
00:15:51,617 --> 00:15:57,423
against the rock, biding his
time until his next meal.
206
00:15:59,792 --> 00:16:04,297
He's not the only undetectable
hunter lying in wait.
207
00:16:06,566 --> 00:16:10,770
The Crocodile fish is
intricately marked and textured,
208
00:16:10,770 --> 00:16:17,176
and pressed against the reef,
it all but disappears.
209
00:16:17,176 --> 00:16:19,579
Even its eyes are camouflaged.
210
00:16:24,650 --> 00:16:27,386
All is not what
it seems on this reef.
211
00:16:29,488 --> 00:16:33,326
To unsuspecting passersby
this may look like
212
00:16:33,326 --> 00:16:37,830
just another dead
leaf waving in the current.
213
00:16:37,830 --> 00:16:42,568
But this dead leaf
is very much alive.
214
00:16:42,568 --> 00:16:47,206
Paper fish snap up any small,
unsuspecting fish
215
00:16:47,206 --> 00:16:51,344
and crustaceans
that venture too close.
216
00:16:51,344 --> 00:16:56,249
Most of these predators
are prey as well.
217
00:16:56,249 --> 00:17:00,486
Camouflage not only allows them
to ambush their prey,
218
00:17:00,486 --> 00:17:04,790
but it also hides them from
the animals that prey on them.
219
00:17:07,560 --> 00:17:12,131
For some,
it's not about being invisible.
220
00:17:12,131 --> 00:17:17,169
Instead, it's about looking
like the fish next to you.
221
00:17:17,169 --> 00:17:21,274
This cloud of yellow fish
is made up of several
222
00:17:21,274 --> 00:17:24,277
similar-looking species.
223
00:17:24,277 --> 00:17:28,147
Most of them
are Blue banded snapper,
224
00:17:28,147 --> 00:17:30,182
but mixed in among them
225
00:17:30,182 --> 00:17:34,487
are a number of
Yellow stripe goatfish.
226
00:17:34,487 --> 00:17:37,523
For both the snapper
and the goatfish,
227
00:17:37,523 --> 00:17:41,594
there's safety in numbers.
228
00:17:41,594 --> 00:17:45,197
The more similar-looking
the fish in the group,
229
00:17:45,197 --> 00:17:48,601
the better the odds to survive
an attack by a predator.
230
00:17:50,803 --> 00:17:54,307
Shoaling increases
the chance of survival
231
00:17:54,307 --> 00:17:57,510
for each individual fish.
232
00:17:57,510 --> 00:18:00,279
More eyes means
more surveillance
233
00:18:00,279 --> 00:18:04,150
on potential threats.
234
00:18:04,150 --> 00:18:05,718
Should they be attacked,
235
00:18:05,718 --> 00:18:08,587
the swirling mass
of yellow bodies
236
00:18:08,587 --> 00:18:12,491
might disorientate
or distract a predator,
237
00:18:12,491 --> 00:18:16,862
making individual fish
less likely to be picked out.
238
00:18:16,862 --> 00:18:19,398
It's a relationship that
benefits both species.
239
00:18:19,398 --> 00:18:24,403
(♪♪♪)
240
00:18:24,403 --> 00:18:29,408
(♪♪♪)
241
00:18:29,408 --> 00:18:34,413
(♪♪♪)
242
00:18:34,413 --> 00:18:39,418
(♪♪♪)
243
00:18:39,418 --> 00:18:44,423
(♪♪♪)
244
00:18:44,423 --> 00:18:49,428
(♪♪♪)
245
00:18:49,428 --> 00:18:54,433
(♪♪♪)
246
00:18:54,433 --> 00:18:59,438
(♪♪♪)
247
00:18:59,438 --> 00:19:04,443
(♪♪♪)
248
00:19:04,443 --> 00:19:08,447
(♪♪♪)
249
00:19:16,389 --> 00:19:21,694
But one famous fish has taken
interspecies co-operation
250
00:19:21,694 --> 00:19:24,630
to an extreme level -
251
00:19:24,630 --> 00:19:26,932
happily living in a death-trap.
252
00:19:29,802 --> 00:19:34,740
Clownfish find safety among
the fronds of sea anemones.
253
00:19:36,609 --> 00:19:40,646
It seems like
an unlikely refuge.
254
00:19:40,646 --> 00:19:44,350
The anemone's stinging nettles
make a meal
255
00:19:44,350 --> 00:19:49,255
of anything small and unwary
enough to venture close.
256
00:19:49,255 --> 00:19:53,926
But for the Clownfish,
the tentacles aren't killers -
257
00:19:53,926 --> 00:19:56,462
they're home.
258
00:19:56,462 --> 00:20:00,833
It's a unique "exchange
of services" arrangement.
259
00:20:00,833 --> 00:20:05,371
While the anemone provides
shelter, food and protection
260
00:20:05,371 --> 00:20:09,909
for its little keeper,
the Clownfish returns the favor
261
00:20:09,909 --> 00:20:13,846
by keeping its
home clean and healthy.
262
00:20:13,846 --> 00:20:17,883
The Clownfish are able
to survive the stings,
263
00:20:17,883 --> 00:20:23,656
thanks to a life-saving layer
of mucus that covers their body.
264
00:20:23,656 --> 00:20:26,959
This mucus is up to
four times thicker
265
00:20:26,959 --> 00:20:30,563
than that produced
by other fish.
266
00:20:30,563 --> 00:20:32,898
More importantly, it's laced
267
00:20:32,898 --> 00:20:37,036
with traces of
the anemone's own venom.
268
00:20:37,036 --> 00:20:41,674
Each anemone
houses its own Clownfish
269
00:20:41,674 --> 00:20:45,344
and it is believed that
the fish tailor-makes
270
00:20:45,344 --> 00:20:50,983
its own specific anti-venom
by rubbing against the anemone -
271
00:20:50,983 --> 00:20:55,087
literally taking the sting
out of these nettles.
272
00:20:55,087 --> 00:20:59,558
This death-defying performance
has an audience:
273
00:20:59,558 --> 00:21:03,462
a group of baby
Domino damsel-fish.
274
00:21:03,462 --> 00:21:06,966
These territorial animals
are also able
275
00:21:06,966 --> 00:21:09,835
to withstand anemone stings;
276
00:21:09,835 --> 00:21:13,639
they've been using this one
as a hideout.
277
00:21:13,639 --> 00:21:17,409
But while the bigger Clownfish
is having a turn,
278
00:21:17,409 --> 00:21:19,812
they keep a
respectful distance.
279
00:21:33,025 --> 00:21:36,695
Turtles are the great nomads
of the planet's oceans.
280
00:21:40,065 --> 00:21:44,570
Covering huge distances
to feed or to breed,
281
00:21:44,570 --> 00:21:47,706
they spend most of
their lives away from land.
282
00:21:55,548 --> 00:22:01,520
Africa's Indian Ocean coast
is 4,000 miles long,
283
00:22:01,520 --> 00:22:05,891
spanning five countries
and two hemispheres.
284
00:22:05,891 --> 00:22:08,627
And yet when they migrate here,
285
00:22:08,627 --> 00:22:13,432
they are heading for one special
place on one specific beach.
286
00:22:15,134 --> 00:22:17,870
The place where they were born.
287
00:22:17,870 --> 00:22:21,540
The females know exactly
where they need to go.
288
00:22:26,145 --> 00:22:30,683
Turtles are highly sensitive
to the Earth's magnetic field.
289
00:22:33,152 --> 00:22:36,789
They use it to navigate
in the open ocean,
290
00:22:36,789 --> 00:22:40,159
following tiny
fluctuations or gradients
291
00:22:40,159 --> 00:22:44,797
as if they were lines on a map.
292
00:22:44,797 --> 00:22:49,535
This beach, too,
has its own magnetic markers,
293
00:22:49,535 --> 00:22:52,905
like invisible
GPS co-ordinates.
294
00:22:52,905 --> 00:22:56,875
But this female Hawksbill
will swim on.
295
00:22:56,875 --> 00:23:00,479
Her inner compass
is directing her to a beach
296
00:23:00,479 --> 00:23:04,450
far north of here.
297
00:23:04,450 --> 00:23:07,486
She knows exactly where
she will find it:
298
00:23:07,486 --> 00:23:10,189
the beach's co-ordinates
were imprinted on her
299
00:23:10,189 --> 00:23:12,791
when she was born.
300
00:23:24,837 --> 00:23:28,240
The beaches of this African
sanctuary, however,
301
00:23:28,240 --> 00:23:31,143
are calling to other turtles.
302
00:23:31,143 --> 00:23:34,613
They were born here,
many years ago
303
00:23:34,613 --> 00:23:38,450
and are now returning
to complete an ancient cycle.
304
00:23:40,085 --> 00:23:44,556
This Loggerhead female has
followed her magnetic signal
305
00:23:44,556 --> 00:23:47,259
back to the beach
where she was born.
306
00:23:47,259 --> 00:23:51,563
This moment has been
a long time coming.
307
00:23:51,563 --> 00:23:55,534
It can take up to 35 years
for Loggerheads
308
00:23:55,534 --> 00:23:58,704
to reach breeding age.
309
00:23:58,704 --> 00:24:02,941
Now ready to lay, she begins
to excavate her nest.
310
00:24:05,277 --> 00:24:09,081
Up here, above the high-water
mark,
311
00:24:09,081 --> 00:24:11,984
her eggs will be safe.
312
00:24:11,984 --> 00:24:14,753
Her babies will have
a fighting chance.
313
00:24:18,657 --> 00:24:22,628
The sex of baby turtles
is heavily influenced
314
00:24:22,628 --> 00:24:25,664
by the temperature in the nest.
315
00:24:25,664 --> 00:24:30,069
In warmer nests, most embryos
develop into females.
316
00:24:32,571 --> 00:24:35,908
Cooler clutches are more likely
to produce males.
317
00:24:39,211 --> 00:24:44,049
Nearby, another long-distance
nomad is also nesting.
318
00:24:46,585 --> 00:24:51,290
A female Leatherback has dragged
herself ashore,
319
00:24:51,290 --> 00:24:54,059
hauling her huge
weight up the dunes.
320
00:24:56,261 --> 00:25:01,967
These massive turtles can grow
to be over six feet long
321
00:25:01,967 --> 00:25:05,003
and weigh almost a ton.
322
00:25:06,572 --> 00:25:10,209
Her migrations are vast -
323
00:25:10,209 --> 00:25:15,013
sometimes over 4,300 miles
each way -
324
00:25:15,013 --> 00:25:19,218
and she can reach depths
of almost 4,000 feet
325
00:25:19,218 --> 00:25:22,321
down into the abyss.
326
00:25:22,321 --> 00:25:26,125
But none of her journeys
have been as important
327
00:25:26,125 --> 00:25:30,863
as this short one
from the surf to the dunes,
328
00:25:30,863 --> 00:25:35,834
to lay her hundred eggs
and start a new generation
329
00:25:35,834 --> 00:25:38,237
of ocean wanderers.
330
00:25:40,739 --> 00:25:44,076
The Loggerhead female
has laid her eggs
331
00:25:44,076 --> 00:25:46,111
and covered up her nest.
332
00:25:46,111 --> 00:25:48,714
Exhausted by
the night's exertion,
333
00:25:48,714 --> 00:25:52,718
she drags herself back
towards the surf.
334
00:25:52,718 --> 00:25:55,721
But she's not alone.
335
00:25:55,721 --> 00:25:59,391
Out in the night,
eyes are watching.
336
00:25:59,391 --> 00:26:01,727
Ghost crabs.
337
00:26:01,727 --> 00:26:04,129
The mortal enemy of her babies.
338
00:26:08,834 --> 00:26:13,305
But for tonight,
her work is done.
339
00:26:13,305 --> 00:26:17,209
She will return to this beach
three or four more times
340
00:26:17,209 --> 00:26:21,814
in the coming weeks
to lay more eggs in new nests.
341
00:26:23,649 --> 00:26:26,585
But the hatchlings will
have to fend for themselves.
342
00:26:32,291 --> 00:26:37,963
As silently and secretly as she
arrived, she slips out of sight.
343
00:26:44,403 --> 00:26:48,907
A new day
and under coral overhangs
344
00:26:48,907 --> 00:26:51,677
away from strong currents,
345
00:26:51,677 --> 00:26:55,881
fish are gathering to get
a much-needed clean-up
346
00:26:55,881 --> 00:27:00,252
from one of this reef's most
industrious workers:
347
00:27:00,252 --> 00:27:02,855
the Cleaner shrimp.
348
00:27:09,461 --> 00:27:15,033
This is a safe place,
where predators and prey alike
349
00:27:15,033 --> 00:27:18,270
put aside their differences
in the quest
350
00:27:18,270 --> 00:27:21,173
for the perfect
full-body treatment.
351
00:27:26,712 --> 00:27:30,315
For the weary and worn,
it's a welcome relief
352
00:27:30,315 --> 00:27:34,253
to get rid of parasites
and damaged skin.
353
00:27:34,253 --> 00:27:38,724
For the team
it means a hearty meal.
354
00:27:38,724 --> 00:27:41,793
Waving their white legs
and antennae,
355
00:27:41,793 --> 00:27:44,763
the shrimp flag down
interested customers.
356
00:27:56,008 --> 00:28:01,980
The usually dangerous Rock cod
are not here to cause trouble,
357
00:28:01,980 --> 00:28:06,785
and move in slowly to show
they mean no harm,
358
00:28:06,785 --> 00:28:11,056
changing colors
and gently opening their mouths.
359
00:28:11,056 --> 00:28:13,458
A Cleaner leaps to work.
360
00:28:20,499 --> 00:28:25,270
A stingray approaches
hoping to secure a slot.
361
00:28:25,270 --> 00:28:28,307
Like the Rock cod,
she too comes
362
00:28:28,307 --> 00:28:32,177
waving the proverbial
white flag.
363
00:28:32,177 --> 00:28:36,181
She lifts her body off the sand
with undulating movements.
364
00:28:42,054 --> 00:28:44,823
But she's come too late.
365
00:28:44,823 --> 00:28:48,794
The shrimps are busy now
and like it or not
366
00:28:48,794 --> 00:28:51,763
she'll have to
come back later to try again.
367
00:29:10,482 --> 00:29:14,353
The Cleaner shrimp's cousin,
the Harlequin shrimp,
368
00:29:14,353 --> 00:29:18,290
has more refined tastes.
369
00:29:18,290 --> 00:29:22,995
Not for these refined diners
is scraping together meals
370
00:29:22,995 --> 00:29:27,866
consisting of dead skin and
scraps stuck between teeth.
371
00:29:27,866 --> 00:29:30,268
They are hunters.
372
00:29:30,268 --> 00:29:35,273
And today's target is their
favorite delicacy: starfish.
373
00:29:39,111 --> 00:29:45,050
They're dressed for dinner,
suited up in magnificent shells.
374
00:29:45,050 --> 00:29:47,586
They can afford to be showy,
375
00:29:47,586 --> 00:29:50,956
since their prey will not be
able to escape them.
376
00:30:01,600 --> 00:30:06,138
Starfish have hundreds of
tubular feet that allow them
377
00:30:06,138 --> 00:30:11,443
to move smoothly, but slowly,
across the ocean floor.
378
00:30:11,443 --> 00:30:15,280
A slow-moving target
is an easy target
379
00:30:15,280 --> 00:30:18,517
and some starfish have
developed hard bodies
380
00:30:18,517 --> 00:30:20,952
to protect themselves
381
00:30:20,952 --> 00:30:23,355
But not this one.
382
00:30:25,991 --> 00:30:30,595
The Harlequin shrimp have used
their delicate sensory antenna
383
00:30:30,595 --> 00:30:33,465
to smell out their prey.
384
00:30:33,465 --> 00:30:38,437
Now, they climb on top of it
and get to work
385
00:30:38,437 --> 00:30:40,439
trying to turn it over.
386
00:30:40,439 --> 00:30:43,942
If they are going to get
to its vulnerable underbelly,
387
00:30:43,942 --> 00:30:46,912
they need to immobilize it.
388
00:30:46,912 --> 00:30:50,282
And then,
with chilling precision,
389
00:30:50,282 --> 00:30:54,686
they will set about
slicing off its tender feet
390
00:30:54,686 --> 00:30:58,156
with their specialized claws,
391
00:30:58,156 --> 00:31:04,062
working slowly towards to the
starfish's juicy central body.
392
00:31:04,062 --> 00:31:08,400
The starfish will feed these
meticulous killers for days.
393
00:31:15,107 --> 00:31:17,642
Elsewhere on the reef,
other predators
394
00:31:17,642 --> 00:31:19,711
are starting their day,
395
00:31:19,711 --> 00:31:22,481
or recovering
from the night's hunt.
396
00:31:27,152 --> 00:31:31,423
A Leopard shark has spent
the night prowling the reef,
397
00:31:31,423 --> 00:31:36,661
stalking crabs and shrimp.
398
00:31:36,661 --> 00:31:41,666
They are small morsels,
but they are abundant.
399
00:31:41,666 --> 00:31:45,303
With enough food,
these placid sharks
400
00:31:45,303 --> 00:31:49,608
can grow up to six feet long.
401
00:31:49,608 --> 00:31:55,514
Tired after the night's hunt,
it rests on the sandy bottom,
402
00:31:55,514 --> 00:31:58,016
keeping exertion to a minimum.
403
00:32:10,095 --> 00:32:12,998
Sharks have ancient origins,
404
00:32:12,998 --> 00:32:16,134
going back hundreds
of millions of years,
405
00:32:16,134 --> 00:32:19,371
but next to these
silent hunters,
406
00:32:19,371 --> 00:32:25,010
drifting over the reef,
they are relative newcomers.
407
00:32:25,010 --> 00:32:28,780
The first jellyfish floated
through the world's oceans
408
00:32:28,780 --> 00:32:31,383
500 million years ago,
409
00:32:31,383 --> 00:32:35,353
long before there were even
plants on land.
410
00:32:35,353 --> 00:32:39,457
They are the oldest
multi-organ animal on Earth.
411
00:32:39,457 --> 00:32:44,095
But they are not quite
as primitive as they seem.
412
00:32:44,095 --> 00:32:47,132
Instead of being passive
drifters,
413
00:32:47,132 --> 00:32:51,169
they move by contracting
the rims of their bells
414
00:32:51,169 --> 00:32:55,340
in subtle pulsing movements
that displaces the water
415
00:32:55,340 --> 00:32:57,442
they're moving through.
416
00:32:57,442 --> 00:33:00,712
They also have
a complex nervous system
417
00:33:00,712 --> 00:33:04,749
that helps them adapt and
react to the environment,
418
00:33:04,749 --> 00:33:06,785
sensing current flows,
419
00:33:06,785 --> 00:33:09,187
identifying other jellyfish,
420
00:33:09,187 --> 00:33:13,558
and even testing the salinity
of seawater.
421
00:33:13,558 --> 00:33:17,696
The bodies of jellyfish
are soft and fragile,
422
00:33:17,696 --> 00:33:20,665
but they can be lethal.
423
00:33:20,665 --> 00:33:22,667
When they encounter their prey,
424
00:33:22,667 --> 00:33:25,670
they react with
overwhelming force,
425
00:33:25,670 --> 00:33:29,574
pumping their victim
full of neurotoxins.
426
00:33:29,574 --> 00:33:34,779
Most animals in this ocean
give them a wide berth,
427
00:33:34,779 --> 00:33:38,850
but for turtles,
they're a staple diet.
428
00:33:38,850 --> 00:33:43,121
Leatherbacks gorge on jellyfish
in the open ocean,
429
00:33:43,121 --> 00:33:48,226
in summer sometimes eating
up to 70% of their body weight
430
00:33:48,226 --> 00:33:50,629
every day.
431
00:34:01,439 --> 00:34:05,477
This predator chooses
to stay close to the reef
432
00:34:05,477 --> 00:34:09,614
rather than roam the open ocean
like the jellyfish.
433
00:34:09,614 --> 00:34:15,120
The Honeycomb moray eel coils
itself in and among the crevices
434
00:34:15,120 --> 00:34:19,724
of the reef, venturing out
occasionally for a stop
435
00:34:19,724 --> 00:34:23,795
at the cleaning station
or to hunt.
436
00:34:23,795 --> 00:34:27,165
Often mistaken
for a of type sea-snake,
437
00:34:27,165 --> 00:34:30,535
the moray is actually a fish.
438
00:34:30,535 --> 00:34:33,872
Its open mouth looks
intimidating,
439
00:34:33,872 --> 00:34:39,311
but this is less a show of force
than simple respiration.
440
00:34:39,311 --> 00:34:43,181
An open mouth allows a constant
stream of water
441
00:34:43,181 --> 00:34:45,450
to flow through
its gills -
442
00:34:45,450 --> 00:34:49,220
little holes
situated behind its head.
443
00:34:49,220 --> 00:34:51,756
They may look frightening
and anti-social,
444
00:34:51,756 --> 00:34:56,528
but eels are relatively
peaceful neighbors -
445
00:34:56,528 --> 00:34:59,698
when they're well fed.
446
00:34:59,698 --> 00:35:03,234
Where nooks and crannies are
scarce on the reef,
447
00:35:03,234 --> 00:35:07,505
they might even live
side by side with other eels:
448
00:35:07,505 --> 00:35:09,507
a fearsome-looking pair
449
00:35:09,507 --> 00:35:13,611
that is just trying to get by
like everyone else.
450
00:35:13,611 --> 00:35:17,882
These fish can swim close
to the eels' open mouths
451
00:35:17,882 --> 00:35:20,218
with little to fear...
452
00:35:20,218 --> 00:35:22,620
until feeding time.
453
00:35:30,662 --> 00:35:33,264
Another ancient creature
of the ocean
454
00:35:33,264 --> 00:35:36,301
has made her way
to the coast.
455
00:35:36,301 --> 00:35:38,603
Female Ragged-tooth sharks
456
00:35:38,603 --> 00:35:42,774
migrate to these warm waters
to gestate.
457
00:35:42,774 --> 00:35:45,777
They are extremely sensitive to
temperature changes
458
00:35:45,777 --> 00:35:49,347
and will move along the
coastline to warmer waters
459
00:35:49,347 --> 00:35:51,750
when they are carrying young.
460
00:35:54,419 --> 00:35:57,722
She has two wombs
and will produce eggs
461
00:35:57,722 --> 00:36:03,628
as long as she's gestating.
462
00:36:03,628 --> 00:36:09,534
She will give birth to two pups
- one from each womb.
463
00:36:09,534 --> 00:36:14,873
Most of her energy is going into
growing her pups.
464
00:36:14,873 --> 00:36:21,246
And yet during this time
she eats very little.
465
00:36:21,246 --> 00:36:25,383
Algae on her mouth and teeth
is testament to her fast.
466
00:36:29,854 --> 00:36:35,460
Almost nothing has passed
through these jaws for weeks.
467
00:36:35,460 --> 00:36:38,263
But just because
she's not eating,
468
00:36:38,263 --> 00:36:41,699
it doesn't mean her pups
are going hungry.
469
00:36:41,699 --> 00:36:44,903
The unborn sharks
are building their strength -
470
00:36:44,903 --> 00:36:47,806
by eating their siblings.
471
00:36:47,806 --> 00:36:52,310
The biggest pups eat their
weaker brothers and sisters -
472
00:36:52,310 --> 00:36:55,046
inside their mother's body.
473
00:36:55,046 --> 00:36:59,384
First the embryos
and then any unfertilized eggs
474
00:36:59,384 --> 00:37:01,586
in their reach.
475
00:37:01,586 --> 00:37:05,390
The extra eggs are a vital
source of baby food.
476
00:37:07,358 --> 00:37:10,662
As their mother cruises
in the warm water,
477
00:37:10,662 --> 00:37:12,897
her unborn pups have
already learnt
478
00:37:12,897 --> 00:37:16,768
their first lesson in life:
479
00:37:16,768 --> 00:37:22,407
only the strongest survive.
480
00:37:22,407 --> 00:37:26,411
She will spend two months here
in this sanctuary,
481
00:37:26,411 --> 00:37:29,414
but as the time comes
for her to give birth,
482
00:37:29,414 --> 00:37:34,052
she will swim south
toward cooler waters.
483
00:37:34,052 --> 00:37:38,857
It will take up to 9 months
for them to be born.
484
00:37:38,857 --> 00:37:44,329
When they enter the world, her
pups will be up to 3 feet long
485
00:37:44,329 --> 00:37:50,368
- half her size - and already
formidable predators.
486
00:37:50,368 --> 00:37:52,770
But for now they are growing.
487
00:38:14,859 --> 00:38:16,528
Two months have passed
488
00:38:16,528 --> 00:38:19,564
since the Loggerhead
laid her eggs on this beach.
489
00:38:24,402 --> 00:38:28,072
Up above the high-water mark,
the dunes are stirring.
490
00:38:28,072 --> 00:38:33,077
(♪♪♪)
491
00:38:33,077 --> 00:38:38,082
(♪♪♪)
492
00:38:38,082 --> 00:38:41,886
(♪♪♪)
493
00:38:41,886 --> 00:38:46,391
(♪♪♪)
494
00:38:46,391 --> 00:38:49,594
The first of the brood
makes its way out of the nest.
495
00:38:52,764 --> 00:38:57,101
Instinct tells the rest
to stay motionless for now,
496
00:38:57,101 --> 00:39:00,071
but this one is precocious.
497
00:39:00,071 --> 00:39:02,507
It's a bad move.
498
00:39:02,507 --> 00:39:06,077
Dangers lurk in the darkness.
499
00:39:06,077 --> 00:39:10,748
Ghost crabs are waiting
at the water's edge,
500
00:39:10,748 --> 00:39:13,484
gathering for the kill.
501
00:39:13,484 --> 00:39:16,988
These opportunists are
one of the key predators
502
00:39:16,988 --> 00:39:20,191
of baby turtles.
503
00:39:20,191 --> 00:39:24,028
If the babies are going to reach
the safety of the ocean,
504
00:39:24,028 --> 00:39:27,031
they will have to
avoid being caught.
505
00:39:27,031 --> 00:39:29,601
The rest are staying put.
506
00:39:29,601 --> 00:39:32,003
There is safety in numbers.
507
00:39:36,441 --> 00:39:41,012
But their impatient
sibling is on his way.
508
00:39:41,012 --> 00:39:45,850
Out in the open, alone,
there is nowhere to hide.
509
00:39:47,952 --> 00:39:51,489
A crab closes in
for the easy kill.
510
00:40:15,113 --> 00:40:18,216
Unaware of the tragedy
on the beach,
511
00:40:18,216 --> 00:40:20,618
the rest of the brood
is surfacing.
512
00:40:24,689 --> 00:40:29,861
Up to 120 babies are pushing up
out of the nest,
513
00:40:29,861 --> 00:40:34,499
all intent on one,
all-important dash
514
00:40:34,499 --> 00:40:37,802
down the dunes
and across the beach.
515
00:40:37,802 --> 00:40:41,639
For the tiny, soft,
awkward babies,
516
00:40:41,639 --> 00:40:44,575
not made for moving on land,
517
00:40:44,575 --> 00:40:47,612
it will be
a monumental struggle.
518
00:40:47,612 --> 00:40:51,683
Even small dune plants
present major obstacles.
519
00:40:59,157 --> 00:41:02,994
The journey is just
a few dozen yards,
520
00:41:02,994 --> 00:41:06,998
but for the hatchlings
it's an exhausting trek
521
00:41:06,998 --> 00:41:09,734
across an apparently
endless desert.
522
00:41:13,638 --> 00:41:17,875
A desert full of dangers.
523
00:41:17,875 --> 00:41:22,547
A life-and-death struggle.
524
00:41:22,547 --> 00:41:26,684
A baby has been snared
by a ghost crab under the sand.
525
00:41:28,853 --> 00:41:34,492
The unlucky do not survive,
but this baby is tough.
526
00:41:36,961 --> 00:41:39,630
It battles on through the night,
527
00:41:39,630 --> 00:41:43,501
rejoining its brothers and
sisters as the march goes on.
528
00:41:46,304 --> 00:41:52,643
This is the first and last time
the males will walk on land.
529
00:41:52,643 --> 00:41:55,713
The rest of their lives
will be spent at sea.
530
00:42:01,986 --> 00:42:07,892
At last, they reach
the water's edge.
531
00:42:07,892 --> 00:42:10,361
They are together for now,
532
00:42:10,361 --> 00:42:15,600
but they are starting
solitary lives.
533
00:42:15,600 --> 00:42:20,037
Turtles are self-sufficient
from the moment they hatch
534
00:42:20,037 --> 00:42:23,608
and already they are going their
separate ways,
535
00:42:23,608 --> 00:42:28,813
beginning decades of wandering
across the world's seas.
536
00:42:28,813 --> 00:42:31,783
The magnetic signature
of this beach
537
00:42:31,783 --> 00:42:34,051
has already imprinted
on them
538
00:42:34,051 --> 00:42:38,222
and one day, twenty or thirty
years from now,
539
00:42:38,222 --> 00:42:42,794
the females will begin to return
here to lay their own eggs.
540
00:42:44,896 --> 00:42:49,700
Now, they will let the currents
guide them.
541
00:42:49,700 --> 00:42:53,805
The warm Mozambique current
will take them south,
542
00:42:53,805 --> 00:42:56,307
skirting the African continent
543
00:42:56,307 --> 00:42:59,744
and then out
into the Southern Ocean.
544
00:42:59,744 --> 00:43:04,749
(♪♪♪)
545
00:43:04,749 --> 00:43:09,754
(♪♪♪)
546
00:43:09,754 --> 00:43:14,759
(♪♪♪)
547
00:43:14,759 --> 00:43:19,764
(♪♪♪)
548
00:43:19,764 --> 00:43:21,732
(♪♪♪)
549
00:43:21,732 --> 00:43:25,903
A new day over the reefs
of Southern Africa.
550
00:43:25,903 --> 00:43:30,942
The baby turtles are gone.
551
00:43:30,942 --> 00:43:34,345
The secret ritual of the night
before has passed
552
00:43:34,345 --> 00:43:38,449
as mysteriously as it started.
553
00:43:38,449 --> 00:43:42,987
But life on the reef goes on,
as urgently as always.
554
00:43:49,727 --> 00:43:52,296
There are fish to be scrubbed.
555
00:43:52,296 --> 00:43:56,167
Dangers to be avoided.
556
00:43:56,167 --> 00:44:01,172
The daily work of survival
in the Indian Ocean.
557
00:44:01,172 --> 00:44:04,942
The Raggies will linger here
for many weeks more,
558
00:44:04,942 --> 00:44:10,248
drifting in these warm waters
as their pups reach full term.
559
00:44:10,248 --> 00:44:14,318
And then they too
will leave this coast,
560
00:44:14,318 --> 00:44:17,088
to swim south to give birth.
561
00:44:17,088 --> 00:44:22,326
Another migration in an ocean
full of ancient nomads.
562
00:44:22,326 --> 00:44:27,331
(♪♪♪)
563
00:44:27,331 --> 00:44:32,336
(♪♪♪)
564
00:44:32,336 --> 00:44:36,841
(♪♪♪)
565
00:44:36,841 --> 00:44:40,411
Life in the Indian Ocean
might be challenging,
566
00:44:40,411 --> 00:44:44,315
but here, off the coast
of Southern Africa,
567
00:44:44,315 --> 00:44:49,220
it flourishes in a natural
sanctuary like no other.
568
00:44:49,220 --> 00:44:53,858
A protected area,
made abundant by the interplay
569
00:44:53,858 --> 00:44:58,029
between subtropical reef
and life-giving mangroves.
570
00:45:08,506 --> 00:45:13,778
From its sweeping beaches
to its coral landscapes...
571
00:45:18,215 --> 00:45:21,218
safe nurseries...
572
00:45:21,218 --> 00:45:26,057
to secret nesting sites.
573
00:45:26,057 --> 00:45:29,026
This is a place
that offers shelter
574
00:45:29,026 --> 00:45:31,862
and abundance to those
that throng here.
575
00:45:33,931 --> 00:45:38,336
Whether they call it home,
or are just passing through.
576
00:45:38,336 --> 00:45:40,871
A hideaway.
577
00:45:40,871 --> 00:45:43,808
A stronghold.
578
00:45:43,808 --> 00:45:47,878
An island of diversity
in the great Indian Ocean.
579
00:45:53,517 --> 00:46:03,761
(♪♪♪)
580
00:46:03,761 --> 00:46:08,532
(♪♪♪)
581
00:46:08,532 --> 00:46:15,539
(♪♪♪)
46001
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