All language subtitles for Angkor Land of the Gods E02 Throne of Power.en

THE YEAR IS 1177 AD

THE POWERFUL KHMER EMPIRE
HAS DOMINATED

THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN MAINLAND
FOR CENTURIES.

A GREAT AND SOPHISTICATED
CIVILIZATION,

THEY BUILT THE LARGEST
TEMPLE ON EARTH,

THE RESPLENDENT ANGKOR WAT.

AND THEIR CAPITAL IS THE LARGEST
CITY IN THE WORLD.

BUT NOW THE EMPIRE IS FALTERING,

AND THE KHMER SUFFER
A GREAT HUMILIATION

AT THE HANDS OF
AN INVADING ENEMY.

THEIR ONLY HOPE LIES
WITH AN EXILED PRINCE.

THE FUTURE OF A GREAT EMPIRE
RESTS WITH ONE MAN.

[SHOUTING]

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Angkor Land of the Gods
Throne of Power

A GREAT KINGDOM THRIVED
FOR CENTURIES.

THE KHMER WERE THE BUILDERS
OF ANGKOR WAT,

A MASTERPIECE THAT'S STILL

THE LARGEST SACRED STRUCTURE
EVER BUILT.

THEIR CULTURE WAS
RICH AND COMPLEX,

BLENDING THEIR ADOPTED RELIGION
OF HINDUISM

WITH OLDER INDIGENOUS
TRADITIONS AND BELIEFS.

THEIR ART AND MONUMENTAL
ARCHITECTURE

WAS SO IMPRESSIVE AND ADVANCED

THAT SOME LOCAL PEOPLE
STILL BELIEVE

THEY MUST HAVE BEEN
BUILT BY GODS.

BUT IT WAS THE PEOPLE
OF THE KHMER EMPIRE

WHO BUILT THE GREAT
CITY OF ANGKOR,

AND OVER SIX CENTURIES,

FILLED IT WITH NEARLY
1,200 SPLENDID TEMPLES

CARVED FROM STONE.

EVENTUALLY THIS GREAT
CIVILIZATION COLLAPSED,

AND ITS CAPITAL CITY AND GRAND
TEMPLES WERE LARGELY ABANDONED.

WHATEVER INVASIONS
ENCROACHED HERE,

THE JUNGLE'S ASSAULT
WAS THE FINAL ONE,

SWALLOWING MUCH OF
THE EMPIRE'S FORMER GLORY.

IT'S OFTEN SAID THAT

NATURE IS THE FINAL CONQUEROR
OF ALL THINGS.

CENTURIES AGO, THIS JUNGLE
CONQUERED AND CONCEALED

A MONUMENTAL HUMAN ACHIEVEMENT,
THE ANCIENT CITY OF ANGKOR.

HI, I'M YUL KWON.

CAMBODIANS HAD LONG WHISPERED

OF A FABULOUS LOST CITY
IN THE JUNGLE,

AND IN 1860,
THE FRENCH BOTANIST HENRI MOUHOT

DISCOVERED THAT IT WAS REAL.

AND ONLY NOW, 150 YEARS LATER,

ARE WE STARTING TO FULLY
APPRECIATE ITS SECRETS.

THANKS TO DECADES OF PAINSTAKING
RESEARCH AND RESTORATION,

WE CAN TRAVEL BACK IN TIME,

RECREATE THE SPLENDOR
OF ANCIENT ANGKOR,

AND BEGIN TO UNDERSTAND
HOW ITS CREATORS LIVED.

ANGKOR'S LICHEN-COVERED TEMPLES

STILL HIDE UNDISCOVERED
TREASURES.

THIS STRUCTURE HAS BEEN REFERRED
TO AS THE CHAMBER OF JEWELS,

WHERE SOME CLAIM GLITTERING GEMS
ONCE ADORNED ITS WALLS.

IN THE FIRST HALF OF
THE 12th CENTURY,

THE KHMER CONSTRUCTED
ANGKOR WAT,

THE MOST MASSIVE
TEMPLE ON EARTH.

THE EMPIRE AT THAT TIME
DOMINATED SOUTHEAST ASIA

AND WAS RULED BY A POWERFUL
AND CHARISMATIC KING,

SURYAVARMAN II.

BUT AFTER HIS DEATH,
THE KHMER EMPIRE FALTERED.

INTERNAL STRUGGLES AND ATTACKS
BY BORDERING EMPIRES

WEAKENED THE KHMER TERRITORY.

THEN, IN 1177,

THE CHAMPA KINGDOM
ATTACKED ANGKOR.

[YELLING]

THE CHAM PEOPLE RULED WHAT IS
NOW CENTRAL AND SOUTH VIETNAM.

THEIR SURPRISE RAID
ON THE SACRED CITY

WAS A DEVASTATING EVENT.

[ELEPHANT TRUMPETS]

A KHMER INSCRIPTION
TELLS THE STORY.

"FULL OF PROUD CONFIDENCE, THE
CHAM KING INVADED OUR COUNTRY--

A PARADISE ON EARTH."

THE INVADING KING RAVAGED
THE CITY OF ANGKOR

AND ADVANCED ON THE KHMER
ROYAL PALACE ITSELF.

A STONE SCULPTURE RECORDS THAT
"WITH A POWERFUL FLEET,

HE PILLAGED IT
AND PUT THE KING TO DEATH,

WITHOUT LISTENING TO ANY REASON
OR PROPOSAL OF PEACE."

THE KHMER KING LAY DEAD.

WITH THEIR KING MURDERED
AND THEIR CITY OCCUPIED,

THE KHMER WERE
DEEPLY HUMILIATED.

TO ONE MAN, THE INSULTS
WERE UNBEARABLE--

A ROYAL PRINCE WHOM HISTORY
WOULD CALL JAYAVARMAN VII.

IN CAMBODIAN CULTURE,

JAYAVARMAN VII IS BOTH
A HERO AND A MYSTERY,

WITH MANY DETAILS OF HIS LIFE
REMAINING UNKNOWN.

HE WAS INDEED A ROYAL PRINCE,

THOUGH HE PROBABLY DIDN'T HAVE A
LEGITIMATE CLAIM TO THE THRONE.

HE IS BELIEVED TO HAVE BEEN

OUT OF FAVOR WITH
THE ANGKOR RULERS,

LIVING WITH HIS WIFE
IN VOLUNTARY EXILE

TO AVOID BEING KILLED.

WHEN THE CHAM ARMY ATTACKED,

HE WASN'T IN
THE CITY OF ANGKOR,

AND MAY IN FACT
HAVE BEEN VISITING

THE CHAMPA EMPIRE ITSELF.

INSCRIPTIONS CARVED
DURING HIS REIGN

DESCRIBE HIM AS A BRAVE WARRIOR,

DEEPLY PAINED BY THE SUBJUGATION
OF HIS NATIVE PEOPLE.

ONE ACCOUNT DESCRIBES THE BRUTAL
TREATMENT OF THE KHMER

AT THE HANDS OF THE CHAM ARMY.

[YELLING]

"DURING THE EIGHTH MOON,

THE KING OF CHAMPA EXACTED
FROM THE KHMERS

THOUSANDS OF
HUMAN GALLBLADDERS."

"THEY WOULD CONFRONT PEOPLE,
THROW A HOOD OVER THEIR HEADS,

THEN THEY WOULD STAB THEM
IN THE SIDE WITH A DAGGER

AND REMOVE THEIR GALLBLADDER."

THIS BARBARIC PRACTICE
CAME FROM AN ANCIENT BELIEF

THAT THE GALLBLADDER CONTAINS
A PERSON'S COURAGE,

AND THAT BY CONSUMING
THE GALL OF ONE'S ENEMIES,

A WARRIOR WOULD GROW
MORE BRAVE AND POWERFUL.

WHEN JAYAVARMAN VII HEARD OF THE
BRUTAL TREATMENT OF HIS PEOPLE,

HE RETURNED HOME
TO SEE FOR HIMSELF.

[SCREAMING]

VIOLENCE AND CHAOS REIGNED
IN THE OCCUPIED KHMER EMPIRE.

JAYAVARMAN VII WAS ALREADY
MORE THAN 40 YEARS OLD

WHEN HE LEARNED THE KHMER KING
HAD BEEN KILLED.

WHEN HE SAW WHAT WAS HAPPENING,

HE FELT CALLED TO
DEFEND HIS HOMELAND.

THE KHMER NEEDED A HERO
AND A GALVANIZING LEADER.

BUT DEFEATING THE CHAM
WOULD BE NO EASY TASK.

[SHOUTING]

[CHEERING]

JAYAVARMAN VII WAS
BORN IN KAMPONG SVAY,

MORE THAN 60 MILES
TO THE EAST OF ANGKOR.

THANKS TO RICH DEPOSITS
OF IRON ORE,

THE REGION WAS A MAJOR PRODUCER
OF WEAPONRY.

JAYAVARMAN VII MADE THIS
HIS HOME BASE

AS HE WORKED TO
CONSOLIDATE HIS POWER.

HE WAS ABLE TO RAISE A SIZEABLE
ARMY AND BEGAN TRAINING,

PREPARING HIS FORCES
FOR WAR WITH THE CHAM.

THE CHAM HAD INVADED BY WATER,

BRINGING THEIR FLEET
TO THE MEKONG RIVER,

REACHING ANGKOR FOR
THE GIANT LAKE, TONLE SAP.

JAYAVARMAN VII'S FORCES PUSHED
THE INVADERS BACK TO THE LAKE

AND EVENTUALLY FARTHER SOUTH.

THEN, IN 1178,

THE KHMER HERO AND THE CHAM KING
CLASHED IN A FIERCE BATTLE.

IN THE HISTORY OF
ANCIENT CAMBODIA.

KHMER SHIPS WERE
ALMOST 90 FEET LONG

AND CARRIED SOME 45 MEN.

THE CHAM VESSELS WERE
CLOSELY MATCHED.

THE WARRIORS FOUGHT WITH
BOWS, ARROWS AND SPEARS.

THE BATTLE WAS LONG AND BLOODY,

AND THE FORCES FOUGHT
HAND TO HAND.

BOTH JAYAVARMAN VII AND THE CHAM
KING FOUGHT ALONGSIDE THEIR MEN.

AN INSCRIPTION REVEALS
THE OUTCOME.

"JAYAVARMAN VII SLAUGHTERED
THE CHAM KING

AND PROTECTED THIS LAND."

IN THE ANGKOR TEMPLE OF BAYON,
BUILT LATER BY JAYAVARMAN VII,

THERE'S A VIVID DEPICTION
OF THE DAY'S FIGHTING.

THE RELIEF SHOWS CHAM SOLDIERS
SHOT BY ARROWS,

FLOATING IN THE WATER AND
TORN TO PIECES BY CROCODILES.

THAT OLD SAYING, "HISTORY IS
WRITTEN BY THE VICTORS,"

WAS CERTAINLY TRUE
IN THE LATE 12th CENTURY.

ALMOST EVERYTHING WE KNOW
ABOUT JAYAVARMAN VII

COMES FROM INSCRIPTIONS
WRITTEN DURING HIS REIGN.

THE PASSAGES ARE
LIKELY PROPAGANDA,

BUT THEY DO TELL US A LOT
ABOUT LIFE AT THAT TIME.

FOR EXAMPLE, WE KNOW
THAT JAYAVARMAN VII

WAS A POWERFUL KING

WHO BROKE WITH TRADITION
IN MANY WAYS.

HE BECAME A DEVOUT BUDDHIST
AND WAS A COMPASSIONATE RULER

WHO PUT THE NEEDS AND COMFORT
OF HIS PEOPLE FIRST.

IN 1181 A.D.,

THREE YEARS AFTER
THE DEFEAT OF THE CHAMS,

JAYAVARMAN VII WAS CROWNED KING.

HE WAS LIKELY ACCOMPANIED
BY HIS QUEEN,

SAID TO BE "AS WISE AS
THE GREATEST LEARNED MEN."

WHEN JAYAVARMAN VII
TOOK THE CROWN,

HIS SUBJECTS SWORE AN OATH
OF LOYALTY TO HIM.

SO BEGAN THE REIGN
OF JAYAVARMAN VII,

CONSIDERED ONE OF
THE GREATEST RULERS

IN THE HISTORY OF
THE KHMER EMPIRE.

HIS PEOPLE WERE IN DESPAIR
AND HIS KINGDOM LAY IN RUINS.

THE NEW KING QUICKLY UNDERTOOK
A SERIES OF MASSIVE PROJECTS

TO RESTORE AND REBUILD
THE CAPITAL CITY.

FIRST, HE BUILT A SUBSTANTIAL
DEFENSIVE WALL

AROUND THE HEART OF THE CITY,
REPLACING A WOODEN PARAPET.

THEN HE RESTORED THE MOAT
SURROUNDING THE CITY

AND MADE IT DEEPER.

THE ENORMOUS MOAT MEASURED
400 FEET ACROSS

AND WAS CONNECTED TO THE COMPLEX
SYSTEM OF ANGKOR'S WATERWAYS.

BY RESTORING THE MOAT

AND INSTALLING THE MASSIVE
30-FOOT-HIGH WALL,

HE MADE HIS CITY INTO
AN IMPREGNABLE FORTRESS

WHICH NO INVADER COULD BREACH.

THIS NEW WALL DEFINED
ANGKOR THOM,

JAYAVARMAN'S ROYAL CITY

BUILT WITHIN
THE ANCIENT ANGKOR REGION.

ANGKOR THOM MEANS "GREAT CITY."

AND EVEN NOW, ITS PARAMETERS
ARE DISTINCTLY OUTLINED

IN THE CAMBODIAN JUNGLE.

THE WALLS ENCLOSED A CITY
FOUR MILES SQUARE--

ENORMOUS BY
12th CENTURY STANDARDS,

AND ROUGHLY FOUR TIMES THE SIZE
OF PARIS AT THAT TIME.

TO ENTER THE CITY, THEN AS NOW,

VISITORS HAD TO CROSS
A WIDE BRIDGE.

CALLED THE NAGA OR
"SERPENT" BRIDGE,

THE SOUTH GATE CAUSEWAY IS
GUARDED ON THE LEFT SIDE

BY 54 EVIL SPIRITS
HOLDING ON TO A GIANT SNAKE.

ON THE RIGHT SIDE, 54 DEVAS,
OR BENEVOLENT GODS, DO THE SAME.

THIS SERPENT BRIDGE IS AN ECHO
OF THE FAMOUS HINDU LEGEND

OF THE CHURNING
OF THE SEA OF MILK.

AT THE END OF THE BRIDGE
IS A 75-FOOT-HIGH TOWER

CALLED A GOPURA.

THIS TRADITIONAL GATE SIGNIFIES
THE ENTRANCE TO A HOLY CITY.

INSIDE THE GATE LAY
A SPRAWLING METROPOLIS

WITH GREAT TEMPLES

AND PUBLIC SQUARES

AS WELL AS THE ORNATE
ROYAL PALACE.

THIS IS THE TERRACE
OF THE ELEPHANTS,

THE ENTRANCE
TO THE ROYAL PALACE.

THOUGH ONLY THE FOUNDATION
REMAINS,

THE IMPRESSIVE STONE TERRACE
ONCE SERVED

AS THE ROYAL REVIEWING STAND
FOR PUBLIC CEREMONIES.

LIFE-SIZE STATUES AND
RELIEFS OF ELEPHANTS

GRACE BOTH SIDES OF
THE CENTRAL TERRACE.

THE IMAGES ARE APPROPRIATE

BECAUSE THE SQUARE WAS ALSO USED
TO TRAIN COMBAT ELEPHANTS

FOR BATTLE.

THE KING PRESIDED OVER
PUBLIC EVENTS FROM HERE,

AT THE CENTER OF THE TERRACE.

STATUES OF A LION AND THE NAGA,
A MYTHICAL SERPENT,

STAND ON EITHER SIDE OF
THE KING'S PLATFORM.

MYTHICAL BIRDS CALLED GARUDAS

SUPPORT THE TERRACE
FROM BENEATH.

ON THE NORTH SIDE OF THE TERRACE
IS A CARVING

ASSOCIATED WITH
A WELL-KNOWN LEGEND.

CALLED THE TERRACE
OF THE LEPER KING,

SOME BELIEVE IT DEPICTS A KING
WHO BEHEADED A SUBJECT

FOR REFUSING TO
KNEEL BEFORE HIM.

INFECTED BY HIS SUBJECT'S BLOOD,

THE LEGENDARY KING
BECAME A LEPER HIMSELF.

ON THE OTHER SIDE OF THE SQUARE
STAND 12 STONE TOWERS

CALLED PRASAT SUOR PRAT.

THIS AREA MAY HAVE BEEN USED
AS A COURT

FOR JUDGING THOSE
ACCUSED OF WRONGDOING.

THE TERRACE WAS ONCE
A SPLENDID PUBLIC SPACE,

RINGED WITH COVERED GALLERIES
GLEAMING IN THE SUN.

JAYAVARMAN VII RESTORED
THE PALACE WITHIN ANGKOR THOM.

THE PALACE WAS ORIGINALLY BUILT
IN THE 9th CENTURY

BUT BURNED DOWN DURING THE WAR.

UNTIL RECENTLY,

THE ORIGINAL APPEARANCE OF
THE PALACE WAS A MYSTERY.

ASIDE FROM THE GOPURA LEADING
TO THE MAIN ENTRANCEWAY

AND THE 13-FOOT-HIGH
SURROUNDING WALL,

THE PALACE ITSELF
NO LONGER STANDS.

TO LEARN MORE,
FRENCH ARCHAEOLOGISTS

DRILLED THOUSANDS OF HOLES
IN THE GROUND

AND ANALYZED THE SOIL SAMPLES
FROM HERE.

WE NOW KNOW THAT
THE PALACE WAS BUILT

ON TOP OF A LARGE
WOODEN FOUNDATION,

ONLY FRAGMENTS OF WHICH SURVIVE.

Jacques Gaucher [translated]:
THIS PIECE WAS 40 TO 50
CENTIMETERS WIDE,

13 TO 16 FEET IN LENGTH,

ABOUT EIGHT INCHES IN THICKNESS,
AND VERY STURDY.

THIS WAS USED AS THE FOUNDATION

AND STRUCTURES WERE BUILT
ON TOP OF THIS PLATFORM.

Kwon: THE ENTIRE PALACE
COVERED 37 ACRES.

ITS WOODEN COLUMNS
ARE LONG GONE,

BUT IT'S OFTEN POSSIBLE TO SEE
WHERE THEY ONCE STOOD.

OTHER EVIDENCE OF THE PLACEMENT
OF THESE COLUMNS

IS FOUND THROUGHOUT THIS AREA,

INDICATED BY STONE FOUNDATIONS
AND INDENTATIONS.

Hans Leisen: ALL OF
THE BUILDINGS HERE AT THE PALACE

WAS BUILT IN
WOODEN CONSTRUCTION,

AND MAYBE THEY COPIED
THE TECHNIQUES

OF BONDING OF PIECES OF STONE
FROM THE WOOD CONSTRUCTION.

Kwon: THE BUILDINGS
OF THE PALACE

WOULD HAVE BEEN CONNECTED

BY SPLENDID
HIGH-CEILING GALLERIES

SUPPORTED BY THE COLUMNS.

A ROW OF COLUMNS
31 INCHES IN DIAMETER

ONCE STOOD ON TOP OF
THIS STONE PLATFORM.

THESE COLUMNS WERE BUILT
WITH LOCAL TREES

CALLED SLOKRAM AND KOKI,

WHICH ARE SO DENSE
THEY SINK IN WATER.

THESE STURDY SUPPORTS
HELD UP A GALLERY ROOF,

WHICH DID NOT SURVIVE.

BUT HISTORY LEFT US
AN INVALUABLE DESCRIPTION

OF THE PALACE'S FACADE.

NEAR THE END OF
THE 13th CENTURY,

A CHINESE DIPLOMAT
NAMED ZHOU DAGUAN

WAS SENT TO THE KHMER EMPIRE AND
ENDED UP STAYING FOR 11 MONTHS.

THE MEMOIR HE WROTE
ABOUT LIFE IN ANGKOR THOM

IS STILL A VALUABLE RESOURCE
FOR HISTORIANS.

IN HIS BOOK, THE CUSTOMS OF
CAMBODIA, ZHOU WRITES,

"THE MAIN HALL OF THE PALACE WAS
COVERED WITH LEAD TILES.

THE REST HAD STONE TILES,

WHILE THE COLUMNS WERE ENGRAVED
WITH IMAGES OF THE BUDDHA."

Gaucher: THIS BUILDING HAD
A TWO-LAYERED ROOF

WHICH WAS COVERED IN SHINGLES.

AS YOU CAN SEE HERE, MOST OF
THE SHINGLES WERE GLAZED.

THEY WERE PAINTED YELLOW
OR A GREENISH YELLOW.

THIS WAS OFTEN USED
IN THE 10th CENTURY.

Kwon: ZHOU DAGUAN'S ACCOUNT
REVEALS THAT

THE INSIDE ROOMS OF THE PALACE
WERE SO HEAVILY GUARDED,

HE COULD NOT SET FOOT IN THEM.

HE COULD ONLY GLIMPSE THE KING
FROM OUTSIDE.

BUT THERE ARE CLUES IN A RELIEF

CARVED ON THE EASTERN SIDE
OF THE BAYON TEMPLE

WHICH RECORDS THE LIFESTYLE
OF THE ROYAL FAMILY.

SPLENDID BEAMS
ORNAMENTED WITH FLAMES

DECORATE THE EAVES
AND THE SHINGLED ROOF,

AND THE PATTERN IS LIKELY
REPEATED INSIDE THE PALACE.

ZHOU DAGUAN ALSO RECORDED

WHAT HE SAW OF THE KING'S
CHAMBER FROM FAR AWAY.

"THERE IS A GOLDEN WINDOW THERE,

AND BELOW THE WINDOW IS
THE IMAGE OF AN ELEPHANT."

FOR THE FIRST TIME EVER,

ALL THESE CLUES
ALLOW US TO RECREATE

WHAT THE PALACE
MAY HAVE LOOKED LIKE

AT THE HEIGHT OF
THE KHMER EMPIRE.

THE PALACE HAD MANY LUXURIES.

THOUGH IT'S NOW
A CHILDREN'S SWIMMING POOL,

THIS WAS ONCE
A ROYAL OUTDOOR BATH,

50 YARDS WIDE
AND 100 YARDS LONG.

WOODEN GALLERIES SURROUNDED
THE BATH ON ALL SIDES

AND CONNECTED IT
TO THE OTHER BUILDINGS.

AND ZHOU DAGUAN MENTIONED
WHAT HE SAW HERE.

"THERE ARE 3,005 CONCUBINES
AND LADIES-IN-WAITING

LIVING INSIDE THE PALACE.

THEY BATHE COMPLETELY NUDE,

AND UNLIKE MOST
OTHER PEOPLE HERE,

THEIR SKIN IS AS PALE
AS WHITE JADE."

IN THE 13th CENTURY,

THE ANGKOR AREA SUPPORTED
A LARGE POPULATION.

ZHOU DAGUAN WRITES THAT THE
PEOPLE SPENT THEIR LEISURE TIME

WATCHING COCKFIGHTS AND
OTHER ENTERTAINMENTS.

AND, HE SAID,
THEY HAD PLENTY TO EAT.

ZHOU ALSO WROTE THAT IN
THE COUNTRYSIDE AND RICE FIELDS

WERE HERDS OF THOUSANDS
OF WILD WATER BUFFALO.

AND ZHOU RETOLD
AN INTERESTING OLD LEGEND

ABOUT A MYSTICAL SNAKE
CALLED A NAGA,

WHICH FIGURES HEAVILY
IN KHMER MYTHOLOGY.

THIS STORY IS SET
IN THE 10th CENTURY

IN THE TEMPLE OF PHIMEANAKAS,

WHICH MEANS
"PALACE OF THE HEAVENS."

INSIDE THE SOARING PALACE
IS A SECRET TEMPLE.

"THERE ARE MANY WONDERFUL PLACES
WITHIN THE PALACE," ZHOU WROTE.

"AND AT NIGHTTIME, THE KING
WOULD ALWAYS VISIT THE TOWER."

IN THE MIDDLE OF THE TOWER

LIVED A SPIRIT OF A SNAKE
WITH NINE HEADS.

AND EVERY NIGHT,

THIS SNAKE WOULD TURN
INTO A BEAUTIFUL WOMAN.

THE KING WOULD BED THIS WOMAN
EACH NIGHT,

AND DURING THIS TIME, EVEN THE
QUEEN WAS FORBIDDEN TO ENTER.

AND IF THE KING NEGLECTED
TO VISIT THIS WOMAN

EVEN FOR A SINGLE NIGHT,

A CALAMITY WOULD BEFALL
THE KINGDOM WITHOUT QUESTION.

JAYAVARMAN VII WOULD HAVE
KNOWN THIS OLD TALE,

AS WELL AS OTHERS
FROM KHMER MYTHOLOGY.

BUT HE DIFFERED FROM NEARLY
EVERY PREVIOUS KHMER KING

BECAUSE HE WAS A BUDDHIST.

TOGETHER WITH HIS QUEEN,

HE PERFORMED A SACRED RITUAL
EVERY MAY

CALLED "BATHING THE BUDDHA."

JAYAVARMAN VII VERY MUCH ADMIRED
AN EARLIER KHMER KING,

SURYAVARMAN II, WHO RULED
80 YEARS PREVIOUSLY.

THIS WAS THE REVERED KHMER RULER
WHO USHERED IN A GOLDEN AGE

AND BUILT THE GREAT TEMPLE,
ANGKOR WAT.

SURYAVARMAN II BEGAN WORK
ON THE ENORMOUS TEMPLE

AFTER HE TOOK THE THRONE
IN 1113.

COMPLETED IN JUST 40 YEARS,

THIS TEMPLE WAS DESIGNED
AS A HINDU SHRINE

DEVOTED TO THE GOD VISHNU.

INSIDE, THE CENTRAL SANCTUARY
FEATURED

A GREAT GOLD STATUE OF VISHNU.

JAYAVARMAN VII ADMIRED
HIS PREDECESSOR'S GREAT TEMPLE,

AND HE RESOLVED
TO BUILD HIS OWN.

BUT HIS MASTERPIECE WOULD BE
A BUDDHIST TEMPLE

IN THE CENTER OF ANGKOR THOM,
HIS GREAT WALLED CITY.

JAYAVARMAN VII'S MASTERPIECE
IS THE BAYON,

WHICH STILL STANDS TODAY.

THIS DRAMATIC TEMPLE IS
A RECTANGULAR STRUCTURE

750 FEET, EAST TO WEST,
BY 500 FEET, NORTH TO SOUTH.

NO FEWER THAN 52 TOWERS
RISE TO THE SKY,

INCLUDING THE 140-FOOT-HIGH
CENTRAL TOWER.

AND GAZING IMPASSIVELY FROM
THE SIDES OF THESE TOWERS

ARE THE CARVED RELIEFS
OF 173 FACES.

THE OUTER GALLERIES OF THE BAYON

ARE CARVED WITH MORE THAN
2,000 FEET OF RELIEFS,

REVEALING RICH DETAILS OF
EVERYDAY LIFE AT THE TIME.

AND FOREIGN BUYERS HARASSING
TOPLESS KHMER WOMEN

WHO ARE SELLING ITEMS
ON THE STREET.

A WOMAN POINTS AN ACCUSING
FINGER AS SHE COOKS.

HER FINGER IS DIRECTED
AT HER SON

WHO IS WASTING VALUABLE TIME
WATCHING A COCKFIGHT.

THERE'S AN IMAGE OF
A VALIANT KHMER WARRIOR

AS HE SKEWERS AN ENEMY
CHAM SOLDIER WITH A SPEAR.

THERE'S ALSO A DETAILED SCENE
OF THE CHAM IN THEIR BOATS

ON LAKE TONLE SAP
AS THEY INVADE ANGKOR.

IN THE EASTERN GALLERY
OF THE TEMPLE,

THE RELIEFS CELEBRATE THE LIFE
AND REIGN OF JAYAVARMAN VII.

THERE'S A SCENE IN WHICH
COMMANDERS MOUNTED ON ELEPHANTS

MARCH TOWARD THE ENEMY
AT THE KING'S ORDERS.

THE CHINESE SOLDIERS WITH SPEARS
WHO FOLLOW THE ELEPHANTS ON FOOT

ARE BELIEVED TO BE MERCENARIES.

IN THE RELIEFS OF THE BAYON,

AS WELL AS THE STRUCTURE'S
MOUNTAINOUS SHAPE,

BUT THE BAYON WAS BUILT
AS A BUDDHIST SHRINE,

NOT A HINDU TEMPLE.

AT ITS VERY CENTER,

JAYAVARMAN VII PLACED
A STATUE OF BUDDHA.

THOUGH THIS SCULPTURE
IS FROM A LATER PERIOD,

THE ORIGINAL STATUE WAS REMOVED
AFTER JAYAVARMAN'S DEATH,

WHEN THE EMPIRE REVERTED
TO HINDUISM FOR A TIME.

THE ORIGINAL WAS
LATER DISCOVERED

BY A FRENCH EXCAVATION TEAM

AND IS NOW DISPLAYED
ON THE PALACE SQUARE.

THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE BAYON
POSED MANY CHALLENGES

TO ITS ANCIENT BUILDERS.

Ichito Shimoda [translated]:
INTERESTINGLY, THERE IS A SCENE
IN A GALLERY RELIEF

OF THE TEMPLE WHICH DEPICTS
HOW THE TEMPLE WAS CONSTRUCTED.

IT SHOWS HOW THE FOUNDATIONS
WERE BUILT.

THEY USED SAND
INSIDE WOODEN FRAMES

IN ORDER TO ACCOMPLISH THIS.

THE RELIEFS DEPICT HOW
THE FOUNDATIONS WERE BUILT,

HOW THE STONES WERE MOVED
AND HOW THEY WERE STACKED.

Kwon: WORKERS HAD TO
COMPACT THE SOIL

IN ORDER TO PREPARE
THE SWAMPY BUILDING SITE.

THEN, SOME 420,000 STONE BLOCKS
WERE NEEDED

FOR THE TEMPLE'S CONSTRUCTION.

THE STONES CAME FROM A QUARRY
AT PHNOM KULEN,

25 MILES FROM
THE CONSTRUCTION SITE.

USING BAMBOO RAFTS,

THE STONES WERE FLOATED DOWN
THE RIVER TOWARD ANGKOR THOM.

Olivier Cunin [translated]: FROM
THE SIZE OF THE BUDDHA STATUE,

WE CAN TELL THAT IT WAS CARVED

FROM A SINGLE BLOCK
OF SANDSTONE.

WE THINK THEY BUILT
THE CENTRAL TOWER

WHERE THE STATUE WAS
ENSHRINED FIRST,

AND THEN THE STONE STRUCTURES
WERE BUILT AROUND THAT.

Kwon: STARTING WITH
THE BUDDHA STATUE,

CONSTRUCTION PROGRESSED
FROM THE CENTER OUTWARD,

WITH THE CENTRAL TOWER
GOING UP FIRST.

EVENTUALLY, MORE TOWERS
WERE ERECTED,

AND FINALLY THE TOWER TOOK
ITS CURRENT FORM

WHEN THE OUTER GALLERIES
AND WALLS WERE BUILT.

THOUGH NOW ONLY COLUMNS REMAIN,

IT'S BELIEVED THEY ONCE
SUPPORTED A WOODEN STRUCTURE.

Cunin: INSIDE BAYON THERE WAS
A WOODEN STRUCTURE

BUILT ON TOP OF
A STONE FRAMEWORK.

TODAY, ONLY FRAGMENTS REMAIN

FROM WHERE THIS STRUCTURE
WAS SECURED.

THIS WAS A COMMON
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENT

OFTEN USED IN MONUMENTS DURING
THE TIME OF JAYAVARMAN VII.

THAT IS, FROM THE END OF
THE 12th CENTURY

TO THE BEGINNING OF THE 13th.

Kwon: THIS STURDY STONE WALL
AND DOORFRAME

SUGGEST THERE WAS ONCE
A DOOR HERE.

AND THERE ARE OTHER CLUES TO
HOW THE TEMPLE ONCE LOOKED.

ZHOU DAGUAN'S MEMOIR DESCRIBES
THE EXTERIOR OF THE BAYON.

"THERE IS A GOLDEN TOWER
AT THE CENTER OF THE COMPLEX,

AND THERE ARE 20 STONE TOWERS
SURROUNDING IT.

IN ADDITION, THERE ARE SOME
100 STONE CHAMBERS."

Pascal Royere [translated]: THE
RECORDS OF A CHINESE DIPLOMAT

WHO VISITED IN THE LATE 13th
CENTURY ARE QUITE INTERESTING.

THEY CONTAIN INFORMATION
ABOUT THE DESIGN OF ANGKOR

AND ITS POPULATION.

UNFORTUNATELY,
SOME OF THE INFORMATION

IS EITHER ERRONEOUS
OR UNVERIFIABLE.

THE RECORDS MENTION
GOLDEN TOWERS IN BAYON.

BUT WE COULD NOT FIND TRACES
OF GOLD IN BAYON.

IT'S SIMILAR TO A MENTION
OF BRONZE TOWERS IN BAPHUON,

BUT NO TRACES OF BRONZE
WERE FOUND THERE EITHER.

WE THINK THIS MAY BE BECAUSE
THEY PAINTED THE TOWERS

TO RESEMBLE GOLD OR BRONZE.

BUT FROM AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL
POINT OF VIEW,

WE CAN'T PROVE IT.

Kwon: BASED ON EVIDENCE
AND EXPERT OPINIONS,

THESE COMPUTER IMAGES REVEAL THE
PROBABLE APPEARANCE OF THE BAYON

WHEN IT WAS COMPLETED.

IN THE EXACT CENTER
OF ANGKOR THOM

JAYAVARMAN VII BUILT
THE SPLENDID BAYON

IN HONOR OF THE BUDDHA.

THE MOST STRIKING FEATURE
OF THE BAYON

IS ALSO THE MOST MYSTERIOUS--

THE EERIE FACES GAZING OUT
FROM THE TEMPLE.

MORE THAN 200 OF THEM HOLD
YOUR GAZE WHEREVER YOU LOOK.

SOME ARE MORE THAN 25 FEET HIGH,
AND NO TWO ARE EXACTLY ALIKE.

BUT WHAT DO THE FACES MEAN?

ARE THEY MEANT TO BE
GODS OR PEOPLE?

WERE THEY SCULPTED AS PORTRAITS,
AND IF SO, OF WHOM?

THE ANSWERS ARE AS
FASCINATING AND VARIED

AS THEY ARE CONTROVERSIAL.

ONE OF THE FIRST MODERN SCHOLARS
TO STUDY THE BAYON

WAS GEORGES COEDES,

DIRECTOR OF THE FRENCH SCHOOL OF
THE FAR EAST FOR 18 YEARS.

COEDES CLAIMED THAT
THE FACES ON THE TOWERS

WERE THAT OF
JAYAVARMAN VII HIMSELF,

PORTRAYED IN THE FORM
OF THE BUDDHA.

THIS THEORY WAS ACCEPTED AS FACT
FOR MANY YEARS.

BUT RECENTLY, PROMINENT JAPANESE
SCHOLARS HAVE PROPOSED

AN ENTIRELY DIFFERENT
EXPLANATION.

THEY CLAIM THE ROUND FACES
WITH ALMOND-SHAPED EYES

ARE IN FACT DEVAS--
BENEVOLENT HINDU GODS.

WHILE FACES WITH ANGULAR
FEATURES AND PROTRUDING EYES

ARE ASHURAS--EVIL HINDU DEITIES.

THESE SCHOLARS BELIEVE THE FACES
WERE RE-CARVED

AFTER THE TIME OF
JAYAVARMAN VII,

WHEN THE EMPIRE REVERTED
BACK TO HINDUISM.

AND, IN FACT, MANY BUDDHIST
ARTWORKS WERE DEFACED

OR DESTROYED DURING THIS ERA.

BUDDHIST STATUES WERE
REMOVED FROM TEMPLES

AND HINDU STATUES WERE OFTEN
ERECTED IN THEIR PLACE.

IF THE BAYON FACES PORTRAYED
THE KING AS THE BUDDHA,

THEY, TOO, MAY HAVE BEEN
DESTROYED.

FOR THE PAST CENTURY, BAYON
HAS BEEN STUDIED AND RESTORED

BY A HOST OF SCHOLARS.

BUT THERE ARE STILL
SOME 60,000 STONE BLOCKS

WHICH HAVE NOT YET
FOUND THEIR FORMER PLACES.

SO, WHY IS BAYON IN MUCH WORSE
CONDITION THAN ANGKOR WAT,

WHICH WAS CONSTRUCTED
JUST 80 YEARS EARLIER?

A TEAM OF JAPANESE SCHOLARS

WHO HAVE BEEN RESTORING
THE TEMPLE FOR 16 YEARS

BELIEVE IT HAS TO DO
WITH THE STONE ITSELF.

ACCORDING TO RECENT RESEARCH,

THE ANCIENT BUILDERS USED STONES
FROM SEVERAL DIFFERENT QUARRIES

TO BUILD THE TEMPLES IN ANGKOR,

DIGGING NEW QUARRIES AS
OLDER ONES BECAME DEPLETED

OR HARD TO WORK.

SO PERHAPS BY THE TIME
THE BAYON WAS CONSTRUCTED,

THE CHOICE OF STONE
WAS MUCH MORE LIMITED.

Etsuo Uchida [translated]:
THE TEMPLES THAT WERE BUILT
BEFORE THE BAYON ERA

WERE BUILT WITH HIGH QUALITY
GRAY SANDSTONE.

BUT AFTER THE LATE BAYON ERA,

HIGH QUALITY SANDSTONE
DISAPPEARED,

AND THEY BEGAN USING SANDSTONE

WITH YELLOWISH BROWN
AND RED MIXED IN IT.

BAYON TEMPLE WAS BUILT
DURING THE LATE BAYON ERA,

AND THE SANDSTONE USED IN IT
LACKS IN QUALITY

COMPARED TO TEMPLES THAT WERE
BUILT A GENERATION BEFORE,

SUCH AS ANGKOR WAT.

Kwon: JAYAVARMAN VII FILLED
THE ANGKOR REGION WITH TEMPLES

AND OTHER STRUCTURES.

HE ALSO DEVOTED
CONSIDERABLE RESOURCES

TO EXPANDING THE CITY'S
WATER SYSTEM.

THE KHMER'S INGENIOUS
WATER MANAGEMENT

COMPENSATED FOR THE EXTREMES

OF THE REGION'S DISTINCT
RAINY AND DRY SEASONS,

USING A COMPLEX NETWORK
OF CANALS,

WATERWORKS AND RESERVOIRS.

RAINWATER WAS STORED IN PONDS,
CALLED BARAYS,

THEN ACCESSED THROUGHOUT
THE YEAR VIA CANALS.

ALTHOUGH ANGKOR THOM
WAS LOCATED FAR INLAND,

IT WAS A CITY ON THE WATER.

YOU COULD TRAVEL BY BOAT THROUGH
THE CANALS TO TONLE SAP LAKE,

AND THEN SAIL THE RIVER
ALL THE WAY TO THE OCEAN.

THE KHMER EMPIRE'S
SUCCESS AND PROSPERITY

DEPENDED, TO A LARGE EXTENT,
ON ITS IRRIGATION SYSTEM.

THE CHINESE DIPLOMAT
ZHOU DAGUAN REPORTED

THAT THE KHMER COULD PRODUCE

THREE OR EVEN FOUR
RICE HARVESTS A YEAR,

ENOUGH TO FEED A MILLION PEOPLE.

HE ALSO DESCRIBED
THE WET SEASON,

SAYING THAT THE HIGH WATER MARK
AROUND LAKE TONLE SAP

COULD REACH 70 OR 80 FEET,

COMPLETELY SUBMERGING
EVEN TALL TREES.

MODERN SCHOLARS OWE
A GREAT DEAL TO ZHOU,

WHO WROTE ABOUT KHMER LIFE
IN GREAT DETAIL.

HIS MEMOIRS DESCRIBE
DAY-TO-DAY CITY LIFE,

THE ECONOMY, SOCIAL CUSTOMS,

AND EVEN THE KING'S RELATIONSHIP
WITH HIS PEOPLE.

FOR EXAMPLE, ZHOU WROTE ABOUT

THE APPEARANCE OF THE KING'S
PROCESSION IN THE YEAR 1296.

"WHEN THE KING WENT
ON AN OUTING,

HE WAS ACCOMPANIED BY
300 TO 500 LADIES-IN-WAITING

CARRYING CANDLES
IN THE DAYLIGHT.

HE WAS ESCORTED BY A PROCESSION
OF HORSES, FLAGS AND A BAND,

AS WELL AS A RETINUE
OF FEMALE WARRIORS.

THE KING, HIS QUEEN,
AND HIS CONCUBINES

RODE PALANQUINS, COACHES,
HORSES, AND ELEPHANTS.

AND THEY WERE SHELTERED
FROM THE SUN

BY 100 PARASOLS
DECORATED WITH GOLD.

THE TUSKS OF THE KING'S ELEPHANT
WERE ORNAMENTED WITH GOLD,

AND THE KING CARRIED
A SACRED SWORD IN HIS HAND.

HIS HANDS WERE PAINTED RED,

AND HE WAS SURROUNDED BY
A BATTALION OF ELEPHANTS.

THERE WAS A GROUP OF WOMEN WHO
SWEPT THE ROAD BEHIND THE KING

TO ERASE ANY TRACE OF
THE ROYAL PROCESSION."

IF KING'S PROCESSION
WAS IMPRESSIVE,

THEN HIS MILITARY RESOURCES
WERE EVEN MORE FORMIDABLE.

THE ARMY INCLUDED A DIVISION
OF 20,000 ELEPHANTS,

PLUS INFANTRY, CAVALRY,
AND A DIVISION OF ARCHERS

WHO COULD SHOWER THE ENEMY
WITH ARROWS.

EACH PLATOON CONSISTED OF
30 INFANTRYMEN

ARMED WITH SWORDS,
HAND WEAPONS AND SHIELDS.

EVERY PLATOON ALSO HAD
FIVE HORSES

AND ONE WELL-TRAINED ELEPHANT.

WOMEN WERE ALSO
PART OF THE MILITARY.

THE ELITE ROYAL GUARD
WAS ENTIRELY FEMALE,

AND WOMEN WARRIORS FOUGHT
BESIDE MEN IN TIMES OF WAR.

AT THE START OF
THE 13th CENTURY,

ANGKOR THOM AND
ITS SURROUNDING AREA

WAS THE GREATEST CITY
OF ITS TIME.

JAYAVARMAN VII HAD SUCCESSFULLY
REVITALIZED THE KHMER EMPIRE,

IN PART THROUGH HIS IMPRESSIVE
BUILDING PROJECTS.

BESIDES HIS TEMPLES,

HE EXPANDED THE SYSTEM
OF HIGHWAYS

CONNECTING HIS CAPITAL CITY
TO MANY OTHER PROVINCES.

HE ALSO BUILT 121 INNS
AS WELL AS 102 HOSPITALS.

BEFORE JAYAVARMAN VII
CAME TO POWER,

NEIGHBORING KINGDOMS
SAW KHMER DISORDER

AS AN OPPORTUNITY TO EXPAND.

ONCE HE CAME TO POWER,

JAYAVARMAN VII STRENGTHENED HIS
EMPIRE AND EXPANDED ITS REACH

THROUGH A SERIES OF
MILITARY CAMPAIGNS.

INSCRIPTIONS DESCRIBE
HIS CONQUEST

OF A NEIGHBORING TERRITORY--

"HIS ARMY INCLUDED A CAVALRY
OF CHINESE HORSES,

A DIVISION OF ELEPHANTS,
FEMALE SOLDIERS,

AND A FULL INFANTRY."

[CHANTING]

THE NEWLY IMPROVED HIGHWAYS
OFFERED MORE EFFICIENT ROUTES

FOR MILITARY TRAVEL.

LONG PROCESSIONS OF
SOLDIERS AND COMMANDERS

COVERED GREAT DISTANCES BY ROAD.

THE SCENE IS DEPICTED IN
A GALLERY RELIEF IN THE BAYON.

THESE LONG MARCHES
WERE COMPRISED

OF MORE THAN JUST SOLDIERS.

BECAUSE EACH CAMPAIGN
LASTED YEARS

AND INVOLVED TENS OF THOUSANDS
OF TROOPS,

MANY SOLDIERS BROUGHT ALONG
THEIR FAMILIES.

IT WASN'T ONLY
A MILITARY MOBILIZATION,

BUT A MASS MIGRATION.

JAYAVARMAN VII'S MILITARY
CONQUESTS CHANGED THE HISTORY

OF BOTH THE KHMER EMPIRE
AND ALL OF SOUTHEAST ASIA.

THERE ARE FEW RECORDS FROM
LATE IN THE KING'S REIGN,

BUT HISTORIES RECORD THAT
HE WAS A FIERCE OPPONENT

ON THE BATTLEFIELD.

ONE ACCOUNT STATES,
"JAYAVARMAN VII SWORE AN OATH

TO TAKE REVENGE
AGAINST HIS ENEMIES.

HE BORE THEIR IMPUDENCE
FOR 18 YEARS

AND FINALLY SAW HIS PLANS
TO FRUITION."

THE KHMER OFTEN OVERWHELMED
THEIR ENEMIES

WITH A SWIFT CAVALRY
AND A LARGE INFANTRY.

CHARGING ELEPHANTS
NO DOUBT STRUCK FEAR

IN THE HEARTS OF THE ENEMY.

MUCH OF THE FIGHTING WAS
CLOSE, HAND-TO-HAND COMBAT,

USING A SICKLE-LIKE WEAPON
CALLED A PHKA'K.

KHMER TROOPS WERE RENOWNED
AS WELL-TRAINED,

DETERMINED WARRIORS.

EVENTUALLY,
THE KHMER EMPIRE STRETCHED

FROM WHAT IS NOW LAOS AND
MUCH OF THAILAND IN THE NORTH

TO THE MALAY PENINSULA
IN THE SOUTH,

BURMA IN THE WEST,

TO CENTRAL VIETNAM IN THE EAST,

ALMOST ALL OF MAINLAND
SOUTHEAST ASIA.

JAYAVARMAN VII'S RULE
STRENGTHENED AND EXPANDED

THE KHMER EMPIRE.

AND TO THIS DAY,
CAMBODIANS REVERE HIM

AS ONE OF THEIR GREATEST RULERS.

IN THE CENTURIES
SINCE HIS REIGN,

NATURE HAS OBSCURED
HIS CAPITAL CITY,

THE PROUD CENTER OF
A POWERFUL KHMER EMPIRE.

BUT THE LEGACY OF WHAT
HE CREATED ENDURES.

THE STATELY TERRACE
OF THE ELEPHANTS,

THE HAUNTING FACES
OF BAYON TEMPLE,

AND THE MANY SYMBOLS OF
A DEEP BUDDHIST FAITH

ALL CONTINUE TO INSPIRE VISITORS
FROM AROUND THE WORLD.

TODAY, HUNDREDS OF MONKS STILL
MAKE PILGRIMAGES TO ANGKOR THOM

TO LEARN, TEACH AND WORSHIP
AS THEIR ANCESTORS DID.

THOUGH MODERN CONSERVATIONISTS
CANNOT REVERSE

HUNDREDS OF YEARS
OF NATURE'S ADVANCES,

THEY CAN HELP US IMAGINE

HOW THESE PALACES AND TEMPLES
ONCE APPEARED,

AND HOW THEY SUPPORTED A VIBRANT
AND THRIVING KHMER CIVILIZATION.

[CHANTING]

[CHEERING]

JAYAVARMAN VII WAS ONE OF
THE GREATEST CONQUERORS

IN KHMER HISTORY.

HE CAME TO POWER
WHEN HE WAS NEARLY 50

AND RULED FOR
AT LEAST THREE DECADES.

DURING HIS REIGN,

HE DRAMATICALLY STRENGTHENED
AND EXPANDED HIS EMPIRE.

BUT HE'S ALSO KNOWN IN MODERN
CAMBODIA FOR ANOTHER REASON.

AS THE FIRST IMPORTANT
BUDDHIST KING,

HE CHANGED THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN RULER AND RULED.

NOW, LIKE PREVIOUS HINDU RULERS,

JAYAVARMAN VII WAS STILL
CONSIDERED A GOD-KING,

BUT HE ALSO REPORTEDLY CARED
DEEPLY ABOUT HIS PEOPLE

AND STRIVED TO RELIEVE
THEIR SUFFERING.

IT WAS DEFINITELY A CHANGE IN
STYLE FROM EARLIER KHMER RULE.

AND 800 YEARS LATER,

HIS INFLUENCE ON HISTORY
CAN STILL BE FELT.

TODAY BUDDHISTS,
HINDUS, CAMBODIANS,

AND HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS
OF PEOPLE WORLDWIDE

FLOCK FROM THE FARTHEST
CORNERS OF THE GLOBE

TO EXPERIENCE
THE SPLENDOR OF ANGKOR.

AND THOUGH THE KINGS WHO BUILT
THESE ASTONISHING STRUCTURES

HAVE LONG SINCE PASSED,

IT IS THEIR TRIUMPHS THAT
HAVE LEFT A GREAT LEGACY,

TEACHING US ABOUT THE PEOPLE
OF THIS SPRAWLING EMPIRE

AND HOW THEIR EARLY
ACCOMPLISHMENTS

HELPED SHAPE THE WORLD.