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- This week on
"Ancient Top 10,"
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00:00:05,339 --> 00:00:07,172
a ship that carried more men
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00:00:07,274 --> 00:00:09,441
than a modern day
aircraft carrier.
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00:00:09,543 --> 00:00:10,909
- Its deck was bigger than
an American football field.
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00:00:11,012 --> 00:00:12,044
Get your mind around
what it would take
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00:00:12,146 --> 00:00:13,812
to build something like that.
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00:00:13,914 --> 00:00:15,681
- The "Titanic"
of the ancient world.
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00:00:15,783 --> 00:00:17,850
- It was the most luxurious
passenger ship
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00:00:17,952 --> 00:00:19,752
that had ever been built.
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00:00:19,854 --> 00:00:23,022
- A lethal torpedo ship
that saved a nation.
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00:00:23,124 --> 00:00:26,492
- The trireme is the epitome of
ancient naval warfare.
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00:00:26,594 --> 00:00:29,928
- A 2,000-year-old ship
with technology onboard
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00:00:30,031 --> 00:00:32,097
that's still in use today.
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00:00:32,199 --> 00:00:35,200
- They are so opulent.
They are so extraordinary.
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00:00:35,302 --> 00:00:37,936
They are such remarkable feats
of engineering.
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00:00:38,039 --> 00:00:41,206
- And the first ironclad vessel
in history.
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00:00:41,308 --> 00:00:43,575
- This was
an unbelievable ship.
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00:00:43,677 --> 00:00:45,544
The beast of the east.
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00:00:45,646 --> 00:00:48,447
- The most advanced naval
designs of their time.
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00:00:48,549 --> 00:00:51,550
Where will they be ranked
on the only top ten list
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00:00:51,652 --> 00:00:53,452
thousands of years
in the making?
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[dramatic music]
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00:00:56,557 --> 00:01:03,195
♪ ♪
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00:01:03,297 --> 00:01:06,131
The spread of trade, culture,
and civilization,
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00:01:06,233 --> 00:01:08,367
land grabs and invasions--
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00:01:08,469 --> 00:01:12,337
so much in the ancient world
was influenced by ships.
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- One thing that separates
humans from the rest of
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00:01:14,575 --> 00:01:16,341
the natural world is
our desire and our ability
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to explore around us,
and in the ancient world,
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00:01:19,246 --> 00:01:22,147
that could not have been done
without amazing ships.
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- Thousands of years ago,
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waterways were an essential
part of life.
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And the key to
military dominance.
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00:01:29,423 --> 00:01:31,657
- We tend to think of seas
as boundaries,
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00:01:31,759 --> 00:01:35,094
but actually, if you lived in
any ancient civilization,
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00:01:35,196 --> 00:01:37,329
these were the highways.
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If you could rule the waves,
then basically
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you could rule your world.
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- This week's
"Ancient Top Ten"...
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it's ancient ships.
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The most astonishing vessels,
ranked according
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to how advanced they were
for their time.
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Coming straight in
at number ten...
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♪ ♪
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The devastating
Phoenician fireship.
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00:02:01,322 --> 00:02:03,856
- The fireship, it's been
used throughout history.
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00:02:03,958 --> 00:02:05,424
It's simple.
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00:02:05,526 --> 00:02:08,293
You steer a floating firebomb
at your enemy.
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00:02:08,395 --> 00:02:09,595
[explosion]
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00:02:09,697 --> 00:02:11,296
- During the 4th century B.C.,
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00:02:11,398 --> 00:02:13,532
Alexander the Great
was at war with the Phoenicians.
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00:02:13,634 --> 00:02:16,368
He attacked their
island city of Tyre.
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00:02:16,470 --> 00:02:19,238
- It was a strategic port in
what is now Lebanon,
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on the coast of
the Mediterranean Sea.
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00:02:21,809 --> 00:02:25,410
Alexander wanted to expand the
Macedonian Empire into Asia,
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and conquering Tyre
was the key.
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- In order to reach it,
he built a giant causeway
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00:02:30,985 --> 00:02:33,952
and was pushing two huge
siege towers across it.
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00:02:34,054 --> 00:02:37,055
However, the Phoenicians had
a trick of their own.
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They counter-attacked with
a Phoenician fireship.
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- The timber frames
of the towers
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would make them
highly vulnerable
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00:02:44,231 --> 00:02:46,098
to this ingenious,
floating weapon.
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00:02:46,200 --> 00:02:48,066
- The design of
a fireship is actually
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surprisingly difficult,
because ships are made of wood
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00:02:50,604 --> 00:02:53,772
and they're made of wet wood,
which tends to put fires out,
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00:02:53,874 --> 00:02:57,743
so the fire has to breathe to
allow it to carry on burning,
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00:02:57,845 --> 00:02:59,411
and the Phoenicians faced up
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00:02:59,513 --> 00:03:03,415
to that design problem
and absolutely nailed it.
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00:03:03,517 --> 00:03:05,417
- The Phoenicians took
an old cargo ship
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and filled it with
combustible material.
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00:03:07,454 --> 00:03:09,254
There were two masts
and they hung cauldrons
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full of flammable liquids
from them.
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They lit the whole thing on fire
and drove it into the causeway.
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- The back of the ship
was weighed down
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so that the bow was raised
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and could make contact
with the siege towers.
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On impact, the the cauldrons
spilled their contents,
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fueling the flames and causing
a massive explosion.
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00:03:27,141 --> 00:03:28,941
[explosion]
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00:03:29,043 --> 00:03:32,477
There was
a 500-foot-wide firestorm.
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- Alexander's men
were jumping into the sea
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00:03:34,882 --> 00:03:37,649
to escape the flames,
but there was no escape,
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00:03:37,751 --> 00:03:40,452
because the sea itself
was on fire.
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00:03:40,554 --> 00:03:42,654
- The brilliance of
the Phoenician design
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was in creating a floating
chemical firebomb
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that could stay lit,
even in water.
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00:03:47,995 --> 00:03:50,629
It's theorized that bees wax,
animal fat,
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00:03:50,731 --> 00:03:53,899
and other buoyant but flammable
ingredients were used,
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00:03:54,001 --> 00:03:55,567
but we don't know for sure.
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00:03:55,669 --> 00:03:58,637
It's a clever,
ancient mystery.
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00:03:58,739 --> 00:04:01,540
- The Phoenician fireship was
the first recorded use
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00:04:01,642 --> 00:04:04,876
of the fireship in history,
and what an impressive design.
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00:04:04,979 --> 00:04:07,346
Sailors fear nothing more
than fire at sea
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00:04:07,448 --> 00:04:09,248
because there's nowhere to run,
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00:04:09,350 --> 00:04:11,149
and the basic idea and design
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00:04:11,252 --> 00:04:12,584
of the Phoenician fireship
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00:04:12,686 --> 00:04:14,720
was copied for millennia.
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00:04:14,788 --> 00:04:17,155
- A floating weapon of fire
which could attack
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00:04:17,258 --> 00:04:20,692
large targets at close range.
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00:04:20,794 --> 00:04:23,262
It showed the importance of
controlling the sea
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00:04:23,364 --> 00:04:26,198
as well as land
during invasions.
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00:04:26,300 --> 00:04:29,501
And gave power-grabbing
dictators in the ancient world
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00:04:29,603 --> 00:04:33,071
a new way to expand
their empires.
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00:04:33,173 --> 00:04:35,807
Just the fireship on its own
would have been a contender
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00:04:35,909 --> 00:04:37,876
for our top ten countdown.
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00:04:37,978 --> 00:04:42,080
But the explosive Phoenician
fireship is guaranteed a place.
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00:04:42,182 --> 00:04:44,116
♪ ♪
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Another ship powering its way
on to our list
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is a Nordic warrior of stealth,
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00:04:49,023 --> 00:04:52,591
used to inflict terror on
unsuspecting enemies.
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00:04:52,693 --> 00:04:54,626
Sailing in at number nine...
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00:04:54,728 --> 00:04:58,030
♪ ♪
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The Viking longship.
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- Scandinavia in Europe,
1,000 years ago,
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00:05:04,405 --> 00:05:06,204
home to the Vikings.
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00:05:06,307 --> 00:05:07,973
They were fearless explorers
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and soldiers of the sea.
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00:05:10,244 --> 00:05:11,977
- People often think of
the Vikings as these
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00:05:12,079 --> 00:05:13,645
axe-wielding barbarians.
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00:05:13,747 --> 00:05:15,047
They were very tough fighters,
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00:05:15,149 --> 00:05:16,481
but they were
incredible navigators,
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00:05:16,583 --> 00:05:18,483
and the Viking age
would not have happened
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00:05:18,585 --> 00:05:20,485
without the longboat.
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00:05:20,587 --> 00:05:22,821
- The name "Viking" means
"a pirate raid,"
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00:05:22,923 --> 00:05:25,590
and that's exactly what
they did throughout Europe
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00:05:25,693 --> 00:05:28,493
with one of
the greatest ships ever.
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00:05:28,595 --> 00:05:31,029
- The Vikings were
masters of surprise.
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00:05:31,131 --> 00:05:32,764
Sailing right to the shore,
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00:05:32,866 --> 00:05:34,933
they could storm the enemy.
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00:05:35,035 --> 00:05:37,002
They were feared for
their slaughter and violence,
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00:05:37,104 --> 00:05:38,670
spilling the blood of priests,
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00:05:38,772 --> 00:05:41,540
even human trafficking.
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00:05:41,642 --> 00:05:43,775
They repeatedly
targeted monasteries
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00:05:43,877 --> 00:05:46,111
lying on remote areas
of the British coast
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00:05:46,213 --> 00:05:48,880
because they held
treasure troves of wealth.
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00:05:48,982 --> 00:05:50,782
And for this,
they needed a boat
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00:05:50,884 --> 00:05:54,353
capable of traveling
long distances quickly.
139
00:05:54,455 --> 00:05:57,022
- They could reach a top speed
of 15 knots,
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00:05:57,124 --> 00:05:59,958
which is faster than anything
else on the sea at the time,
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00:06:00,060 --> 00:06:02,928
and it's true that the Vikings
simply couldn't have achieved
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00:06:03,030 --> 00:06:05,630
what they managed to achieve
without their longships.
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00:06:05,733 --> 00:06:07,866
♪ ♪
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00:06:07,968 --> 00:06:09,935
- The Vikings weren't
interested in naval warfare,
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00:06:10,037 --> 00:06:11,903
that is, you know,
ships fighting out at sea.
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00:06:12,005 --> 00:06:14,940
What they were interested in
was raiding enemy territory.
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00:06:15,042 --> 00:06:18,877
- And the ships they built were
perfect for the job in hand.
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00:06:18,979 --> 00:06:21,747
- The awesome design
of the Viking longship
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00:06:21,849 --> 00:06:25,450
meant they could travel
in just three feet of water.
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00:06:25,552 --> 00:06:28,720
No shoreline was safe
from Viking attack.
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00:06:28,822 --> 00:06:32,424
- It had a very shallow draft
and flat bottom.
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00:06:32,526 --> 00:06:34,893
That meant the ship could sail
close to the coast
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00:06:34,995 --> 00:06:38,096
and also way up into
the river systems.
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00:06:38,198 --> 00:06:40,999
- On one occasion, the Vikings
managed to row and sail
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00:06:41,101 --> 00:06:45,103
over 100 miles inland
and they attacked Paris,
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00:06:45,205 --> 00:06:49,107
which absolutely shocked
the whole of Europe.
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00:06:49,209 --> 00:06:52,077
- And the Vikings demanded
a ransom to leave.
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00:06:52,179 --> 00:06:54,980
The French King had to pay
5,700 pounds
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00:06:55,082 --> 00:06:57,082
in weight of silver
to get rid of them.
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00:06:57,184 --> 00:06:59,151
[all screaming]
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00:06:59,253 --> 00:07:01,586
Light and strong,
some could even be carried
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00:07:01,688 --> 00:07:04,689
to maneuver around obstacles
blocking their way.
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00:07:04,792 --> 00:07:08,994
The biggest could hold 60 men
and was 100 feet long.
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00:07:09,062 --> 00:07:11,029
[lightning crashing]
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At the bow of the ship was
often a dragon's head.
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It scared off the evil spirits
of the sea
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00:07:16,103 --> 00:07:19,037
and earned them the name
"dragonships."
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00:07:19,139 --> 00:07:20,872
There was one other feature
of the longship
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00:07:20,974 --> 00:07:23,475
that was
particularly ingenious.
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00:07:23,577 --> 00:07:26,278
- It had no front or rear,
both ends were identical.
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00:07:26,380 --> 00:07:28,246
And that meant it could
run up the beach,
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Vikings could jump out,
do battle,
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jump back in the ship,
and head out to sea
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00:07:32,619 --> 00:07:35,520
without turning the boat around.
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00:07:35,622 --> 00:07:38,790
- The Vikings then had two ways
to make a swift exit,
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either by oars or sail.
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♪ ♪
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The sail made the longships
travel faster and further
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00:07:46,300 --> 00:07:48,300
with far less manual effort.
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00:07:48,402 --> 00:07:51,503
But oars were used near
the coast or in a river
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00:07:51,605 --> 00:07:55,474
to gain speed quickly,
or when the wind was low.
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00:07:55,576 --> 00:07:58,243
During raids, the
unpredictability of the wind
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00:07:58,345 --> 00:08:02,180
made rowing the better method
to make an escape.
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00:08:02,282 --> 00:08:05,016
- They weren't just brilliant
for these quick strikes.
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00:08:05,118 --> 00:08:07,619
They were also perfect
for long sea voyages,
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00:08:07,688 --> 00:08:10,155
which gave the Vikings
a huge reach.
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00:08:10,257 --> 00:08:13,391
It meant that no one
was safe from them.
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00:08:13,460 --> 00:08:15,994
- One epic journey
led to the Vikings becomingny
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00:08:16,096 --> 00:08:18,330
the first Europeans
to visit America,
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00:08:18,432 --> 00:08:22,834
nearly 500 years
before Columbus.
191
00:08:22,936 --> 00:08:25,670
It's believed that Viking
explorer Leif Ericson
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00:08:25,739 --> 00:08:28,206
was blown off course when
he travelled a staggering
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00:08:28,308 --> 00:08:31,009
7,000 miles with his crew.
194
00:08:31,111 --> 00:08:33,678
He landed on Vinland,
what is now Canada,
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00:08:33,780 --> 00:08:36,681
and the North American natives
were superior in number
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00:08:36,783 --> 00:08:38,984
and fierce in combat.
197
00:08:39,052 --> 00:08:42,053
He didn't settle there for long
and was never to return
198
00:08:42,155 --> 00:08:44,756
to North American shores again.
199
00:08:44,858 --> 00:08:47,058
- Ships were so important
to the Vikings,
200
00:08:47,160 --> 00:08:51,162
they also used them to honor
their most prominent people.
201
00:08:51,265 --> 00:08:53,932
After an important Viking died,
they would be placed
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00:08:54,034 --> 00:08:55,767
in a specially-made burial ship
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00:08:55,869 --> 00:08:58,103
and surrounded by
their weapons, jewelry,
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00:08:58,205 --> 00:09:00,038
even sacrificed slaves.
205
00:09:00,140 --> 00:09:02,073
This would be set alight,
206
00:09:02,175 --> 00:09:04,743
in order to lead them into
a successful afterlife.
207
00:09:04,811 --> 00:09:08,380
♪ ♪
208
00:09:08,482 --> 00:09:11,283
The longship was a marvel
of engineering design
209
00:09:11,385 --> 00:09:13,618
that was both
durable and fast,
210
00:09:13,720 --> 00:09:16,521
and opened up a world
of untold riches.
211
00:09:16,623 --> 00:09:18,390
♪ ♪
212
00:09:18,492 --> 00:09:21,993
- Coming up, a Chinese symbol
of opulence and power,
213
00:09:22,095 --> 00:09:25,564
forming the largest armada the
ancient world had ever seen.
214
00:09:25,666 --> 00:09:27,566
♪ ♪
215
00:09:27,668 --> 00:09:31,102
And a military warship
used by the Romans
216
00:09:31,204 --> 00:09:33,905
that was a weapon of stealth
and surveillance.
217
00:09:34,007 --> 00:09:39,044
♪ ♪
218
00:09:39,646 --> 00:09:41,546
[dramatic music]
219
00:09:41,648 --> 00:09:43,348
- Welcome back to
"Ancient Top Ten's"
220
00:09:43,450 --> 00:09:46,484
top ten ancient ships,
ranked by experts,
221
00:09:46,587 --> 00:09:49,654
according to how advanced
the ships were for their time.
222
00:09:49,756 --> 00:09:51,523
Coming in at number eight...
223
00:09:51,625 --> 00:09:54,559
♪ ♪
224
00:09:54,661 --> 00:09:58,029
The extraordinary Chinese junk.
225
00:09:58,131 --> 00:10:00,098
- The true mark
of a fantastic design
226
00:10:00,167 --> 00:10:02,500
has to be longevity,
and that's why
227
00:10:02,603 --> 00:10:04,803
the Chinese junk's
in my top ten.
228
00:10:04,905 --> 00:10:07,639
It hasn't just been around for
centuries, but for millennia.
229
00:10:07,741 --> 00:10:10,241
It's one of those perfect
maritime designs.
230
00:10:10,344 --> 00:10:12,243
♪ ♪
231
00:10:12,346 --> 00:10:15,146
- The word "junk" simply comes
from a Chinese word
232
00:10:15,248 --> 00:10:17,148
for "boat" or "ship."
233
00:10:17,250 --> 00:10:19,484
It's the longest-lasting
ship design,
234
00:10:19,586 --> 00:10:24,089
having been used constantly
since the 2nd century A.D.
235
00:10:24,191 --> 00:10:27,425
Six centuries ago,
Chinese Admiral Zheng He
236
00:10:27,527 --> 00:10:29,761
used the junks to form
the largest armada
237
00:10:29,863 --> 00:10:32,364
in the ancient world.
238
00:10:32,432 --> 00:10:35,834
Zheng He embarked on seven
epic trading expeditions.
239
00:10:35,936 --> 00:10:38,570
♪ ♪
240
00:10:38,639 --> 00:10:43,174
Nearly 28,000 men
sailed on 317 ships.
241
00:10:43,276 --> 00:10:45,043
♪ ♪
242
00:10:45,112 --> 00:10:47,345
The junk was versatile
and adaptable.
243
00:10:47,447 --> 00:10:49,714
It could navigate
rivers and seas.
244
00:10:49,783 --> 00:10:53,118
This was due to
its shallow draft.
245
00:10:53,220 --> 00:10:56,221
- The Chinese junk
had a flat bottomed hull.
246
00:10:56,323 --> 00:10:58,757
This came about because,
surprisingly, for a country
247
00:10:58,859 --> 00:11:01,960
so big, there wasn't
a huge amount of the best
248
00:11:02,062 --> 00:11:04,963
ship-building wood,
so they designed a boat
249
00:11:05,065 --> 00:11:08,933
that would use the least amount
of wood possible.
250
00:11:09,036 --> 00:11:11,903
- Despite the junk's economical
use of materials,
251
00:11:12,005 --> 00:11:15,974
it took armies of craftsmen to
build Zheng He's vast armada.
252
00:11:16,076 --> 00:11:19,577
30,000 carpenters, sailmakers,
and shipbuilders
253
00:11:19,680 --> 00:11:21,880
worked day and night
in the shipyards.
254
00:11:21,982 --> 00:11:24,416
They even lived there.
255
00:11:24,518 --> 00:11:26,484
And they worked on
several design features
256
00:11:26,586 --> 00:11:29,320
that were way ahead
of their time.
257
00:11:29,423 --> 00:11:31,656
- What was extraordinary about
the Chinese junk
258
00:11:31,758 --> 00:11:33,925
was that the sails could
completely rotate
259
00:11:34,027 --> 00:11:35,827
around the mast.
260
00:11:35,929 --> 00:11:38,930
This meant the ship could sail
directly into the wind
261
00:11:39,032 --> 00:11:42,333
just like a modern day yacht.
262
00:11:42,436 --> 00:11:44,502
- Being able to
take advantage of the wind,
263
00:11:44,604 --> 00:11:48,239
rather than be at its mercy,
was vital for the long voyages
264
00:11:48,341 --> 00:11:50,642
taken by Zheng He and his crew.
265
00:11:50,744 --> 00:11:52,644
Also crucial
to their navigation
266
00:11:52,746 --> 00:11:55,046
was another Chinese invention.
267
00:11:55,115 --> 00:11:57,182
- One of the key attributes of
the Chinese junk
268
00:11:57,284 --> 00:11:59,517
is that its rudders could be
lifted up or down.
269
00:11:59,619 --> 00:12:01,786
This allowed it to travel
in shallow or deep water.
270
00:12:01,888 --> 00:12:03,988
It could go
practically anywhere.
271
00:12:04,091 --> 00:12:06,157
- From rivers
to treacherous seas,
272
00:12:06,259 --> 00:12:10,662
the ingenuity of the design of
the junk had no limits.
273
00:12:10,764 --> 00:12:12,630
- Chinese junks
were the first ships to have
274
00:12:12,733 --> 00:12:14,299
internal bulkheads, or walls.
275
00:12:14,401 --> 00:12:17,869
And this was inspired by
the structure of bamboo.
276
00:12:17,971 --> 00:12:19,871
- The shipbuilders noticed that
277
00:12:19,973 --> 00:12:22,240
bamboo stalks were
separated into sections,
278
00:12:22,342 --> 00:12:24,275
which gave them added strength.
279
00:12:24,377 --> 00:12:27,312
They copied this ingenious
design using bulkheads,
280
00:12:27,414 --> 00:12:30,315
which they also realized
could be made watertight.
281
00:12:30,417 --> 00:12:32,851
- Bulkheads separated up
the ship and could be sealed
282
00:12:32,953 --> 00:12:34,385
in case of danger of flooding.
283
00:12:34,488 --> 00:12:37,222
- So if one was damaged,
it could be flooded
284
00:12:37,324 --> 00:12:40,225
and not endanger
the rest of the ship.
285
00:12:40,327 --> 00:12:43,027
- The Chinese were so
innovative, that in the West,
286
00:12:43,130 --> 00:12:46,097
bulkheads weren't introduced
until the age of steamships,
287
00:12:46,166 --> 00:12:48,700
1,000 years later.
288
00:12:48,802 --> 00:12:51,503
Another remarkable feature
of the junk's design
289
00:12:51,638 --> 00:12:53,671
is that it could be
scaled up or down.
290
00:12:53,774 --> 00:12:56,407
From small river craft,
to this.
291
00:12:56,510 --> 00:12:58,409
♪ ♪
292
00:12:58,512 --> 00:13:01,613
This is a life-sized replica
of a 15th century junk
293
00:13:01,715 --> 00:13:03,915
in Zheng He's fleet.
294
00:13:04,017 --> 00:13:08,253
Known as a "treasure ship,"
it's over 400 feet long.
295
00:13:08,355 --> 00:13:11,890
In fact, Zheng He's largest
treasure ship was so big
296
00:13:12,025 --> 00:13:14,359
that all the ships belonging to
Christopher Columbus
297
00:13:14,461 --> 00:13:18,029
could have been stored
on just one deck.
298
00:13:18,131 --> 00:13:19,831
- Each of these Chinese junks
were the size
299
00:13:19,933 --> 00:13:21,533
of a football field,
300
00:13:21,635 --> 00:13:23,701
and fleets of these things were
assembled for massive
301
00:13:23,804 --> 00:13:27,238
long-distance voyages,
for example, to Africa.
302
00:13:27,340 --> 00:13:30,008
Some scholars believe that they
were used to travel across
303
00:13:30,110 --> 00:13:31,776
the Pacific all the way
to the Americas.
304
00:13:31,878 --> 00:13:35,413
A kind of Columbus-type voyage.
305
00:13:35,515 --> 00:13:37,882
- While the showboating junk
was used to attract
306
00:13:37,984 --> 00:13:40,785
awe and attention,
our next ship was designed
307
00:13:40,887 --> 00:13:42,854
to do the exact opposite.
308
00:13:42,956 --> 00:13:46,057
An ancient patrol boat that
surveyed Roman borders,
309
00:13:46,126 --> 00:13:48,927
it was used to deter
a barbaric enemy.
310
00:13:49,029 --> 00:13:50,829
Coming in at number seven...
311
00:13:50,931 --> 00:13:52,096
♪ ♪
312
00:13:52,199 --> 00:13:53,932
The Roman Mainz ships.
313
00:13:54,034 --> 00:13:56,167
♪ ♪
314
00:13:56,269 --> 00:13:59,003
This is the German town of
Mainz on the Rhine River.
315
00:13:59,105 --> 00:14:02,240
In Roman times, it was the
capital of the Roman province
316
00:14:02,342 --> 00:14:04,676
of Germania Superior.
317
00:14:04,778 --> 00:14:07,512
The river was the frontline
between the Roman Empire
318
00:14:07,614 --> 00:14:10,615
and the hostile German tribes
on the other side.
319
00:14:10,717 --> 00:14:14,185
And it's here that a remarkable
discovery was made.
320
00:14:14,287 --> 00:14:17,055
- Back in the 1980s when
some builders were digging
321
00:14:17,157 --> 00:14:20,725
the foundations for a hotel,
they found there in the ground
322
00:14:20,827 --> 00:14:23,795
what turned out to be
one of the most amazing
323
00:14:23,897 --> 00:14:27,765
ancient archaeological
discoveries.
324
00:14:27,868 --> 00:14:29,234
- There were
the remnants of five
325
00:14:29,336 --> 00:14:32,303
extraordinary ancient ships.
326
00:14:32,405 --> 00:14:35,139
They were Roman,
from the 4th century A.D.,
327
00:14:35,242 --> 00:14:38,042
and originally part of
a flotilla of warships
328
00:14:38,144 --> 00:14:40,879
who were protecting
the provincial capital.
329
00:14:40,981 --> 00:14:43,047
- The Mainz ships were
a perfect design solution
330
00:14:43,149 --> 00:14:45,383
to a strategic problem.
331
00:14:45,485 --> 00:14:49,287
The Romans needed to control
rivers within their empire.
332
00:14:49,389 --> 00:14:52,991
- It was clear that they were
sleek and built to be fast.
333
00:14:53,093 --> 00:14:55,460
This is what one of
the Mainz ship looked like,
334
00:14:55,562 --> 00:14:57,896
recreated in a German museum.
335
00:14:57,998 --> 00:15:00,698
70 feet long
and just nine feet wide
336
00:15:00,767 --> 00:15:02,734
with space for 30 oarsmen,
337
00:15:02,836 --> 00:15:05,336
who were protected by shields.
338
00:15:05,438 --> 00:15:07,405
- Mainz ships are
an innovative design.
339
00:15:07,507 --> 00:15:09,841
It's a huge leap forward
in terms of construction.
340
00:15:09,943 --> 00:15:11,276
They built the skeleton first
341
00:15:11,378 --> 00:15:13,444
and then put thin planking
on the outside.
342
00:15:13,546 --> 00:15:15,613
This made it incredibly light
and maneuverable,
343
00:15:15,715 --> 00:15:17,248
exactly what you want for
a river patrol vessel
344
00:15:17,350 --> 00:15:19,017
and exerting power.
345
00:15:19,119 --> 00:15:22,186
This is how we still build ships
today, 1,500 years later.
346
00:15:22,289 --> 00:15:23,788
♪ ♪
347
00:15:23,890 --> 00:15:25,790
- Because they were so light,
348
00:15:25,892 --> 00:15:27,926
they could achieve speeds
of ten knots,
349
00:15:28,028 --> 00:15:29,928
which meant they could race
to block the river
350
00:15:30,030 --> 00:15:32,130
against German boats
at short notice
351
00:15:32,198 --> 00:15:35,033
to protect the capital
against a surprise attack.
352
00:15:35,135 --> 00:15:37,335
♪ ♪
353
00:15:37,437 --> 00:15:39,704
They were also
ramming machines,
354
00:15:39,806 --> 00:15:42,607
targeting enemy fortifications
along the river.
355
00:15:42,709 --> 00:15:47,211
They had a strong stern,
able to withstand impact.
356
00:15:47,314 --> 00:15:49,781
- There were no weak points.
357
00:15:49,883 --> 00:15:53,084
The frame of the ship,
the spine, was crafted
358
00:15:53,186 --> 00:15:55,386
from a solid tree trunk.
359
00:15:55,488 --> 00:15:59,791
The Mainz ships were strong,
they were slim-line, agile,
360
00:15:59,893 --> 00:16:01,693
but they could
punch through anything
361
00:16:01,795 --> 00:16:04,329
they found on the river.
362
00:16:04,397 --> 00:16:05,630
- The Mainz ships
could be manned
363
00:16:05,732 --> 00:16:07,465
with heavily-armed soldiers,
364
00:16:07,567 --> 00:16:10,301
or their design slightly altered
so that they could mount
365
00:16:10,403 --> 00:16:15,573
heavy artillery, like
a ballista, a giant crossbow.
366
00:16:15,675 --> 00:16:17,742
- Soldiers on these boats
might have had
367
00:16:17,844 --> 00:16:20,211
handheld ballistas, too.
368
00:16:20,313 --> 00:16:22,814
One of these has been
discovered in north Germany.
369
00:16:22,916 --> 00:16:27,085
It's one of the rarest
weapon finds in history.
370
00:16:27,187 --> 00:16:31,756
Experts believe it was used
on close-combat ships.
371
00:16:31,858 --> 00:16:34,425
- For the Germanic tribespeople
at the very edge
372
00:16:34,527 --> 00:16:37,195
of the Roman Empire,
this would have been
373
00:16:37,297 --> 00:16:39,063
technological wizardry.
374
00:16:39,165 --> 00:16:41,199
- With the Rhine
as the frontline,
375
00:16:41,301 --> 00:16:43,501
the Romans would have deployed
these fighting boats
376
00:16:43,603 --> 00:16:46,371
in much the same way as
armed river patrol boats
377
00:16:46,473 --> 00:16:50,341
were later used
in the Vietnam War.
378
00:16:50,443 --> 00:16:54,078
American troops used boats to
secure vital waterways,
379
00:16:54,180 --> 00:16:57,682
intercept enemy ships,
and quickly and stealthily
380
00:16:57,784 --> 00:17:00,518
deploy Navy Seals.
381
00:17:00,620 --> 00:17:03,087
But for the Romans,
the Mainz patrol boats
382
00:17:03,189 --> 00:17:05,089
just weren't enough.
383
00:17:05,191 --> 00:17:07,325
- As amazing
as these ships were,
384
00:17:07,427 --> 00:17:08,960
there was only so much
they could do
385
00:17:09,062 --> 00:17:11,796
when they were faced with hordes
of murderous barbarians.
386
00:17:11,898 --> 00:17:14,932
Control of the river was
ultimately lost,
387
00:17:15,035 --> 00:17:16,868
and there were actually
abandoned forts
388
00:17:16,970 --> 00:17:18,236
all along the river.
389
00:17:18,338 --> 00:17:21,305
♪ ♪
390
00:17:21,408 --> 00:17:24,042
- Though the Romans
lost that battle,
391
00:17:24,144 --> 00:17:26,944
they won the war
when it came to innovation.
392
00:17:27,047 --> 00:17:31,282
♪ ♪
393
00:17:31,384 --> 00:17:35,386
Coming up, an all-powerful
floating fortress.
394
00:17:35,488 --> 00:17:38,956
And a brutal ramming ship
that would rule the seas
395
00:17:39,059 --> 00:17:42,927
with a deadly force of
a modern-day torpedo.
396
00:17:43,029 --> 00:17:45,430
It's the "Ancient Top Ten"
countdown.
397
00:17:45,532 --> 00:17:51,936
♪ ♪
398
00:17:52,038 --> 00:17:54,405
- We're counting down
the most awe-inspiring
399
00:17:54,507 --> 00:17:56,641
ancient ships in history,
400
00:17:56,743 --> 00:18:00,011
according to how advanced
they were for their time.
401
00:18:00,113 --> 00:18:02,447
It's no surprise
that we find ourselves
402
00:18:02,549 --> 00:18:06,150
once more in the waters
of ancient China.
403
00:18:06,252 --> 00:18:08,152
Coming in at number six...
404
00:18:08,254 --> 00:18:10,822
♪ ♪
405
00:18:10,924 --> 00:18:12,890
The Chinese tower ship,
406
00:18:12,992 --> 00:18:16,227
the ultimate power in
the Chinese universe.
407
00:18:16,329 --> 00:18:19,197
- The Chinese tower ships must
have been a terrifying sight.
408
00:18:19,299 --> 00:18:21,466
These were floating fortresses
with three decks
409
00:18:21,568 --> 00:18:24,302
packed full of weapons.
410
00:18:24,404 --> 00:18:26,871
- They guarded the country's
huge inland rivers.
411
00:18:26,973 --> 00:18:30,241
Traveling by land was
difficult and dangerous.
412
00:18:30,343 --> 00:18:32,910
Control of the rivers
was the key to power,
413
00:18:33,012 --> 00:18:36,247
and there were 20,000 miles
of them.
414
00:18:36,349 --> 00:18:39,150
- The Chinese Emperor's forces
had to patrol the rivers
415
00:18:39,252 --> 00:18:42,420
to keep order, and they needed
ships to do it,
416
00:18:42,522 --> 00:18:44,188
because if trouble
ever broke out,
417
00:18:44,290 --> 00:18:46,190
it was always
along the river systems,
418
00:18:46,292 --> 00:18:50,995
because that's where the local
kingdoms and power bases were.
419
00:18:51,097 --> 00:18:53,998
- On the mighty River Yangtze
in the 3rd century A.D.,
420
00:18:54,100 --> 00:18:56,901
naval architects
came up with this:
421
00:18:57,003 --> 00:18:58,769
the "tower ship."
422
00:18:58,872 --> 00:19:01,005
Measuring up to 600 feet square
423
00:19:01,107 --> 00:19:03,875
and resembling a castle,
its multiple decks
424
00:19:03,977 --> 00:19:07,178
could carry an entire army.
425
00:19:07,280 --> 00:19:10,014
- Imagine how awe-inspiring
it must have been
426
00:19:10,116 --> 00:19:13,684
to watch this floating fortress
just sail on past.
427
00:19:13,786 --> 00:19:15,753
♪ ♪
428
00:19:15,855 --> 00:19:18,556
- It must have been
absolutely terrifying.
429
00:19:18,658 --> 00:19:21,626
Like having the Death Star
appear on your doorstep.
430
00:19:21,728 --> 00:19:23,694
♪ ♪
431
00:19:23,796 --> 00:19:25,897
- And it allowed the Emperor
to use his force
432
00:19:25,999 --> 00:19:29,700
to oppress any rebellion.
433
00:19:29,802 --> 00:19:32,270
After this colossus,
fortified ships became
434
00:19:32,372 --> 00:19:35,306
a feature on the great
Chinese rivers.
435
00:19:35,408 --> 00:19:38,409
This monstrous example
from the 6th century A.D.
436
00:19:38,511 --> 00:19:40,478
was five stories high.
437
00:19:40,580 --> 00:19:42,880
It even has a massive arm
with a huge weight
438
00:19:42,982 --> 00:19:45,783
to smash enemy boats.
439
00:19:45,885 --> 00:19:50,121
And then there was this beast
from the 5th century A.D.
440
00:19:50,223 --> 00:19:53,057
This bizarre vessel may look
like a big barge,
441
00:19:53,159 --> 00:19:55,893
but it's actually
an ancient warship.
442
00:19:55,995 --> 00:19:57,628
There are no oarsmen.
443
00:19:57,730 --> 00:20:00,498
All the men are hidden
and totally protected.
444
00:20:00,600 --> 00:20:05,469
It's propelling itself across
the river as if by magic.
445
00:20:05,572 --> 00:20:09,106
The Chinese had invented
pedal power.
446
00:20:09,209 --> 00:20:10,908
- Throughout history,
the Chinese have been
447
00:20:11,010 --> 00:20:13,744
at the forefront of
military technology.
448
00:20:13,846 --> 00:20:17,081
- The floating fortresses were
astonishing battleships.
449
00:20:17,183 --> 00:20:20,685
Any one of them could make our
list of ancient ships.
450
00:20:20,787 --> 00:20:25,089
But the greatest of all was
the monster of the Yangtze.
451
00:20:25,191 --> 00:20:27,858
The immense scale of it
makes it beat anything
452
00:20:27,961 --> 00:20:30,695
we've seen so far.
453
00:20:30,797 --> 00:20:33,664
Size doesn't always
win out, though.
454
00:20:33,766 --> 00:20:38,002
Our next ship is smaller,
yet more deadly.
455
00:20:38,104 --> 00:20:41,305
A ramming ship that packs
a brutal punch.
456
00:20:41,407 --> 00:20:43,975
Smashing in at number five...
457
00:20:44,077 --> 00:20:45,810
♪ ♪
458
00:20:45,912 --> 00:20:48,346
The brutal,
terrifying trireme.
459
00:20:48,448 --> 00:20:51,649
- The trireme is the epitome
of ancient naval warfare.
460
00:20:51,751 --> 00:20:53,818
It has to be in the top ten.
461
00:20:53,920 --> 00:20:57,788
- In the 8th century B.C.,
Greece was beginning to emerge
462
00:20:57,890 --> 00:21:01,158
as a powerful civilization
in the ancient world.
463
00:21:01,261 --> 00:21:03,127
Within a few centuries,
classical Greece
464
00:21:03,229 --> 00:21:05,329
was at its height.
465
00:21:05,431 --> 00:21:07,698
Its growth coincided with
the development of this:
466
00:21:07,800 --> 00:21:09,700
the trireme.
467
00:21:09,802 --> 00:21:12,536
- The trireme
was no ordinary ship.
468
00:21:12,639 --> 00:21:16,641
It was one of the most effective
warships of the ancient world.
469
00:21:16,743 --> 00:21:20,778
And they perfected this design
2,500 years ago.
470
00:21:20,880 --> 00:21:22,680
♪ ♪
471
00:21:22,782 --> 00:21:24,882
- The design of the trireme
was so superior
472
00:21:24,984 --> 00:21:28,686
that it made the Greeks
the deadliest force on the seas.
473
00:21:28,788 --> 00:21:31,355
- With a standard length
of 118 feet,
474
00:21:31,457 --> 00:21:35,092
standing 21 feet high
and just 12 feet wide,
475
00:21:35,194 --> 00:21:38,329
it was a sleek, fast
war machine.
476
00:21:38,431 --> 00:21:40,264
And sitting close to
the waterline
477
00:21:40,366 --> 00:21:42,533
was its secret weapon.
478
00:21:42,635 --> 00:21:46,237
- Part of the trireme's design
was this huge copper-clad ram
479
00:21:46,339 --> 00:21:48,673
in the front of the vessel,
and it would use that
480
00:21:48,775 --> 00:21:51,842
to punch holes
in enemy ships and sink them,
481
00:21:51,944 --> 00:21:54,779
making it the equivalent of
a modern day torpedo.
482
00:21:54,881 --> 00:22:01,786
♪ ♪
483
00:22:01,888 --> 00:22:04,522
But for this,
it needed speed,
484
00:22:04,624 --> 00:22:07,358
and the trireme was one of
the fastest ships
485
00:22:07,460 --> 00:22:10,027
on the ancient seas.
486
00:22:10,129 --> 00:22:11,929
- It was thanks to
the unique arrangement
487
00:22:12,031 --> 00:22:14,031
of highly trained oarsman.
488
00:22:14,133 --> 00:22:16,734
This reconstruction of
an ancient Greek trireme
489
00:22:16,836 --> 00:22:20,905
built in the 1980s shows
how effective they were.
490
00:22:21,007 --> 00:22:24,408
170 rowers, 85 a side,
491
00:22:24,510 --> 00:22:25,910
arranged in three levels,
492
00:22:26,012 --> 00:22:27,645
one above the other.
493
00:22:27,747 --> 00:22:29,480
This is why it's called
a trireme,
494
00:22:29,582 --> 00:22:31,382
which means "triple rowed."
495
00:22:31,484 --> 00:22:33,784
By having
the upper rows stick out,
496
00:22:33,886 --> 00:22:37,388
each oarsman can be to the side
of the one above or below,
497
00:22:37,490 --> 00:22:41,092
making it possible for everyone
to row at the same time.
498
00:22:41,194 --> 00:22:44,395
That's three times the power
in every stroke.
499
00:22:44,497 --> 00:22:48,065
This had never
been tried before.
500
00:22:48,167 --> 00:22:49,934
- They would row
at three speeds--
501
00:22:50,036 --> 00:22:52,570
they had cruising speed,
battle speed,
502
00:22:52,672 --> 00:22:55,473
and then ramming speed,
where they would effectively
503
00:22:55,575 --> 00:22:57,808
turn the trireme
into a deadly torpedo,
504
00:22:57,910 --> 00:23:00,244
and you better hope that you
weren't at the receiving end.
505
00:23:00,346 --> 00:23:03,314
♪ ♪
506
00:23:03,416 --> 00:23:06,350
The best example to show
the effectiveness of the trireme
507
00:23:06,452 --> 00:23:08,552
can be found
at the Battle of Salamis.
508
00:23:08,654 --> 00:23:10,154
The Greek ships
were outnumbered
509
00:23:10,256 --> 00:23:13,124
by their Persian enemies,
up to three to one.
510
00:23:13,226 --> 00:23:15,693
And they would've surely lost
if it wasn't for the power
511
00:23:15,795 --> 00:23:17,728
of the awesome trireme.
512
00:23:17,830 --> 00:23:19,697
♪ ♪
513
00:23:19,799 --> 00:23:22,299
The Greek Trireme smashed into
the Persian ships,
514
00:23:22,402 --> 00:23:25,202
effectively winning them
the battle and the war.
515
00:23:25,304 --> 00:23:28,606
Many people actually see this
as the first victory
516
00:23:28,708 --> 00:23:31,976
of democracy over tyranny.
517
00:23:32,078 --> 00:23:34,512
- It led to a period of
Greek cultural growth,
518
00:23:34,614 --> 00:23:36,881
during which it's said
that the basic principles
519
00:23:36,983 --> 00:23:39,383
of today's Western society
were formed.
520
00:23:39,485 --> 00:23:43,320
♪ ♪
521
00:23:43,423 --> 00:23:46,557
This takes us past the halfway
mark of our top ten list
522
00:23:46,659 --> 00:23:48,993
of ship designs
that were so advanced,
523
00:23:49,095 --> 00:23:51,862
they changed the ancient world.
524
00:23:51,964 --> 00:23:54,632
Coming up, an armor-plated,
futuristic vision
525
00:23:54,734 --> 00:23:57,368
from 500 years ago.
526
00:23:57,470 --> 00:24:02,506
And a luxury cruise ship that
was the "Titanic" of its time.
527
00:24:02,608 --> 00:24:04,909
It's the "Ancient Top Ten"
countdown.
528
00:24:05,011 --> 00:24:09,980
♪ ♪
529
00:24:10,082 --> 00:24:13,451
- This is the "Ancient Top Ten"
list of ancient ships,
530
00:24:13,553 --> 00:24:15,252
ranked according to
how advanced they were
531
00:24:15,354 --> 00:24:17,421
for their time.
532
00:24:17,523 --> 00:24:22,126
At number ten, we saw the
explosive Phoenician fireship.
533
00:24:22,261 --> 00:24:26,797
At number nine,
the remarkable Viking longship.
534
00:24:26,899 --> 00:24:30,668
At number eight was
the enduring Chinese junk.
535
00:24:30,770 --> 00:24:35,873
Number seven, the deadly Roman
Mainz boats on river patrol.
536
00:24:35,975 --> 00:24:40,144
And at number six was
the Chinese tower ship.
537
00:24:40,246 --> 00:24:43,881
And at number five,
the lethal trireme.
538
00:24:43,983 --> 00:24:46,784
All of these were made of wood,
539
00:24:46,886 --> 00:24:50,788
but next in our countdown is
something truly revolutionary.
540
00:24:50,890 --> 00:24:53,290
The world's first
ironclad ship.
541
00:24:53,392 --> 00:24:55,226
[explosions]
542
00:24:56,496 --> 00:24:58,963
At number four...
543
00:24:59,065 --> 00:25:01,232
the monstrous turtle ship.
544
00:25:01,334 --> 00:25:03,801
- This was
an unbelievable ship,
545
00:25:03,903 --> 00:25:05,903
the beast of the east,
546
00:25:06,005 --> 00:25:09,306
and it had its own armor,
just like a turtle.
547
00:25:09,408 --> 00:25:11,342
♪ ♪
548
00:25:11,444 --> 00:25:15,813
This was the best-protected ship
there had ever been.
549
00:25:15,915 --> 00:25:17,214
♪ ♪
550
00:25:17,316 --> 00:25:18,749
- In the 16th century,
551
00:25:18,851 --> 00:25:20,384
Korea was under attack
552
00:25:20,486 --> 00:25:22,419
from its historical enemy,
Japan,
553
00:25:22,522 --> 00:25:25,856
and its navy
was outnumbered 30 to 1.
554
00:25:25,958 --> 00:25:28,192
The Korean admiral,
Yi Sun-Sin,
555
00:25:28,294 --> 00:25:30,461
knew that he needed to
come up with something new
556
00:25:30,563 --> 00:25:32,263
and extraordinary.
557
00:25:32,365 --> 00:25:35,266
So he designed something
himself.
558
00:25:35,368 --> 00:25:37,601
And this was it.
559
00:25:37,703 --> 00:25:40,371
This is an exact replica
in a military museum
560
00:25:40,473 --> 00:25:42,439
in Seoul, South Korea.
561
00:25:42,542 --> 00:25:44,375
It was called a "turtle ship"
562
00:25:44,477 --> 00:25:46,710
because of its
protective armor.
563
00:25:46,812 --> 00:25:50,948
- The turtle ship was a 16th
century Korean battleship.
564
00:25:51,050 --> 00:25:53,751
It was covered in metal plates
hundreds of years
565
00:25:53,853 --> 00:25:57,555
before ironclad ships would be
seen in Europe or America.
566
00:25:57,657 --> 00:25:59,790
♪ ♪
567
00:25:59,892 --> 00:26:02,192
- This unique feature
formed an enclosed deck
568
00:26:02,295 --> 00:26:06,130
which protected the ship
and the crew inside.
569
00:26:06,232 --> 00:26:08,232
The metal plates also had
vicious iron spikes
570
00:26:08,334 --> 00:26:10,134
sticking out of them.
571
00:26:10,236 --> 00:26:13,037
In battle, straw mats were used
to hide the spikes,
572
00:26:13,139 --> 00:26:17,107
so that anyone who tried to
attack, got a nasty surprise.
573
00:26:17,209 --> 00:26:19,944
- Not only did the enemies
trying to board the ship
574
00:26:20,046 --> 00:26:21,879
have to deal with
the metal spikes,
575
00:26:21,981 --> 00:26:23,981
there was also
a great dragon's head
576
00:26:24,083 --> 00:26:27,451
that spewed gases
that may have been poisonous.
577
00:26:27,553 --> 00:26:30,120
- The turtle ship was like
nothing else on the sea.
578
00:26:30,222 --> 00:26:32,489
Admiral Yi Sun-Shin actually
describes the release
579
00:26:32,592 --> 00:26:34,858
of noxious gases from the bow
of his turtle ship.
580
00:26:34,961 --> 00:26:36,460
This is incredible.
581
00:26:36,562 --> 00:26:39,663
It's chemical warfare
hundreds of years ago.
582
00:26:39,765 --> 00:26:43,267
- The ship could also unleash
massive firepower.
583
00:26:43,369 --> 00:26:45,936
- The turtle ship
was armed with 14 cannons
584
00:26:46,038 --> 00:26:48,005
positioned all the way
around the ship,
585
00:26:48,107 --> 00:26:51,742
which gave it
a 360-degree field of fire,
586
00:26:51,844 --> 00:26:54,945
and each of those cannon
was incredibly powerful.
587
00:26:55,047 --> 00:26:57,948
It had a range
of up to 1,600 feet,
588
00:26:58,017 --> 00:27:01,018
which was far more powerful than
anything else at the time.
589
00:27:01,120 --> 00:27:03,921
It was by far the most deadly
ship on the sea.
590
00:27:04,023 --> 00:27:08,125
♪ ♪
591
00:27:08,227 --> 00:27:10,027
- The cannon fired missiles
like a weapon
592
00:27:10,129 --> 00:27:13,364
from the 20th century.
593
00:27:13,466 --> 00:27:15,366
And it's possible
that smoke was emitted
594
00:27:15,468 --> 00:27:17,201
to make smoke screens
to hide its movement
595
00:27:17,303 --> 00:27:19,303
from the enemy
in close combat.
596
00:27:19,405 --> 00:27:21,538
The result was that,
when the turtle ships
597
00:27:21,641 --> 00:27:24,842
went into action,
the Japanese took a hammering.
598
00:27:24,944 --> 00:27:28,345
- In one battle,
133 Japanese ships
599
00:27:28,447 --> 00:27:30,981
faced just 12 turtle ships.
600
00:27:31,083 --> 00:27:34,184
And those turtle ships damaged
90 of the Japanese ships
601
00:27:34,286 --> 00:27:36,487
and sank 31 of them.
602
00:27:36,589 --> 00:27:38,522
The Japanese had to flee.
603
00:27:38,624 --> 00:27:41,525
It was one of the most decisive
naval battles in history.
604
00:27:41,627 --> 00:27:44,728
Not one turtle ship sank.
605
00:27:44,830 --> 00:27:46,864
- The design of this
Korean warship
606
00:27:46,966 --> 00:27:51,301
was so advanced for its time,
it saved a nation.
607
00:27:51,404 --> 00:27:54,071
It's no surprise that military
power struggles
608
00:27:54,173 --> 00:27:56,473
have inspired the most
technological innovations
609
00:27:56,575 --> 00:27:58,142
in the ancient world.
610
00:27:58,244 --> 00:28:00,077
But thankfully,
someone also had an eye
611
00:28:00,179 --> 00:28:02,413
on the more
pleasurable side of life.
612
00:28:02,515 --> 00:28:06,483
Our number three is like
a modern day cruise ship.
613
00:28:06,585 --> 00:28:09,520
The extraordinary "Syracusia."
614
00:28:09,622 --> 00:28:11,855
- The ship was the brainchild
of Archimedes,
615
00:28:11,957 --> 00:28:13,257
and essentially
what he's creating
616
00:28:13,359 --> 00:28:14,858
is an ancient "Titanic,"
617
00:28:14,960 --> 00:28:16,694
in terms of luxury and scale.
618
00:28:16,796 --> 00:28:20,097
This is a new experience on
the sea like never before,
619
00:28:20,166 --> 00:28:22,032
and this construction
is so luxurious,
620
00:28:22,134 --> 00:28:25,769
it's like the first cruise ship.
621
00:28:25,871 --> 00:28:29,073
- In the 3rd century B.C.,
the city of Syracuse
622
00:28:29,175 --> 00:28:30,908
on the island of Sicily
was home to one of
623
00:28:31,010 --> 00:28:33,077
the greatest minds of all time,
624
00:28:33,179 --> 00:28:37,514
the extraordinary inventor,
Archimedes.
625
00:28:37,616 --> 00:28:39,717
Not only was he one of
the world's greatest
626
00:28:39,819 --> 00:28:44,054
mathematicians, but he created
some incredible technology.
627
00:28:44,156 --> 00:28:46,290
He thought up a giant claw
that could reach out
628
00:28:46,392 --> 00:28:51,195
from the walls of Syracuse to
tear enemy ships from the sea,
629
00:28:51,297 --> 00:28:53,530
a steam cannon
that could fire missiles
630
00:28:53,632 --> 00:28:55,933
at a frightening speed,
631
00:28:56,035 --> 00:28:58,569
and possibly an ancient
solar death ray,
632
00:28:58,637 --> 00:29:01,138
which turned the sun into
a scorching laser beam
633
00:29:01,240 --> 00:29:04,041
that could set ships on fire.
634
00:29:04,143 --> 00:29:07,144
It's also thought that
he designed this:
635
00:29:07,246 --> 00:29:09,480
the "Syracusia."
636
00:29:09,582 --> 00:29:13,050
Quite possibly the world's
first cruise ship.
637
00:29:13,152 --> 00:29:15,085
- Historical sources tell us
that the "Syracusia"
638
00:29:15,187 --> 00:29:16,587
was the height of luxury.
639
00:29:16,689 --> 00:29:19,656
It had a gymnasium, library,
and apartments.
640
00:29:19,759 --> 00:29:22,459
♪ ♪
641
00:29:22,561 --> 00:29:24,361
- It was the most luxurious
passenger ship
642
00:29:24,463 --> 00:29:26,330
that had ever been built.
643
00:29:26,432 --> 00:29:28,232
It was filled with paintings
and statues,
644
00:29:28,334 --> 00:29:32,903
bronze bath tubs,
even irrigated flowerbeds.
645
00:29:33,005 --> 00:29:37,274
It's been estimated that it was
up to 360 feet long,
646
00:29:37,376 --> 00:29:40,077
and it would take the same
amount of timber to build it
647
00:29:40,179 --> 00:29:43,947
as it would to build a fleet
of 60 triremes.
648
00:29:44,049 --> 00:29:46,250
- And inside this
floating palace
649
00:29:46,352 --> 00:29:49,620
was yet more of the amazing
inventions of Archimedes.
650
00:29:49,722 --> 00:29:52,089
One of his most famous
of all time--
651
00:29:52,191 --> 00:29:54,424
and it would make the
difference between success
652
00:29:54,527 --> 00:29:57,027
or fatal failure
of the "Syracusia."
653
00:29:57,096 --> 00:30:00,764
And it's coming up on TV's most
"Ancient Top Ten."
654
00:30:00,866 --> 00:30:04,968
♪ ♪
655
00:30:05,070 --> 00:30:07,171
[thunder rumbling]
656
00:30:07,273 --> 00:30:10,040
- The most incredible ships
sailed the seas centuries ago,
657
00:30:10,142 --> 00:30:13,877
exploring virgin lands,
invading new territories,
658
00:30:13,979 --> 00:30:16,980
forming and re-shaping empires.
659
00:30:17,082 --> 00:30:19,049
But a cruise ship?
660
00:30:19,151 --> 00:30:20,384
That isn't something
normally associated
661
00:30:20,486 --> 00:30:22,252
with the ancient world.
662
00:30:22,354 --> 00:30:25,389
Then again,
it's a world full of surprises.
663
00:30:25,491 --> 00:30:28,425
♪ ♪
664
00:30:28,527 --> 00:30:30,394
At number three
in our countdown
665
00:30:30,496 --> 00:30:33,664
is the "Syracusia,"
a luxury liner
666
00:30:33,766 --> 00:30:35,899
from the 3rd century B.C.,
667
00:30:36,001 --> 00:30:39,903
and the brainchild of
the Greek genius, Archimedes.
668
00:30:40,005 --> 00:30:43,473
- Not only was "Syracusia"
luxurious, but it was armed.
669
00:30:43,576 --> 00:30:45,509
It had a catapult
designed by Archimedes
670
00:30:45,611 --> 00:30:48,412
that could throw
a massive 180-pound stone.
671
00:30:48,480 --> 00:30:50,914
Nobody was gonna
mess with this ship.
672
00:30:51,016 --> 00:30:53,951
- Even if they did,
it wouldn't go down easily.
673
00:30:54,053 --> 00:30:57,521
The "Syracusia" had on board
the Archimedes Screw,
674
00:30:57,623 --> 00:30:59,690
one of his most famous
inventions,
675
00:30:59,792 --> 00:31:02,092
that pumped water uphill.
676
00:31:02,194 --> 00:31:04,461
- In fact, it's possible
that Archimedes invented
677
00:31:04,563 --> 00:31:07,598
his famous screw as
a fundamental solution
678
00:31:07,700 --> 00:31:10,968
to pumping water
out of the "Syracusia."
679
00:31:11,070 --> 00:31:14,037
Amazingly, it's believed that
this mega-ship was kept afloat
680
00:31:14,139 --> 00:31:16,807
by one man operating
the bilge pump.
681
00:31:16,909 --> 00:31:19,443
All this is owed to Archimedes.
682
00:31:19,578 --> 00:31:22,412
- For its technology alone,
the "Syracusia" was already
683
00:31:22,514 --> 00:31:24,581
way ahead of the game.
684
00:31:24,683 --> 00:31:27,251
But the added features of
passenger comfort and pleasure
685
00:31:27,353 --> 00:31:29,052
made it even more advanced.
686
00:31:29,154 --> 00:31:31,388
Together, they earn it
a well-deserved
687
00:31:31,490 --> 00:31:32,723
place on our list.
688
00:31:32,825 --> 00:31:34,725
♪ ♪
689
00:31:34,827 --> 00:31:36,994
We're nearing
the top of our countdown
690
00:31:37,096 --> 00:31:38,929
of the most awe-inspiring
and technologically advanced
691
00:31:39,031 --> 00:31:40,664
ships of ancient times.
692
00:31:40,766 --> 00:31:43,100
Up next,
A titan of the sea.
693
00:31:43,202 --> 00:31:46,270
A ship built to blow the
"Syracusia" out of the water
694
00:31:46,372 --> 00:31:48,438
in a deadly game of
one-upmanship
695
00:31:48,540 --> 00:31:51,842
by its ancient
Egyptian Pharaoh.
696
00:31:51,911 --> 00:31:53,844
At number two...
697
00:31:53,946 --> 00:31:56,480
it's the "forty."
698
00:31:56,582 --> 00:31:59,116
- Ancient sources describe
the forty as being massive.
699
00:31:59,218 --> 00:32:02,653
420 feet long,
4,000 rowers,
700
00:32:02,755 --> 00:32:05,589
and 3,000 soldiers.
701
00:32:05,691 --> 00:32:09,826
- The forty was one of the
largest ships of ancient times.
702
00:32:09,929 --> 00:32:12,329
It is possibly the biggest
human powered vessel--
703
00:32:12,431 --> 00:32:14,431
and wooden ship--in history.
704
00:32:14,533 --> 00:32:17,100
And how did it do this?
705
00:32:17,202 --> 00:32:19,202
- The only way to build
something this big
706
00:32:19,305 --> 00:32:21,939
is to have a double hull,
like a catamaran.
707
00:32:22,041 --> 00:32:24,775
- Double hull,
double capability.
708
00:32:24,877 --> 00:32:27,177
Everything was super-sized.
709
00:32:27,279 --> 00:32:30,514
But why was this
monster of the sea built?
710
00:32:30,616 --> 00:32:33,050
Partly because of the number
three on our list,
711
00:32:33,152 --> 00:32:35,953
the luxury Greek liner,
the "Syracusia."
712
00:32:36,055 --> 00:32:37,955
This spectacle of
wealth and power
713
00:32:38,057 --> 00:32:40,624
ignited a rivalry in Egypt.
714
00:32:40,726 --> 00:32:43,293
- The Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy
was not gonna be outdone
715
00:32:43,395 --> 00:32:45,529
by "Syracusia," so he built
a bigger ship,
716
00:32:45,631 --> 00:32:47,831
and that ship was the forty.
717
00:32:47,933 --> 00:32:51,001
- But the forty
was no pleasure cruise.
718
00:32:51,103 --> 00:32:53,837
- Ptolemy IV's ship was a huge
troop carrier.
719
00:32:53,939 --> 00:32:56,239
Its deck was bigger than
an American football field.
720
00:32:56,342 --> 00:32:58,809
Think about this,
if you could move troops
721
00:32:58,911 --> 00:33:02,813
en-masse to a conflict you could
control any part of the world.
722
00:33:02,915 --> 00:33:05,849
It was basically an ancient
aircraft carrier.
723
00:33:05,951 --> 00:33:07,718
♪ ♪
724
00:33:07,820 --> 00:33:11,688
- In fact, sources say
its crew was 7,500 men.
725
00:33:11,790 --> 00:33:13,690
♪ ♪
726
00:33:13,759 --> 00:33:15,525
That's more than
any modern ship--
727
00:33:15,627 --> 00:33:19,763
2,000 more than
the USS Roosevelt.
728
00:33:19,865 --> 00:33:21,865
- The forty got its name from
the fact that it had
729
00:33:21,967 --> 00:33:24,267
40 banks of rowers.
730
00:33:24,370 --> 00:33:25,802
Get your mind around
what it would take
731
00:33:25,904 --> 00:33:27,537
to build something like that.
732
00:33:27,639 --> 00:33:29,906
You need the engineers
and the construction laborers,
733
00:33:30,009 --> 00:33:32,109
but you also need
all those raw materials.
734
00:33:32,211 --> 00:33:34,511
This was no small feat.
735
00:33:34,613 --> 00:33:38,582
- And it was built to be
superior on many more levels.
736
00:33:38,684 --> 00:33:42,419
It also had the potential to be
a giant weapon itself.
737
00:33:42,521 --> 00:33:45,088
It weighed nearly 4,000 tons.
738
00:33:45,190 --> 00:33:48,725
Smaller ships wouldn't have
stood a chance.
739
00:33:48,827 --> 00:33:52,496
- In ancient times, harbors had
chains to protect them
740
00:33:52,564 --> 00:33:54,297
from enemy ships.
741
00:33:54,400 --> 00:33:55,832
But they would
have been useless
742
00:33:55,934 --> 00:33:57,801
when up against
the forty.
743
00:33:57,903 --> 00:33:59,703
It's even possible
it could have been used
744
00:33:59,805 --> 00:34:02,506
to crush the
harbor walls themselves.
745
00:34:02,608 --> 00:34:06,343
- The sheer bulk of it would
have been a power unmatched
746
00:34:06,445 --> 00:34:09,146
in the ancient world.
747
00:34:09,248 --> 00:34:11,982
- But how was this behemoth
maneuvered around?
748
00:34:12,084 --> 00:34:14,484
It seems an impossible task.
749
00:34:14,586 --> 00:34:16,753
The rowers on the upper tiers
750
00:34:16,855 --> 00:34:21,024
somehow had to work oars--
an incredible 57 feet long.
751
00:34:21,126 --> 00:34:23,060
- One of the biggest mysteries
about the forty
752
00:34:23,162 --> 00:34:25,629
is how they fit 4,000 people
inside the ship
753
00:34:25,731 --> 00:34:27,564
and then coordinated
their rowing.
754
00:34:27,666 --> 00:34:29,199
We still don't know how they
did it and we may never know.
755
00:34:29,301 --> 00:34:31,468
♪ ♪
756
00:34:31,570 --> 00:34:34,404
Coming up,
it's our number one.
757
00:34:34,506 --> 00:34:36,873
♪ ♪
758
00:34:36,975 --> 00:34:39,342
With under-floor heating,
ball bearings,
759
00:34:39,445 --> 00:34:42,412
and incredible technology--
760
00:34:42,514 --> 00:34:43,980
and built by one of the most
761
00:34:44,083 --> 00:34:46,516
sadistic Roman Emperors ever.
762
00:34:46,618 --> 00:34:51,154
♪ ♪
763
00:34:52,758 --> 00:34:54,691
- This is "Ancient Top Ten's"
list of incredible
764
00:34:54,793 --> 00:34:57,461
ancient ships,
based on how advanced they were
765
00:34:57,563 --> 00:34:58,462
for their time.
766
00:34:58,564 --> 00:35:00,430
♪ ♪
767
00:35:00,532 --> 00:35:04,034
At number ten was the
terrifying Phoenician fireship.
768
00:35:04,136 --> 00:35:06,336
♪ ♪
769
00:35:06,438 --> 00:35:10,207
At number nine was the sleek,
stealthy Viking longship.
770
00:35:10,309 --> 00:35:12,008
♪ ♪
771
00:35:12,111 --> 00:35:14,311
The pearl of the east,
the Chinese junk,
772
00:35:14,413 --> 00:35:16,947
was at number eight.
773
00:35:17,049 --> 00:35:20,117
And at number seven,
the lethal Roman patrol boats
774
00:35:20,219 --> 00:35:22,619
on the River Rhine.
775
00:35:22,721 --> 00:35:26,056
At number six, the massive
floating fortress from China.
776
00:35:26,158 --> 00:35:28,225
♪ ♪
777
00:35:28,327 --> 00:35:31,027
And at number five,
the devastating torpedo ship,
778
00:35:31,130 --> 00:35:33,463
the trireme.
779
00:35:33,565 --> 00:35:35,665
Number four was
the extraordinary
780
00:35:35,767 --> 00:35:39,169
Korean turtle ship.
781
00:35:39,271 --> 00:35:42,005
And number three,
the remarkable luxury liner,
782
00:35:42,107 --> 00:35:45,542
the "Syracusia."
783
00:35:45,644 --> 00:35:48,411
Number two,
the monster of the seas,
784
00:35:48,514 --> 00:35:51,648
the forty.
785
00:35:51,750 --> 00:35:54,518
But now it's time for
the most advanced
786
00:35:54,620 --> 00:35:57,687
ancient ship design
of all.
787
00:35:57,789 --> 00:36:00,023
When it was discovered
by archaeologists,
788
00:36:00,125 --> 00:36:03,226
they simply couldn't
believe their eyes.
789
00:36:03,328 --> 00:36:06,263
Not just one but two
breathtaking ships
790
00:36:06,365 --> 00:36:08,698
found side by side.
791
00:36:08,800 --> 00:36:10,200
At number one...
792
00:36:10,302 --> 00:36:14,571
♪ ♪
793
00:36:14,673 --> 00:36:18,241
The exceptional Nemi ships.
794
00:36:18,343 --> 00:36:20,544
- The Nemi ships--
the most awe-inspiring
795
00:36:20,646 --> 00:36:22,946
ancient ships ever.
796
00:36:23,048 --> 00:36:26,249
- They come from the greatest,
most advanced civilization
797
00:36:26,351 --> 00:36:29,052
of the ancient world:
Rome.
798
00:36:29,154 --> 00:36:32,022
Its emperors were all powerful
and they competed
799
00:36:32,124 --> 00:36:35,058
to be the most outrageous,
the most extravagant,
800
00:36:35,160 --> 00:36:37,394
the most magnificent.
801
00:36:37,496 --> 00:36:41,898
- I can't express to you enough
how much Roman emperors
802
00:36:42,000 --> 00:36:43,867
believed in themselves.
803
00:36:43,969 --> 00:36:45,969
They were the masters
of the universe.
804
00:36:46,071 --> 00:36:49,372
They believed they were gods.
805
00:36:49,474 --> 00:36:52,209
- It's not surprising, then,
that the 20th century
806
00:36:52,311 --> 00:36:55,078
fascist leader of Italy,
Benito Mussolini,
807
00:36:55,180 --> 00:36:59,916
looked back nostalgically
to those times.
808
00:37:00,018 --> 00:37:02,752
And the fanciful dreaming of
a modern-day dictator
809
00:37:02,854 --> 00:37:05,956
led to one of the most amazing
discoveries ever.
810
00:37:06,058 --> 00:37:07,958
♪ ♪
811
00:37:08,060 --> 00:37:11,494
It was here, at Lake Nemi,
812
00:37:11,597 --> 00:37:15,665
a small volcanic lake
just south of Rome.
813
00:37:15,767 --> 00:37:17,234
"Drain it," said Mussolini.
814
00:37:17,336 --> 00:37:19,236
Why?
815
00:37:19,338 --> 00:37:20,971
Because he knew that beneath
its surface
816
00:37:21,073 --> 00:37:23,640
lay something extraordinary:
817
00:37:23,742 --> 00:37:28,278
the biggest ruins
of ancient ships ever found.
818
00:37:28,380 --> 00:37:30,580
- The Nemi ships are
an incredible discovery.
819
00:37:30,682 --> 00:37:34,484
It's safe to say they are the
Pompeii of maritime archaeology.
820
00:37:34,586 --> 00:37:36,620
- What they discovered showed
two of the most
821
00:37:36,722 --> 00:37:39,589
technologically advanced ships
of ancient times.
822
00:37:39,691 --> 00:37:43,193
They were the result of
one man's superhuman ego,
823
00:37:43,295 --> 00:37:46,296
and he was the most infamous
Roman emperor of them all.
824
00:37:46,398 --> 00:37:48,265
- The most power crazy
of the emperors?
825
00:37:48,367 --> 00:37:49,966
Caligula.
826
00:37:50,068 --> 00:37:53,203
He was determined to show off
his god-like powers
827
00:37:53,305 --> 00:37:57,841
by being the most extravagant
and the most outrageous.
828
00:37:57,943 --> 00:38:00,043
♪ ♪
829
00:38:00,145 --> 00:38:02,879
- From this power-crazy madness
came something
830
00:38:02,981 --> 00:38:06,116
absolutely incredible.
831
00:38:06,218 --> 00:38:08,818
- These were Caligula's
wonder ships,
832
00:38:08,920 --> 00:38:12,455
both nearly 250 feet long.
833
00:38:12,557 --> 00:38:14,891
- One was a temple ship
where you could worship
834
00:38:14,993 --> 00:38:16,326
the goddess Diana.
835
00:38:16,428 --> 00:38:18,628
But the other was a party ship
836
00:38:18,730 --> 00:38:21,765
where you could see Caligula
in his true light.
837
00:38:21,867 --> 00:38:24,000
- He lived a hedonistic life.
838
00:38:24,102 --> 00:38:26,970
His debauchery and sexual
depravity knew no bounds.
839
00:38:27,072 --> 00:38:30,206
- Caligula said he desired
nothing as much as that
840
00:38:30,309 --> 00:38:32,776
which was impossible,
and the Nemi ships are really
841
00:38:32,878 --> 00:38:34,878
an incarnation of that idea.
842
00:38:34,980 --> 00:38:38,214
They are so opulent.
They are so extraordinary.
843
00:38:38,317 --> 00:38:41,184
They are such remarkable feats
of engineering.
844
00:38:41,286 --> 00:38:43,386
So they seemed to
really encapsulate
845
00:38:43,488 --> 00:38:47,724
Caligula's excessive,
slightly split personality.
846
00:38:47,826 --> 00:38:50,293
- Emperor Caligula was trying
to outdo all the ships
847
00:38:50,395 --> 00:38:51,995
that had come previously.
848
00:38:52,097 --> 00:38:54,764
The Nemi ships were fitted with
the latest technology.
849
00:38:54,866 --> 00:38:58,168
Bilge pumps, under-floor
heating, ball bearings.
850
00:38:58,270 --> 00:39:00,937
We're talking almost
2,000 years ago.
851
00:39:01,039 --> 00:39:04,841
These ships were packed with
the latest tech.
852
00:39:04,943 --> 00:39:09,612
- Ball bearings were unheard of
in the ancient world.
853
00:39:09,715 --> 00:39:12,716
They might have been part of a
spectacular, magically rotating
854
00:39:12,818 --> 00:39:16,386
statue of the goddess Diana.
855
00:39:16,488 --> 00:39:20,657
They weren't seen again until
almost 1,500 years later
856
00:39:20,759 --> 00:39:22,959
with Leonardo da Vinci.
857
00:39:23,061 --> 00:39:26,229
And even the ship's anchors
were ahead of their time.
858
00:39:26,331 --> 00:39:30,200
- The Nemi ships had anchors
made of iron rather than wood.
859
00:39:30,302 --> 00:39:33,570
This was a first, and it goes to
show how forward-thinking
860
00:39:33,672 --> 00:39:36,406
the designers of this
incredible ship were.
861
00:39:36,508 --> 00:39:39,642
- Iron was a much more
effective material to use.
862
00:39:39,745 --> 00:39:41,945
And the innovation
didn't stop there.
863
00:39:42,047 --> 00:39:44,381
There were incredible
chain bilge pumps,
864
00:39:44,483 --> 00:39:47,117
next seen over
1,000 years later.
865
00:39:47,219 --> 00:39:49,386
Super advanced plumbing
with piston pumps
866
00:39:49,488 --> 00:39:53,556
for hot and cold water--only
re-invented in the Middle Ages.
867
00:39:53,658 --> 00:39:56,426
But the ships were so high-spec
that building them
868
00:39:56,528 --> 00:39:59,229
almost bankrupted Rome.
869
00:39:59,331 --> 00:40:02,365
- It's not known quite why
the ships were left to sink,
870
00:40:02,467 --> 00:40:04,501
but after their recovery
from the lake,
871
00:40:04,603 --> 00:40:08,071
the Italians built
a huge museum to house them.
872
00:40:08,173 --> 00:40:10,039
Tragically,
it was largely destroyed
873
00:40:10,142 --> 00:40:13,376
in the devastation of
World War II.
874
00:40:13,478 --> 00:40:16,246
But just the few remaining
artifacts are themselves
875
00:40:16,348 --> 00:40:17,847
technological wonders.
876
00:40:17,949 --> 00:40:19,716
♪ ♪
877
00:40:19,818 --> 00:40:21,785
- There's no question that
the Nemi ships
878
00:40:21,887 --> 00:40:23,620
brilliantly project
the decadence
879
00:40:23,722 --> 00:40:26,456
and the extravagant power
of Rome.
880
00:40:26,558 --> 00:40:30,126
And that's why they have to be
number one in our top ten.
881
00:40:30,228 --> 00:40:33,596
♪ ♪
882
00:40:33,698 --> 00:40:36,533
- The shipbuilders of antiquity
came up with a huge array
883
00:40:36,635 --> 00:40:38,968
of fantastic ships.
884
00:40:39,070 --> 00:40:41,704
Their pioneering work
thousands of years ago
885
00:40:41,807 --> 00:40:44,974
gave us designs which are still
in use today.
886
00:40:45,076 --> 00:40:48,211
The ships in our top ten show
us that the ancient world
887
00:40:48,313 --> 00:40:50,814
was filled with technology,
and with each new
888
00:40:50,916 --> 00:40:54,050
archaeological discovery,
we find it was more advanced
889
00:40:54,152 --> 00:40:56,286
than we ever thought possible.
890
00:40:56,388 --> 00:40:58,755
♪ ♪
78593
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