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♪ ♪
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male narrator:
This week, on "Ancient Top 10,"
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the killer of Romans
and scourge of Europe.
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00:00:12,380 --> 00:00:16,415
- Armies fled in his wake.
Rivers ran with blood.
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narrator: The greatest general
of all time.
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- He's really
the incarnation
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of what it is to be
a megalomaniac.
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narrator: The queen who held
the world in her hands.
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00:00:26,027 --> 00:00:28,227
- We think our rulers today
have power,
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but it was nothing
compared to what she had.
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00:00:30,998 --> 00:00:33,232
narrator: And the most
murderous dictator in history.
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- He was a great ruler,
a military genius,
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and truth be told,
a bloodthirsty tyrant.
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narrator: The baddest
in the ancient world.
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Where will they be ranked in
the only top ten list
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thousands of years
in the making?
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♪ ♪
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The ancient world was ruled
by ruthless dictators.
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Wanton brutality was
the order of the day.
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There was killing
on a massive scale,
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and all for the sake
of absolute power.
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This week's
"Ancient Top 10."
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Total dictators
of the ancient world,
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ranked by experts according
to the impact they made,
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and their evil deeds.
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[all shouting]
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At number ten...
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psychotic,
unpredictable,
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a terrifying dictator
murdered
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after only four years
of rule.
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- The most power crazy
of the emperors? Caligula.
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He was determined to show off
his god-like powers
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by being
the most extravagant
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and the most outrageous.
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narrator:
He was born Gaius Germanicus
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into one of Rome's
most distinguished families.
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His great-great-grandfather
was Julius Caesar.
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- Caligula was
actually a nickname.
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It means "little boots,"
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and it was a name
that was given to Caligula
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when he was just a boy.
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His father took him
on military campaign.
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It was almost like he was
a kind of mascot.
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So he was dressed up
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as the perfect
mini Roman soldier,
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right down
to his little boots.
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He hated this name.
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He thought it was
very disrespectful,
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and it almost seems
to have fueled
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a kind of psychopathic rage
inside him.
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narrator: Caligula had
other reasons to be disturbed.
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His own adoptive grandfather,
the emperor Tiberius,
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wiped out
his whole family.
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- His father,
killed by the emperor.
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His mother,
put into prison,
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exiled and then
starved to death.
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♪ ♪
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His siblings died
in prison,
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and he's then adopted
by the same emperor
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responsible for it all.
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If this were a TV series.
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it would just be considered
unbelievable.
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♪ ♪
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- I think it's safe to say
this guy had issues.
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He loved watching torture
and gruesome executions.
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He spent his nights
in wild orgies.
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He was even thought
to have committed incest
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with his sisters, and all this
before he became emperor.
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narrator: He was just 24
when he rose to power in 37 AD.
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At first he was popular.
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He abolished taxes and
put on lavish entertainment
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for his people,
like the gladiatorial games.
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But his extravagance
almost bankrupted Rome.
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He squandered the equivalent
of $4 billion
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in the first year
of his reign alone.
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During this year he also
suffered a serious illness.
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Although he recovered,
many believe
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it turned him
into a megalomaniac.
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- We're told this story
that he was sacrificing
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a bull in a temple.
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and he was just about to strike
the animal with a mallet
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when he turned around
and whacked the priest instead.
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♪ ♪
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This man was lying bleeding
to death on the ground,
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and Caligula
just laughed,
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hugely entertained
by this deadly prank.
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narrator:
His behavior knew no bounds.
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Even in public
at the Colosseum,
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Caligula displayed
his psychotic side.
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- When he got bored
during the intermission
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of the gladiatorial fights,
Caligula had his guards
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grab dozens of people
from the crowd
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and throw them
into the arena,
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just to watch them be eaten
by wild animals.
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"Twisted" doesn't even begin
to describe this guy.
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narrator: And it wasn't
just extreme violence.
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- Caligula was so out there,
there's even a story
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that he made his beloved horse
a Roman advisor.
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[horse neighing]
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narrator:
He was even more insane
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when it came
to his own self-image.
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♪ ♪
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- Caligula was
so deluded,
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he didn't think
he was like a god,
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he seems to have thought
he was a god himself.
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♪ ♪
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We're told that he
dressed up as gods
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and even goddesses sometimes
out in public,
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and he'd remove the heads
of sculptures of gods,
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he'd decapitate them,
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and replace them
with a sculpture
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of his own image.
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♪ ♪
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This isn't
just power crazed,
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this is an example of power
corrupting absolutely.
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♪ ♪
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- After a four-year reign
of terror,
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his people had had enough,
so they got rid of him,
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by stabbing him
over 30 times.
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[men struggling]
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- Caligula was so hated
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that after his death,
the Senate tried
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to erase him from history
by destroying his monuments,
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but his behavior
was so extreme
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that he's remembered
to this day
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as one of the most crazy
of Roman rulers.
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narrator: Dealing with a legacy
of violence and despotism,
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the Senate hoped
for more peaceful times.
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But instead someone far worse
was to come.
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♪ ♪
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At number nine,
another mad emperor--
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Nero.
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♪ ♪
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- Nero was one of the most
infamous emperors of Rome.
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The stories of his brutality
are absolutely legendary,
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and it's for this reason why
he's got to be in my top ten.
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narrator: Emperor of Rome
from the age of just 17--
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from 54 to 68 AD--
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famous for fiddling
while Rome burned.
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♪ ♪
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He wandered the streets,
murdering at random,
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because he could.
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- When we look
at the horrific acts
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attributed to Nero,
it looks like he's reading
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right out of the playbook
of Caligula.
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narrator: It's said
that Nero was envious
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of the extravagance
of his uncle Caligula.
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He may even have been
trying to emulate him.
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When Nero came to power,
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his mother had planned
to rule jointly with him,
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but he had other ideas.
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He built a ship
for her to travel in
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and designed it
so that as she slept,
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the roof would collapse,
killing her,
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but it would look
like an accident.
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She survived
this attempt on her life,
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but Nero wasn't
giving up.
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- He sends a guard to go
and attack her
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in her own bedroom,
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and the guard bludgeons
and stabs her to death.
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[man grunts]
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[woman screams]
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narrator: Nero's first wife
met a similar end.
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- After he's had her exiled
and put to death,
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he has her head
delivered to his new wife.
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narrator: And her luck
was no better.
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- She's pregnant with child
and she dares to complain
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that he's spending
too much time at the games.
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He kicks his pregnant wife
to death.
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narrator:
He then tried something new.
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He had taken a shine
to a young man,
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so he had him castrated
and made him his new wife.
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[man screams]
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- He could do that.
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He was, in the history books
of Rome,
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a total tyrant
and a horrible monster.
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- There are even stories that
he'd dress up in animal skins,
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have young men and women
tethered to posts
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and then ravage them,
roaring like a beast,
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even biting off
their genitals.
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♪ ♪
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narrator: A fire
during Nero's reign
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caused devastation
on a scale
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Rome had never seen
before.
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Half of the city
burnt to the ground.
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In true dictator fashion,
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as the fire was
still smoldering,
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Nero laid claim to vast areas
of land in order to build
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an extravagant palace
for himself.
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This brought accusations
that Nero had
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deliberately started
the blaze,
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so he created
a scapegoat.
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He rounded up Christians
and had them publicly executed.
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- Nero was
incredibly brutal.
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One of the most famous stories
about him
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is how he used to light
Christians on fire
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and use them as torches
for his dinner parties.
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[people screaming]
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narrator: No one was
safe from him.
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Nero had his own senators
whipped,
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branded with irons,
and tortured.
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If he liked a woman,
he had her husband murdered.
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His brutality was
endless.
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On top of this,
his extravagant spending
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nearly bankrupted
Rome's treasury.
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00:08:52,232 --> 00:08:53,598
- Towards the end
of Nero's life,
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his excesses
became quite extraordinary.
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When his wife died,
he bought
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what would be
the equivalent
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of half a billion dollars' worth
of frankincense.
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Rome at this point was
on its knees financially,
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it was crippled by debt,
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and I think that,
combined with his depravity,
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meant that the people of Rome
had just had enough.
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♪ ♪
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The Senate voted Nero
an enemy of the state
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and he was encouraged
to commit suicide.
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narrator: Nero left behind him
a legacy of murder,
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00:09:25,933 --> 00:09:28,533
debauchery, and
Christian persecution.
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It made him
yet another ruler
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00:09:32,372 --> 00:09:32,804
the Senate wanted
to wipe from their records.
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This time they
actually passed a law
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saying that Nero
never existed.
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From Nero to zero.
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- This man was
so extreme--
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00:09:43,450 --> 00:09:45,951
he was so sick,
he was so perverse--
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00:09:46,186 --> 00:09:48,687
that he has never been
forgotten by history,
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00:09:48,922 --> 00:09:50,455
and we're still
talking about him
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and his dreadful deeds
today.
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00:09:52,426 --> 00:09:55,393
♪ ♪
231
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narrator: This is
"Ancient Top 10's"
232
00:10:00,167 --> 00:10:02,434
list of total dictators--
233
00:10:02,669 --> 00:10:04,836
The tyrants
of the ancient world,
234
00:10:05,072 --> 00:10:08,039
causing destruction
on a mass scale,
235
00:10:08,275 --> 00:10:11,376
stamping their bloody footprint
on history.
236
00:10:11,612 --> 00:10:13,244
Next on our list
is a ruler
237
00:10:13,480 --> 00:10:15,847
who challenged
the mighty Roman empire
238
00:10:16,083 --> 00:10:19,684
and set its generals
against each other.
239
00:10:19,920 --> 00:10:21,186
In at number eight...
240
00:10:21,421 --> 00:10:24,122
♪ ♪
241
00:10:24,358 --> 00:10:27,792
Cleopatra,
the last queen of Egypt.
242
00:10:28,028 --> 00:10:30,595
A temptress of the Nile
who used sexuality
243
00:10:30,831 --> 00:10:33,098
to maintain
her grip on the throne,
244
00:10:33,333 --> 00:10:35,400
she would ultimately
destroy the empire
245
00:10:35,636 --> 00:10:37,102
she sought to protect.
246
00:10:39,272 --> 00:10:39,704
- Cleopatra was the last
pharaoh of ancient Egypt
247
00:10:41,775 --> 00:10:42,107
and the most famous woman
of ancient times.
248
00:10:43,543 --> 00:10:44,309
We think our rulers today
have power,
249
00:10:45,879 --> 00:10:46,878
but it was nothing
compared to what she had.
250
00:10:48,315 --> 00:10:50,382
She was literally
a god walking on earth.
251
00:10:52,653 --> 00:10:53,051
narrator: She's best known
as a beautiful seductress,
252
00:10:55,055 --> 00:10:55,620
but there was
a lot more to her than that.
253
00:10:57,858 --> 00:10:58,423
- Egyptian royal families
were a hotbed of scheming,
254
00:11:00,193 --> 00:11:00,492
plotting,
murder, and incest.
255
00:11:01,695 --> 00:11:02,293
Cleopatra did
very well indeed
256
00:11:03,630 --> 00:11:04,829
even to make it
to adulthood alive,
257
00:11:06,333 --> 00:11:07,732
and then she secured
her position as pharaoh
258
00:11:07,968 --> 00:11:09,467
by murdering
her brother.
259
00:11:09,703 --> 00:11:11,102
She would stop
at nothing.
260
00:11:11,338 --> 00:11:12,470
♪ ♪
261
00:11:14,274 --> 00:11:14,339
narrator:
She was calculating,
262
00:11:16,576 --> 00:11:17,976
and she was also extremely
bright and well educated.
263
00:11:20,013 --> 00:11:22,280
In fact, it's said
that she spoke nine languages.
264
00:11:22,516 --> 00:11:25,684
- She was a very learned woman,
educated in mathematics,
265
00:11:25,919 --> 00:11:27,085
in geometry.
266
00:11:28,655 --> 00:11:28,787
- Cleopatra,
we think of her
267
00:11:29,823 --> 00:11:30,989
as this sexy femme fatale,
268
00:11:31,258 --> 00:11:33,291
this Elizabeth Taylor-like
figure,
269
00:11:33,527 --> 00:11:36,461
and we forget that she was
incredibly brilliant.
270
00:11:36,697 --> 00:11:38,163
narrator: Not only did
her talents and beauty
271
00:11:40,233 --> 00:11:42,367
attract attention,
but also her country's wealth.
272
00:11:42,602 --> 00:11:44,369
The Romans were
threatening to invade.
273
00:11:46,540 --> 00:11:47,439
The Egyptian army was not
strong enough to take them on,
274
00:11:49,109 --> 00:11:49,641
so Cleopatra turned
to other means
275
00:11:50,911 --> 00:11:51,543
to keep her kingdom safe.
276
00:11:53,847 --> 00:11:54,679
- She realized that Egypt
needed Rome's allegiance,
277
00:11:56,083 --> 00:11:56,881
and so she decides
to set her sights
278
00:11:58,552 --> 00:12:00,785
on the most powerful man
of the time, Julius Caesar.
279
00:12:01,021 --> 00:12:03,054
She seduces
and beds him.
280
00:12:03,290 --> 00:12:05,023
♪ ♪
281
00:12:07,394 --> 00:12:07,459
- There's a story she had
herself rolled into a carpet
282
00:12:09,329 --> 00:12:09,394
and smuggled
into the royal palace
283
00:12:10,697 --> 00:12:10,829
of Julius Caesar
just to meet him,
284
00:12:12,566 --> 00:12:13,531
and she not only met him,
but apparently bedded him
285
00:12:14,801 --> 00:12:15,033
and then the two
went on to become
286
00:12:16,136 --> 00:12:16,901
this immense powerful couple.
287
00:12:18,972 --> 00:12:19,037
narrator: They formed
a political alliance
288
00:12:20,507 --> 00:12:20,572
over the course
of four years,
289
00:12:22,409 --> 00:12:22,474
even having a child
together,
290
00:12:24,778 --> 00:12:24,843
but Caesar's relationship
with the Queen of the Nile
291
00:12:26,580 --> 00:12:27,846
angered Rome,
and in 44 BC,
292
00:12:28,081 --> 00:12:29,914
it came to a bloody end.
293
00:12:30,150 --> 00:12:32,250
He was murdered
by the Senate.
294
00:12:34,554 --> 00:12:35,253
After Caesar's death,
the Roman general Mark Antony
295
00:12:37,257 --> 00:12:38,189
was sent in
to assert Rome's control.
296
00:12:39,893 --> 00:12:41,025
What happened?
She bedded him too.
297
00:12:42,596 --> 00:12:42,894
- We're told that in order
to demonstrate
298
00:12:43,964 --> 00:12:45,096
Egypt's incredible wealth,
299
00:12:46,466 --> 00:12:47,198
when she was seducing
Mark Antony,
300
00:12:48,502 --> 00:12:50,168
Cleopatra took
a big, fat pearl.
301
00:12:50,403 --> 00:12:52,036
Now, this thing was
the most precious,
302
00:12:52,272 --> 00:12:55,406
the most expensive jewel
in the known world.
303
00:12:55,642 --> 00:12:57,375
narrator: It's estimated
that this pearl would be worth
304
00:12:57,611 --> 00:13:00,545
around $30 million today.
305
00:13:00,781 --> 00:13:03,281
- She dissolved it
in a cup of wine vinegar
306
00:13:03,517 --> 00:13:05,049
and then drank that down.
307
00:13:06,853 --> 00:13:10,755
It was the most brilliantly
theatrical act of seduction.
308
00:13:11,024 --> 00:13:12,624
narrator:
Cleopatra and Mark Antony
309
00:13:12,859 --> 00:13:14,559
became lovers
and allies,
310
00:13:16,830 --> 00:13:17,862
but, just like her previous
relationship with Caesar,
311
00:13:19,833 --> 00:13:21,966
their union was seen
as a threat to Rome.
312
00:13:22,202 --> 00:13:25,804
Antony's political rival,
Octavian, declared war.
313
00:13:26,039 --> 00:13:28,540
He defeated Antony
in 31 BC,
314
00:13:28,775 --> 00:13:30,775
forcing him to flee
with Cleopatra.
315
00:13:31,011 --> 00:13:32,243
Antony committed suicide
316
00:13:33,847 --> 00:13:34,579
after being surrounded
by his enemies.
317
00:13:36,349 --> 00:13:36,414
In one final act
of defiance,
318
00:13:37,484 --> 00:13:38,817
Cleopatra did the same.
319
00:13:40,821 --> 00:13:40,885
She either allowed herself
to be bitten
320
00:13:42,055 --> 00:13:42,587
by a poisonous snake,
321
00:13:44,558 --> 00:13:45,723
or took a fatal overdose
of narcotics.
322
00:13:45,959 --> 00:13:47,625
- Cleopatra had
tremendous pride,
323
00:13:47,894 --> 00:13:49,260
and so she would
rather die
324
00:13:49,496 --> 00:13:51,296
than suffer the indignity
of being paraded
325
00:13:51,531 --> 00:13:53,565
through the streets of Rome
as a prisoner.
326
00:13:53,800 --> 00:13:55,633
narrator:
Cleopatra's ultimate success
327
00:13:57,838 --> 00:13:59,404
lay in her seduction
of Rome's most powerful men.
328
00:14:01,408 --> 00:14:01,973
- What we have to remember
about Cleopatra is that
329
00:14:03,877 --> 00:14:04,342
she wasn't just
a kind of beautiful pin-up
330
00:14:05,378 --> 00:14:06,010
bathing in ass's milk,
331
00:14:07,214 --> 00:14:09,347
this was
a feisty, smart woman,
332
00:14:09,616 --> 00:14:11,282
and critically,
she was able
333
00:14:11,518 --> 00:14:13,585
to control
the men around her,
334
00:14:13,820 --> 00:14:16,454
and that's why she deserves
to be in this top 10.
335
00:14:16,690 --> 00:14:18,756
narrator: But Cleopatra's
appetite for power
336
00:14:18,992 --> 00:14:22,327
was nothing compared
to our next total dictator.
337
00:14:22,562 --> 00:14:25,296
The most powerful pharaoh
ever to rule Egypt,
338
00:14:25,532 --> 00:14:28,800
who fought the largest
chariot battle known to man.
339
00:14:29,035 --> 00:14:33,638
At number seven...
340
00:14:33,874 --> 00:14:35,540
Ramesses II.
341
00:14:35,775 --> 00:14:37,108
- When we think
of Egyptian Pharaohs,
342
00:14:37,344 --> 00:14:41,679
Ramesses II is the name
that inspires awe.
343
00:14:41,915 --> 00:14:44,148
narrator: Ramesses
expertly used propaganda
344
00:14:44,384 --> 00:14:46,551
to portray himself
as the greatest warrior
345
00:14:46,786 --> 00:14:48,286
of the Egyptian empire.
346
00:14:50,290 --> 00:14:51,956
He presided over Egypt
at the height of its powers.
347
00:14:53,894 --> 00:14:56,327
He ruled for 67 years
in the 13th century BC.
348
00:14:56,563 --> 00:14:58,463
It was the longest
fully documented reign
349
00:14:58,698 --> 00:14:59,964
in Egyptian history,
350
00:15:00,200 --> 00:15:02,533
and he kept himself busy.
351
00:15:02,769 --> 00:15:05,570
- Ramesses II had
200 wives and concubines,
352
00:15:05,805 --> 00:15:09,073
96 sons,
60 daughters.
353
00:15:09,309 --> 00:15:11,175
How could this guy
not be in the top ten?
354
00:15:11,411 --> 00:15:12,677
♪ ♪
355
00:15:14,581 --> 00:15:15,647
- Ramesses II lived
to 93 years old.
356
00:15:17,684 --> 00:15:17,749
This is in a period
where most people die
357
00:15:18,885 --> 00:15:19,384
by the age of 40.
358
00:15:20,720 --> 00:15:22,153
It was almost impossible
to picture Egypt
359
00:15:22,389 --> 00:15:25,356
without Ramesses II
leading it.
360
00:15:25,592 --> 00:15:27,392
narrator:
In true dictator fashion,
361
00:15:27,627 --> 00:15:29,027
he commanded his people
to build
362
00:15:30,964 --> 00:15:33,264
huge statues of himself,
all for his own glory.
363
00:15:33,500 --> 00:15:35,266
- All rulers built
monuments,
364
00:15:35,502 --> 00:15:38,036
but Ramesses II
outbuilt them all.
365
00:15:38,271 --> 00:15:40,538
narrator: His greatest
of all is this,
366
00:15:40,774 --> 00:15:43,274
Abu Simbel--
a true reflection
367
00:15:43,510 --> 00:15:46,044
of Ramesses'
self-promotion.
368
00:15:46,279 --> 00:15:48,513
- Ramesses built
more temples, obelisks,
369
00:15:48,748 --> 00:15:51,582
and huge monuments
than any other pharaoh,
370
00:15:51,818 --> 00:15:55,086
and the biggest Egyptian statue
ever was of himself.
371
00:15:55,322 --> 00:15:57,922
♪ ♪
372
00:15:58,158 --> 00:16:00,258
He was a true megalomaniac.
373
00:16:00,527 --> 00:16:02,093
narrator: He was also
battle-hungry
374
00:16:02,329 --> 00:16:03,928
and wanted
to re-claim territories
375
00:16:04,164 --> 00:16:06,130
lost by past pharaohs.
376
00:16:06,366 --> 00:16:09,267
At just 22,
he embarked on and won
377
00:16:09,502 --> 00:16:11,769
numerous military campaigns.
378
00:16:12,038 --> 00:16:14,072
His arch enemy was
the Hittites,
379
00:16:14,307 --> 00:16:18,142
a people that lived in what is
now modern Turkey and Syria.
380
00:16:18,378 --> 00:16:20,645
- Ramesses' most famous fight
was the Battle of Kadesh,
381
00:16:20,880 --> 00:16:23,915
which took place
against the Hittites in 1274 BC.
382
00:16:24,150 --> 00:16:25,783
♪ ♪
383
00:16:27,887 --> 00:16:29,454
- It was the largest
chariot battle in history,
384
00:16:29,689 --> 00:16:33,257
and 6,000 thundered
across the battlefield.
385
00:16:33,493 --> 00:16:35,960
It was absolute carnage.
386
00:16:36,196 --> 00:16:37,662
narrator: It was to be
the end of a conflict
387
00:16:39,366 --> 00:16:40,064
that had lasted
for two centuries
388
00:16:42,369 --> 00:16:43,468
over control of the lands
of the eastern Mediterranean.
389
00:16:45,338 --> 00:16:46,070
The battle is believed
to have been a draw,
390
00:16:47,807 --> 00:16:48,606
but Ramesses claimed
victory.
391
00:16:50,610 --> 00:16:51,809
- He was a great propagandist
because he didn't win that war.
392
00:16:52,045 --> 00:16:53,411
He didn't win that battle.
393
00:16:55,382 --> 00:16:55,446
They didn't take
the city of Kadesh,
394
00:16:56,916 --> 00:16:56,981
but he went back to Egypt
and erected
395
00:16:58,485 --> 00:16:59,951
these huge monuments
celebrating his victory.
396
00:17:02,022 --> 00:17:02,353
narrator: The final outcome
of the Battle of Kadesh
397
00:17:04,491 --> 00:17:04,789
was the signing of the world's
first peace treaty,
398
00:17:05,759 --> 00:17:07,525
in 1258 BC.
399
00:17:07,794 --> 00:17:09,327
A copy of the treaty
now hangs
400
00:17:09,562 --> 00:17:11,596
on the wall
of the United Nations.
401
00:17:11,831 --> 00:17:13,264
♪ ♪
402
00:17:15,301 --> 00:17:15,366
Ironically, Ramesses'
greatest monument
403
00:17:16,403 --> 00:17:20,038
was a symbol of peace.
404
00:17:23,009 --> 00:17:24,776
narrator:
We're counting down
405
00:17:26,980 --> 00:17:27,045
the top 10 total dictators
of the ancient world.
406
00:17:28,915 --> 00:17:29,080
The most powerful,
the most brutal,
407
00:17:30,350 --> 00:17:30,915
and the most devastating,
408
00:17:32,919 --> 00:17:33,618
changing the course
of history forever.
409
00:17:35,822 --> 00:17:37,288
Next in our countdown is
a great military dictator.
410
00:17:37,524 --> 00:17:39,123
At number six...
411
00:17:39,359 --> 00:17:41,025
♪ ♪
412
00:17:43,296 --> 00:17:45,029
the man famous for leading
elephants across the Alps--
413
00:17:45,265 --> 00:17:46,798
Hannibal.
414
00:17:49,035 --> 00:17:49,100
- He is one of the greatest
generals of all time,
415
00:17:50,770 --> 00:17:52,136
which means he deserves
a place in our top ten list.
416
00:17:53,807 --> 00:17:53,971
narrator:
In the 3rd Century BC,
417
00:17:56,009 --> 00:17:56,074
the north African
Republic of Carthage,
418
00:17:58,278 --> 00:18:00,378
what is modern day Tunisia,
was at war with Rome.
419
00:18:00,613 --> 00:18:03,448
Hannibal's father was a general
in the Carthaginian army.
420
00:18:03,683 --> 00:18:05,883
He had fought the Romans
for 40 years,
421
00:18:06,119 --> 00:18:07,985
but eventually
suffered defeat.
422
00:18:08,221 --> 00:18:10,755
This humiliation fueled
an obsession for revenge
423
00:18:10,990 --> 00:18:12,457
in Hannibal.
424
00:18:14,494 --> 00:18:14,559
When his time
to command the army came,
425
00:18:16,563 --> 00:18:18,229
he made it his mission
to wipe out Rome for good.
426
00:18:18,465 --> 00:18:20,965
He planned
an audacious attack.
427
00:18:21,201 --> 00:18:23,601
His army included
90,000 infantry,
428
00:18:23,837 --> 00:18:27,972
12,000 cavalry,
and even 40 war elephants.
429
00:18:28,208 --> 00:18:30,975
- Hannibal was
the master of surprise.
430
00:18:31,211 --> 00:18:33,144
He built giant rafts
on the river Rhone
431
00:18:33,413 --> 00:18:35,012
to carry
his famous elephants,
432
00:18:35,248 --> 00:18:37,415
and he did
the unthinkable.
433
00:18:37,650 --> 00:18:40,351
He marched into Italy
over the Alps,
434
00:18:40,587 --> 00:18:44,188
elephants and all,
totally surprising the Romans.
435
00:18:44,424 --> 00:18:46,023
narrator: Leading his army
over the mountains
436
00:18:47,861 --> 00:18:47,925
was an astonishing
achievement,
437
00:18:49,996 --> 00:18:50,328
but it was his victories
on the battlefield,
438
00:18:52,398 --> 00:18:54,165
once in Italy, that made him
such a great commander.
439
00:18:56,269 --> 00:18:57,368
In the first two clashes
he routed the Romans.
440
00:18:57,570 --> 00:18:58,936
[men shouting]
441
00:19:00,907 --> 00:19:01,639
And he used his war elephants
to do it.
442
00:19:02,575 --> 00:19:04,375
[elephant trumpeting]
443
00:19:04,611 --> 00:19:06,444
- Two battles,
two bloodbaths.
444
00:19:06,679 --> 00:19:09,480
In each case, Rome loses
3/4 of her army.
445
00:19:09,716 --> 00:19:10,882
This has never happened
446
00:19:12,352 --> 00:19:12,650
to the world's
leading superpower.
447
00:19:14,454 --> 00:19:14,519
narrator:
Rome's response?
448
00:19:16,222 --> 00:19:16,854
It raised
its biggest army ever--
449
00:19:18,024 --> 00:19:19,690
90,000 fighting men.
450
00:19:21,761 --> 00:19:22,960
The next battle would be
a monumental clash--
451
00:19:23,196 --> 00:19:25,329
The Battle of Cannae.
452
00:19:25,565 --> 00:19:29,066
- In this battle
Hannibal lost about 4,000 men.
453
00:19:29,302 --> 00:19:33,204
The Romans,
up to 70,000.
454
00:19:33,439 --> 00:19:37,408
This was one of the bloodiest
battles in history.
455
00:19:37,644 --> 00:19:39,377
narrator: The Romans
should have crushed Hannibal,
456
00:19:39,612 --> 00:19:40,878
but he used one
of the greatest
457
00:19:42,749 --> 00:19:42,980
battlefield maneuvers
in history,
458
00:19:44,484 --> 00:19:45,149
called
the pincer movement,
459
00:19:47,320 --> 00:19:48,920
simultaneously attacking
both sides of the enemy.
460
00:19:49,155 --> 00:19:51,155
This strategy
was to define Hannibal
461
00:19:51,391 --> 00:19:54,559
as one of the greatest
tacticians of all time.
462
00:19:54,794 --> 00:19:57,261
- This was the worst defeat
the Romans had ever had.
463
00:19:57,497 --> 00:20:00,031
We've got to look forward
2,000 years later
464
00:20:00,266 --> 00:20:01,432
to the battlefields
of World War I
465
00:20:02,802 --> 00:20:03,334
to even see
that level of carnage,
466
00:20:04,704 --> 00:20:05,770
and remember,
this wasn't guns,
467
00:20:06,005 --> 00:20:07,505
this was slashing,
stabbing,
468
00:20:07,740 --> 00:20:10,608
bloody hand-to-hand combat.
469
00:20:10,843 --> 00:20:12,777
narrator: Hannibal went on
to occupy much of Italy
470
00:20:13,012 --> 00:20:14,445
for 15 years,
471
00:20:16,516 --> 00:20:16,714
but failed to take
the biggest prize of all,
472
00:20:17,817 --> 00:20:18,549
the city of Rome.
473
00:20:20,620 --> 00:20:22,853
He had won the battles,
but ultimately lost the war.
474
00:20:23,089 --> 00:20:26,724
- In the end, like Cleopatra,
Hannibal poisoned himself
475
00:20:26,960 --> 00:20:28,426
rather than face
Roman capture.
476
00:20:28,661 --> 00:20:30,761
He had no intention
of giving the Romans
477
00:20:30,997 --> 00:20:32,730
one inch of satisfaction.
478
00:20:34,867 --> 00:20:34,932
narrator: Hannibal's victory
at Cannae had
479
00:20:36,169 --> 00:20:36,234
far-reaching effects.
480
00:20:38,204 --> 00:20:39,604
Rome lost its status
as a fighting power.
481
00:20:41,674 --> 00:20:41,939
But ultimately it led
to the Roman military
482
00:20:44,010 --> 00:20:45,042
being transformed
into a professional force.
483
00:20:47,146 --> 00:20:47,311
And they even adopted
Hannibal's strategies
484
00:20:48,181 --> 00:20:48,980
for their own.
485
00:20:50,717 --> 00:20:51,315
- Hannibal defeated the Romans
in their own backyard.
486
00:20:53,219 --> 00:20:54,218
His tactics were so good that
they're still being studied
487
00:20:55,688 --> 00:20:56,988
in military academies
around the world.
488
00:20:58,825 --> 00:20:59,890
I can't think of a better
endorsement for a combat leader.
489
00:21:01,894 --> 00:21:01,959
narrator:
Hannibal was one of Rome's
490
00:21:03,997 --> 00:21:04,061
most feared adversaries,
but he wasn't
491
00:21:06,132 --> 00:21:06,264
the only tormentor
to threaten its authority.
492
00:21:07,867 --> 00:21:08,833
Our next total dictator
had such power
493
00:21:10,737 --> 00:21:10,801
that he had the fate
of the Empire
494
00:21:12,605 --> 00:21:12,670
resting entirely
in his hands.
495
00:21:14,007 --> 00:21:14,805
Riding in at number five...
496
00:21:15,041 --> 00:21:18,009
♪ ♪
497
00:21:18,244 --> 00:21:19,977
Attila the Hun.
498
00:21:22,348 --> 00:21:24,115
Just the mention of his name
strikes terror into the soul.
499
00:21:24,350 --> 00:21:27,285
This barbaric dictator
murdered his brother
500
00:21:27,520 --> 00:21:31,088
so that at only 28 he became
the leader of the Huns,
501
00:21:31,324 --> 00:21:33,457
a nomadic tribe
in Fifth Century AD,
502
00:21:33,693 --> 00:21:35,126
Eastern Europe.
503
00:21:35,361 --> 00:21:37,295
- There are few
historical figures
504
00:21:37,530 --> 00:21:40,631
who inspire the terror
of Attila the Hun.
505
00:21:40,867 --> 00:21:42,500
Armies fled in his wake.
506
00:21:42,735 --> 00:21:45,169
Rivers ran with blood.
507
00:21:45,405 --> 00:21:46,637
narrator:
Attila expanded his rule
508
00:21:48,408 --> 00:21:49,307
by attacking
the Roman Empire.
509
00:21:50,910 --> 00:21:51,709
He did it by rampaging
through cities,
510
00:21:53,613 --> 00:21:55,479
torturing entire towns,
raping and killing.
511
00:21:55,715 --> 00:21:57,181
He was so ruthless,
it's said
512
00:21:59,085 --> 00:21:59,150
that if you were
a citizen in Rome
513
00:22:01,287 --> 00:22:02,353
and begged for mercy,
he would still kill you.
514
00:22:02,588 --> 00:22:04,622
- It cemented
his reputation
515
00:22:04,857 --> 00:22:07,458
as one of the world's
most brutal dictators.
516
00:22:07,694 --> 00:22:08,859
narrator:
Attila had the advantage
517
00:22:10,630 --> 00:22:10,695
of commanding an army
that was vast,
518
00:22:12,598 --> 00:22:13,898
bolstered by warriors
from different tribes.
519
00:22:15,435 --> 00:22:16,534
- He was able to unite
the Germanic tribes
520
00:22:16,769 --> 00:22:18,502
against the Roman Empire.
521
00:22:18,738 --> 00:22:21,205
He was a just
and fair ruler,
522
00:22:21,441 --> 00:22:23,507
unless you were Roman.
523
00:22:23,743 --> 00:22:26,177
narrator: The Huns were
expert riders and under Attila,
524
00:22:26,412 --> 00:22:28,412
they became famous
for their rapid movement,
525
00:22:28,648 --> 00:22:30,414
catching the enemy
off guard.
526
00:22:32,719 --> 00:22:34,385
They would swoop in, then
disappear just as suddenly.
527
00:22:36,656 --> 00:22:38,222
- The key to Attila the Hun's
success was the composite bow.
528
00:22:38,458 --> 00:22:40,057
Compact, powerful,
529
00:22:40,293 --> 00:22:41,926
and you can use it
from horseback.
530
00:22:42,161 --> 00:22:45,763
Mobile firepower.
Deadly.
531
00:22:45,998 --> 00:22:48,566
- In less than ten years,
from virtually nothing,
532
00:22:48,835 --> 00:22:50,334
Attila the Hun
built an empire
533
00:22:50,570 --> 00:22:52,737
that stretched
all the way from central Asia
534
00:22:52,972 --> 00:22:54,872
to modern day France.
535
00:22:55,108 --> 00:22:58,376
Attila's reputation struck
such fear into his enemies,
536
00:22:58,611 --> 00:23:00,678
he wasn't just
the scourge of Rome.
537
00:23:00,913 --> 00:23:03,881
They called him
the Scourge of God.
538
00:23:04,117 --> 00:23:05,783
narrator: After causing
wide-scale destruction
539
00:23:06,018 --> 00:23:09,286
across Italy,
he set his eyes on Rome itself,
540
00:23:09,522 --> 00:23:13,257
but was prevented by the most
unlikely of sources.
541
00:23:13,493 --> 00:23:16,460
- He could have actually
gone on to destroy Rome,
542
00:23:16,696 --> 00:23:18,629
but he stopped,
not because he didn't have
543
00:23:18,865 --> 00:23:21,632
the military means,
but apparently
544
00:23:21,868 --> 00:23:23,567
because the pope
came to see him,
545
00:23:23,803 --> 00:23:25,703
unarmed and in person,
546
00:23:25,938 --> 00:23:29,073
and somehow
convinced him not to.
547
00:23:29,308 --> 00:23:31,075
narrator: Soon after that,
Attila died
548
00:23:31,310 --> 00:23:33,911
in rather
undignified circumstances
549
00:23:34,147 --> 00:23:37,715
on his wedding night,
after heavy drinking.
550
00:23:37,950 --> 00:23:41,452
- When Attila the Hun died,
his entire army was devastated,
551
00:23:41,687 --> 00:23:44,555
and his elite horsemen
smeared their faces with blood
552
00:23:44,791 --> 00:23:47,258
and rode around
in a circle slowly
553
00:23:47,493 --> 00:23:49,493
around the tent
where his body lay.
554
00:23:49,729 --> 00:23:52,129
It would have been
a powerful, emotional sight.
555
00:23:52,365 --> 00:23:54,265
♪ ♪
556
00:23:56,736 --> 00:23:56,801
narrator: It's argued that
the impact of Attila's reign
557
00:23:58,905 --> 00:23:58,969
was so great,
he was ultimately responsible
558
00:24:00,907 --> 00:24:00,971
for the collapse
of the Roman Empire
559
00:24:02,008 --> 00:24:02,072
in the West.
560
00:24:03,843 --> 00:24:03,908
Today he is
still remembered
561
00:24:05,711 --> 00:24:07,478
as a vicious,
unstoppable force.
562
00:24:07,580 --> 00:24:09,547
♪ ♪
563
00:24:12,618 --> 00:24:14,718
narrator: This is
the "Ancient Top 10" list
564
00:24:14,954 --> 00:24:16,387
of total dictators,
565
00:24:18,458 --> 00:24:18,956
ranked according
to their impact on history.
566
00:24:19,792 --> 00:24:20,524
At number ten,
567
00:24:22,528 --> 00:24:23,794
we saw the crazy
Roman emperor, Caligula.
568
00:24:25,465 --> 00:24:28,332
Number nine,
madder still was Nero.
569
00:24:28,568 --> 00:24:31,168
Number eight was
manipulative Cleopatra.
570
00:24:31,404 --> 00:24:33,737
At number seven,
the greatest pharaoh,
571
00:24:33,973 --> 00:24:35,673
Ramesses II.
572
00:24:37,777 --> 00:24:38,909
At number six was
the mighty general Hannibal,
573
00:24:40,947 --> 00:24:43,414
and at number five,
the terrifying Attila the Hun.
574
00:24:43,649 --> 00:24:44,915
Next in our countdown,
575
00:24:46,819 --> 00:24:46,884
the most famous Roman
of them all.
576
00:24:48,554 --> 00:24:50,988
At number four,
all hail Julius Caesar.
577
00:24:51,224 --> 00:24:53,190
♪ ♪
578
00:24:53,426 --> 00:24:55,693
General,
brilliant politician.
579
00:24:55,928 --> 00:24:58,329
Born in 100 BC,
Caesar created
580
00:24:58,564 --> 00:25:00,231
a new chapter
in Roman history.
581
00:25:00,466 --> 00:25:02,399
He made his name
conquering Gaul,
582
00:25:02,635 --> 00:25:04,068
what is now France,
583
00:25:06,072 --> 00:25:06,403
in the first of many
brilliant campaigns
584
00:25:08,274 --> 00:25:08,339
that would give him
a reputation
585
00:25:10,276 --> 00:25:10,341
as one of Rome's
all-time great leaders.
586
00:25:11,110 --> 00:25:12,009
[men shouting]
587
00:25:13,613 --> 00:25:15,179
But this infamy
came at a bloody cost.
588
00:25:15,414 --> 00:25:18,782
- Caesar himself claimed
that he killed a million Gauls
589
00:25:19,018 --> 00:25:20,751
and enslaved
another million.
590
00:25:20,987 --> 00:25:22,086
♪ ♪
591
00:25:23,756 --> 00:25:24,021
- Caesar nearly doubled
the size
592
00:25:25,691 --> 00:25:26,790
of the Roman empire,
and under him,
593
00:25:28,361 --> 00:25:29,393
the focus was pushing
into northern Europe,
594
00:25:31,063 --> 00:25:32,630
away from the heartland
of the Mediterranean world.
595
00:25:32,899 --> 00:25:34,231
narrator:
His enemies feared him,
596
00:25:34,467 --> 00:25:36,534
but to his men
he was a hero.
597
00:25:36,769 --> 00:25:39,303
He was never known
to have lost a battle.
598
00:25:39,505 --> 00:25:41,639
- Julius Caesar has
three qualities that makes him
599
00:25:41,874 --> 00:25:43,440
absolutely unstoppable.
600
00:25:43,676 --> 00:25:44,875
One, he fights
on the frontline
601
00:25:46,312 --> 00:25:46,777
with his soldiers
so they respect him.
602
00:25:48,047 --> 00:25:48,946
Two, he never gives up,
and three,
603
00:25:50,483 --> 00:25:51,115
he has the most capable armies
in the world
604
00:25:53,119 --> 00:25:54,318
and he knows
exactly how to exploit them.
605
00:25:56,188 --> 00:25:57,388
- He's bold and audacious
and thinking the unthinkable.
606
00:25:57,623 --> 00:25:59,123
[men shouting]
607
00:26:01,160 --> 00:26:01,458
narrator: But Caesar had
political enemies.
608
00:26:03,829 --> 00:26:04,728
The Roman Senate ordered him
to step down from his command
609
00:26:05,865 --> 00:26:06,463
and return to Rome.
610
00:26:08,234 --> 00:26:08,666
They were afraid
of his power.
611
00:26:10,369 --> 00:26:11,502
He went,
but took his army.
612
00:26:13,372 --> 00:26:13,437
- And when he marched
into Rome,
613
00:26:14,373 --> 00:26:14,738
people flocked to him.
614
00:26:16,075 --> 00:26:17,474
They treated him
like a returning god.
615
00:26:19,745 --> 00:26:19,810
narrator: With the support
of the people behind him,
616
00:26:21,547 --> 00:26:21,779
he took over leadership
of the city.
617
00:26:23,549 --> 00:26:24,081
He was made
dictator for life,
618
00:26:25,318 --> 00:26:25,583
giving him extra powers,
619
00:26:27,420 --> 00:26:28,118
which he used to rule
like a king.
620
00:26:30,089 --> 00:26:30,521
- He didn't get to his position
by being born into it
621
00:26:31,857 --> 00:26:32,690
like many other leaders
on the list.
622
00:26:34,026 --> 00:26:35,326
He won it,
through determination,
623
00:26:35,561 --> 00:26:37,928
through his dynamic
personality.
624
00:26:38,164 --> 00:26:40,164
narrator: His impact
on Rome was immense.
625
00:26:40,399 --> 00:26:42,967
He built magnificent
new buildings and temples.
626
00:26:43,202 --> 00:26:46,036
He taxed the rich
and helped the poor.
627
00:26:46,272 --> 00:26:50,507
He was responsible for the rise
of the Roman Empire.
628
00:26:50,743 --> 00:26:52,643
- Julius Caesar had become
the new state.
629
00:26:52,878 --> 00:26:54,945
The Roman Republic
was no more.
630
00:26:55,181 --> 00:26:59,116
It had been replaced
by one total dictator.
631
00:26:59,352 --> 00:27:01,018
narrator: At the height
of its empire,
632
00:27:03,089 --> 00:27:03,654
Rome is thought to have been
the largest city on the planet,
633
00:27:05,524 --> 00:27:06,690
with a population
of more than a million.
634
00:27:08,861 --> 00:27:09,960
But Caesar's endless ambition
created enemies.
635
00:27:11,731 --> 00:27:12,896
He was eventually killed
by his own men
636
00:27:14,433 --> 00:27:15,199
on the floor
of the Senate.
637
00:27:16,969 --> 00:27:17,368
The legacy
of his dictatorship?
638
00:27:19,405 --> 00:27:20,871
Roman culture spreading
further than ever before.
639
00:27:22,708 --> 00:27:23,707
We still live
by some of Caesar's principles.
640
00:27:25,978 --> 00:27:27,978
The 365-day calendar and
many of Europe's laws today
641
00:27:30,149 --> 00:27:31,348
are based on those introduced
by Caesar himself.
642
00:27:31,584 --> 00:27:33,684
- The thing about Caesar
is that he had
643
00:27:33,919 --> 00:27:38,389
the greatest historical impact
of any Roman leader ever.
644
00:27:38,624 --> 00:27:39,890
♪ ♪
645
00:27:41,827 --> 00:27:41,892
narrator:
While Julius Caesar fought
646
00:27:43,429 --> 00:27:43,494
for domination
of Europe,
647
00:27:45,297 --> 00:27:45,362
on the other side
of the world
648
00:27:47,433 --> 00:27:47,498
an even greater evolution
had taken place.
649
00:27:49,468 --> 00:27:51,335
It created the world's
most enduring empire,
650
00:27:53,372 --> 00:27:54,204
and it's all thanks
to our number three.
651
00:27:54,440 --> 00:27:57,374
♪ ♪
652
00:27:57,610 --> 00:27:59,543
The emperor Qin of China.
653
00:28:01,681 --> 00:28:02,279
He created one of the seven
wonders of the world
654
00:28:04,083 --> 00:28:04,415
and an army
of clay soldiers.
655
00:28:05,651 --> 00:28:06,183
He was the first emperor
656
00:28:08,320 --> 00:28:09,186
of one of the oldest
civilizations in the world.
657
00:28:10,322 --> 00:28:12,423
- China. 200 BC.
The Emperor Qin.
658
00:28:12,658 --> 00:28:13,957
♪ ♪
659
00:28:15,828 --> 00:28:16,560
Before this time,
all was disunification,
660
00:28:17,863 --> 00:28:17,928
warring states everywhere.
661
00:28:18,698 --> 00:28:19,263
[men shouting]
662
00:28:21,067 --> 00:28:21,131
- And in just nine
short years,
663
00:28:22,668 --> 00:28:23,534
Emperor Qin takes over
one million square miles
664
00:28:25,037 --> 00:28:26,303
and becomes emperor
to 27 million people.
665
00:28:26,539 --> 00:28:28,572
♪ ♪
666
00:28:28,808 --> 00:28:32,076
The scale of this
is unbelievable.
667
00:28:32,311 --> 00:28:33,944
narrator:
In the third century BC,
668
00:28:34,180 --> 00:28:36,714
no man on earth
could rival Qin.
669
00:28:36,949 --> 00:28:39,483
He came to power
at the age of 39,
670
00:28:39,719 --> 00:28:41,719
and did more
than any other ancient dictator
671
00:28:41,954 --> 00:28:43,087
to build a legacy.
672
00:28:44,790 --> 00:28:45,122
He carried out
a series of reforms
673
00:28:47,460 --> 00:28:49,560
that would unify the country
and build a lasting empire.
674
00:28:49,795 --> 00:28:51,662
- Emperor Qin created
a dynasty,
675
00:28:51,897 --> 00:28:54,498
created a system
of standardized measures,
676
00:28:54,734 --> 00:28:58,068
scripts, language, roads.
677
00:28:58,304 --> 00:28:59,636
narrator:
And he began the building
678
00:28:59,872 --> 00:29:01,638
of the Great Wall of China,
679
00:29:03,576 --> 00:29:03,974
the most ambitious
engineering project
680
00:29:04,877 --> 00:29:06,577
in all history.
681
00:29:08,514 --> 00:29:08,645
But in order to build
and keep control
682
00:29:10,983 --> 00:29:13,117
of his incredible empire,
Qin was a merciless dictator.
683
00:29:13,352 --> 00:29:16,653
Enemies were hunted down
and enslaved.
684
00:29:16,889 --> 00:29:19,123
- The emperor Qin created
a police state
685
00:29:19,358 --> 00:29:20,824
in ancient China.
686
00:29:22,928 --> 00:29:23,761
He persecuted Confucians,
he enslaved people,
687
00:29:24,830 --> 00:29:25,763
he castrated prisoners,
688
00:29:27,233 --> 00:29:28,332
he basically allowed
no private citizens
689
00:29:28,567 --> 00:29:29,700
to have
their own weapons.
690
00:29:31,170 --> 00:29:32,536
This was ultimate
dictatorial control.
691
00:29:34,840 --> 00:29:35,305
narrator: He even had a plan
to rule in the afterlife.
692
00:29:37,109 --> 00:29:37,307
It gave us one
of the most extraordinary
693
00:29:39,111 --> 00:29:39,877
archaeological finds
of all time,
694
00:29:41,914 --> 00:29:42,479
and it's coming up
on "Ancient Top 10."
695
00:29:43,415 --> 00:29:45,949
♪ ♪
696
00:29:49,488 --> 00:29:50,721
narrator: This is
"Ancient Top 10's" list
697
00:29:50,956 --> 00:29:52,389
of total dictators,
698
00:29:54,460 --> 00:29:55,125
ranked according
to their impact on history.
699
00:29:56,829 --> 00:29:58,195
Brutal, cruel,
power-hungry rulers
700
00:30:00,166 --> 00:30:01,365
who would stop at nothing
to grow their empires.
701
00:30:02,802 --> 00:30:03,066
At number three
on our list...
702
00:30:04,003 --> 00:30:06,303
♪ ♪
703
00:30:06,539 --> 00:30:10,040
The Emperor Qin,
the first emperor of China.
704
00:30:10,276 --> 00:30:13,076
- Emperor Qin was obsessed
with immortality.
705
00:30:13,312 --> 00:30:16,747
He had his alchemists
working on an elixir of life.
706
00:30:16,982 --> 00:30:19,750
Now some of these elixirs
contained mercury,
707
00:30:19,985 --> 00:30:23,253
which ironically,
rather than extend his life,
708
00:30:23,489 --> 00:30:25,422
probably did
the exact opposite
709
00:30:25,658 --> 00:30:26,957
and hastened his death.
710
00:30:28,828 --> 00:30:29,560
narrator: Even so,
death posed no obstacle
711
00:30:31,397 --> 00:30:31,628
and he wanted to do
whatever was necessary
712
00:30:33,699 --> 00:30:34,731
to rule in the afterlife
as well as this one.
713
00:30:36,235 --> 00:30:37,634
- Qin had over 700,000 workers
build his tomb,
714
00:30:39,338 --> 00:30:40,337
and the construction took place
over his entire life.
715
00:30:40,573 --> 00:30:42,306
♪ ♪
716
00:30:44,376 --> 00:30:45,809
- After his death, Qin's entire
court was buried with him.
717
00:30:47,713 --> 00:30:51,348
Hundreds of slaves, servants,
concubines, wives, musicians,
718
00:30:51,584 --> 00:30:53,283
even his favorite
horse and chariot,
719
00:30:53,519 --> 00:30:54,651
buried alive.
720
00:30:54,887 --> 00:30:56,787
♪ ♪
721
00:30:57,022 --> 00:30:58,589
narrator: Qin believed
that he would also need
722
00:31:00,326 --> 00:31:00,457
protection
in the afterlife,
723
00:31:02,361 --> 00:31:04,328
so he built forces in his tomb
to guard him.
724
00:31:04,563 --> 00:31:06,997
- The one problem with being
a violent tyrant
725
00:31:07,233 --> 00:31:09,366
who comes to power
by slaying everybody
726
00:31:09,602 --> 00:31:13,270
who stands in your way is
you make a few enemies.
727
00:31:13,505 --> 00:31:15,439
When you're alive,
it's not a problem.
728
00:31:15,674 --> 00:31:16,640
You've got bodyguards,
729
00:31:17,843 --> 00:31:18,308
you can keep 'em
out of the way.
730
00:31:19,278 --> 00:31:19,810
But when you're dead,
731
00:31:21,280 --> 00:31:21,812
they're waiting for you
in the afterlife,
732
00:31:23,115 --> 00:31:24,448
and they carry
a serious grudge.
733
00:31:24,683 --> 00:31:25,949
♪ ♪
734
00:31:27,786 --> 00:31:27,851
narrator: Qin would create
an entire army
735
00:31:29,722 --> 00:31:29,786
to look after him
when he died,
736
00:31:31,323 --> 00:31:31,388
to be buried
alongside him.
737
00:31:32,358 --> 00:31:32,623
♪ ♪
738
00:31:34,260 --> 00:31:34,725
- This is where we find
the famous Terracotta Army.
739
00:31:35,694 --> 00:31:36,193
♪ ♪
740
00:31:37,963 --> 00:31:38,161
8,000 soldiers,
horses, and chariots,
741
00:31:40,266 --> 00:31:40,697
all designed to protect him
in the afterlife.
742
00:31:41,634 --> 00:31:42,165
♪ ♪
743
00:31:43,636 --> 00:31:44,701
- Emperor Qin's tomb
was also protected
744
00:31:46,205 --> 00:31:48,238
by booby traps
and a great mercury lake.
745
00:31:48,474 --> 00:31:50,841
Even today archaeologists
have yet to uncover
746
00:31:51,076 --> 00:31:52,743
the full mysteries
of the tomb.
747
00:31:52,978 --> 00:31:54,411
♪ ♪
748
00:31:54,647 --> 00:31:55,879
- Emperor Qin.
749
00:31:56,115 --> 00:31:57,748
He built the Great Wall,
750
00:31:57,983 --> 00:32:00,350
he left us
the Terracotta Army,
751
00:32:00,586 --> 00:32:03,687
and he gave his name
to China.
752
00:32:03,923 --> 00:32:07,424
This guy left
a serious legacy.
753
00:32:07,660 --> 00:32:09,993
narrator: Qin united a country
to create his empire,
754
00:32:10,229 --> 00:32:12,095
but our next total dictator
was intent
755
00:32:12,298 --> 00:32:14,765
on dividing and conquering
to build his,
756
00:32:15,034 --> 00:32:16,767
reaching
across several continents,
757
00:32:17,002 --> 00:32:18,702
just missing out
on the top spot...
758
00:32:18,938 --> 00:32:21,271
♪ ♪
759
00:32:21,507 --> 00:32:24,274
At number two,
Alexander the Great,
760
00:32:24,510 --> 00:32:27,244
military commander
and king of ancient Greece--
761
00:32:27,479 --> 00:32:29,579
a man whose very name
is a tribute
762
00:32:29,815 --> 00:32:31,915
to the vast territory
he conquered.
763
00:32:32,151 --> 00:32:36,019
The story of Alexander is
a mix of myth and fact.
764
00:32:36,255 --> 00:32:38,855
He was a pupil of Aristotle,
the great philosopher,
765
00:32:39,091 --> 00:32:41,558
and then became ruler
of the Macedonian Empire
766
00:32:41,794 --> 00:32:43,393
in the fourth century BC.
767
00:32:45,631 --> 00:32:46,730
Some saw him as a tyrant,
an alcoholic and a thief,
768
00:32:48,701 --> 00:32:49,967
whilst others painted him
as a saint and a hero.
769
00:32:51,603 --> 00:32:52,469
- Alexander was
certainly charismatic.
770
00:32:53,605 --> 00:32:53,904
The son of a king,
771
00:32:55,274 --> 00:32:56,106
he even washed
his hair in saffron
772
00:32:56,375 --> 00:32:57,607
to make it shiny.
773
00:32:57,843 --> 00:33:00,477
Today he would be
a movie star.
774
00:33:00,713 --> 00:33:02,079
♪ ♪
775
00:33:04,049 --> 00:33:04,114
It's easy
to romanticize him though.
776
00:33:05,684 --> 00:33:06,817
Don't forget, he was
a cold-blooded killer.
777
00:33:07,052 --> 00:33:08,618
♪ ♪
778
00:33:10,789 --> 00:33:11,421
- Alexander became
very successful very quickly.
779
00:33:12,558 --> 00:33:12,923
When he was just 16,
780
00:33:14,860 --> 00:33:14,925
he was left in charge
of Macedonia,
781
00:33:16,495 --> 00:33:18,028
and by the age of 19
he'd been declared king.
782
00:33:18,230 --> 00:33:20,497
[men shouting]
783
00:33:20,733 --> 00:33:22,132
- A couple years after that
he had vanquished
784
00:33:23,936 --> 00:33:24,001
the Greeks' greatest enemy,
Persia,
785
00:33:25,804 --> 00:33:27,637
from within which he ruled
over 2 million square miles.
786
00:33:27,873 --> 00:33:30,607
There had never been
an empire that big before.
787
00:33:30,843 --> 00:33:32,909
narrator: Alexander was
a brilliant commander
788
00:33:33,145 --> 00:33:35,012
and expert tactician.
789
00:33:37,249 --> 00:33:37,314
- Throughout history,
military leaders have looked
790
00:33:39,084 --> 00:33:39,483
to Alexander the Great
for inspiration.
791
00:33:41,186 --> 00:33:41,485
Bold maneuvers,
surprise attacks,
792
00:33:42,921 --> 00:33:43,253
being at the right place
at the right time
793
00:33:44,523 --> 00:33:45,188
to deliver
the perfect killing blow
794
00:33:46,392 --> 00:33:47,090
exactly when
it was needed.
795
00:33:48,394 --> 00:33:48,692
This guy is
as good as it gets.
796
00:33:49,661 --> 00:33:50,427
♪ ♪
797
00:33:52,564 --> 00:33:52,629
- Alexander the Great
was a brilliant general,
798
00:33:54,333 --> 00:33:57,267
but he suffered from these bouts
of rage and paranoia.
799
00:33:57,503 --> 00:33:59,036
He's really
the incarnation
800
00:34:00,773 --> 00:34:01,638
of what it is to be
a megalomaniac.
801
00:34:03,108 --> 00:34:05,375
He is brilliant,
but he also had his demons.
802
00:34:05,611 --> 00:34:06,843
narrator: As many
of the other dictators
803
00:34:08,514 --> 00:34:09,713
on our list have shown,
sometimes power
804
00:34:11,450 --> 00:34:12,382
can bring about
debauched behavior.
805
00:34:14,186 --> 00:34:15,152
- Alexander the Great had
quite the complicated love life.
806
00:34:16,522 --> 00:34:17,687
He had three wives,
one mistress,
807
00:34:17,956 --> 00:34:19,289
a lifelong male lover,
808
00:34:19,525 --> 00:34:21,458
and a sexual relationship
with a eunuch,
809
00:34:21,693 --> 00:34:23,894
and who knows
how many others on the side.
810
00:34:24,129 --> 00:34:25,495
- And like most soldiers,
811
00:34:27,132 --> 00:34:28,031
Alexander the Great
was kind of a party animal.
812
00:34:29,134 --> 00:34:29,699
His drinking was
legendary.
813
00:34:30,936 --> 00:34:31,334
Once, when drunk,
he killed
814
00:34:32,704 --> 00:34:32,969
one of his best friends
with a spear,
815
00:34:34,540 --> 00:34:35,338
and another time,
after a drinking contest,
816
00:34:36,642 --> 00:34:37,240
42 of his buddies
lay around him
817
00:34:38,310 --> 00:34:38,708
dead with alcohol poisoning.
818
00:34:39,645 --> 00:34:40,277
This guy was a pro.
819
00:34:40,479 --> 00:34:42,879
[men shouting]
820
00:34:43,115 --> 00:34:44,714
narrator:
After 15 years of battling
821
00:34:46,552 --> 00:34:46,850
across half
of the known world,
822
00:34:48,954 --> 00:34:52,589
Alexander died at just 32,
possibly of malaria.
823
00:34:52,825 --> 00:34:54,391
- In all his years
of conquests,
824
00:34:56,595 --> 00:34:57,561
Alexander the Great
never lost a single campaign.
825
00:34:59,298 --> 00:35:00,497
He's definitely one
of the greatest military minds
826
00:35:00,732 --> 00:35:01,832
that ever lived.
827
00:35:02,067 --> 00:35:03,700
[men shouting]
828
00:35:05,637 --> 00:35:06,903
- Alexander's drive
for immortality was responsible
829
00:35:08,474 --> 00:35:10,006
for the deaths
of 1/4 million people.
830
00:35:10,242 --> 00:35:12,909
That's more than anyone
up until that time.
831
00:35:13,145 --> 00:35:16,213
He was a great general,
but he was brutal--
832
00:35:16,448 --> 00:35:19,783
really, really brutal.
833
00:35:20,018 --> 00:35:21,251
♪ ♪
834
00:35:21,487 --> 00:35:22,853
- Love him or hate him,
835
00:35:23,088 --> 00:35:25,589
Alexander was
one exceptional guy.
836
00:35:25,824 --> 00:35:28,191
narrator: Alexander fought
for honor and glory,
837
00:35:28,427 --> 00:35:30,894
and a result was
the spread of Greek culture
838
00:35:31,130 --> 00:35:32,796
across several continents.
839
00:35:35,033 --> 00:35:39,236
He will always be remembered
as an all-conquering dictator.
840
00:35:41,240 --> 00:35:42,806
♪ ♪
841
00:35:44,743 --> 00:35:44,808
narrator: This is
"Ancient Top 10's" list
842
00:35:45,944 --> 00:35:46,209
of total dictators,
843
00:35:47,946 --> 00:35:48,879
violent rulers
of the ancient world,
844
00:35:50,716 --> 00:35:51,248
ranked according
to the impact they had.
845
00:35:52,217 --> 00:35:52,749
♪ ♪
846
00:35:54,586 --> 00:35:55,819
At number ten was
power-crazed Caligula.
847
00:35:56,054 --> 00:35:57,521
♪ ♪
848
00:35:59,291 --> 00:36:00,257
Number nine,
the demented Nero.
849
00:36:00,492 --> 00:36:02,526
♪ ♪
850
00:36:02,761 --> 00:36:06,196
Number eight, the last
Queen of Egypt, Cleopatra.
851
00:36:06,431 --> 00:36:07,197
♪ ♪
852
00:36:08,300 --> 00:36:08,598
And number seven,
853
00:36:10,435 --> 00:36:10,667
the mighty pharaoh,
Ramesses II.
854
00:36:11,603 --> 00:36:12,202
♪ ♪
855
00:36:13,805 --> 00:36:16,039
Number six was
the brilliant general Hannibal.
856
00:36:16,275 --> 00:36:20,177
And number five,
brutal Attila the Hun.
857
00:36:20,412 --> 00:36:22,913
At four,
Rome's ultimate dictator,
858
00:36:23,148 --> 00:36:24,748
Julius Caesar,
859
00:36:24,983 --> 00:36:26,416
and at number three,
860
00:36:28,520 --> 00:36:30,187
the first emperor of China,
the emperor Qin.
861
00:36:30,422 --> 00:36:32,923
Just missing the top spot
at number two,
862
00:36:33,158 --> 00:36:35,225
the immense
Alexander the Great.
863
00:36:35,460 --> 00:36:36,526
♪ ♪
864
00:36:38,130 --> 00:36:38,461
But who do our experts
consider
865
00:36:40,365 --> 00:36:42,065
to be the number-one
ancient total dictator?
866
00:36:42,301 --> 00:36:43,266
Was he Roman?
867
00:36:43,502 --> 00:36:44,734
Chinese?
868
00:36:44,970 --> 00:36:46,469
Egyptian?
869
00:36:48,640 --> 00:36:49,639
No. Springing upon the world
in a blaze of glory,
870
00:36:51,510 --> 00:36:52,909
this evil warlord
was a Mongolian warrior
871
00:36:55,013 --> 00:36:56,446
who would turn most of Asia
into a bloodbath.
872
00:36:56,715 --> 00:36:57,480
At Number one...
873
00:36:57,716 --> 00:37:00,483
♪ ♪
874
00:37:00,752 --> 00:37:02,552
Genghis Khan.
875
00:37:02,788 --> 00:37:05,088
He left terror and destruction
in his wake,
876
00:37:05,324 --> 00:37:07,757
annihilated
tens of millions of people,
877
00:37:07,993 --> 00:37:11,094
and created the biggest empire
in antiquity.
878
00:37:11,330 --> 00:37:15,298
He was the greatest dictator
the world has ever seen.
879
00:37:15,534 --> 00:37:16,733
- Genghis Khan was
a great ruler,
880
00:37:16,969 --> 00:37:18,134
a military genius,
881
00:37:19,638 --> 00:37:21,304
and truth be told,
a bloodthirsty tyrant.
882
00:37:23,175 --> 00:37:24,007
narrator: Mongolia
in the 12th century AD,
883
00:37:26,011 --> 00:37:28,178
a land of feuding tribes,
raiding and marauding.
884
00:37:28,413 --> 00:37:30,280
- Genghis Khan's father
was murdered.
885
00:37:30,515 --> 00:37:31,815
He rose from poverty,
886
00:37:32,050 --> 00:37:34,317
he escaped
from slavery and exile,
887
00:37:34,553 --> 00:37:36,820
and he then rose to the top
and united
888
00:37:37,055 --> 00:37:39,356
the warring Mongol tribes
underneath him.
889
00:37:39,591 --> 00:37:42,592
It's the ultimate example
of coming from nothing
890
00:37:42,828 --> 00:37:46,529
and then staying at the top
against all odds.
891
00:37:46,798 --> 00:37:48,465
narrator:
By 1206 AD,
892
00:37:48,700 --> 00:37:50,300
Khan had turned
the individual tribes
893
00:37:52,371 --> 00:37:53,270
into one single political
and military force
894
00:37:54,439 --> 00:37:55,538
known as the Mongols.
895
00:37:57,776 --> 00:37:59,342
He then led them into war
against their arch-enemy.
896
00:38:01,246 --> 00:38:02,879
With 90,000 men,
Khan invaded China.
897
00:38:03,115 --> 00:38:04,981
It had the largest army
in the world--
898
00:38:05,217 --> 00:38:07,984
over a million men--
and he destroyed them.
899
00:38:08,220 --> 00:38:09,552
- [groans]
900
00:38:11,423 --> 00:38:11,488
narrator:
When the Mongols took Zhongdu,
901
00:38:12,691 --> 00:38:12,889
the capital of China,
902
00:38:14,593 --> 00:38:16,026
they massacred
over 100,000 people.
903
00:38:18,330 --> 00:38:20,163
It's said that the earth
was greasy with human fat.
904
00:38:20,399 --> 00:38:23,066
But he didn't destroy
everything.
905
00:38:23,302 --> 00:38:25,201
- Genghis Khan was
incredibly violent,
906
00:38:25,437 --> 00:38:28,171
but he was smart, so you know,
he went through China,
907
00:38:28,407 --> 00:38:30,874
but he took from China
paper and printing,
908
00:38:31,109 --> 00:38:32,876
guns, gunpowder,
909
00:38:33,111 --> 00:38:34,477
and brought them with him
to the rest of the world
910
00:38:34,713 --> 00:38:36,079
and used them well.
911
00:38:37,916 --> 00:38:37,981
narrator:
Then he turned West
912
00:38:40,052 --> 00:38:42,419
and wiped out around 3/4
of what is now Iran.
913
00:38:42,654 --> 00:38:46,222
- In 25 years, Genghis Khan
and his Mongol hordes
914
00:38:46,458 --> 00:38:47,891
managed to conquer
an area
915
00:38:49,628 --> 00:38:53,029
bigger than the Romans
managed to in four centuries.
916
00:38:53,265 --> 00:38:54,898
narrator: It was
the largest land empire
917
00:38:55,133 --> 00:38:56,700
in the ancient world.
918
00:38:58,904 --> 00:39:00,236
It went on to cover
over 12 million square miles,
919
00:39:02,307 --> 00:39:03,907
more than three times
the size of the United States.
920
00:39:05,711 --> 00:39:08,011
- No army has moved as far
or as fast until World War II,
921
00:39:08,246 --> 00:39:10,880
and they did it
all on horseback.
922
00:39:11,116 --> 00:39:13,750
narrator: For its citizens,
being part of the Mongol Empire
923
00:39:13,985 --> 00:39:16,186
had a great many advantages.
924
00:39:16,421 --> 00:39:17,620
It was one
of the most ethnically
925
00:39:19,324 --> 00:39:20,857
and culturally diverse
in history.
926
00:39:23,128 --> 00:39:24,294
But as for rival leaders,
if they didn't surrender,
927
00:39:26,131 --> 00:39:27,530
they suffered
the consequences.
928
00:39:29,735 --> 00:39:29,799
- Now, we can't know
exactly how many people died
929
00:39:31,870 --> 00:39:31,935
as a result
of Genghis Khan's conquest,
930
00:39:33,605 --> 00:39:34,804
but a rough estimate
is a staggering 40 million.
931
00:39:35,040 --> 00:39:36,706
That's at least
as much as Stalin,
932
00:39:36,942 --> 00:39:38,341
and more than Hitler.
933
00:39:38,543 --> 00:39:40,377
[men shouting]
934
00:39:40,612 --> 00:39:42,612
- So many lives
were extinguished
935
00:39:42,881 --> 00:39:44,314
under Genghis Khan's rule
936
00:39:44,549 --> 00:39:46,282
that the amount of carbon
in the atmosphere
937
00:39:46,518 --> 00:39:48,952
caused by people breathing
was reduced
938
00:39:49,187 --> 00:39:53,456
by a staggering
700 million tons.
939
00:39:53,692 --> 00:39:56,393
- This is incredible
on two levels.
940
00:39:56,628 --> 00:39:58,294
One, he was able
to murder
941
00:39:58,530 --> 00:40:01,698
11% of the global population
at the time,
942
00:40:01,900 --> 00:40:05,635
and two, this led
to climate change.
943
00:40:05,871 --> 00:40:08,338
narrator: Khan's impact was
immediate and devastating,
944
00:40:08,540 --> 00:40:11,307
but he also brought
law and civilization.
945
00:40:11,543 --> 00:40:13,309
His conquest was
so solid,
946
00:40:15,313 --> 00:40:15,812
there was a century of peace
afterwards.
947
00:40:17,516 --> 00:40:18,815
- This guy wasn't just brutal,
he was brilliant,
948
00:40:19,050 --> 00:40:20,817
so, for example,
he saw that the Chinese
949
00:40:21,052 --> 00:40:24,187
had amazing law codes
and codes for commerce
950
00:40:24,456 --> 00:40:25,455
and medicine
and these kinds of things,
951
00:40:25,690 --> 00:40:26,923
and he left them
in place.
952
00:40:28,427 --> 00:40:28,625
He said, "These people
are doing it right.
953
00:40:30,362 --> 00:40:31,127
I'll rule as an overlord
and leave things as they are."
954
00:40:32,964 --> 00:40:33,029
narrator:
Trading routes opened
955
00:40:35,100 --> 00:40:35,432
and cultural and technological
exchanges took place.
956
00:40:36,935 --> 00:40:37,534
Explorers
like Marco Polo
957
00:40:39,438 --> 00:40:39,936
were able to travel
freely across the land.
958
00:40:42,174 --> 00:40:43,373
This unification was key
in building a strong empire.
959
00:40:45,410 --> 00:40:46,176
But individually,
Khan believed a man's strength
960
00:40:47,913 --> 00:40:48,111
was in the children
he left behind,
961
00:40:50,182 --> 00:40:52,182
and he had a harem of women
that numbered in the thousands.
962
00:40:52,417 --> 00:40:54,484
- Now, believe it or not,
due to Genghis Khan's
963
00:40:54,719 --> 00:40:56,019
great success
in raiding and pillaging
964
00:40:56,254 --> 00:40:57,954
over such a huge area,
965
00:40:58,190 --> 00:41:01,157
1 in 200 men
on planet Earth today
966
00:41:01,393 --> 00:41:03,526
can trace their DNA
directly back to him.
967
00:41:03,762 --> 00:41:04,727
I would call that
success.
968
00:41:04,963 --> 00:41:06,329
♪ ♪
969
00:41:08,233 --> 00:41:08,798
- No one knows where
Genghis Khan is buried.
970
00:41:10,268 --> 00:41:11,634
The witnesses to his burial
were killed,
971
00:41:11,870 --> 00:41:13,703
and his grave is
hidden somewhere.
972
00:41:13,939 --> 00:41:16,673
But to this day in Mongolia,
he remains a national symbol.
973
00:41:16,908 --> 00:41:18,208
♪ ♪
974
00:41:19,911 --> 00:41:20,043
narrator:
As well as modern day Mongolia,
975
00:41:22,047 --> 00:41:23,079
Genghis Khan's empire
included most of China,
976
00:41:24,816 --> 00:41:24,881
spreading
throughout Asia,
977
00:41:26,751 --> 00:41:26,816
the Middle East,
and even Russia.
978
00:41:27,752 --> 00:41:28,151
♪ ♪
979
00:41:29,621 --> 00:41:30,820
- No one else in history
has ever come close.
980
00:41:32,157 --> 00:41:34,257
Genghis Khan is
the ultimate dictator.
981
00:41:34,493 --> 00:41:38,027
♪ ♪
982
00:41:38,263 --> 00:41:40,230
narrator: There have been
dictators throughout history,
983
00:41:40,465 --> 00:41:44,434
but for sheer ruthlessness,
nothing can match the ancients.
984
00:41:44,669 --> 00:41:46,536
With their ambition,
determination,
985
00:41:46,771 --> 00:41:48,538
and relentless brutality,
986
00:41:50,575 --> 00:41:52,275
they forged empires
and changed the world forever.
987
00:41:54,246 --> 00:41:55,411
These were
the ancient total dictators.
87277
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