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male narrator:
The world's first
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ballistic missile launcher...
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[arrows whizzing]
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The biggest chariot
battle in history,
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a nine-story killing machine,
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a death claw for grabbing
whole ships,
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and the most explosive weapon
of the ancient world.
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Where will they be ranked
on the only top ten list
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thousands of years
in the making?
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[dramatic music]
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♪ ♪
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History has shown
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some of the greatest
advancements in technology
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have been driven by warfare.
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[gunshot]
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The devastating weapons
of today's battlefields
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wouldn't exist if it wasn't
for the innovations
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of the ancient world.
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- Humans are good
at a lot of things,
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but one of the things
we're the best at
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is killing each other.
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Humans fight, and humans
always think of a better way
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to more effectively fight.
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That's where we get weapons.
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♪ ♪
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narrator: This week's
"Ancient Top Ten":
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the ancient world's
most lethal weapons.
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♪ ♪
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The list is ranked by experts
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according to which is
the biggest game-changer
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on the battlefield.
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At number ten...
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♪ ♪
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A lethal weapon invented by
one of the most ingenious minds
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in history:
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the Archimedes claw.
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♪ ♪
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When the Roman empire
decided to attack
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the city nation of Syracuse
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on the Mediterranean island
now known as Sicily
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in 214 B.C.,
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they came up against
a formidable
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ancient lethal weapon.
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- Syracuse is in the path
of an expanding Roman empire,
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an empire that's gobbling up
every city, state, and country
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in the Mediterranean.
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Rome is bringing with them
a professional army
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and 60 state-of-the-art
warships.
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narrator:
Syracuse had harbor walls,
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and the Romans could only
invade by scaling these.
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The Syracuseans knew this
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and defended their city
with aggression.
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They would use this
lethal weapon.
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- The Romans tried a nighttime
amphibious attack.
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They thought they had
the cover of darkness
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as their advantage,
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but then Archimedes' claw
was brought into bear.
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narrator: A number
of these claws
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were deployed along
the city walls
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to grab the Roman ships.
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- The claw pulling the ships
out of the water
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while the crew slept.
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Imagine how terrifying
that experience would be--
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to wake up feeling your ship
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suddenly lifted out
of the water.
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narrator: For once, the Romans
were on the receiving end
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of a high-tech superweapon.
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- The Archimedes claw meant
that just a few men
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could physically lift a ship--
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a 60-ton ship--
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up out of the water.
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That is a remarkable thing.
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narrator: Men would use ropes
to raise the claw
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with a system of pulleys
and fulcrums,
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allowing them
to lift the weight
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of an entire ship.
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The tension on the pulley
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would eventually reach
breaking point,
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causing it to pop out,
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dropping and destroying
the ship.
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- In a panic to get away,
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the ships actually smashed
into each other,
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causing more devastation.
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It was mayhem.
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narrator: We don't often know
the super brains
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behind the lethal weapons
of the ancient world,
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but we do for this one:
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Archimedes.
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He was such an incredible
inventor
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that he himself was
the greatest secret weapon
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of the city of Syracuse.
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- The genius of Archimedes
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is that he took basic
principles of physics,
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a lever and a fulcrum--
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same thing you'd use
to lift a rock--
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only he supersized it.
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narrator: The Romans had
no idea how to conquer
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or compete against
the Archimedes claw.
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♪ ♪
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Just the name of Archimedes
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was itself a weapon of terror.
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He was the inventor of other
incredible weapons,
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such as a steam-powered
cannon...
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♪ ♪
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And a solar-powered death ray.
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- Today, a small army
can beat a larger one
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if it has a technological
advantage.
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This is what we call
a force multiplier.
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Now, a small city-state
back in ancient times
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managed to hold back the force
of the Roman empire
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using just such a thing.
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narrator: Thanks to
the Archimedes claw,
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the city of Syracuse held out
against the mighty Romans
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for over a year.
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Eventually, they were undone,
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because at a crucial moment,
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they left the claws unmanned.
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- Now, we don't know
if Archimedes' weapons
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had more of a psychological
or physical impact--
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maybe a combination of both.
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The point is, they gave Syracuse
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such a leg up in this fight
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that it gets on
our top ten list.
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narrator: Archimedes himself
was killed in the aftermath
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of the battle of Syracuse.
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Sadly, the world lost one
of the greatest inventors
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it had ever seen.
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His claw had been a lethal
work of genius.
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But where lethality
is concerned,
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sometimes smaller is better.
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At number nine...
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[rousing music]
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The sharpened spikes
known as caltrops
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make that point.
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- For centuries,
caltrops were used
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as a crippling defense
against cavalry.
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Today, they're used
by modern military
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to puncture the tires
of enemy vehicles.
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They're simple.
They're effective.
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This weapon will never grow old.
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narrator: The caltrop
is the godfather
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of one of today's most
prolific weapons:
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land mines.
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[powerful explosion]
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[metal clattering]
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- Caltrops are really
easy to carry.
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They're really quick to deploy.
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They are the ultimate
area denial weapon.
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♪ ♪
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narrator: An area denial weapon
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prevents the enemy from
entering a certain region.
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They're a key factor
in warfare
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and can swing the course
of a battle.
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- The beauty of a caltrop
is that any way you throw it,
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there's at least one spike
sticking up in the air,
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ready to stop your enemy
dead in its tracks.
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One of the first recorded
uses of caltrops
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was by one of Alexander
the Great's generals,
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way back in
the fourth century B.C.
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They thwarted an attack by one
of the most formidable weapons
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of the ancient world.
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- Caltrops stopped
a battle charge
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of 70 elephants
dead in their tracks.
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[elephant shrieks]
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Because the animals
couldn't move,
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attackers came in
and cut them down.
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The elephants behind those
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could hear the elephant screams.
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They panicked, turned round,
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and stampeded back through
their own ranks,
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crushing people to death.
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[elephant roaring]
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- Over time, every ancient
weapon either disappears
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from use, or it develops
and evolves into something
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much more advanced,
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with one exception:
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the caltrop, because even today
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we're still using
the exact same design
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in modern warfare.
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And anything that
can survive unchanged
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for thousands of years has to be
in the top ten.
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narrator: The caltrop
has been used longer
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than any other weapon
on our list,
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but our next lethal weapon
got left behind
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in the ancient world--
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literally.
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Coming in at number eight...
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♪ ♪
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It's the Helepolis,
the largest siege tower
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of the ancient world.
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♪ ♪
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Siege towers had been
used in battle
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since the 11th century B.C.
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♪ ♪
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The job of the infantry is to
fight hand-to-hand combat,
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but to do that,
they have to be
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where the enemy soldiers are.
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Siege towers protect them while
they're moved into a position
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where they can get behind
the city walls
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and fight the enemy soldiers
in hand-to-hand combat.
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narrator: Once up against
a city wall,
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a siege tower could
lower its drawbridge
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so that the troops
inside the tower
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could rush the walls.
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[men screaming]
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When the Macedonians were
attacking the city of Rhodes
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in 305 B.C., they decided
to build the biggest
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siege tower of them all.
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The Helepolis was born,
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and it was massive.
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- The Helepolis was
a masterful feat
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of ancient construction.
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We believe it was about
140 feet tall,
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which is nine stories,
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and 65 feet wide,
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and it would have
weighed 180 tons.
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It was a monster.
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♪ ♪
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narrator: Helepolis is Greek
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for "taker of cities."
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It had a giant, wooden frame
on wheels,
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covered with iron plates,
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with men inside shooting
giant catapults.
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♪ ♪
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- A massive 3,400 men
were used
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to control the Helepolis
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and operate its many catapults.
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I mean, this was
a huge operation.
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- It took 200 men
working the gearbox
230
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just to turn the wheels.
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This was a mobile fortress.
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narrator: It must have
seemed unstoppable
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to the people of Rhodes.
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00:09:17,724 --> 00:09:20,492
But there was a flaw.
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The whole operation relied
on it moving smoothly,
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and for that,
it needed firm ground.
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- Basically, the only way
to stop the Helepolis
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was the flood the ground
in front of the fortresses,
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turning it into
a soggy, muddy mess.
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The Helepolis just
couldn't handle that.
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narrator: As the Helepolis
edged forward towards Rhodes,
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the situation got sticky.
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As well as flooding the ground,
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the defenders used a cunning,
novel device
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that is the forerunner
to the anti-tank mine.
246
00:09:49,556 --> 00:09:51,323
- They got big, earthenware jars
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00:09:51,425 --> 00:09:54,960
and buried them in the ground
in front of the stronghold.
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00:09:55,062 --> 00:09:57,295
When the Helepolis rolled
over the top of these,
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00:09:57,397 --> 00:09:59,464
it collapsed, creating craters.
250
00:09:59,566 --> 00:10:02,534
And that stopped the siege
engine in its tracks.
251
00:10:02,636 --> 00:10:05,837
narrator: The Macedonians ended
their siege of Rhodes
252
00:10:05,939 --> 00:10:07,472
and withdrew,
253
00:10:07,574 --> 00:10:11,142
leaving the Helepolis behind.
254
00:10:11,244 --> 00:10:13,278
The victorious
people of Rhodes
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00:10:13,380 --> 00:10:15,280
decided to put it to good use.
256
00:10:15,382 --> 00:10:17,015
♪ ♪
257
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- The Helepolis was so massive
258
00:10:18,752 --> 00:10:20,285
that when the battle was over,
259
00:10:20,387 --> 00:10:22,787
the victorious defenders
were able to rip it apart
260
00:10:22,889 --> 00:10:24,489
and use its scrap material
to build
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00:10:24,591 --> 00:10:26,691
one of the seven wonders
of the ancient world,
262
00:10:26,793 --> 00:10:28,326
the Colossus of Rhodes.
263
00:10:28,428 --> 00:10:30,061
♪ ♪
264
00:10:30,163 --> 00:10:32,664
narrator: The huge,
100-foot statue
265
00:10:32,766 --> 00:10:34,966
famously stood at the harbor
of the city
266
00:10:35,068 --> 00:10:37,035
in the third century B.C.
267
00:10:37,137 --> 00:10:40,138
The Colossus of Rhodes
would never have existed
268
00:10:40,240 --> 00:10:46,077
without the Helepolis.
269
00:10:49,850 --> 00:10:52,550
narrator: We're counting down
the top ten lethal weapons
270
00:10:52,653 --> 00:10:54,619
of the ancient world.
271
00:10:54,721 --> 00:10:56,554
- [screaming]
narrator: Coming up next
272
00:10:56,657 --> 00:10:58,923
is a lightning-fast
attack vehicle
273
00:10:59,026 --> 00:11:00,959
at number seven...
274
00:11:01,061 --> 00:11:03,962
[thrilling music]
275
00:11:04,064 --> 00:11:05,864
The Egyptian war chariot.
276
00:11:05,966 --> 00:11:07,932
[hoofbeats rumbling]
277
00:11:08,035 --> 00:11:10,068
On the walls of the temple
of Abu Simbel
278
00:11:10,170 --> 00:11:12,203
in southern Egypt
is a depiction
279
00:11:12,305 --> 00:11:15,874
of the war chariot in action.
280
00:11:15,976 --> 00:11:18,476
- For me, a chariot
is an incredible weapon.
281
00:11:18,578 --> 00:11:20,945
It allows an armored unit to
move around on the battlefield
282
00:11:21,048 --> 00:11:23,114
quickly and slay ground soldiers
283
00:11:23,216 --> 00:11:25,216
from an elevated position
of protection,
284
00:11:25,318 --> 00:11:28,753
a devastating tool against
any kind of unit.
285
00:11:28,855 --> 00:11:30,989
♪ ♪
286
00:11:31,091 --> 00:11:33,091
narrator: War chariots were
all about shock and awe.
287
00:11:33,193 --> 00:11:36,428
They were fast and mobile.
288
00:11:36,530 --> 00:11:38,063
For over a thousand years,
289
00:11:38,165 --> 00:11:41,499
they dominated
the battlefield.
290
00:11:41,601 --> 00:11:43,735
And it was the Egyptian
war chariot
291
00:11:43,837 --> 00:11:45,270
that was best.
292
00:11:45,372 --> 00:11:47,772
- The Egyptian chariots
were so well-designed,
293
00:11:47,874 --> 00:11:49,407
they could zoom around
the battlefield
294
00:11:49,509 --> 00:11:51,242
up to 30 miles an hour,
295
00:11:51,344 --> 00:11:53,445
putting themselves exactly
where they need to be
296
00:11:53,547 --> 00:11:55,280
to hand out death
to the enemy.
297
00:11:55,382 --> 00:11:57,348
[horses whinnying]
298
00:11:57,451 --> 00:11:59,250
- These are the fastest weapons
on the battlefield.
299
00:11:59,352 --> 00:12:00,952
They'd appear out of nowhere--
300
00:12:01,054 --> 00:12:03,855
could be deployed into
any part of the battlefield,
301
00:12:03,957 --> 00:12:06,758
surrounding the enemy
or attacking from any direction.
302
00:12:06,860 --> 00:12:08,493
♪ ♪
303
00:12:08,595 --> 00:12:09,994
narrator: There were
two men aboard,
304
00:12:10,097 --> 00:12:12,197
a driver and an archer,
305
00:12:12,299 --> 00:12:16,267
each free to concentrate fully
on their own job.
306
00:12:16,369 --> 00:12:18,369
- A right-handed archer
on a horse
307
00:12:18,472 --> 00:12:19,938
could only shoot to the left.
308
00:12:20,040 --> 00:12:21,940
The advantage of a chariot
over a horse
309
00:12:22,042 --> 00:12:25,643
is that an archer with a longbow
could shoot anywhere.
310
00:12:25,746 --> 00:12:30,148
This made chariots deadly
fast and precise.
311
00:12:30,250 --> 00:12:32,550
- 100 chariots could fly
around the battlefield,
312
00:12:32,652 --> 00:12:35,453
letting off 1,000 arrows
a minute in any direction.
313
00:12:35,555 --> 00:12:37,188
That's devastating.
314
00:12:37,290 --> 00:12:39,057
That's a similar rate of fire
to the gun
315
00:12:39,159 --> 00:12:40,825
on a modern Apache helicopter.
316
00:12:40,927 --> 00:12:43,995
[helicopter blades whirring]
317
00:12:44,097 --> 00:12:46,030
[dramatic music]
318
00:12:46,133 --> 00:12:47,832
narrator: But what was
so special about the design
319
00:12:47,934 --> 00:12:50,835
of the Egyptian chariot?
320
00:12:50,937 --> 00:12:53,304
- The chariot wheel was made
of six spokes
321
00:12:53,406 --> 00:12:55,840
and a rim made
of flexible wood.
322
00:12:55,942 --> 00:12:57,842
It meant the whole thing
could travel fast
323
00:12:57,944 --> 00:12:59,911
across even
the roughest terrain.
324
00:13:00,013 --> 00:13:01,913
We see those same principles
being used
325
00:13:02,015 --> 00:13:04,015
in shock absorbency
and suspension
326
00:13:04,117 --> 00:13:07,185
in the cars we see out
on our roads today.
327
00:13:07,287 --> 00:13:12,891
♪ ♪
328
00:13:12,993 --> 00:13:15,493
narrator: Chariots gave
an advantage to whichever side
329
00:13:15,595 --> 00:13:17,829
deployed them.
330
00:13:17,931 --> 00:13:19,931
But what if both
sides had them?
331
00:13:20,033 --> 00:13:22,100
[man screaming]
332
00:13:22,202 --> 00:13:24,035
♪ ♪
333
00:13:24,137 --> 00:13:26,838
It happened 3,000 years ago...
334
00:13:26,940 --> 00:13:29,841
♪ ♪
335
00:13:29,943 --> 00:13:33,878
The Egyptians against
the Hittites
336
00:13:33,980 --> 00:13:38,349
in the epic Battle of Kadesh.
337
00:13:38,451 --> 00:13:41,553
- It's estimated that as many
as 6,000 chariots
338
00:13:41,655 --> 00:13:42,921
clashed at Kadesh.
339
00:13:43,023 --> 00:13:45,190
This is more vehicles
on a battlefield
340
00:13:45,292 --> 00:13:48,259
than at any time in history.
341
00:13:48,361 --> 00:13:51,596
narrator: It was the Egyptian
chariot that proved superior.
342
00:13:51,698 --> 00:13:55,066
They were better-designed
and crafted.
343
00:13:55,168 --> 00:13:57,936
And with just one driver
and one archer,
344
00:13:58,038 --> 00:13:59,971
they were lighter
and more mobile
345
00:14:00,073 --> 00:14:02,273
than the three-man machine
of the Hittites.
346
00:14:02,375 --> 00:14:04,943
- These were effective,
very effective weapons,
347
00:14:05,045 --> 00:14:07,846
and that's why they've
got to be on this list.
348
00:14:07,948 --> 00:14:09,414
narrator:
Thanks to its chariot,
349
00:14:09,516 --> 00:14:11,216
the Egyptian empire expanded
350
00:14:11,318 --> 00:14:13,818
to become the mightiest
of its time.
351
00:14:13,920 --> 00:14:16,187
♪ ♪
352
00:14:16,289 --> 00:14:18,323
And chariots were so revered,
353
00:14:18,425 --> 00:14:20,825
the pharaohs demanded
to take them with them
354
00:14:20,927 --> 00:14:23,328
into the afterlife.
355
00:14:23,430 --> 00:14:26,331
Tutankhamun, the most famous
pharaoh of all,
356
00:14:26,433 --> 00:14:28,333
was buried with six
357
00:14:28,435 --> 00:14:32,070
incredibly preserved
war chariots,
358
00:14:32,172 --> 00:14:34,072
two of which were clad in gold
359
00:14:34,174 --> 00:14:36,741
with shock-absorbing
suspension systems.
360
00:14:36,843 --> 00:14:39,744
[dramatic music]
361
00:14:39,846 --> 00:14:41,846
Less mobile but more devilish
362
00:14:41,948 --> 00:14:45,350
describes the next
lethal weapon on our list.
363
00:14:45,452 --> 00:14:47,285
At number six...
364
00:14:47,387 --> 00:14:50,588
♪ ♪
365
00:14:50,690 --> 00:14:53,925
Mysterious, deadly--
366
00:14:54,027 --> 00:14:55,793
Greek fire.
367
00:14:55,896 --> 00:14:57,395
[swords clashing]
368
00:14:57,497 --> 00:14:59,530
In the seventh century A.D.,
369
00:14:59,633 --> 00:15:02,400
the Byzantine empire was coming
under constant attack
370
00:15:02,502 --> 00:15:04,869
from the Arabs.
371
00:15:04,971 --> 00:15:08,106
But Byzantium, also known
as Constantinople,
372
00:15:08,208 --> 00:15:09,974
had a secret weapon.
373
00:15:10,076 --> 00:15:12,076
Somehow, they were able
to project flames
374
00:15:12,178 --> 00:15:13,378
at enemy ships,
375
00:15:13,480 --> 00:15:14,812
creating an inferno
376
00:15:14,915 --> 00:15:16,781
that couldn't be extinguished.
377
00:15:16,883 --> 00:15:18,750
- Accounts of Greek fire show
378
00:15:18,852 --> 00:15:21,219
that it was the ultimate
weapon of terror:
379
00:15:21,321 --> 00:15:23,655
a liquid that could
burn on water.
380
00:15:23,757 --> 00:15:26,457
Imagine being at sea
in a naval battle.
381
00:15:26,559 --> 00:15:29,394
The enemy is shooting
jets of fire at you.
382
00:15:29,496 --> 00:15:31,396
This stuff burns on the water,
383
00:15:31,498 --> 00:15:34,132
it burns underwater,
and it sticks to you.
384
00:15:34,234 --> 00:15:36,668
Men are screaming all around.
385
00:15:36,770 --> 00:15:39,003
This is the horrors
of Greek fire.
386
00:15:39,105 --> 00:15:40,838
[man screaming]
387
00:15:40,941 --> 00:15:43,474
- As a weapon,
fire is hard to beat.
388
00:15:43,576 --> 00:15:45,176
It kills you, it hurts you,
389
00:15:45,278 --> 00:15:47,078
and it instills fear in you.
390
00:15:47,180 --> 00:15:50,415
And that is why Greek fire has
to be on this top ten list.
391
00:15:50,517 --> 00:15:52,283
♪ ♪
392
00:15:52,385 --> 00:15:54,285
narrator: It could be shot
in a lethal jet
393
00:15:54,387 --> 00:15:57,655
up to 150 feet.
394
00:15:57,757 --> 00:15:59,991
- In 678 A.D.,
395
00:16:00,093 --> 00:16:01,592
it destroyed an enemy fleet
396
00:16:01,695 --> 00:16:05,096
and killed up to 30,000 people.
397
00:16:05,198 --> 00:16:07,699
narrator: And it was used
in land battles, too,
398
00:16:07,801 --> 00:16:10,034
to deadly effect.
399
00:16:10,136 --> 00:16:12,470
- By taking Greek fire
and putting it in small,
400
00:16:12,572 --> 00:16:14,872
hand-held pots that
exploded on impact,
401
00:16:14,975 --> 00:16:17,608
they essentially created
the world's first hand grenade.
402
00:16:17,711 --> 00:16:19,777
It would be centuries before
the world's battlefields
403
00:16:19,879 --> 00:16:22,380
saw anything like this again.
404
00:16:22,482 --> 00:16:24,215
[loud blast]
405
00:16:24,317 --> 00:16:25,683
narrator: We've seen
how devastating
406
00:16:25,785 --> 00:16:27,952
Greek fire was,
407
00:16:28,054 --> 00:16:31,489
but what secrets does this
ancient napalm still hold?
408
00:16:31,591 --> 00:16:34,559
♪ ♪
409
00:16:38,598 --> 00:16:40,365
narrator: We're counting down
410
00:16:40,467 --> 00:16:43,234
the ancient world's most
lethal weapons.
411
00:16:43,336 --> 00:16:46,571
At number six is
the devastating Greek fire,
412
00:16:46,673 --> 00:16:49,207
which is still surrounded
by mystery.
413
00:16:49,309 --> 00:16:52,210
[exciting music]
414
00:16:52,312 --> 00:16:55,246
♪ ♪
415
00:16:55,348 --> 00:16:57,648
Created by
the Byzantine empire,
416
00:16:57,751 --> 00:16:59,484
it was used to great effect
417
00:16:59,586 --> 00:17:02,854
to defend their capital,
Constantinople.
418
00:17:02,956 --> 00:17:05,056
- Greek fire may be
the best-kept secret
419
00:17:05,158 --> 00:17:06,357
in military history.
420
00:17:06,459 --> 00:17:08,192
This actual secret recipe
421
00:17:08,294 --> 00:17:11,095
could only be put together
in the capital, Constantinople.
422
00:17:11,197 --> 00:17:13,197
It consisted of four components:
423
00:17:13,299 --> 00:17:17,335
the mixture itself, the machine
used to heat and pressurize it,
424
00:17:17,437 --> 00:17:19,237
the machine used to fire it,
425
00:17:19,339 --> 00:17:21,205
and the crew used
to deploy it.
426
00:17:21,307 --> 00:17:23,875
Now, unlike modern classified
military information,
427
00:17:23,977 --> 00:17:26,377
Greek fire is still a mystery.
428
00:17:26,479 --> 00:17:28,679
narrator: The different stages
employed men
429
00:17:28,782 --> 00:17:32,283
who only knew the secret
to their part of the process.
430
00:17:32,385 --> 00:17:35,453
Once ignited,
it was extremely difficult
431
00:17:35,555 --> 00:17:37,855
to put out the flames.
432
00:17:37,957 --> 00:17:40,725
- Greek fire could not be
extinguished by water--
433
00:17:40,827 --> 00:17:42,627
only by strong vinegar
434
00:17:42,729 --> 00:17:44,796
and old urine and sand.
435
00:17:44,898 --> 00:17:48,099
narrator: Many scientists have
tried to recreate Greek fire--
436
00:17:48,201 --> 00:17:50,701
tried and failed.
437
00:17:50,804 --> 00:17:53,037
- We don't know the recipe
for Greek fire,
438
00:17:53,139 --> 00:17:54,472
but we do have an idea
439
00:17:54,574 --> 00:17:56,374
of how they projected it
at high pressure:
440
00:17:56,476 --> 00:17:59,043
the force pump.
441
00:17:59,145 --> 00:18:02,113
narrator: This force pump was
invented by Heron of Alexandria
442
00:18:02,215 --> 00:18:04,082
2,000 years ago
443
00:18:04,184 --> 00:18:06,084
and has a pressurized siphon
444
00:18:06,186 --> 00:18:09,454
that can project liquid fire--
445
00:18:09,556 --> 00:18:12,623
a lethal jet of flame,
over 30 yards,
446
00:18:12,725 --> 00:18:15,259
burning at 800
degrees Fahrenheit.
447
00:18:15,361 --> 00:18:16,761
♪ ♪
448
00:18:16,863 --> 00:18:19,430
- Many view Greek fire
as the inspiration
449
00:18:19,532 --> 00:18:22,133
for the lethal flamethrowers
and the horrors of napalm
450
00:18:22,235 --> 00:18:23,734
in the 20th century.
451
00:18:23,837 --> 00:18:26,938
[heavy explosion]
452
00:18:27,040 --> 00:18:30,441
- Greek fire added centuries
to a declining empire.
453
00:18:30,543 --> 00:18:32,810
But every weapon has
its limitations,
454
00:18:32,912 --> 00:18:35,580
and Greek fire could only
be used in a limited range
455
00:18:35,682 --> 00:18:37,982
on a calm sea.
456
00:18:38,084 --> 00:18:40,418
- A downside?
Wind.
457
00:18:40,520 --> 00:18:43,955
If the wind changed in the midst
of using Greek fire,
458
00:18:44,057 --> 00:18:45,823
then it's the Byzantines
that would have suffered.
459
00:18:45,925 --> 00:18:48,759
Talk about a plan backfiring.
460
00:18:48,862 --> 00:18:50,828
narrator: In time,
the Arabs adapted
461
00:18:50,930 --> 00:18:53,164
to this terrifying weapon.
462
00:18:53,266 --> 00:18:55,700
- Eventually, Byzantine's
enemies learned to stay
463
00:18:55,802 --> 00:18:57,268
outside of its range,
464
00:18:57,370 --> 00:19:00,037
and they soaked felts
and hides in vinegar
465
00:19:00,140 --> 00:19:03,207
and put them onto their
warships to protect them.
466
00:19:03,309 --> 00:19:06,511
narrator: But for years,
this lethal flaming concoction
467
00:19:06,613 --> 00:19:08,779
kept Byzantium safe.
468
00:19:08,882 --> 00:19:10,214
- The ingenuity of putting
469
00:19:10,316 --> 00:19:12,116
these quite simple
ingredients together
470
00:19:12,218 --> 00:19:13,851
and that fact that we
still don't know
471
00:19:13,953 --> 00:19:16,621
the exact chemical composition
of Greek fire
472
00:19:16,723 --> 00:19:19,223
is what for me puts it
in this top ten.
473
00:19:19,325 --> 00:19:20,491
[flames rushing]
474
00:19:20,593 --> 00:19:22,894
narrator: From a water inferno
475
00:19:22,996 --> 00:19:25,196
to a fast-firing rain of death.
476
00:19:25,298 --> 00:19:27,365
[bow creaking]
477
00:19:27,467 --> 00:19:30,401
Shooting in at number five
on the lethal list...
478
00:19:30,503 --> 00:19:35,973
♪ ♪
479
00:19:36,075 --> 00:19:38,643
The Chinese repeating crossbow.
480
00:19:38,745 --> 00:19:40,878
- Over 2,000 years ago,
481
00:19:40,980 --> 00:19:44,849
the Chinese invented a weapon
that turned untrained soldiers
482
00:19:44,951 --> 00:19:46,851
into lethal killers.
483
00:19:46,953 --> 00:19:49,754
It was the first hand-held,
rapid-fire weapon
484
00:19:49,856 --> 00:19:52,323
in history.
485
00:19:52,425 --> 00:19:54,158
narrator: The earliest
known crossbows
486
00:19:54,260 --> 00:19:56,561
are from China in
the sixth century B.C.
487
00:19:56,663 --> 00:19:59,096
The repeating crossbow
evolved from this
488
00:19:59,199 --> 00:20:00,898
and turned a simple weapon
489
00:20:01,000 --> 00:20:02,833
into a mass killer.
490
00:20:02,936 --> 00:20:05,236
- The ancient crossbow
was all well and good.
491
00:20:05,338 --> 00:20:08,039
But the physical effort
required to re-cock it
492
00:20:08,141 --> 00:20:10,508
meant you could fire one
or two bolts a minute.
493
00:20:10,610 --> 00:20:12,009
[trigger clicks]
494
00:20:12,111 --> 00:20:14,512
Along comes the Chinese
repeating crossbow,
495
00:20:14,614 --> 00:20:18,349
which fires one bolt
every single second.
496
00:20:18,451 --> 00:20:20,051
narrator: On the battlefield,
497
00:20:20,153 --> 00:20:22,753
it gave an overwhelming
advantage,
498
00:20:22,855 --> 00:20:24,956
creating a close-quarter
killing zone
499
00:20:25,058 --> 00:20:27,525
that belongs more on
a modern battlefield
500
00:20:27,627 --> 00:20:28,793
than an ancient one.
501
00:20:28,895 --> 00:20:30,428
[gunfire]
502
00:20:30,530 --> 00:20:33,364
- If you arm a regiment
of 1,000 Chinese soldiers
503
00:20:33,466 --> 00:20:35,066
with these repeating crossbows
504
00:20:35,168 --> 00:20:38,135
which can each fire
a bolt every second,
505
00:20:38,238 --> 00:20:41,906
that's 60,000 bolts coming
towards your enemy
506
00:20:42,008 --> 00:20:43,207
in a minute--
507
00:20:43,309 --> 00:20:46,277
60,000 in a minute!
508
00:20:46,379 --> 00:20:48,613
narrator: This rate of fire
wouldn't be seen again
509
00:20:48,715 --> 00:20:50,982
for thousands of years.
510
00:20:51,084 --> 00:20:52,149
narrator: The simple design
511
00:20:52,252 --> 00:20:53,684
was just four parts:
512
00:20:53,786 --> 00:20:55,987
wooden stock, bamboo bow,
513
00:20:56,089 --> 00:20:58,522
wooden magazine,
and the lever.
514
00:20:58,625 --> 00:21:00,992
As the lever goes forward,
515
00:21:01,094 --> 00:21:02,960
the string catches in a notch.
516
00:21:03,062 --> 00:21:05,196
Pulling the lever
pulls the string back,
517
00:21:05,298 --> 00:21:07,765
and a bolt drops down
from the magazine.
518
00:21:07,867 --> 00:21:10,534
This peg pushes the string
out of the notch,
519
00:21:10,637 --> 00:21:12,470
the crossbow fires,
520
00:21:12,572 --> 00:21:14,972
and the whole process
starts again,
521
00:21:15,074 --> 00:21:18,676
the magazine holding
eight crossbow bolts.
522
00:21:18,778 --> 00:21:21,178
As well as being easy to make,
523
00:21:21,281 --> 00:21:23,981
the repeating crossbow
was easy to use.
524
00:21:24,083 --> 00:21:25,950
- The beauty of the Chinese
repeating crossbow
525
00:21:26,052 --> 00:21:27,718
is that it took
untrained farmers
526
00:21:27,820 --> 00:21:30,554
and turned them into killers.
527
00:21:30,657 --> 00:21:32,990
narrator: The repeating
crossbow has drawn comparisons
528
00:21:33,092 --> 00:21:35,660
to a game-changing weapon
of the modern age.
529
00:21:35,762 --> 00:21:38,062
[dramatic music]
530
00:21:38,164 --> 00:21:40,331
[gunfire]
531
00:21:40,433 --> 00:21:42,900
- Look at one of today's most
widespread weapons:
532
00:21:43,002 --> 00:21:46,404
the Kalashnikov assault rifle,
the AK-47.
533
00:21:46,506 --> 00:21:49,173
This is something that is cheap
and easy to produce,
534
00:21:49,275 --> 00:21:52,810
but also, it's very easy
to teach someone how to use it.
535
00:21:52,912 --> 00:21:56,747
So instantly, a raw recruit
can be turned into a killer.
536
00:21:56,849 --> 00:21:59,917
narrator: But the real legacy
of the repeating crossbow
537
00:22:00,019 --> 00:22:02,687
rests with what
it helped build.
538
00:22:02,789 --> 00:22:04,889
In the third century B.C.,
539
00:22:04,991 --> 00:22:06,757
the armies of Emperor Qin
540
00:22:06,859 --> 00:22:08,492
used repeating crossbows
to defeat
541
00:22:08,594 --> 00:22:10,995
the warring factions in China.
542
00:22:11,097 --> 00:22:14,498
He became China's
first emperor,
543
00:22:14,600 --> 00:22:16,934
whilst his warriors
became immortalized
544
00:22:17,036 --> 00:22:19,904
as the famous Terra-Cotta Army.
545
00:22:20,006 --> 00:22:23,774
Together, they unified China
for the first time...
546
00:22:23,876 --> 00:22:25,209
♪ ♪
547
00:22:30,016 --> 00:22:31,882
narrator: We're counting down
548
00:22:31,984 --> 00:22:33,551
the most lethal weapons
of the ancient world,
549
00:22:33,653 --> 00:22:35,753
judged by experts
and historians
550
00:22:35,855 --> 00:22:37,922
according to how much
of a gamer-changer they were
551
00:22:38,024 --> 00:22:39,156
on the battlefield.
552
00:22:39,258 --> 00:22:41,158
[exciting music]
553
00:22:41,260 --> 00:22:45,563
At number ten was the ingenious
Archimedes claw.
554
00:22:45,665 --> 00:22:48,099
At number nine was
a lethal weapon
555
00:22:48,201 --> 00:22:50,634
still used today, the caltrop.
556
00:22:50,737 --> 00:22:54,071
Number was the fearsome,
giant siege engine
557
00:22:54,173 --> 00:22:56,574
known as the Helepolis.
558
00:22:56,676 --> 00:22:59,243
And at number seven,
shock and awe--
559
00:22:59,345 --> 00:23:01,312
the Egyptian war chariot.
560
00:23:01,414 --> 00:23:05,483
Number six was the secret
but deadly Greek fire.
561
00:23:05,585 --> 00:23:09,453
And number five was the first
repeating weapon in history,
562
00:23:09,555 --> 00:23:11,756
the Chinese repeating crossbow.
563
00:23:11,858 --> 00:23:13,157
[wood creaking]
564
00:23:13,259 --> 00:23:15,426
Now we're into the top four,
565
00:23:15,528 --> 00:23:17,928
and the next lethal weapon
was the big artillery gun
566
00:23:18,030 --> 00:23:19,196
of its time.
567
00:23:19,298 --> 00:23:20,598
♪ ♪
568
00:23:20,700 --> 00:23:24,502
Number four is the trebuchet.
569
00:23:24,604 --> 00:23:26,303
- Most people think
that the trebuchet
570
00:23:26,406 --> 00:23:28,139
is a medieval weapon,
571
00:23:28,241 --> 00:23:31,842
but actually, it's got its
origins in ancient China.
572
00:23:31,944 --> 00:23:34,211
- Ancient Chinese blueprints
573
00:23:34,313 --> 00:23:36,680
show an incredible
artillery weapon
574
00:23:36,783 --> 00:23:41,018
dating back as far as
the fourth century B.C.
575
00:23:41,120 --> 00:23:43,954
narrator: This is a replica
in the National Military Museum
576
00:23:44,056 --> 00:23:45,389
in Beijing.
577
00:23:45,491 --> 00:23:47,191
- The ancient Chinese trebuchet
578
00:23:47,293 --> 00:23:51,128
could throw huge boulders
up to 250 pounds
579
00:23:51,230 --> 00:23:53,831
a distance of 200 feet.
580
00:23:53,933 --> 00:23:55,466
[rumbling]
581
00:23:55,568 --> 00:23:56,867
- The Chinese trebuchet
582
00:23:56,969 --> 00:23:58,636
was lightweight and mobile
583
00:23:58,738 --> 00:24:01,071
and could be moved around
the battlefield as needed.
584
00:24:01,174 --> 00:24:04,241
narrator: It was like a modern
piece of mobile artillery.
585
00:24:04,343 --> 00:24:06,477
- Now, this thing
pushes the boundaries
586
00:24:06,579 --> 00:24:09,814
of ancient engineering to create
a ballistics revolution--
587
00:24:09,916 --> 00:24:12,817
a flexible, portable
killing machine.
588
00:24:12,919 --> 00:24:14,752
That's the first trebuchet.
589
00:24:14,854 --> 00:24:18,222
narrator: In one battle
in China in 617 A.D.,
590
00:24:18,324 --> 00:24:21,392
there were 300 trebuchets
on the battlefield.
591
00:24:21,494 --> 00:24:24,662
It was a highly effective
weapon of terror.
592
00:24:24,764 --> 00:24:27,031
- The ancient Chinese
didn't just use
593
00:24:27,133 --> 00:24:29,934
huge boulders as missiles
in that trebuchet.
594
00:24:30,036 --> 00:24:33,003
They also used to set fire
to the projectiles
595
00:24:33,105 --> 00:24:34,738
before throwing them
at their enemies.
596
00:24:34,841 --> 00:24:36,373
♪ ♪
597
00:24:36,476 --> 00:24:39,743
narrator: Centuries later,
the Mongols naturally took this
598
00:24:39,846 --> 00:24:41,579
one stage further.
599
00:24:41,681 --> 00:24:43,514
- [yelling indistinctly]
600
00:24:43,616 --> 00:24:47,084
- Trebuchets weren't only used
to throw stones and rocks.
601
00:24:47,186 --> 00:24:49,253
They were also used to throw
602
00:24:49,355 --> 00:24:52,723
plague- and disease-ridden
bodies over city walls.
603
00:24:52,825 --> 00:24:57,595
♪ ♪
604
00:24:57,697 --> 00:25:02,266
This is one of the first
examples of biological warfare.
605
00:25:02,368 --> 00:25:05,736
narrator: Eventually,
knowledge spread west.
606
00:25:05,838 --> 00:25:07,605
By the time of the Crusades,
607
00:25:07,707 --> 00:25:10,107
trebuchets were much bigger.
608
00:25:10,209 --> 00:25:12,943
- The medieval trebuchets
were massive--
609
00:25:13,045 --> 00:25:14,612
over 50 feet tall.
610
00:25:14,714 --> 00:25:16,380
And it could throw something
the weight of a car
611
00:25:16,482 --> 00:25:18,549
over 1/3 of a mile.
612
00:25:18,651 --> 00:25:21,785
They used giant wheels to pull
the firing arm into place.
613
00:25:21,888 --> 00:25:24,021
narrator: The huge
counterweight crashes down,
614
00:25:24,123 --> 00:25:26,891
swinging the arm up
with incredible power,
615
00:25:26,993 --> 00:25:29,560
launching the 40-pound missile
into the air
616
00:25:29,662 --> 00:25:31,695
at 42 miles per hour.
617
00:25:31,797 --> 00:25:34,064
- Unlike the Chinese trebuchet,
618
00:25:34,166 --> 00:25:35,733
the medieval one couldn't be
moved around the battlefield
619
00:25:35,835 --> 00:25:37,902
quickly or easily,
but the payoff
620
00:25:38,004 --> 00:25:41,071
is in tremendous firepower,
with a counterweight
621
00:25:41,173 --> 00:25:43,774
consistently pulling
down 4,000 pounds.
622
00:25:43,876 --> 00:25:45,809
That's huge.
623
00:25:45,912 --> 00:25:47,645
narrator: The trebuchet took
siege warfare
624
00:25:47,747 --> 00:25:49,480
to an all-new level.
625
00:25:49,582 --> 00:25:52,583
It would be used in battle
for centuries.
626
00:25:52,685 --> 00:25:55,586
[intense music]
627
00:25:55,688 --> 00:25:57,721
But another ancient
missile launcher
628
00:25:57,823 --> 00:26:01,058
would strike fear into
the hearts of Rome's enemies.
629
00:26:01,160 --> 00:26:02,293
At number three...
630
00:26:02,395 --> 00:26:05,462
♪ ♪
631
00:26:05,565 --> 00:26:07,131
The Roman ballista,
632
00:26:07,233 --> 00:26:09,233
a lethal, wooden crossbow
633
00:26:09,335 --> 00:26:11,835
usually mounted on a stand.
634
00:26:11,938 --> 00:26:14,905
- The ballista fired bolts with
incredible speed and accuracy,
635
00:26:15,007 --> 00:26:17,241
firing up to 100 miles an hour.
636
00:26:17,343 --> 00:26:19,143
That's like getting hit by
a brick at that speed.
637
00:26:19,245 --> 00:26:20,611
♪ ♪
638
00:26:20,713 --> 00:26:22,513
- The ballista was so powerful
639
00:26:22,615 --> 00:26:25,416
and so accurate that it could
drive a bolt straight through
640
00:26:25,518 --> 00:26:28,185
an enemy soldier,
pinning him to a tree.
641
00:26:28,287 --> 00:26:30,688
♪ ♪
642
00:26:30,790 --> 00:26:32,823
narrator: Like a more
modern artillery,
643
00:26:32,925 --> 00:26:35,459
the ballista could point
downward at an oncoming charge
644
00:26:35,561 --> 00:26:39,363
or tilt up for
long range lethality.
645
00:26:39,465 --> 00:26:42,933
- It could fire a bolt
1,300 feet,
646
00:26:43,035 --> 00:26:46,170
which was double the distance
that the best archer
647
00:26:46,272 --> 00:26:48,772
with the best bow and arrow
could fire at the time.
648
00:26:48,874 --> 00:26:50,274
♪ ♪
649
00:26:50,376 --> 00:26:52,643
- You have a huge advantage
over your enemy
650
00:26:52,745 --> 00:26:55,379
if you can launch your artillery
farther than him,
651
00:26:55,481 --> 00:26:58,649
and that's exactly what
the Romans had in the ballista.
652
00:26:58,751 --> 00:27:01,485
It was the forerunner for
the modern ballistic missile.
653
00:27:01,587 --> 00:27:04,888
In fact, that's where we get
the word "ballistic" from.
654
00:27:04,991 --> 00:27:07,291
And so no list would be complete
655
00:27:07,393 --> 00:27:09,960
without the inclusion
of the ballista.
656
00:27:10,062 --> 00:27:12,296
narrator: The typical Roman
legion had about 60
657
00:27:12,398 --> 00:27:14,331
of these lethal
shooting weapons.
658
00:27:14,433 --> 00:27:16,133
They could deliver
a lethal rain
659
00:27:16,235 --> 00:27:19,803
of 120 bolts a minute
at enemy troops
660
00:27:19,905 --> 00:27:22,473
a quarter of a mile away.
661
00:27:22,575 --> 00:27:26,543
- The ballista gets its power
from the twisted ropes it uses.
662
00:27:26,646 --> 00:27:29,480
Now, sometimes these ropes
would be made of hemp
663
00:27:29,582 --> 00:27:32,883
or even human hair,
but mostly of animal sinew.
664
00:27:32,985 --> 00:27:36,587
And the Romans called these
ropes "fiber tormenta,"
665
00:27:36,689 --> 00:27:38,255
like tormented souls,
666
00:27:38,357 --> 00:27:40,424
'cause as you
cranked them round,
667
00:27:40,526 --> 00:27:43,293
they would wail and groan
under the pent-up power,
668
00:27:43,396 --> 00:27:45,596
ready to unleash their missiles.
669
00:27:45,698 --> 00:27:49,433
[wailing and groaning]
670
00:27:49,535 --> 00:27:51,402
You would hear the screams
of the ballista,
671
00:27:51,504 --> 00:27:53,404
and you'd know it
meant one thing:
672
00:27:53,506 --> 00:27:55,506
your impending doom.
673
00:27:55,608 --> 00:27:57,508
narrator: This claw
grips the bowstring
674
00:27:57,610 --> 00:27:59,176
like an archer's fingers,
675
00:27:59,278 --> 00:28:02,112
and the mechanism
is wound back.
676
00:28:02,214 --> 00:28:04,648
The twisted ropes
are like coiled springs
677
00:28:04,750 --> 00:28:06,950
ready to burst.
678
00:28:07,053 --> 00:28:09,119
The tension would be enough
to tear the ballista apart
679
00:28:09,221 --> 00:28:10,854
if left unleashed.
680
00:28:10,956 --> 00:28:12,623
[dramatic music]
681
00:28:12,725 --> 00:28:14,658
[cracking]
682
00:28:14,760 --> 00:28:17,094
- There's nothing as effective
on the battlefield
683
00:28:17,196 --> 00:28:19,296
for over 1,000 years.
684
00:28:19,398 --> 00:28:21,765
narrator: A ballista could
launch bolts, arrows,
685
00:28:21,867 --> 00:28:24,635
or even cannonballs.
686
00:28:24,737 --> 00:28:26,670
The ballista makes the list
687
00:28:26,772 --> 00:28:28,839
because it was, in terms
of lethal weapons,
688
00:28:28,941 --> 00:28:31,775
the complete package.
689
00:28:31,877 --> 00:28:34,311
And the Romans may
even have built them
690
00:28:34,413 --> 00:28:36,513
on an impossibly large scale.
691
00:28:36,615 --> 00:28:39,717
- There is a story that
the Romans built a ballista
692
00:28:39,819 --> 00:28:43,454
so big, it could fire a missile
across the river Danube.
693
00:28:43,556 --> 00:28:45,856
That's 2/3 of a mile.
694
00:28:45,958 --> 00:28:48,726
That meant you could take out
your enemy force
695
00:28:48,828 --> 00:28:51,962
before you were ever
in their range.
696
00:28:52,064 --> 00:28:53,997
narrator: When mounted
on a cart or a boat,
697
00:28:54,100 --> 00:28:57,634
the Romans had a highly
effective armored vehicle.
698
00:28:57,737 --> 00:28:59,970
Able to fire in all directions,
699
00:29:00,072 --> 00:29:03,974
could this be the world's
first tank, 2,000 years ago?
700
00:29:04,076 --> 00:29:05,375
♪ ♪
701
00:29:05,478 --> 00:29:07,311
- The ballista was capable
of firing
702
00:29:07,413 --> 00:29:10,314
further and faster than
anything else at the time
703
00:29:10,416 --> 00:29:12,483
and with amazing accuracy.
704
00:29:12,585 --> 00:29:14,752
♪ ♪
705
00:29:14,854 --> 00:29:16,987
narrator: Coming up,
the devastating weapon
706
00:29:17,089 --> 00:29:20,524
behind the ancient world's
largest land empire.
707
00:29:20,626 --> 00:29:24,261
Then our number one
most lethal weapon.
708
00:29:24,363 --> 00:29:27,364
♪ ♪
709
00:29:31,370 --> 00:29:33,237
narrator: We're counting down
710
00:29:33,339 --> 00:29:36,373
the most lethal weapons
of the ancient world.
711
00:29:36,475 --> 00:29:38,275
At number two...
712
00:29:38,377 --> 00:29:41,278
[dynamic music]
713
00:29:41,380 --> 00:29:43,213
A battlefield necessity,
714
00:29:43,315 --> 00:29:46,049
the composite bow.
715
00:29:46,152 --> 00:29:47,751
- The basic bow and arrow:
716
00:29:47,853 --> 00:29:49,987
it's been around for tens
of thousands of years.
717
00:29:50,089 --> 00:29:52,389
But along comes
the composite bow.
718
00:29:52,491 --> 00:29:56,460
Compare cowboy six-shooter
with a modern magnum revolver.
719
00:29:56,562 --> 00:29:59,797
This thing is a game-changer.
720
00:29:59,899 --> 00:30:02,132
narrator: The composite bow
was the favored weapon
721
00:30:02,234 --> 00:30:04,735
of ancient Egyptian archers.
722
00:30:04,837 --> 00:30:08,739
- The composite bow fired
at 300 feet per second.
723
00:30:08,841 --> 00:30:11,408
narrator: That's unbeaten
in a hand-held weapon
724
00:30:11,510 --> 00:30:12,976
until the nineteenth century.
725
00:30:13,078 --> 00:30:14,678
♪ ♪
726
00:30:14,780 --> 00:30:16,847
The composite bow
was so powerful
727
00:30:16,949 --> 00:30:20,851
because it was made up
of several different materials.
728
00:30:20,953 --> 00:30:23,754
Around a wooden core,
curved by steaming,
729
00:30:23,856 --> 00:30:26,690
there's a layer
of slithers of horn.
730
00:30:26,792 --> 00:30:29,126
Then the whole bow is wrapped
in animal sinew
731
00:30:29,228 --> 00:30:30,427
and glued together.
732
00:30:30,529 --> 00:30:32,529
When the string is drawn,
733
00:30:32,631 --> 00:30:35,299
the horn compresses,
and the sinew stretches,
734
00:30:35,401 --> 00:30:37,134
storing as much energy
735
00:30:37,236 --> 00:30:40,137
as a much longer
and heavier wooden bow.
736
00:30:40,239 --> 00:30:41,872
- The bow packed a lot of power
737
00:30:41,974 --> 00:30:43,540
into a very short frame,
738
00:30:43,642 --> 00:30:46,176
which allowed it be used
on horseback,
739
00:30:46,278 --> 00:30:48,212
creating the horse archer,
740
00:30:48,314 --> 00:30:50,180
which was devastating
on the battlefield.
741
00:30:50,282 --> 00:30:52,216
♪ ♪
742
00:30:52,318 --> 00:30:53,450
narrator: The archers
of classical Greece
743
00:30:53,552 --> 00:30:55,652
used composite bows.
744
00:30:55,754 --> 00:30:59,122
The ancient Chinese also
used them to great effect.
745
00:30:59,225 --> 00:31:01,358
♪ ♪
746
00:31:01,460 --> 00:31:03,861
Then, when the Romans
came across them,
747
00:31:03,963 --> 00:31:07,631
it was a true game-changer.
748
00:31:07,733 --> 00:31:11,235
In 53 B.C., the Romans
were attacking Parthia
749
00:31:11,337 --> 00:31:14,705
in modern-day Iran.
750
00:31:14,807 --> 00:31:17,374
The Romans outnumbered
the Parthians 50,000
751
00:31:17,476 --> 00:31:19,543
to just 10,000.
752
00:31:19,645 --> 00:31:22,379
They thought they
couldn't possibly lose.
753
00:31:22,481 --> 00:31:25,515
- But the Parthians have
mounted horseback archers.
754
00:31:25,618 --> 00:31:27,351
And up to this point,
the Romans haven't seen
755
00:31:27,453 --> 00:31:30,320
anything like it, and they're in
for a big surprise.
756
00:31:30,422 --> 00:31:32,522
[arrows whizzing]
757
00:31:32,625 --> 00:31:34,591
- The Parthian horse archer
composite bows
758
00:31:34,693 --> 00:31:36,426
outranged anything
the Romans had,
759
00:31:36,528 --> 00:31:39,263
and they were literally able
to fire thousands of arrows
760
00:31:39,365 --> 00:31:40,831
into the Romans at will.
761
00:31:40,933 --> 00:31:42,199
When the Romans tried
to counterattack,
762
00:31:42,301 --> 00:31:43,700
the Parthians would withdraw,
763
00:31:43,802 --> 00:31:45,068
firing over their shoulder
764
00:31:45,170 --> 00:31:46,937
and staying out of range
of the Romans.
765
00:31:47,039 --> 00:31:49,373
Then the Parthian
heavy cavalry came in,
766
00:31:49,475 --> 00:31:51,341
mopped up what was left,
and that was that.
767
00:31:51,443 --> 00:31:53,443
Only one in eight Romans
escaped from this.
768
00:31:53,545 --> 00:31:56,580
To me, this is the perfect blend
of a great weapon
769
00:31:56,682 --> 00:31:58,081
with even greater tactics
770
00:31:58,183 --> 00:31:59,850
and deserves a high place
on our list.
771
00:31:59,952 --> 00:32:02,519
♪ ♪
772
00:32:02,621 --> 00:32:04,688
narrator: After this
terrible defeat,
773
00:32:04,790 --> 00:32:07,224
the Romans took up
the composite bow themselves,
774
00:32:07,326 --> 00:32:09,559
only to be outdone
centuries later
775
00:32:09,662 --> 00:32:12,296
by the composite bow
in the hands of the Huns
776
00:32:12,398 --> 00:32:14,798
and their great leader, Attila.
777
00:32:14,900 --> 00:32:17,701
[indistinct shouting]
778
00:32:17,803 --> 00:32:18,969
♪ ♪
779
00:32:19,071 --> 00:32:21,038
Nearly 1,000 years later,
780
00:32:21,140 --> 00:32:24,942
the Mongols adapted the bow
even further.
781
00:32:25,044 --> 00:32:26,977
- The Mongol horde was armed
with the composite bow,
782
00:32:27,079 --> 00:32:29,446
which allowed them
to dominate any battlefield.
783
00:32:29,548 --> 00:32:31,415
♪ ♪
784
00:32:31,517 --> 00:32:33,283
narrator: Their bows
were held together
785
00:32:33,385 --> 00:32:36,820
with fish glue and took
18 months to bond,
786
00:32:36,922 --> 00:32:39,723
but the result was
the best bow ever.
787
00:32:39,825 --> 00:32:42,225
And with it,
they took on the world.
788
00:32:42,328 --> 00:32:43,994
♪ ♪
789
00:32:44,096 --> 00:32:48,498
- The Mongolian bow was said
to fire up to 1,700 feet.
790
00:32:48,600 --> 00:32:50,734
That's just under 600 yards.
791
00:32:50,836 --> 00:32:53,136
That's amazing!
792
00:32:53,238 --> 00:32:56,807
narrator: The bow gave
the Mongols power and speed.
793
00:32:56,909 --> 00:33:00,610
50,000 horse archers
forged their huge empire
794
00:33:00,713 --> 00:33:02,813
in just 25 years.
795
00:33:02,915 --> 00:33:04,748
♪ ♪
796
00:33:04,850 --> 00:33:06,616
- With just bow and arrows,
797
00:33:06,719 --> 00:33:09,653
the Mongols could cover
300 miles a day.
798
00:33:09,755 --> 00:33:12,456
That's way more than the
coalition forces in the Gulf.
799
00:33:12,558 --> 00:33:15,258
narrator: Genghis Khan's
armies are estimated
800
00:33:15,361 --> 00:33:19,329
to have reduced the Earth's
population at the time by 11%,
801
00:33:19,431 --> 00:33:23,433
many dying at the tip
of a Mongol arrow.
802
00:33:23,535 --> 00:33:26,269
- It is estimated that they
killed over 40 million people
803
00:33:26,372 --> 00:33:28,005
in their conquest.
804
00:33:28,107 --> 00:33:30,474
This horrific body count means
that the composite bow
805
00:33:30,576 --> 00:33:32,709
is one of the most lethal
weapons in history.
806
00:33:32,811 --> 00:33:34,778
♪ ♪
807
00:33:34,880 --> 00:33:37,481
narrator: This replica
made of modern-day materials
808
00:33:37,583 --> 00:33:39,216
has just half the performance
809
00:33:39,318 --> 00:33:41,451
of the ancient composite bow.
810
00:33:41,553 --> 00:33:44,955
Even now, the ancient methods
can't be bettered.
811
00:33:45,057 --> 00:33:48,058
- Now to me, what makes
the composite bow so great
812
00:33:48,160 --> 00:33:49,526
is that like anything good,
813
00:33:49,628 --> 00:33:51,561
it has continually
improved over time,
814
00:33:51,663 --> 00:33:54,064
especially by the nomadic people
of central Asia.
815
00:33:54,166 --> 00:33:56,166
With this great weapon,
816
00:33:56,268 --> 00:33:58,301
they made one of the most
devastatingly effective
817
00:33:58,404 --> 00:34:00,704
conquering armies
of all time.
818
00:34:00,806 --> 00:34:03,006
These guys took
a 2,000-year-old weapon,
819
00:34:03,108 --> 00:34:04,408
continually improved it,
820
00:34:04,510 --> 00:34:06,376
and conquered the world.
821
00:34:06,478 --> 00:34:07,811
narrator: For its monumental
death toll
822
00:34:07,913 --> 00:34:09,746
at the hands of the Mongols,
823
00:34:09,848 --> 00:34:11,915
the composite bow
has earned its place
824
00:34:12,017 --> 00:34:15,685
as runner-up on our list.
825
00:34:15,788 --> 00:34:18,221
But the top slot in
this ancient countdown
826
00:34:18,323 --> 00:34:20,724
has gone to something
even more lethal.
827
00:34:20,826 --> 00:34:23,360
Number is still to come.
828
00:34:23,462 --> 00:34:27,164
It's explosive and changed
warfare forever.
829
00:34:27,266 --> 00:34:30,233
♪ ♪
830
00:34:34,740 --> 00:34:36,740
narrator: This is
"Ancient Top Ten's" list
831
00:34:36,842 --> 00:34:38,708
of the most lethal
ancient weapons
832
00:34:38,811 --> 00:34:41,978
ranked by experts
and historians.
833
00:34:42,081 --> 00:34:46,416
At number ten, we saw
the terrifying Archimedes claw.
834
00:34:46,518 --> 00:34:50,253
Number nine was a truly
prickly situation:
835
00:34:50,355 --> 00:34:52,422
caltrops.
836
00:34:52,524 --> 00:34:55,459
At number eight,
the abandoned siege tower,
837
00:34:55,561 --> 00:34:57,227
the Helepolis.
838
00:34:57,329 --> 00:34:59,629
Number seven, shock and awe--
839
00:34:59,731 --> 00:35:02,165
the Egyptian war chariot.
840
00:35:02,267 --> 00:35:05,735
At number six, we saw
the mysterious and deadly
841
00:35:05,838 --> 00:35:07,471
Greek fire.
842
00:35:07,573 --> 00:35:10,240
Number five was
the fast and furious
843
00:35:10,342 --> 00:35:12,275
Chinese repeating crossbow.
844
00:35:12,377 --> 00:35:16,346
And number four was
the mighty trebuchet.
845
00:35:16,448 --> 00:35:18,281
Coming in at number three
846
00:35:18,383 --> 00:35:21,618
was the revolutionary
super-weapon,
847
00:35:21,720 --> 00:35:23,753
the ballista.
848
00:35:23,856 --> 00:35:25,489
And our number two
849
00:35:25,591 --> 00:35:28,792
is the tried-and-true
composite bow.
850
00:35:28,894 --> 00:35:30,794
But now, it's time
851
00:35:30,896 --> 00:35:33,597
for the all-time
ancient number one,
852
00:35:33,699 --> 00:35:37,434
the biggest battlefield
game-changer of them all,
853
00:35:37,536 --> 00:35:39,669
and it's the Chinese again.
854
00:35:39,771 --> 00:35:43,507
The number one, the most lethal
ancient weapon on our list,
855
00:35:43,609 --> 00:35:46,042
is gunpowder.
856
00:35:46,145 --> 00:35:49,045
[victorious music]
857
00:35:49,148 --> 00:35:50,313
♪ ♪
858
00:35:50,415 --> 00:35:51,681
- Gunpowder:
859
00:35:51,783 --> 00:35:54,351
it changes everything.
860
00:35:54,453 --> 00:35:56,153
- Throughout history,
the Chinese have been
861
00:35:56,255 --> 00:35:58,188
at the forefront
of military technology.
862
00:35:58,290 --> 00:36:01,291
And this weapon has to be
the most lethal of all.
863
00:36:01,393 --> 00:36:04,794
It literally redefined
warfare as we know it.
864
00:36:04,897 --> 00:36:06,796
[roaring]
865
00:36:06,899 --> 00:36:08,865
♪ ♪
866
00:36:08,967 --> 00:36:11,001
- There's warfare
before this invention
867
00:36:11,103 --> 00:36:12,836
and then warfare after it.
868
00:36:12,938 --> 00:36:15,972
Gunpowder was a true
revolution in warfare.
869
00:36:16,074 --> 00:36:18,675
Gunpowder has to be number one.
870
00:36:18,777 --> 00:36:21,344
[explosions]
871
00:36:21,446 --> 00:36:22,879
- It changes warfare.
872
00:36:22,981 --> 00:36:25,882
It changes the power dynamic
873
00:36:25,984 --> 00:36:27,184
of South Asia.
874
00:36:27,286 --> 00:36:28,985
The Chinese were there first,
875
00:36:29,087 --> 00:36:31,721
and it meant that they
could dominate the region.
876
00:36:31,823 --> 00:36:36,526
♪ ♪
877
00:36:36,628 --> 00:36:38,762
narrator: The story
of gunpowder begins
878
00:36:38,864 --> 00:36:42,332
centuries before it was even
thought of for use as a weapon.
879
00:36:42,434 --> 00:36:46,336
- Gunpowder first appears
in 142 A.D.
880
00:36:46,438 --> 00:36:49,339
where Chinese alchemists
were attempting to make
881
00:36:49,441 --> 00:36:51,841
an elixir of life
for their emperor.
882
00:36:51,944 --> 00:36:54,911
They ended up making
the exact opposite.
883
00:36:55,013 --> 00:36:57,447
narrator: Today, the Chinese
word for gunpowder
884
00:36:57,549 --> 00:37:01,017
translates literally
as "fire medicine."
885
00:37:01,119 --> 00:37:04,854
The magic powder wasn't
the answer to everlasting life,
886
00:37:04,957 --> 00:37:07,757
but the invention
was put to use.
887
00:37:07,859 --> 00:37:11,127
- Surprisingly, one of the first
uses of gunpowder
888
00:37:11,230 --> 00:37:14,531
was not to create
a world-conquering weapon.
889
00:37:14,633 --> 00:37:17,534
It was used by the Chinese
for entertainment
890
00:37:17,636 --> 00:37:19,402
in the form of fireworks.
891
00:37:19,504 --> 00:37:20,637
[fireworks bursting]
892
00:37:20,739 --> 00:37:22,806
♪ ♪
893
00:37:22,908 --> 00:37:24,808
narrator: But eventually,
fireworks did inspire
894
00:37:24,910 --> 00:37:26,910
the world's gunpowder weapon.
895
00:37:27,012 --> 00:37:29,980
♪ ♪
896
00:37:30,082 --> 00:37:32,148
It was in
the tenth century A.D.
897
00:37:32,251 --> 00:37:35,085
when China was divided
into several kingdoms.
898
00:37:35,187 --> 00:37:37,921
These separate kingdoms
were constantly fighting
899
00:37:38,023 --> 00:37:40,757
to control the entire country.
900
00:37:40,859 --> 00:37:43,393
When one Chinese city
was being besieged,
901
00:37:43,495 --> 00:37:45,295
they took the fire
medicine powder
902
00:37:45,397 --> 00:37:46,930
and came up with this:
903
00:37:47,032 --> 00:37:49,132
the fire arrow,
904
00:37:49,234 --> 00:37:52,068
a lethal war machine
that used exploding gunpowder
905
00:37:52,170 --> 00:37:54,671
to launch flaming arrows
out of bamboo tubes,
906
00:37:54,773 --> 00:37:56,106
hundreds at a time.
907
00:37:56,208 --> 00:37:58,608
[arrow whizzing]
908
00:37:58,710 --> 00:38:01,945
♪ ♪
909
00:38:02,047 --> 00:38:05,582
- Imagine you're part of an army
of 100,000 soldiers,
910
00:38:05,684 --> 00:38:07,317
and you're laying siege
to a city,
911
00:38:07,419 --> 00:38:09,352
but all of a sudden you hear--
inside the city walls,
912
00:38:09,454 --> 00:38:10,920
there's this horrible roar.
913
00:38:11,023 --> 00:38:13,156
And all of a sudden,
there's catapulted
914
00:38:13,258 --> 00:38:15,525
these fiery,
rocket-propelled missiles.
915
00:38:15,627 --> 00:38:18,662
♪ ♪
916
00:38:18,764 --> 00:38:20,797
narrator:
Launched by gunpowder,
917
00:38:20,899 --> 00:38:23,867
the fire arrow had a range
of up to 1,000 feet.
918
00:38:23,969 --> 00:38:26,503
It's like a modern-day missile.
919
00:38:26,605 --> 00:38:29,439
- The psychological effect
of those first enemy troops
920
00:38:29,541 --> 00:38:31,341
when they encountered
gunpowder--
921
00:38:31,443 --> 00:38:34,978
they're using bows and arrows
and swords and clubs and spears,
922
00:38:35,080 --> 00:38:38,848
and suddenly, devastating
noises, flashes, and explosions
923
00:38:38,950 --> 00:38:40,283
going off around them.
924
00:38:40,385 --> 00:38:42,185
It would have been
absolute carnage.
925
00:38:42,287 --> 00:38:43,653
narrator: Not surprisingly,
926
00:38:43,755 --> 00:38:45,322
China's warring kingdoms
927
00:38:45,424 --> 00:38:47,023
all wanted a piece
of the action.
928
00:38:47,125 --> 00:38:49,793
- A few years after the first
uses of gunpowder
929
00:38:49,895 --> 00:38:51,294
on the battlefield,
930
00:38:51,396 --> 00:38:54,164
it was being mass-produced
in factories.
931
00:38:54,266 --> 00:38:56,066
narrator: The Chinese worked
hard on improving
932
00:38:56,168 --> 00:38:57,967
the explosive mixture.
933
00:38:58,070 --> 00:39:00,337
And a range of new,
groundbreaking weapons
934
00:39:00,439 --> 00:39:03,306
was quickly developed.
935
00:39:03,408 --> 00:39:05,909
- Now, every fire needs
oxygen to burn,
936
00:39:06,011 --> 00:39:07,744
and the Chinese soon realized
937
00:39:07,846 --> 00:39:10,246
that the more oxidant
they added to the mixture,
938
00:39:10,349 --> 00:39:11,815
the faster it would burn.
939
00:39:11,917 --> 00:39:13,750
And this gave them an idea:
940
00:39:13,852 --> 00:39:16,086
the world's first firearm,
941
00:39:16,188 --> 00:39:17,354
the fire lance.
942
00:39:17,456 --> 00:39:21,024
This was 1,000 years ago.
943
00:39:21,126 --> 00:39:23,426
narrator: The hand-held
fire lance.
944
00:39:23,528 --> 00:39:26,896
This was a primitive shotgun.
945
00:39:26,998 --> 00:39:31,201
Stones or pieces of metal were
blasted out of a bamboo tube
946
00:39:31,303 --> 00:39:33,370
by gunpowder.
947
00:39:33,472 --> 00:39:36,206
♪ ♪
948
00:39:36,308 --> 00:39:38,174
Used at close quarters,
949
00:39:38,276 --> 00:39:40,510
it had devastatingly
lethal results...
950
00:39:40,612 --> 00:39:42,379
[blasting]
951
00:39:42,481 --> 00:39:44,714
♪ ♪
952
00:39:44,816 --> 00:39:49,052
An ancient 12-guage.
953
00:39:49,154 --> 00:39:52,355
There were also
primitive hand grenades,
954
00:39:52,457 --> 00:39:55,725
flamethrowers,
955
00:39:55,827 --> 00:39:57,260
and land mines,
956
00:39:57,362 --> 00:39:59,929
all thanks to gunpowder.
957
00:40:00,031 --> 00:40:02,866
This is the move
from ancient warfare
958
00:40:02,968 --> 00:40:05,735
to modern scientific warfare.
959
00:40:05,837 --> 00:40:08,271
In fact,
nearly all modern weapons
960
00:40:08,373 --> 00:40:10,807
have evolved from
this discovery.
961
00:40:10,909 --> 00:40:12,776
- I don't think that
anybody could argue
962
00:40:12,878 --> 00:40:15,945
that this weapon deserves
to be at the top of the list.
963
00:40:16,047 --> 00:40:17,647
It not only redefined warfare,
964
00:40:17,749 --> 00:40:19,249
it reshaped the planet.
965
00:40:19,351 --> 00:40:21,985
Welcome to the age of gunpowder.
966
00:40:22,087 --> 00:40:24,821
♪ ♪
967
00:40:24,923 --> 00:40:27,257
Gunpowder changed
history forever.
968
00:40:27,359 --> 00:40:30,460
It started off as an attempt
to prolong life
969
00:40:30,562 --> 00:40:32,595
but ended up as a lethal weapon
970
00:40:32,697 --> 00:40:36,332
responsible for countless
millions of deaths.
971
00:40:36,435 --> 00:40:39,602
Our world has been shaped
by the wars and lethal weapons
972
00:40:39,704 --> 00:40:41,438
of the ancients.
973
00:40:41,540 --> 00:40:44,107
Repeating crossbows led
to Kalashnikovs,
974
00:40:44,209 --> 00:40:46,843
caltrops led to landmines,
975
00:40:46,945 --> 00:40:51,281
and gunpowder led to every
firearm around today.
976
00:40:51,383 --> 00:40:53,683
Proof the legacy of lethality
977
00:40:53,785 --> 00:40:56,586
is still felt
in the world today.
81068
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