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(dramatic music)
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Long before the footsteps of the dinosaurs
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shook the earth, ancient invertebrates
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ruled over its domain.
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Around 440 million years ago, some of these
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early arthropods left the seas
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and began to adapt to a life on land.
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From the arthropods, evolved the arachnids.
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Their descendants have dominated the earth.
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The family includes scorpions, mites, and ticks,
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though the most successful of the arachnids,
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are the spiders.
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Today over 40,000 species are known,
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inhabiting every corner of the globe.
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They range from deserts to mountains
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and from wild forests to our own homes.
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Prepare to take a journey from the forest floor
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to the canopy above.
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Climbing nature's ladder,
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we will encounter a spider at every step.
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Welcome to the wondrous world of spiders.
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(energetic music)
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(birds chirping)
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Dusk is falling on the forest floor
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and a giant of the undergrowth stirs.
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It's early March and this female is ready to mate.
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She lays a scent trail that will guide
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prospective suitors to her nest.
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Males can roam up to nine kilometers in a single night.
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And this individual has caught her scent,
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however, she will decide whether he is meal or mate.
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Now fully grown, this may be his only chance.
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Eager to make a good first impression,
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he rushes to meet the female.
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She sizes him up.
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He's lucky, the larger females can devour suitors
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who do not meet their standards.
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Not disheartened, this time the longer legged male
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approaches cautiously.
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He signals his intentions by drumming the ground
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with his legs.
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Soothing the female, he strokes and taps her body.
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His reach advantage is an essential barrier
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from the female's deadly fangs.
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The next step in this dance with death
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is to encourage the female to show her vulnerable side.
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His nimble forelegs box the female's thorax.
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Her soft underbelly must be exposed
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in order for him to insert his sperm.
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As the female doubles back, he transfers his semen
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to the tip of his forearm.
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Penetrating her underbelly,
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he leaves a packet of sperm lodged in her exoskeleton.
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When she comes to lay her eggs,
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he will provide the fertilizer.
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As the embrace is broken, the most dangerous part
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of this dance begins.
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To placate the female, he must continue signaling
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as he backs away.
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Escaping without being devoured,
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he will enjoy his last months knowing
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that his genes will be passed on to the next generation.
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The cycle of life and death in the undergrowth
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signals the end for some, but also new beginnings.
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This fallen log provides a home for one arachnid
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more famous and more feared than any other.
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The black widow, renowned for her deadly bite
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and fondness for making dinner of her mates.
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In dark corners they weave complex and messy webs.
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A deadly snare for her victims,
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the web also provides shelter.
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Disturbed from her nest,
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this widow is laying down a new safety net.
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Her web forms a chain mail.
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Silk, stronger than Kevlar,
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provides excellent protection from pecking predators.
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During this process, she is vulnerable.
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Her plump abdomen would make an enticing meal
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for a swooping bird, but the widow has another weapon
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in her arsenal to avoid becoming lunch.
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In the natural world, colors and markings form a language,
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signals that extend beyond a single species.
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Her abdomen is adorned with a red hourglass,
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a warning to her predators and humans alike.
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The potent venom that she possesses could prove fatal.
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A risky meal in the buffet of the undergrowth,
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she's best left alone.
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In the spaces left when giants of the forest fall,
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greenery emerges, rapidly growing bushes spring up
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where new light enters.
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Verdant and full of life,
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they provide a home for many species.
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With this abundance of food,
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spiders are never far from sight.
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Orchard spiders are the artisans of the undergrowth.
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They reweave their webs after damage or heavy rain.
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Each is made up of over a thousand connections.
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Their silk is released through special organs
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known as spinnerets.
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While inside the body, it remains a liquid,
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rich in proteins.
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As they apply tension, it solidifies,
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creating threads twice as elastic as nylon.
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Her snare set, now all she must do is wait.
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The life of this orchard spider hangs in the balance.
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Unseen against the greenery, an unearthly predator lurks.
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It's extraterrestrial form provides the perfect camouflage.
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Adult lynx spiders are capable of hunting bees on the wing,
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but this juvenile has another quarry in mind.
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Not fussy eaters, if dinner falls on their plate,
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they are unlikely to refuse,
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even if it's spider on the menu.
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The lynx's bite will paralyze the orchard spider
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as it sucks the juices from within.
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Our final ascent, brings us to the high-flyers
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of the spider kingdom.
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A family of daring acrobats, they defy gravity
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between the leaves.
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With bodies just a few millimeters long,
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for jumping spiders, traversing the canopy requires
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a few special talents.
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Large front-facing eyes accurately measure distance.
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They power their jumps by pumping blood to their hind legs.
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But at such heights, each is a leap of faith.
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A bungee cord secured before take-off
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ensures this spider's return.
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Jumping spiders do not use their webs to hunt,
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but sometimes after a long day,
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they do need somewhere to rest.
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Weaving a silken hammock where two leaves meet,
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she creates a safe haven, hidden away from prying eyes.
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This was just a glimpse into the wondrous world of spiders.
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Of the thousands of species,
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each has it's own story to tell.
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These marvelous creatures have adapted
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to almost every environment, but as we leave
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nature's ladder behind, we enter one habitat
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that spiders are yet to conquer, the skies.
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(peaceful music)
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