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[ dramatic music plays ]
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narrator: A peculiar mix
of structures left derelict
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in a parisian park...
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Auerbach: There seems to be
no rhyme or reason to it.
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It's all just smashed together
in the same spot,
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and that's part of the wonder
and mystery of this place.
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Narrator: ...A watery graveyard
forgotten by time,
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the silent protector
of an english village...
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This isn't just one old
rowing boat tossed aside.
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These things dominate
the landscape.
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Narrator:
A network of structures
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forged through deception
on a grand scale...
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Auerbach:
Audacious doesn't cover it.
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You had a team of 1,000
overseers watching,
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and if they were caught
breaking those rules,
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it could have started
another war.
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Narrator: ...And a site
on america's east coast
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harboring vast secrets.
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Bell: Inside, you're presented
with this large, cavernous void,
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and then, as you venture deeper,
you see these rusting elements
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that suggest that something
hefty was being hoisted
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or lifted up and down here.
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♪
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narrator: Decaying relics,
ruins of lost worlds
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forged through years of toil,
now haunted by the past,
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their secrets waiting
to be revealed.
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-- Captions by vitac --
www.Vitac.Com
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captions paid for by
discovery communications
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♪
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♪
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narrator: Paris, France --
the city of light.
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Gay paris --
it's a proper metropolis,
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a real melting pot
for cultures around the world.
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Mitchell: Liberty, equality,
and brotherhood.
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It's really a particular
vision of human democracy,
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of equality, that really
resonates in France.
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Narrator:
But on the outskirts of the city
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are a series
of crumbling structures
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that don't seem to belong
anymore.
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Mitchell:
You have this park
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that combines some features
of seemingly far-away cultures.
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There are facets of architecture
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that look like
they've been airlifted
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from around the world --
vietnam, tonga, china.
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There's a bridge there
that looks vaguely japanese,
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appropriately surrounded
by bamboo.
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Alone, each of these things
are really beautiful,
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but they're smashed together
rather curiously.
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Narrator: The items in this
collection are relics of a past
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that parisians
would rather forget.
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And among them all is a garden
which has been left to overgrow.
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You wonder when they're brought
together what they mean,
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what they were used for,
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and why they were placed
in juxtaposition.
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[ down-tempo music plays ]
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narrator: The story begins
at the dawn of the 20th century
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with the opening of a garden.
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Catherine hodeir has studied
the garden's dark secrets.
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Auerbach: But this wasn't
just an ordinary greenhouse
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growing garden tomatoes.
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This was an institution
of scientific study.
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And where are all these plants
coming from?
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The french colonies.
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Narrator: In the 19th century,
France had an empire
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that stretched across 8%
of the world's surface.
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Mitchell:
Alongside England and germany,
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France has colonies that really
are all over the globe.
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You have french colonies
in the caribbean,
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you have a french colony
in south america,
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you have them in asia
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and in africa --
north africa and west africa.
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Narrator:
The 19th and 20th centuries
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were a time of rapid discovery.
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And the major global powers
competed
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for scientific superiority.
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Somara: History has
these tipping points
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where a new discovery is
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made that changes everything.
Things like, wheat,
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potatoes, and cotton.
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And so the french
were really keen
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to find something that would
give them an edge.
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Auerbach: So the work that these
french experts were doing here
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has real potential,
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and any new commodities
that they discover
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can then be processed and
redistributed across the empire.
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But all that doesn't explain
these buildings.
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Narrator: For seven years,
french botanists studied
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the samples gathered
from the colonies.
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But by 1906,
the garden was broke.
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This garden needed some cash.
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The ordinary french population
just didn't seem that interested
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in the work
that was being done here,
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even though it was very,
very important work.
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They needed to get
the french people excited
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about the colonies
and their products again.
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[ down-tempo music plays ]
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[ birds chirping ]
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narrator:
To raise capital for the garden,
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they decided to stage
a grand exhibition,
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and at its center
were new buildings
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inspired by the colonies.
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Auerbach: Imagine a
turn-of-the-century disneyland.
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So you were going to see
"the orient"
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right next to
"the african jungle,"
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and it was a huge hit.
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Thousands of visitors came.
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And they even got the president
of the french republic
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to come and check it out.
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[ dramatic music plays ]
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the noise would have been
incredible,
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from music to squawking animals
and the hubbub of people.
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And there would have been
a cocktail of rich odors,
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from spices to camel excrement.
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Mitchell: They brought in
ten elephants, even,
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that ended up escaping
and going on a rampage.
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That must have been quite
the scene.
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Auerbach:
This was quite an exhibition.
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The rarest treasures from
the colonies were on display.
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There was nothing
you couldn't see here,
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including human beings.
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[ down-tempo music plays ]
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mongolians, chinese, africans --
they would have been presented
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in what would have been
considered
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representative indigenous wear,
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clothing that may or may not
have had ceremonial purposes.
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But they would be presented
sort of as exotics in dress
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and in speech and in behavior.
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It was meant to be
a cultural exchange,
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but the exchange was
in one direction,
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with people who were on display
being gawked at
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almost like being in the zoo.
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Narrator:
The owners of the garden
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hoped to make big money
from their exhibits.
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History had taught them that the
human zoo could draw a crowd.
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These type of colonial
exhibitions,
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or human zoos, if you will,
were not limited to France.
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You had similar examples
in terms of England,
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in terms of the united states.
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Auerbach:
London, berlin, even new york
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put human beings on display.
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High-minded scientists
would come and perform
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a systematic "study"
of non-caucasian people
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to try to classify
the differences.
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But the conclusions
they came to --
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today they would be considered
extremely racist.
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Narrator: To raise
enough capital for the garden,
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they needed
the most eye-catching displays
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from France's furthest colonies.
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Auerbach:
There were adventurers
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who had traveled to the four
corners of the french empire,
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and they would offer to pay
these people handsomely
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if they would come to France
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and talk to french people
about their culture.
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Somara:
The recruiters offered things
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like a percentage
of ticket sales,
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but that often
never materialized.
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Auerbach: And a vast majority
of these people
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didn't speak any french,
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so they were completely
at the whim
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of the adventurers
that had brought them there.
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Narrator:
The colonial exhibition of 1907
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raised thousands of dollars
for the garden,
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ensuring its future.
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But a global crisis
less than 10 years later
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would see the garden put
to a different purpose.
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[ down-tempo music plays ]
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narrator:
In paris, France,
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a set of buildings where
human beings were put on display
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were about to be put
to a different use
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upon the outbreak of war.
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Auerbach:
France's colonial subjects
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were recruited
by the hundreds of thousands
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to fight on the side
of their own colonizers.
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Somara: Buildings that
used to be exhibition spaces
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or ticket halls
were now things like surgeries
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for France's foreign
and native soldiers.
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They even built
paris' first mosque
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for muslim colonial troops.
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Auerbach: And you'd think
that this would be
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some type of watershed moment --
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now that these people had fought
for France,
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that they'd get recognition,
if not as equals
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then at least more respect
than being put on display.
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But you'd be wrong.
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[ dramatic music plays ]
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narrator:
Over a decade after french
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and colonial soldiers fought
as brothers-in-arms,
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France threw their biggest
colonial exhibition ever.
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For this 1931 exhibition,
there are some
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32 million tickets
sold over six months.
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There was even an entire
nomadic tribe of people
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from senegal,
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and that's really
quite remarkable
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when you think about it
as being as late as 1931.
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You have to wonder how
they were convinced
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to participate.
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Narrator:
This would be the last time
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this kind of display was seen
in France.
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The colonial exhibitions
soon went out of fashion.
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00:11:08,935 --> 00:11:11,436
The park was again closed
to the public
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and the buildings left to rot
in this quiet corner of paris.
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[ down-tempo music plays ]
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today, historians like catherine
dedicate their work
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to recording the history
of the colonial era.
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Auerbach:
Although these exhibitions
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and the legacies of colonialism
has a very, very long afterlife,
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but that idea somehow,
that allure, that exoticism,
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still persists.
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00:11:56,583 --> 00:11:58,616
And we should blame
at least part of that
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on the history
of putting people on display.
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[ dramatic music plays ]
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narrator: Standing in the waters
off the new jersey coastline
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is sandy hook,
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00:12:14,034 --> 00:12:18,236
a sand bar littered
with the remnants of war.
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♪
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wawro:
Looking around sandy hook today,
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00:12:25,645 --> 00:12:30,315
it's like a kind of a yard sale
of military technology.
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00:12:30,417 --> 00:12:32,784
Bell:
Some look like very typical
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00:12:32,886 --> 00:12:34,786
cold war-era installations.
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00:12:34,888 --> 00:12:39,824
Others look as though they date
back as far as the civil war.
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00:12:39,926 --> 00:12:41,926
The assortment of structures
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00:12:42,028 --> 00:12:45,396
and weapons on show here
makes you wonder --
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00:12:45,499 --> 00:12:47,966
is this your typical
military base
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or something entirely different?
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00:12:51,838 --> 00:12:52,904
Narrator:
The site's position
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seems to offer the first clue
as to its purpose.
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This long, narrow peninsula
points like a dagger
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00:13:01,448 --> 00:13:02,881
right at new york harbor,
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00:13:02,983 --> 00:13:06,017
and this hints
at its strategic importance,
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00:13:06,119 --> 00:13:09,921
because any deep-draft vessel
approaching new york harbor
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00:13:10,056 --> 00:13:12,891
is gonna have to swing
right by this peninsula.
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00:13:13,927 --> 00:13:18,730
Narrator: Yet this wasn't a
place with just one role to play
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00:13:18,832 --> 00:13:22,534
or one story to tell.
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00:13:22,636 --> 00:13:25,436
Nusbacher:
I see construction from times
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00:13:25,539 --> 00:13:29,841
when america was
just another colony,
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00:13:29,943 --> 00:13:36,314
parts that show america's rise
to military superiority.
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I see evidence of the moment
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00:13:39,352 --> 00:13:45,356
when the united states stopped
being just another country
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00:13:45,458 --> 00:13:49,961
and became the military colossus
it is.
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00:13:50,063 --> 00:13:54,098
Here it is, on this little
sandy bit of ground.
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00:13:54,201 --> 00:13:57,435
[ birds chirping ]
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00:13:57,537 --> 00:14:00,605
[ down-tempo music plays ]
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00:14:00,707 --> 00:14:03,942
narrator: Towards the end
of the peninsula,
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00:14:04,044 --> 00:14:06,978
an old lighthouse provides
a commanding view
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00:14:07,080 --> 00:14:12,383
across this baffling complex
and hints at its beginnings.
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00:14:12,485 --> 00:14:14,819
Wawro: The construction
of this lighthouse
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00:14:14,921 --> 00:14:16,788
points to sandy hook's
significance
248
00:14:16,857 --> 00:14:18,156
in american history,
249
00:14:18,258 --> 00:14:21,259
dating all the way back
to the mid-1700s.
250
00:14:21,361 --> 00:14:26,731
Narrator: Its need was driven
by new york's merchant traffic.
251
00:14:26,833 --> 00:14:30,602
This is a harbor that has been
strategically important
252
00:14:30,704 --> 00:14:33,471
to anyone trying to hold
the north atlantic.
253
00:14:33,573 --> 00:14:38,576
It was an important dutch,
english, and american harbor.
254
00:14:38,678 --> 00:14:41,079
And when you look
at that lighthouse,
255
00:14:41,181 --> 00:14:46,050
it shows how long people
have needed to navigate safely
256
00:14:46,152 --> 00:14:48,887
in and out of new york.
257
00:14:50,223 --> 00:14:52,657
Narrator:
Park ranger tom hoffman
258
00:14:52,759 --> 00:14:56,527
knows the danger of these shores
better than most.
259
00:14:56,630 --> 00:14:59,864
Hoffman: Even on a clear day,
sandy hook is so low and flat,
260
00:14:59,966 --> 00:15:02,200
it blends in
with the ocean water.
261
00:15:02,302 --> 00:15:04,269
And imagine --
that's the daytime.
262
00:15:04,371 --> 00:15:06,804
And at nighttime,
you don't see anything.
263
00:15:06,907 --> 00:15:09,073
The night they lighted it
for the first time
264
00:15:09,175 --> 00:15:11,709
was June 11, 1764,
265
00:15:11,811 --> 00:15:15,813
and it's been standing here
on this location ever since.
266
00:15:15,916 --> 00:15:17,315
[ dramatic music plays ]
267
00:15:17,417 --> 00:15:20,685
narrator: But these ruins show
the treacherous coastline
268
00:15:20,787 --> 00:15:23,187
wasn't the only danger here.
269
00:15:23,256 --> 00:15:26,190
The story of war
written across this place
270
00:15:26,293 --> 00:15:28,693
actually began
at the lighthouse,
271
00:15:28,795 --> 00:15:32,897
when the british hoped to defend
this vital navigational aid
272
00:15:32,999 --> 00:15:35,233
during the american revolution.
273
00:15:35,335 --> 00:15:37,969
Hoffman: The british dispatched
two frigates
274
00:15:38,071 --> 00:15:40,772
and anchored them right out here
and had an armed guard here.
275
00:15:40,874 --> 00:15:42,440
And sure enough, who shows up
276
00:15:42,542 --> 00:15:47,245
but 200 american soldiers
with two cannon.
277
00:15:47,347 --> 00:15:51,282
In 1776,
they're sneaking up the hook.
278
00:15:51,384 --> 00:15:53,818
The commanding officer
ordered the cannons
279
00:15:53,920 --> 00:15:55,486
to fire at the lighthouse.
280
00:15:55,588 --> 00:15:57,722
But as he put it in a report,
281
00:15:57,824 --> 00:16:00,058
"we bombarded the tower
for over an hour
282
00:16:00,160 --> 00:16:02,794
but could make no impression."
283
00:16:02,896 --> 00:16:06,497
narrator: Continuing to shine
for centuries to come,
284
00:16:06,599 --> 00:16:09,867
the lighthouse would oversee
a dramatic transformation
285
00:16:09,970 --> 00:16:11,502
of this land.
286
00:16:11,604 --> 00:16:14,472
War would return
to these shores,
287
00:16:14,574 --> 00:16:18,176
but this time, americans
would be the defenders,
288
00:16:18,278 --> 00:16:20,912
not the attackers.
289
00:16:23,650 --> 00:16:26,117
[ dramatic music plays ]
290
00:16:30,623 --> 00:16:32,857
narrator:
In 1874,
291
00:16:32,959 --> 00:16:36,194
nearly a decade
after the civil war ended,
292
00:16:36,296 --> 00:16:40,398
thunderous shots rang out
over sandy hook, new jersey,
293
00:16:40,500 --> 00:16:43,968
fired from this
now-silent platform.
294
00:16:44,070 --> 00:16:47,739
With the country united
and wary of external threats,
295
00:16:47,841 --> 00:16:50,174
this empty landscape had become
296
00:16:50,276 --> 00:16:52,710
the u.S. Army's
first proving ground.
297
00:16:52,812 --> 00:16:57,048
A proving ground is a place
where you can take a new design
298
00:16:57,150 --> 00:16:59,017
and where you can take samples
299
00:16:59,119 --> 00:17:01,753
of all of your
military production
300
00:17:01,855 --> 00:17:03,221
and you can prove them.
301
00:17:03,323 --> 00:17:05,523
Wawro: They would check to make
sure that the rounds worked,
302
00:17:05,625 --> 00:17:07,492
that the fuses worked,
303
00:17:07,594 --> 00:17:10,795
the range accuracy,
the detonation, the explosion.
304
00:17:10,897 --> 00:17:13,998
They would test every aspect
of the projectile
305
00:17:14,100 --> 00:17:15,366
and the gun firing it.
306
00:17:15,468 --> 00:17:18,036
And so you needed a place
where you could fire freely
307
00:17:18,138 --> 00:17:21,973
without risk to,
you know, civilian life.
308
00:17:22,976 --> 00:17:24,976
Narrator:
Over the coming half-century,
309
00:17:25,078 --> 00:17:28,012
hundreds of thousands of rounds
would be fired
310
00:17:28,114 --> 00:17:30,014
from the sandy hook
proving ground,
311
00:17:30,116 --> 00:17:34,752
and some of the largest, most
ambitious weapons ever created
312
00:17:34,854 --> 00:17:35,953
were tested here.
313
00:17:36,056 --> 00:17:39,791
Yet, as some of the structures
here testify,
314
00:17:39,893 --> 00:17:43,428
this site was about more
than simply testing weapons
315
00:17:43,530 --> 00:17:46,330
or helping ships navigate
these waters.
316
00:17:46,433 --> 00:17:51,702
What if the fight came to sandy
hook and america's own shores?
317
00:17:51,805 --> 00:17:54,839
When you're talking about the
two big stories of sandy hook,
318
00:17:54,941 --> 00:17:56,674
one's the lighthouse,
319
00:17:56,776 --> 00:18:00,678
and that will guide any ship
from around the world
320
00:18:00,780 --> 00:18:02,513
into new york harbor.
321
00:18:02,615 --> 00:18:06,617
But in times of war, you have to
have some kind of defense
322
00:18:06,719 --> 00:18:10,888
to stop enemy warships
from coming in.
323
00:18:10,990 --> 00:18:13,024
Narrator:
In the mid-1890s,
324
00:18:13,126 --> 00:18:16,160
war with Spain
appeared inevitable.
325
00:18:16,262 --> 00:18:20,798
So more emphasis was put
on nearby defensive structures,
326
00:18:20,900 --> 00:18:23,668
like fort hancock.
327
00:18:23,770 --> 00:18:27,171
The u.S. Did not have
the capacity
328
00:18:27,273 --> 00:18:31,776
at the end of the 19th century
to build a big enough navy.
329
00:18:31,878 --> 00:18:35,413
So instead of building
a lot of ships,
330
00:18:35,515 --> 00:18:39,117
the united states builds
a lot of batteries of guns
331
00:18:39,219 --> 00:18:43,121
to defend
all of its major harbors.
332
00:18:43,223 --> 00:18:48,259
What you had here were four
12-inch-caliber mortars.
333
00:18:48,361 --> 00:18:51,696
And you can see their bases
had been circular.
334
00:18:51,798 --> 00:18:55,266
That's because a mortar fires
projectiles high up
335
00:18:55,368 --> 00:18:57,635
to come back down
on your enemy's ships.
336
00:18:59,572 --> 00:19:01,272
Narrator: As a proving ground
for the military
337
00:19:01,374 --> 00:19:03,674
and with access
to the latest technology,
338
00:19:03,776 --> 00:19:07,211
sandy hook was set as
an example to follow.
339
00:19:07,313 --> 00:19:10,314
Wawro: The decision is taken
in the united states to protect
340
00:19:10,416 --> 00:19:12,116
every valuable harbor
341
00:19:12,218 --> 00:19:15,786
with these shore batteries
and so breech loading 8-, 10-,
342
00:19:15,889 --> 00:19:20,558
and 12-inch naval guns are
delivered to forts like hancock
343
00:19:20,660 --> 00:19:23,961
starting in 1895 to defend
america's harbors.
344
00:19:26,132 --> 00:19:29,167
Narrator: While the spanish
never came within range,
345
00:19:29,269 --> 00:19:32,336
other enemies would soon
threaten these shores.
346
00:19:32,438 --> 00:19:35,506
And while the u.S. Had always
trailed the european powers
347
00:19:35,608 --> 00:19:37,041
in military might,
348
00:19:37,143 --> 00:19:40,411
here at fort hancock,
that old dynamic was shifting.
349
00:19:40,513 --> 00:19:45,917
European gunmakers are
developing artillery pieces
350
00:19:46,019 --> 00:19:50,421
that can shoot smokeless powder,
fire quickly, disappear.
351
00:19:50,523 --> 00:19:56,260
And sandy hook is where the
american versions of these guns
352
00:19:56,362 --> 00:19:57,595
are being developed.
353
00:19:57,697 --> 00:20:02,433
Here is where american
technology is keeping up
354
00:20:02,535 --> 00:20:05,369
thanks to u.S. Government
research.
355
00:20:05,471 --> 00:20:08,539
This is the very first
356
00:20:08,641 --> 00:20:13,211
and only steam-powered
disappearing gun battery.
357
00:20:13,313 --> 00:20:15,846
So, you load the guns
while inside,
358
00:20:15,949 --> 00:20:18,883
then it lifted up
through openings in the roof
359
00:20:18,985 --> 00:20:21,152
to fire at enemy ships
out in the ocean.
360
00:20:21,254 --> 00:20:25,022
And, of course, once you fire,
now you got to reload.
361
00:20:25,124 --> 00:20:28,559
So the gun comes back down
on the elevator,
362
00:20:28,661 --> 00:20:31,195
and it's a disappearing gun.
363
00:20:32,332 --> 00:20:34,999
Narrator: Within a few years
of being completed, however,
364
00:20:35,101 --> 00:20:38,469
this battery was already
outdated.
365
00:20:38,571 --> 00:20:41,539
The race to keep ahead,
though, was still on.
366
00:20:41,641 --> 00:20:48,579
In 1918, a u-boat reportedly
fired 16 shots at fort hancock,
367
00:20:48,681 --> 00:20:51,682
and the guns that stood here
responded in kind.
368
00:20:51,784 --> 00:20:53,985
The german submarines were
a sign
369
00:20:54,087 --> 00:20:56,787
that the times were a-changin'.
370
00:20:56,889 --> 00:21:02,093
The two big threats to
american ports in world war ii
371
00:21:02,195 --> 00:21:05,796
were enemy bombers
and enemy submarines.
372
00:21:05,898 --> 00:21:09,333
And those big coastal
gun emplacements
373
00:21:09,435 --> 00:21:12,970
designed to defend
american port facilities
374
00:21:13,072 --> 00:21:15,706
were no longer as important.
375
00:21:17,777 --> 00:21:20,011
Narrator:
What remains is a legacy
376
00:21:20,113 --> 00:21:22,680
of both the history of this site
377
00:21:22,782 --> 00:21:26,083
and the route america took on
its journey to the modern era.
378
00:21:27,587 --> 00:21:29,887
Wawro: So walking around
sandy hook today,
379
00:21:29,989 --> 00:21:33,157
you're basically walking
through the history of
380
00:21:33,259 --> 00:21:34,592
american warfare.
381
00:21:34,694 --> 00:21:36,394
Everything is on display here,
382
00:21:36,496 --> 00:21:40,564
from the revolutionary war
period to the cold war.
383
00:21:40,667 --> 00:21:43,167
Narrator: Standing apart
from the old concrete bunkers
384
00:21:43,269 --> 00:21:44,502
of yesteryear
385
00:21:44,604 --> 00:21:47,805
are remnants of the final
chapter of this site's
386
00:21:47,907 --> 00:21:49,073
life in service.
387
00:21:50,410 --> 00:21:52,710
Hoffman: We're walking
in the last defense system
388
00:21:52,812 --> 00:21:55,946
used by the u.S. Army
here at fort hancock,
389
00:21:56,049 --> 00:21:59,317
the nike air defense radar site,
390
00:21:59,419 --> 00:22:02,386
designed to shoot down
russian bombers
391
00:22:02,488 --> 00:22:05,356
if the cold war went hot.
392
00:22:05,458 --> 00:22:09,393
Nusbacher: Once russians have
atomic weapons,
393
00:22:09,495 --> 00:22:13,798
then everyone in america
instantly understands
394
00:22:13,900 --> 00:22:18,469
that american cities
are immensely vulnerable
395
00:22:18,571 --> 00:22:21,639
to russian attack.
396
00:22:21,741 --> 00:22:24,408
Narrator:
After more then a century
397
00:22:24,510 --> 00:22:26,744
defending new york from the sea,
398
00:22:26,846 --> 00:22:29,347
attention now shifted
to the skies
399
00:22:29,449 --> 00:22:33,484
and the gravest threat
the u.S. Ever faced.
400
00:22:35,655 --> 00:22:40,257
[ dramatic music plays ]
401
00:22:42,562 --> 00:22:43,361
narrator:
For hundreds of years,
402
00:22:43,463 --> 00:22:45,863
sandy hook's
military installations
403
00:22:45,965 --> 00:22:48,966
had helped protect the waters
around new york.
404
00:22:49,068 --> 00:22:55,306
By the 1950s, it was also
defending the city from the air.
405
00:22:55,408 --> 00:22:56,807
Bell:
Nike batteries were part
406
00:22:56,909 --> 00:23:00,177
of the u.S. Army
air defense command.
407
00:23:00,279 --> 00:23:04,749
These were placed strategically
near cities across the country
408
00:23:04,851 --> 00:23:07,218
to prevent the destruction
of the centers
409
00:23:07,320 --> 00:23:12,156
of america's great retaliatory
and productive might.
410
00:23:12,258 --> 00:23:15,659
Nusbacher: The nike positions
around new york city
411
00:23:15,762 --> 00:23:20,865
are designed to stop another
pearl harbor-style sneak attack.
412
00:23:20,967 --> 00:23:25,770
Hoffman: So, we just went under
one of the platforms
413
00:23:25,872 --> 00:23:28,639
that held the missile-tracking
radar.
414
00:23:28,741 --> 00:23:31,542
Because the missiles
were a mile south of us,
415
00:23:31,644 --> 00:23:33,744
and once you launched
the missile,
416
00:23:33,846 --> 00:23:37,214
the radar here guided
the missile up to the target.
417
00:23:37,316 --> 00:23:40,551
And then another radar,
the target-tracking radar,
418
00:23:40,653 --> 00:23:43,621
was tracking the target
and through a computer system
419
00:23:43,723 --> 00:23:46,424
brought the two together
and guaranteed a hit.
420
00:23:46,526 --> 00:23:48,426
[ dramatic music plays ]
421
00:23:48,528 --> 00:23:50,494
narrator:
Yet, like all the weapons
422
00:23:50,596 --> 00:23:52,830
and defense systems
on show here,
423
00:23:52,932 --> 00:23:55,266
its life-span was short.
424
00:23:55,368 --> 00:23:59,336
In 1974, with the nike
missile program outdated,
425
00:23:59,439 --> 00:24:02,640
the last of the equipment
and military personnel
426
00:24:02,742 --> 00:24:05,643
left the peninsula.
427
00:24:08,181 --> 00:24:11,348
Left to the elements
on this windswept coastline,
428
00:24:11,451 --> 00:24:13,484
what remains here
paints a picture
429
00:24:13,586 --> 00:24:16,053
not just of the story
of this site
430
00:24:16,155 --> 00:24:20,224
but of the birth
and history of a nation.
431
00:24:20,359 --> 00:24:22,793
Wawro: All of these artifacts
taken together
432
00:24:22,895 --> 00:24:25,896
reflect america's rise
to world power,
433
00:24:25,998 --> 00:24:29,266
from this vulnerable colony
of the british empire
434
00:24:29,368 --> 00:24:32,870
to a nation
that then projects power
435
00:24:32,972 --> 00:24:35,473
and then has the latest
cutting-edge technology
436
00:24:35,575 --> 00:24:38,609
to defend the free world
against a communist threat.
437
00:24:38,711 --> 00:24:40,744
It's all right here
on sandy hook.
438
00:24:42,949 --> 00:24:46,250
[ dramatic music plays ]
439
00:24:46,352 --> 00:24:50,421
narrator: Southern England,
in a village called purton --
440
00:24:50,523 --> 00:24:55,459
here lies a mighty river and
beside it a fleet of the dead.
441
00:25:00,600 --> 00:25:01,966
Somara:
They certainly look like boats,
442
00:25:02,068 --> 00:25:05,336
but they appear to be made
of stone.
443
00:25:05,438 --> 00:25:08,739
Can you make boats of stone?
Are they statues?
444
00:25:08,841 --> 00:25:12,676
Narrator: These marine monoliths
stand half submerged
445
00:25:12,778 --> 00:25:15,946
in britain's longest river,
the river severn.
446
00:25:16,048 --> 00:25:19,250
Some of these boats,
you can only see the very tip
447
00:25:19,352 --> 00:25:23,554
of their rotting bow
just poking out from the ground.
448
00:25:23,656 --> 00:25:26,657
Narrator: These rotting remains
draw a line
449
00:25:26,759 --> 00:25:29,193
one and a half miles
along the shoreline.
450
00:25:29,295 --> 00:25:30,661
There are so many of them,
451
00:25:30,763 --> 00:25:35,332
but they definitely all seem
to have been there for a while.
452
00:25:35,434 --> 00:25:37,935
It's almost as if they've been
put here for a purpose,
453
00:25:38,037 --> 00:25:39,436
as if it's been designed.
454
00:25:39,539 --> 00:25:43,474
But yet they're completely
enveloped by the land.
455
00:25:43,576 --> 00:25:45,476
Narrator:
Beside the mighty river
456
00:25:45,578 --> 00:25:48,078
is a much calmer body of water.
457
00:25:48,180 --> 00:25:50,648
Both connect the small village
of purton
458
00:25:50,750 --> 00:25:53,017
to the rest of England.
459
00:25:53,119 --> 00:25:56,120
Somara: You have a major river
right next to the canal.
460
00:25:56,222 --> 00:25:57,655
I mean, talk about belt
and braces.
461
00:25:57,757 --> 00:25:59,990
Why would you need both?
462
00:26:01,360 --> 00:26:03,427
[ down-tempo music plays ]
463
00:26:03,529 --> 00:26:07,331
narrator: Nearly 50 years ago,
a young boy and his family
464
00:26:07,433 --> 00:26:10,134
came to a riverbank
in southern England.
465
00:26:10,236 --> 00:26:13,470
When I came here as a child,
this was a great place to play.
466
00:26:14,840 --> 00:26:16,440
Narrator:
Paul barnett and his father
467
00:26:16,542 --> 00:26:20,110
found strange shapes
sticking out of the mud.
468
00:26:20,212 --> 00:26:23,480
But they had no idea
what they were.
469
00:26:23,583 --> 00:26:25,316
Barnett:
My father being an ex-sailor,
470
00:26:25,418 --> 00:26:27,785
he had his own curious
sort of observations
471
00:26:27,887 --> 00:26:30,454
as to what this may be,
and he just naturally assumed
472
00:26:30,556 --> 00:26:32,890
it was just a great and easy
place to get rid of vessels.
473
00:26:32,992 --> 00:26:36,527
We didn't know.
We really didn't know.
474
00:26:36,629 --> 00:26:40,164
Narrator: The secrets of the
site and its boats made of stone
475
00:26:40,266 --> 00:26:42,199
would remain buried
476
00:26:42,301 --> 00:26:47,037
until paul returned to solve
the mystery 20 years later.
477
00:26:47,139 --> 00:26:48,772
Well, the first thing
that I chose to do
478
00:26:48,874 --> 00:26:52,543
was to carry out a research
project at the local archive.
479
00:26:52,645 --> 00:26:54,845
The information held therein
was very sparse.
480
00:26:54,947 --> 00:26:58,115
I was absolutely astounded
by the lack of information.
481
00:26:58,217 --> 00:27:01,518
Selwood: These things dominate
the landscape.
482
00:27:01,621 --> 00:27:02,820
You would have thought
483
00:27:02,922 --> 00:27:05,356
that if they had been put here
for a reason
484
00:27:05,458 --> 00:27:08,559
that there would be
an official record.
485
00:27:08,661 --> 00:27:11,428
Narrator:
Yet the archives were empty.
486
00:27:11,530 --> 00:27:15,633
Paul's investigation
had hit a wall.
487
00:27:15,735 --> 00:27:20,137
But a clue would be found in
the river severn's storied past.
488
00:27:21,374 --> 00:27:23,207
Although it may not look it,
489
00:27:23,309 --> 00:27:25,442
this is an immensely
dangerous area.
490
00:27:25,544 --> 00:27:27,978
Barnett: Nobody would venture
out into the river severn.
491
00:27:28,080 --> 00:27:29,613
It's incredibly treacherous.
492
00:27:29,715 --> 00:27:33,250
The tide itself actually runs in
at about 13 knots.
493
00:27:34,553 --> 00:27:36,987
Narrator:
The river severn is deadly.
494
00:27:37,089 --> 00:27:41,091
But next door
is a more placid body of water.
495
00:27:41,160 --> 00:27:44,828
Selwood: Directly next door to
this powerful river is a canal.
496
00:27:44,930 --> 00:27:47,931
Two hundred years ago,
canals like these
497
00:27:48,034 --> 00:27:51,135
were the main ways of moving
freight around britain.
498
00:27:51,237 --> 00:27:53,671
And people came to rely
on these.
499
00:27:53,773 --> 00:27:57,341
These canals were the arteries
for moving goods around britain,
500
00:27:57,476 --> 00:27:59,309
including here at purton.
501
00:28:00,479 --> 00:28:04,648
Narrator: The sharpness canal
opened in 1827.
502
00:28:04,750 --> 00:28:06,784
The people of purton
were now connected
503
00:28:06,886 --> 00:28:09,353
to the rest of England.
504
00:28:10,322 --> 00:28:12,189
But less than 100 years later,
505
00:28:12,291 --> 00:28:15,159
the canal's existence
was under threat.
506
00:28:16,362 --> 00:28:20,531
The canal, a major piece
of infrastructure for trade,
507
00:28:20,633 --> 00:28:22,933
is protected from this
very dangerous river
508
00:28:23,035 --> 00:28:27,037
by a very narrow mound of dirt.
509
00:28:27,139 --> 00:28:31,208
Narrator: That mound, in some
places just 20 feet thick,
510
00:28:31,310 --> 00:28:35,679
is all that keeps these
two bodies of water separate.
511
00:28:35,781 --> 00:28:37,915
Barnett: With the full force
of the river coming in,
512
00:28:38,017 --> 00:28:39,249
it was hitting the bank.
513
00:28:39,351 --> 00:28:41,719
And as a result of which
it was now prone to erosion,
514
00:28:41,821 --> 00:28:44,354
which was happening
almost on a daily basis.
515
00:28:44,457 --> 00:28:48,625
Selwood: The riverbank literally
holds back the tide.
516
00:28:48,728 --> 00:28:51,562
Without it, the river
would consume the canal.
517
00:28:52,832 --> 00:28:56,166
Narrator: For nearly a century,
the canal and the riverbank
518
00:28:56,268 --> 00:28:58,102
coexisted in harmony.
519
00:28:58,204 --> 00:29:02,406
But in 1909,
that harmony was shattered.
520
00:29:02,508 --> 00:29:04,108
[ dramatic music plays ]
521
00:29:04,210 --> 00:29:07,845
somara: A massive storm
hit the southwest of England.
522
00:29:07,947 --> 00:29:10,380
And the river severn began
to overflow
523
00:29:10,483 --> 00:29:12,916
and spill over into the canal.
524
00:29:13,018 --> 00:29:15,252
Barnett: The full force of
that storm came into the bank.
525
00:29:15,354 --> 00:29:17,821
Approximately 60 meters of it
was removed.
526
00:29:17,923 --> 00:29:21,058
One hit, and it was swept away
by the river severn
527
00:29:21,160 --> 00:29:23,093
and its fast-flowing waters.
528
00:29:23,195 --> 00:29:25,295
Selwood:
Tons and tons of dirt and silt
529
00:29:25,397 --> 00:29:28,332
were carried away downstream.
530
00:29:28,434 --> 00:29:32,402
Narrator: Nearly 200 feet
of the bank was eroded away.
531
00:29:32,505 --> 00:29:35,506
The canal was now in real danger
of breaching.
532
00:29:35,608 --> 00:29:37,975
Something had to be done.
533
00:29:39,945 --> 00:29:43,413
Narrator: The storm almost
obliterated the riverbank,
534
00:29:43,516 --> 00:29:48,218
but a fleet made of stone
was about to change it forever.
535
00:29:50,790 --> 00:29:53,657
[ dramatic music plays ]
536
00:29:57,830 --> 00:30:00,964
narrator: In southern England,
the village of purton
537
00:30:01,066 --> 00:30:04,268
was under threat
from a failing riverbank.
538
00:30:04,370 --> 00:30:07,938
They had no money
for big restoration projects.
539
00:30:08,040 --> 00:30:09,940
This was a very small part
of britain
540
00:30:10,042 --> 00:30:13,043
that had very limited means
and very little time.
541
00:30:14,180 --> 00:30:18,448
But the chief engineer for
the canal had a radical plan.
542
00:30:18,551 --> 00:30:20,684
The engineer for the
dock company made a request --
543
00:30:20,786 --> 00:30:24,121
are there any barges that
could be brought to this point,
544
00:30:24,223 --> 00:30:26,390
run out to the foreshore,
and add their strength
545
00:30:26,492 --> 00:30:28,125
in order to protect
that waterway?
546
00:30:28,227 --> 00:30:33,197
Bell: For the plan to work, they
needed a whole fleet of boats.
547
00:30:33,299 --> 00:30:36,700
So they asked the locals
to volunteer their old tugs,
548
00:30:36,802 --> 00:30:38,902
and they rallied to the cause.
549
00:30:40,406 --> 00:30:46,610
Narrator: In total, 15 wooden
vessels were brought to purton.
550
00:30:46,712 --> 00:30:48,178
This was actually
one of the first vessels --
551
00:30:48,280 --> 00:30:51,381
in actual fact, the first vessel
to be beached here.
552
00:30:51,483 --> 00:30:53,617
Twenty minutes before high tide,
the vessel,
553
00:30:53,719 --> 00:30:57,120
with a full head of steam, would
come thundering into the bank.
554
00:30:57,223 --> 00:30:59,556
Selwood: The plan
was to then drill holes in them
555
00:30:59,658 --> 00:31:01,124
to let water in.
556
00:31:01,227 --> 00:31:05,696
This would allow silt and mud
from upstream to come down,
557
00:31:05,798 --> 00:31:09,066
then fill into the boats
and around the boats
558
00:31:09,168 --> 00:31:12,336
and effectively rebuild
the riverbank.
559
00:31:12,438 --> 00:31:15,005
Narrator: The barges
were beached onto the riverbank,
560
00:31:15,107 --> 00:31:17,941
protecting the canal
from the severn.
561
00:31:18,043 --> 00:31:22,846
They became known
as the purton hulks.
562
00:31:22,948 --> 00:31:25,849
It appeared the canal
had been saved.
563
00:31:25,951 --> 00:31:30,020
But the celebrations
were short-lived.
564
00:31:30,122 --> 00:31:34,491
The one thing about wood
is that it rots.
565
00:31:34,593 --> 00:31:37,628
Barnett: What was happening was
the timber loaders were rotting.
566
00:31:37,730 --> 00:31:40,197
And as a result, once again
the canal was in danger.
567
00:31:40,299 --> 00:31:46,036
Bell: So wooden boats rot
and metal boats rust.
568
00:31:46,138 --> 00:31:49,573
Fortunately, history provided
the answer.
569
00:31:49,675 --> 00:31:51,975
Narrator:
In the years after world war I,
570
00:31:52,077 --> 00:31:55,279
the price of timber and iron
rose sharply.
571
00:31:55,381 --> 00:31:59,016
It became too expensive
to make riverboats.
572
00:31:59,118 --> 00:32:02,252
So boatmakers turned to
an unlikely material.
573
00:32:02,354 --> 00:32:06,790
The concrete boats could be made
really fast and really cheap,
574
00:32:06,892 --> 00:32:10,127
but apparently they were
a nightmare to drive.
575
00:32:11,463 --> 00:32:13,730
Narrator: Old concrete barges
were the solution
576
00:32:13,832 --> 00:32:16,500
to protecting the riverbank
permanently.
577
00:32:16,602 --> 00:32:19,870
In the 1960s,
eight were brought to purton,
578
00:32:19,972 --> 00:32:22,439
the final purton hulks.
579
00:32:22,541 --> 00:32:26,043
Sixty years later, the bank's
thickness has doubled.
580
00:32:26,145 --> 00:32:29,179
The canal was saved.
581
00:32:29,281 --> 00:32:31,682
Barnett: Knowing how
you can work with the sea,
582
00:32:31,784 --> 00:32:33,817
you can't work against her,
583
00:32:33,919 --> 00:32:37,254
absolutely astounded
by the real seamanship
584
00:32:37,356 --> 00:32:39,189
that would have taken
to get these vessels in here.
585
00:32:39,291 --> 00:32:43,260
And yet they continue to do
the job that they were put here
586
00:32:43,362 --> 00:32:45,295
to do,
to protect the bank,
587
00:32:45,397 --> 00:32:47,397
to protect canal,
and to allow
588
00:32:47,499 --> 00:32:50,667
the river severn to continue
flowing gently by.
589
00:32:55,874 --> 00:32:57,341
Narrator:
The purton hulks,
590
00:32:57,476 --> 00:33:01,178
silent guardians of wood
and stone.
591
00:33:01,280 --> 00:33:04,481
Bell: For the last 60 years,
they've been there,
592
00:33:04,583 --> 00:33:07,918
protecting the canal
from the powerful river severn,
593
00:33:08,020 --> 00:33:11,621
a testament to engineering
by the seat of your pants.
594
00:33:15,794 --> 00:33:16,793
[ dramatic music plays ]
595
00:33:21,633 --> 00:33:23,900
narrator: In a remote region
of western poland
596
00:33:24,003 --> 00:33:28,038
is an engineering giant
hidden in plain sight.
597
00:33:28,140 --> 00:33:31,508
[ music continues ]
598
00:33:31,610 --> 00:33:33,510
auerbach:
When you approach this site,
599
00:33:33,612 --> 00:33:35,579
it really doesn't look like
much.
600
00:33:35,681 --> 00:33:37,414
And then, as you get closer,
601
00:33:37,516 --> 00:33:42,419
you see that there are pillboxes
dotted around the landscape.
602
00:33:42,554 --> 00:33:45,655
Selwood: Once you've spotted
one, you then see another.
603
00:33:45,758 --> 00:33:47,257
And as your eye carries on,
604
00:33:47,359 --> 00:33:49,926
you realize this line goes on
almost forever.
605
00:33:50,029 --> 00:33:54,965
This is a really major piece
of engineering.
606
00:33:55,067 --> 00:33:57,634
Wawro: It reminds me
of the maginot line in France.
607
00:33:57,736 --> 00:34:01,071
But we're not in France,
so it couldn't be that.
608
00:34:01,173 --> 00:34:03,206
Narrator:
These pillboxes draw an outline
609
00:34:03,308 --> 00:34:07,244
of a fortress buried
underground.
610
00:34:07,346 --> 00:34:09,179
There is an immense network
of tunnels
611
00:34:09,281 --> 00:34:11,848
that seems to go on
just forever.
612
00:34:11,950 --> 00:34:14,684
And in one of them,
there's a railway line.
613
00:34:14,787 --> 00:34:18,722
Auerbach: People worked here,
and then they left.
614
00:34:18,824 --> 00:34:22,459
But they left some clues as to
what they were doing down there.
615
00:34:22,561 --> 00:34:25,562
A room with a sign above it
that says "maschinenraum" --
616
00:34:25,664 --> 00:34:28,131
"machine room."
617
00:34:28,233 --> 00:34:30,467
selwood:
This is a place where clearly
618
00:34:30,569 --> 00:34:33,203
an immense engineering effort
went in
619
00:34:33,305 --> 00:34:35,672
but ultimately
it came to naught.
620
00:34:37,376 --> 00:34:39,409
Narrator:
Almost 22 miles of tunnels
621
00:34:39,511 --> 00:34:42,012
are buried
in the polish countryside.
622
00:34:42,114 --> 00:34:46,583
But a clue on the surface will
unlock the mystery of the site
623
00:34:46,685 --> 00:34:49,186
and unravel a tissue of lies.
624
00:34:49,288 --> 00:34:51,755
Auerbach: There's this one
aboveground feature --
625
00:34:51,857 --> 00:34:54,291
this odd bridge.
626
00:34:54,393 --> 00:34:56,426
That's the key to understanding
the structure.
627
00:34:56,528 --> 00:34:59,129
Narrator:
A mammoth engineering project
628
00:34:59,231 --> 00:35:00,864
spanning nearly 40 miles.
629
00:35:00,966 --> 00:35:02,132
Why was it put here?
630
00:35:02,234 --> 00:35:07,637
And what secrets are buried
beneath the surface?
631
00:35:10,075 --> 00:35:14,277
Buried in the polish countryside
is a wartime secret.
632
00:35:14,379 --> 00:35:16,012
Auerbach: Most of this site
is underground --
633
00:35:16,115 --> 00:35:19,015
these miles and miles
of tunnel, the train tracks.
634
00:35:19,118 --> 00:35:22,486
But the clue to what the site
is about
635
00:35:22,588 --> 00:35:26,056
is right here in this one
aboveground part of it --
636
00:35:26,158 --> 00:35:29,860
the bridge, a bridge
with an odd hinge on it.
637
00:35:29,962 --> 00:35:31,862
[ down-tempo music plays ]
638
00:35:31,964 --> 00:35:34,698
narrator: Historian
and architect robert jurga
639
00:35:34,800 --> 00:35:36,133
has spent his career
640
00:35:36,235 --> 00:35:40,737
exploring one of poland's most
overlooked historical sites.
641
00:35:40,839 --> 00:35:42,072
Jurga:
[ speaking polish ]
642
00:35:42,174 --> 00:35:44,040
interpreter:
The plan of this bridge
643
00:35:44,143 --> 00:35:46,810
is still protected by the patent
that's kept in berlin.
644
00:35:46,912 --> 00:35:49,913
The level of security
was so high
645
00:35:50,015 --> 00:35:51,781
that the operators consisted
646
00:35:51,884 --> 00:35:54,484
of a specially trained group
of soldiers.
647
00:35:54,586 --> 00:35:57,554
Narrator: Swing bridges
are common on major rivers
648
00:35:57,689 --> 00:36:00,223
to let large ships pass through.
649
00:36:00,325 --> 00:36:04,027
But the water here
is practically a trickle.
650
00:36:04,129 --> 00:36:05,829
Auerbach:
The swing bridge is here
651
00:36:05,931 --> 00:36:09,166
because this entire set
of fortifications
652
00:36:09,268 --> 00:36:11,268
is actually illegal.
653
00:36:11,370 --> 00:36:12,769
[ mid-tempo music plays ]
654
00:36:12,871 --> 00:36:16,740
narrator: The story begins after
the end of the first world war,
655
00:36:16,842 --> 00:36:19,843
when this part of poland
belonged to germany.
656
00:36:19,945 --> 00:36:21,978
Think back to what happened
to germany
657
00:36:22,080 --> 00:36:23,647
at the end of world war I.
658
00:36:23,749 --> 00:36:27,050
They were defeated
by a big allied coalition.
659
00:36:27,152 --> 00:36:29,686
They were disarmed.
They lost territory.
660
00:36:29,788 --> 00:36:34,124
They lost citizens
to the treaty of versailles.
661
00:36:34,226 --> 00:36:36,927
Auerbach: The treaty was
punishing to germany.
662
00:36:37,029 --> 00:36:39,996
They had to give up
their entire empire,
663
00:36:40,098 --> 00:36:41,998
they had to allow the allies
664
00:36:42,100 --> 00:36:45,335
to occupy part
of their industrial heartland,
665
00:36:45,437 --> 00:36:48,905
and they also had to limit
their army to 100,000 men.
666
00:36:49,007 --> 00:36:50,740
Narrator:
Germany was also forbidden
667
00:36:50,842 --> 00:36:54,277
from building any new
fortifications along its border,
668
00:36:54,379 --> 00:36:58,548
leaving the country
virtually defenseless.
669
00:36:58,650 --> 00:37:01,518
Selwood: The germans felt
a great sense of vulnerability
670
00:37:01,620 --> 00:37:03,920
about their border
because after world war I,
671
00:37:04,022 --> 00:37:06,623
they were a universally loathed
nation.
672
00:37:06,725 --> 00:37:09,392
But they had enemies
on their right.
673
00:37:09,494 --> 00:37:10,760
There was poland,
674
00:37:10,862 --> 00:37:13,263
and behind poland, of course,
the soviet union.
675
00:37:15,500 --> 00:37:18,201
Narrator: With limited defenses,
the german capital
676
00:37:18,303 --> 00:37:21,104
was vulnerable to invasion
from the east.
677
00:37:21,206 --> 00:37:23,506
Its biggest weakness
was a stretch of land
678
00:37:23,609 --> 00:37:25,809
sandwiched between two rivers.
679
00:37:25,911 --> 00:37:29,846
This region was flat
and had no natural barriers.
680
00:37:29,948 --> 00:37:33,383
It was a highway that led
straight to berlin.
681
00:37:33,485 --> 00:37:37,220
If the poles or the soviets
wanted to invade germany,
682
00:37:37,322 --> 00:37:39,022
that was a perfect route
'cause it gave them
683
00:37:39,124 --> 00:37:41,992
a direct path to berlin,
the capital.
684
00:37:42,094 --> 00:37:44,828
This was a huge hole
in germany's defenses,
685
00:37:44,930 --> 00:37:46,796
and they wanted to plug it.
686
00:37:48,600 --> 00:37:52,035
Narrator: But with the treaty
making new defenses illegal,
687
00:37:52,137 --> 00:37:56,106
the german government concocted
a ruse.
688
00:37:57,776 --> 00:38:00,977
[ dramatic music plays ]
689
00:38:05,250 --> 00:38:07,484
narrator:
In a former german territory
690
00:38:07,586 --> 00:38:10,920
is a border wall
that began with a devious ploy.
691
00:38:13,091 --> 00:38:15,225
Auerbach: The rules
of the treaty of versailles
692
00:38:15,327 --> 00:38:18,361
limited germany's spending
on the military
693
00:38:18,463 --> 00:38:20,030
and on fortifications.
694
00:38:20,132 --> 00:38:23,500
But it didn't say anything
about water management.
695
00:38:23,602 --> 00:38:25,402
So they brought in engineers
696
00:38:25,504 --> 00:38:28,805
and dug up hundreds
and hundreds of tons of earth,
697
00:38:28,907 --> 00:38:30,940
redirected rivers,
698
00:38:31,043 --> 00:38:33,843
and essentially created
a new natural barrier.
699
00:38:33,979 --> 00:38:36,479
Jurga:
[ speaking polish ]
700
00:38:36,581 --> 00:38:39,983
interpreter: The main tool
against the tanks was water.
701
00:38:40,085 --> 00:38:42,018
Many tactical canals were built,
702
00:38:42,154 --> 00:38:45,155
and they became the main barrier
against the enemy's tanks.
703
00:38:45,257 --> 00:38:49,392
On those channels, they built
a line of tactical bridges.
704
00:38:49,494 --> 00:38:51,961
[ dramatic music plays ]
705
00:38:52,064 --> 00:38:55,265
narrator: A series of bridges
across an artificial waterway,
706
00:38:55,367 --> 00:38:59,736
each with a mechanism
to stop an enemy advance.
707
00:39:01,039 --> 00:39:03,406
Interpreter:
Those bridges were closed
708
00:39:03,508 --> 00:39:05,742
in case of the arrival
of the enemy
709
00:39:05,844 --> 00:39:08,878
and in normal times were used
by the civilians.
710
00:39:10,716 --> 00:39:13,450
Narrator:
Over five years, a line is drawn
711
00:39:13,552 --> 00:39:17,354
between the warta
and oder rivers.
712
00:39:17,456 --> 00:39:21,858
This is the beginning
of the ostwall.
713
00:39:21,960 --> 00:39:24,361
"audacious" doesn't cover it.
714
00:39:24,463 --> 00:39:27,197
You had a team
of 1,000 overseers
715
00:39:27,299 --> 00:39:30,166
watching to make sure
germany adhered to the rules.
716
00:39:30,268 --> 00:39:32,335
And if they were caught
breaking those rules,
717
00:39:32,437 --> 00:39:35,004
it could have started
another war.
718
00:39:36,708 --> 00:39:38,775
Narrator:
An emboldened german government
719
00:39:38,877 --> 00:39:42,078
adds tunnels and bunkers,
making the ostwall
720
00:39:42,180 --> 00:39:45,148
a state-of-the-art
battle fortress.
721
00:39:45,250 --> 00:39:49,919
Descending beneath
the surface, we find mile upon
722
00:39:50,021 --> 00:39:52,255
mile of concrete tunnels,
723
00:39:52,357 --> 00:39:55,158
linking together these forts
that are -- you could
724
00:39:55,260 --> 00:39:56,726
barely glimpse above ground.
725
00:39:56,828 --> 00:39:59,429
There's even
a small light railway
726
00:39:59,531 --> 00:40:01,164
installed in some of
these tunnels.
727
00:40:03,235 --> 00:40:05,034
Jurga: [ speaking polish ]
728
00:40:05,137 --> 00:40:07,270
interpreter: The main road is
12 kilometers long,
729
00:40:07,372 --> 00:40:09,839
and the whole system,
with corridors leading to
730
00:40:09,941 --> 00:40:12,509
the bunkers is more than
32 kilometers long.
731
00:40:15,480 --> 00:40:18,348
It was too big a distance
for the soldiers to March.
732
00:40:18,450 --> 00:40:20,417
That's why they used
train tracks like this
733
00:40:20,519 --> 00:40:21,718
for transportation.
734
00:40:24,656 --> 00:40:27,190
Narrator: The ability
to move almost 20 miles
735
00:40:27,292 --> 00:40:28,658
unseen by the enemy
736
00:40:28,760 --> 00:40:29,726
would give the germans
737
00:40:29,828 --> 00:40:31,895
a huge tactical advantage.
738
00:40:31,997 --> 00:40:33,596
So the men can race between
739
00:40:33,698 --> 00:40:36,266
the various positions to meet
various different threats.
740
00:40:37,369 --> 00:40:39,602
Narrator: The ostwall was
designed to accommodate
741
00:40:39,704 --> 00:40:41,371
thousands of soldiers.
742
00:40:42,841 --> 00:40:43,907
Jurga: [ speaking polish ]
743
00:40:44,009 --> 00:40:45,608
interpreter: We are currently
16 meters below
744
00:40:45,710 --> 00:40:48,511
the surface
in the underground system.
745
00:40:48,613 --> 00:40:49,879
This is the dormitory.
746
00:40:49,981 --> 00:40:52,449
They attached bunks
to these brackets here.
747
00:40:52,551 --> 00:40:54,717
Three soldiers
would sleep on one side
748
00:40:54,820 --> 00:40:56,419
and two
on the other side.
749
00:40:56,521 --> 00:40:58,254
They didn't share bunks.
750
00:40:58,356 --> 00:40:59,689
When they were down here,
751
00:40:59,791 --> 00:41:02,425
they probably listened
to the radio, played cards,
752
00:41:02,527 --> 00:41:04,961
drank wine,
and read the newspapers.
753
00:41:05,063 --> 00:41:07,764
There were propaganda banners
hanging on the walls there.
754
00:41:09,835 --> 00:41:10,800
Narrator: To begin with,
755
00:41:10,902 --> 00:41:12,869
they lived in relative comfort.
756
00:41:12,971 --> 00:41:14,504
Jurga: [ speaking polish ]
757
00:41:14,606 --> 00:41:16,339
interpreter:
Under normal circumstances,
758
00:41:16,441 --> 00:41:18,341
when the bunker was
working properly,
759
00:41:18,443 --> 00:41:20,743
electric heating was supplied
from the machine room.
760
00:41:23,482 --> 00:41:25,648
This washroom was for
all the soldiers from
761
00:41:25,750 --> 00:41:28,251
the two bunkers in this part
of the underground system.
762
00:41:30,422 --> 00:41:33,389
Both those fighting
and the spare units used
763
00:41:33,492 --> 00:41:34,791
this washroom.
764
00:41:34,893 --> 00:41:37,927
In total, about 60 to 70
people had to use
765
00:41:38,029 --> 00:41:39,062
this small washroom.
766
00:41:42,801 --> 00:41:46,469
Narrator: In 1938, germany's
fuhrer came to inspect,
767
00:41:46,571 --> 00:41:48,605
and he was not happy.
768
00:41:48,707 --> 00:41:52,008
When hitler visits
the ostwall in 1938,
769
00:41:52,110 --> 00:41:55,078
he is definitely underwhelmed.
770
00:41:55,180 --> 00:41:57,514
Hitler is somebody
who wants to see, you know,
771
00:41:57,616 --> 00:41:59,682
parades of panzers
in the street,
772
00:41:59,784 --> 00:42:02,619
flyovers by luftwaffe bombers,
dive bombers,
773
00:42:02,721 --> 00:42:05,488
and fighter planes,
goosestepping infantry.
774
00:42:05,590 --> 00:42:08,825
He does not want to see
these subterranean fortresses
775
00:42:08,927 --> 00:42:10,527
with just a little
machine-gun turret
776
00:42:10,629 --> 00:42:12,529
poking out of the pine trees.
777
00:42:14,266 --> 00:42:17,734
He calls it a worthless
set of mousetraps,
778
00:42:17,836 --> 00:42:19,836
and he's also very upset
that most
779
00:42:19,938 --> 00:42:22,906
of the soldiers are going
to be underground.
780
00:42:23,008 --> 00:42:26,342
Narrator: The ostwall failed
its inspection,
781
00:42:26,444 --> 00:42:29,812
and its construction
is put on hold.
782
00:42:29,915 --> 00:42:32,015
The following year,
783
00:42:32,117 --> 00:42:36,019
hitler marched the troops
past the wall and into poland.
784
00:42:36,121 --> 00:42:37,153
[ gunfire ]
785
00:42:37,255 --> 00:42:39,522
once germany had conquered
poland,
786
00:42:39,624 --> 00:42:41,524
this fortification lay
in the middle
787
00:42:41,626 --> 00:42:44,761
of german-controlled territory,
so it was militarily useless.
788
00:42:44,863 --> 00:42:48,331
After a decade of pouring
so much effort and money
789
00:42:48,433 --> 00:42:51,968
into this line,
it was left as a lame duck.
790
00:42:53,171 --> 00:42:55,305
Wawro: This speaks to hitler's
conception of warfare.
791
00:42:55,407 --> 00:42:57,006
The german army
had to be on the move.
792
00:42:57,108 --> 00:42:58,575
It had to be attacking,
and that
793
00:42:58,677 --> 00:43:03,479
it was not going to sit
passively behind fortifications.
794
00:43:03,582 --> 00:43:05,081
Narrator:
With the ostwall canceled,
795
00:43:05,183 --> 00:43:09,419
the tunnels were left empty
until the fuhrer found a new use
796
00:43:09,521 --> 00:43:12,488
for his empty
underground bunker.
797
00:43:12,557 --> 00:43:16,192
After hitler stopped
construction on the ostwall,
798
00:43:16,294 --> 00:43:17,927
it was largely unused.
799
00:43:18,029 --> 00:43:22,065
But when the allies begin their
strategic bombing of germany,
800
00:43:22,167 --> 00:43:24,200
it finds a new purpose.
801
00:43:24,302 --> 00:43:28,605
They move machinery down here
to build aircraft engines.
802
00:43:28,707 --> 00:43:29,806
Jurga: [ speaking polish ]
803
00:43:29,908 --> 00:43:31,074
interpreter: When the factories
were up and running,
804
00:43:31,176 --> 00:43:33,209
the train track was
constantly used,
805
00:43:33,311 --> 00:43:34,877
but not to
transport ammunition
806
00:43:34,980 --> 00:43:37,614
or soldiers -- it only
transported parts of
807
00:43:37,716 --> 00:43:38,681
aircraft engines.
808
00:43:42,287 --> 00:43:44,187
Narrator:
With most able-bodied soldiers
809
00:43:44,289 --> 00:43:46,923
fighting on the frontlines,
810
00:43:47,025 --> 00:43:51,160
only a small regiment was left
to defend the wall.
811
00:43:51,262 --> 00:43:53,062
Auerbach: Regular troops
weren't stationed there.
812
00:43:53,164 --> 00:43:54,263
You just had militia,
813
00:43:54,366 --> 00:43:57,033
which were mostly poorly trained
hitler youth
814
00:43:57,135 --> 00:43:59,636
and men too old to be sent
to the frontlines.
815
00:43:59,738 --> 00:44:01,471
Selwood:
Conditions were dreadful.
816
00:44:01,606 --> 00:44:03,539
It was dank.
It was dark.
817
00:44:03,642 --> 00:44:06,509
It was underfunded.
There were no resources.
818
00:44:06,611 --> 00:44:10,513
The people who were here
really had been forgotten about.
819
00:44:10,615 --> 00:44:13,716
Remember the frontline
was hundreds of miles away --
820
00:44:13,818 --> 00:44:15,251
until everything changed.
821
00:44:15,353 --> 00:44:16,319
[ mid-tempo music plays ]
822
00:44:16,421 --> 00:44:19,222
narrator:
By the end of 1944,
823
00:44:19,324 --> 00:44:21,591
the germans were being
pushed back,
824
00:44:21,693 --> 00:44:24,460
and the soviets were creeping
closer to berlin.
825
00:44:24,562 --> 00:44:28,531
The forgotten ostwall
was about to join the war.
826
00:44:29,901 --> 00:44:32,268
Auerbach: So hitler was not,
by any
827
00:44:32,370 --> 00:44:34,403
stretch of the imagination,
a military genius,
828
00:44:34,472 --> 00:44:38,741
and he insisted on this tactic
of no retreat.
829
00:44:38,843 --> 00:44:42,178
And what happens is hundreds
of thousands of german troops
830
00:44:42,280 --> 00:44:47,016
are surrounded and captured
by the red army until
831
00:44:47,118 --> 00:44:50,586
one of the last things in
between the soviet war machine
832
00:44:50,689 --> 00:44:54,223
and berlin is this one bit
of fortification.
833
00:44:55,360 --> 00:44:58,294
Narrator: Reinforcements were
rushed in to defend the wall,
834
00:44:58,396 --> 00:45:02,398
but they were poorly trained
and ill-equipped.
835
00:45:02,500 --> 00:45:03,466
Jurga: [ speaking polish ]
836
00:45:03,568 --> 00:45:05,401
interpreter: The volkssturm
soldiers who were
837
00:45:05,503 --> 00:45:07,704
sent here didn't
have enough weapons.
838
00:45:07,806 --> 00:45:09,505
When they arrived
at the train station,
839
00:45:09,607 --> 00:45:12,508
they were given two or three
guns for the entire group.
840
00:45:13,745 --> 00:45:15,511
When they asked
where the weapons were,
841
00:45:15,613 --> 00:45:18,281
they were told that they would
find them inside the bunkers,
842
00:45:18,383 --> 00:45:19,248
but there were none.
843
00:45:21,286 --> 00:45:24,487
The ostwall was seriously
under supplied,
844
00:45:24,589 --> 00:45:26,589
and one general, kuchler,
845
00:45:26,691 --> 00:45:30,126
even refused to call it
the east wall, because he didn't
846
00:45:30,228 --> 00:45:31,894
think it had any real
strategic value.
847
00:45:33,198 --> 00:45:35,732
Narrator: And yet the ostwall
and those defending it
848
00:45:35,834 --> 00:45:37,366
it were about to be put to
the test.
849
00:45:37,469 --> 00:45:39,402
Jurga: [ speaking polish ]
850
00:45:39,504 --> 00:45:41,137
interpreter: Enemy was
approaching from that side --
851
00:45:41,239 --> 00:45:42,805
approaching slowly.
852
00:45:42,907 --> 00:45:47,276
Firstly, he had to overpass the
antitank barrier on the road.
853
00:45:47,378 --> 00:45:51,247
So these hitler youth and these
old guys in the militia,
854
00:45:51,349 --> 00:45:53,382
they stand no chance
against the soviet army.
855
00:45:53,485 --> 00:45:54,751
But that doesn't stop 'em.
856
00:45:54,853 --> 00:45:56,986
They put up resistance,
and they were determined
857
00:45:57,088 --> 00:46:00,156
to defend the border
and defend this fortification.
858
00:46:02,293 --> 00:46:04,761
Selwood: The soviet attack here
was relentless.
859
00:46:04,863 --> 00:46:06,596
You can still see
the hundreds of
860
00:46:06,698 --> 00:46:08,865
bullet holes and impact marks
from artillery.
861
00:46:08,967 --> 00:46:10,900
For those inside
manning the line,
862
00:46:11,002 --> 00:46:12,502
it would have been
utterly terrifying.
863
00:46:13,905 --> 00:46:16,506
Narrator: In just days,
the wall was breached
864
00:46:16,608 --> 00:46:19,809
and the red army rolled
towards berlin.
865
00:46:19,911 --> 00:46:22,712
The ostwall had failed.
866
00:46:23,681 --> 00:46:26,482
The slightly pathetic thing
about the line, really,
867
00:46:26,584 --> 00:46:29,786
is that after so much
deviousness, so much planning,
868
00:46:29,888 --> 00:46:33,489
so much hopes for it,
when the time actually came,
869
00:46:33,591 --> 00:46:35,691
they weren't prepared to put
the manpower
870
00:46:35,794 --> 00:46:37,260
or the resources into using it,
871
00:46:37,362 --> 00:46:39,929
and the lame duck became
a damp squib.
872
00:46:41,766 --> 00:46:42,832
Jurga:
[ speaking polish ]
873
00:46:42,934 --> 00:46:45,067
interpreter: Had this
fortification been completed
874
00:46:45,170 --> 00:46:48,104
the way it was designed,
most likely it would have been
875
00:46:48,206 --> 00:46:50,473
very precious
to the german army.
876
00:46:50,575 --> 00:46:55,878
Unfortunately for them,
they completed it only to 30%.
877
00:46:55,980 --> 00:46:57,880
And without antitank weaponry,
878
00:46:57,982 --> 00:46:59,816
the soldiers didn't have
a chance
879
00:46:59,918 --> 00:47:02,151
against the power
of the soviet army.
880
00:47:02,253 --> 00:47:04,787
When the war ended
and the treaties are signed,
881
00:47:04,889 --> 00:47:06,756
the borders are redrawn.
882
00:47:06,858 --> 00:47:10,560
And this area ends up
inside poland,
883
00:47:10,662 --> 00:47:14,463
the very nation it was built
to keep out.
884
00:47:20,138 --> 00:47:22,972
Now the cavernous ostwall
lies empty,
885
00:47:23,074 --> 00:47:26,609
and anything valuable that
remained inside has long since
886
00:47:26,711 --> 00:47:27,643
been stripped away.
887
00:47:29,380 --> 00:47:30,613
Jurga: [ speaking polish ]
888
00:47:30,715 --> 00:47:33,683
interpreter: The russian army
sent special trophy battalions
889
00:47:33,785 --> 00:47:35,551
who were not only interested
in gold,
890
00:47:35,653 --> 00:47:39,155
silver, or museum artifacts
but also in machinery,
891
00:47:39,257 --> 00:47:40,556
and tools.
892
00:47:40,658 --> 00:47:42,658
All of it was taken outside,
893
00:47:42,794 --> 00:47:46,295
packed inside the wagons,
and sent to the east.
894
00:47:49,000 --> 00:47:51,000
Narrator: Rumors speak of
nazi treasures
895
00:47:51,102 --> 00:47:52,869
still hidden in the walls,
896
00:47:52,971 --> 00:47:57,139
but all that fills the dark
corridors today are some
897
00:47:57,242 --> 00:47:59,909
35,000 protected bats.
80918
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