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1
00:00:02,837 --> 00:00:06,472
Narrator:
ANGKOR WAT, CAMBODIA.
2
00:00:06,474 --> 00:00:10,576
THE LARGEST RELIGIOUS
MONUMENT EVER BUILT.
3
00:00:10,578 --> 00:00:13,212
THE ANCIENT KHMER CIVILIZATION
CONSTRUCTED
4
00:00:13,214 --> 00:00:18,083
THIS MAGNIFICENT
HINDU TEMPLE 900 YEARS AGO...
5
00:00:18,085 --> 00:00:21,186
Hendrickson:
WHEN YOU GET UP CLOSE
AND YOU LOOK AT THE DETAIL,
6
00:00:21,188 --> 00:00:23,856
IT IS TRULY
AN ABSOLUTE MASTERPIECE.
7
00:00:23,858 --> 00:00:25,924
Narrator:
...THE CROWNING GLORY
8
00:00:25,926 --> 00:00:27,793
OF A ONCE-GREAT EMPIRE.
9
00:00:27,795 --> 00:00:30,596
IT'S EXTRAORDINARY
ON SO MANY LEVELS
10
00:00:30,598 --> 00:00:33,665
THAT IT'S VERY DIFFICULT
TO EVEN COMPREHEND.
11
00:00:33,667 --> 00:00:36,368
Narrator: WHY WAS THIS
GARGANTUAN TEMPLE BUILT
12
00:00:36,370 --> 00:00:40,005
SEEMINGLY
IN THE MIDDLE OF NOWHERE?
13
00:00:40,007 --> 00:00:44,810
AND HOW IS IT STILL STANDING
AFTER CENTURIES OF NEGLECT,
14
00:00:44,812 --> 00:00:49,515
RAVAGED BY JUNGLE TREES
AND MONSOON RAINS?
15
00:00:49,517 --> 00:00:53,452
TO UNEARTH THE TRUTH,
WE'LL EXPLORE
16
00:00:53,454 --> 00:00:57,623
THE TEMPLE'S STRUCTURE
STONE BY STONE.
17
00:00:57,625 --> 00:01:02,261
WE'LL EXPOSE ITS HIDDEN CHAMBERS
AND LOST TUNNELS
18
00:01:02,263 --> 00:01:05,063
TO REVEAL
THE ASTONISHING SECRETS
19
00:01:05,065 --> 00:01:07,299
OF THE LONG-LOST CIVILIZATION
20
00:01:07,301 --> 00:01:10,002
THAT BUILT THIS ANCIENT WONDER.
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00:01:10,004 --> 00:01:13,005
-- Captions by VITAC --
www.vitac.com
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00:01:13,007 --> 00:01:16,041
CAPTIONS PAID FOR BY
DISCOVERY COMMUNICATIONS
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ANGKOR WAT, THE LARGEST
TEMPLE ON EARTH.
24
00:01:22,483 --> 00:01:26,251
THIS MASSIVE STRUCTURE DOMINATES
THE JUNGLE LANDSCAPE
25
00:01:26,253 --> 00:01:27,519
OF NORTHERN CAMBODIA.
26
00:01:27,521 --> 00:01:31,657
BUT FOR CENTURIES,
ITS SANDSTONE TOWERS
27
00:01:31,659 --> 00:01:34,827
AND CARVED WALKWAYS
WERE LOST TO THE FOREST,
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00:01:34,829 --> 00:01:38,964
HIDDEN BENEATH AN IMPENETRABLE
CANOPY OF TREES.
29
00:01:38,966 --> 00:01:43,869
NOW ARCHEOLOGISTS INVESTIGATING
ANGKOR WAT ARE REVEALING
30
00:01:43,871 --> 00:01:45,704
ITS HIDDEN SECRETS.
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00:01:45,706 --> 00:01:49,942
WORKERS HAVE CLEARED THE TREES
TO REVEAL
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A TEMPLE COMPLEX COVERING
OVER 500 ACRES,
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00:01:55,783 --> 00:01:58,784
AND THERE COULD BE MORE.
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00:01:58,786 --> 00:02:02,554
ARCHAEOLOGY TEAMS USE INNOVATIVE
LASER TECHNOLOGY TO HUNT
35
00:02:02,556 --> 00:02:04,556
FOR THE LONG-LOST CITY
THEY BELIEVE
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00:02:04,558 --> 00:02:08,694
MUST ONCE HAVE
SURROUNDED ANGKOR WAT.
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00:02:08,696 --> 00:02:11,463
OTHER EXPERTS SEARCH FOR CLUES
INSIDE THE TEMPLE
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00:02:11,465 --> 00:02:15,834
TO SOLVE THE MYSTERIES
OF HOW AND WHY IT WAS BUILT.
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00:02:15,836 --> 00:02:18,570
IT'S PERFECTION IN TERMS
OF CARVING.
40
00:02:18,572 --> 00:02:21,673
IT'S PERFECTION IN TERMS
OF DIMENSIONS,
41
00:02:21,675 --> 00:02:27,012
IN TERMS OF RHYTHM OF SPACES
WITHIN THE TEMPLE.
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00:02:27,014 --> 00:02:29,715
THIS REQUIRED
AN EXTRAORDINARY VISION.
43
00:02:33,487 --> 00:02:37,022
Narrator: ANCIENT ARCHITECTS
DESIGNED ANGKOR WAT TO INSPIRE
44
00:02:37,024 --> 00:02:39,157
AWE AND WONDER.
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A MAJESTIC STAIRCASE
LED PILGRIMS
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TO A MAGNIFICENT CENTRAL ATRIUM
47
00:02:44,164 --> 00:02:47,366
WHERE THEY CAME
FACE-TO-FACE WITH VISHNU,
48
00:02:47,368 --> 00:02:51,169
A SUPREME BEING
IN THE HINDU FAITH.
49
00:02:51,171 --> 00:02:54,907
FIVE IMPOSING STONE TOWERS
ROSE ABOVE THEIR HEADS,
50
00:02:54,909 --> 00:03:00,145
SYMBOLIZING
THE SACRED MOUNT MERU,
51
00:03:00,147 --> 00:03:02,881
HOME OF THE GODS.
52
00:03:05,152 --> 00:03:08,754
BUILT USING HALF
A MILLION TONS OF STONE,
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ANGKOR WAT IS A SPECTACULAR
54
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RE-CREATION OF HEAVEN ON EARTH.
55
00:03:16,463 --> 00:03:19,231
BUT WHY DID THE ANCIENT
CAMBODIANS BUILD THIS TEMPLE
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00:03:19,233 --> 00:03:23,335
SO MUCH BIGGER
THAN ANY OTHER?
57
00:03:23,337 --> 00:03:27,372
SIMON WARRACK HAS SPENT DECADES
INVESTIGATING ANGKOR WAT
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00:03:27,374 --> 00:03:29,308
AND ITS SURROUNDING TEMPLES.
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00:03:31,278 --> 00:03:34,546
HE BELIEVES THE ANSWER TO THIS
MYSTERY LIES IN DECODING
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00:03:34,548 --> 00:03:35,781
THE INTRICATE CARVINGS
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THAT ADORN
THE TEMPLE WALLS.
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00:03:38,819 --> 00:03:41,553
WE'RE IN THE THIRD ENCLOSURE
OF THE TEMPLE OF ANGKOR WAT,
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00:03:41,555 --> 00:03:44,690
AND IN THIS ENCLOSURE,
WE HAVE MORE THAN HALF A MILE
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OF CARVED BAS-RELIEFS.
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Narrator:
THE CARVINGS TELL THE STORY
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OF THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATION
WHO BUILT THE TEMPLE --
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THE KHMER.
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00:03:53,167 --> 00:03:56,468
THEY DEPICT THE ARMY'S
MILITARY VICTORIES,
69
00:03:56,470 --> 00:03:59,705
AND THEY GIVE US AN IMAGE
OF A GREAT RULER --
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KING SURYAVARMAN II.
71
00:04:03,777 --> 00:04:07,212
SO HERE WE ARE IN FRONT OF
KING SURYAVARMAN II HIMSELF.
72
00:04:07,214 --> 00:04:09,548
THIS IS THE FIRST PORTRAIT
OF A KHMER KING
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IN THE HISTORY OF KHMER ART.
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00:04:11,285 --> 00:04:14,119
HERE HE IS SITTING ON HIS
THRONE LOOKING VERY REGAL,
75
00:04:14,121 --> 00:04:15,587
SURROUNDED BY HIS COUNSELORS
76
00:04:15,589 --> 00:04:18,557
AND HIS MINISTERS,
SEVERAL HOLY MEN.
77
00:04:18,559 --> 00:04:22,294
AND WONDERFUL UMBRELLAS
TO SHIELD HIM FROM THE SUN,
78
00:04:22,296 --> 00:04:24,096
FANS, FLY WHISKS.
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00:04:24,098 --> 00:04:27,633
ALL THE ACCOUTREMENTS
OF ROYALTY ARE HERE.
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Narrator: CRITICALLY, KING
SURYAVARMAN WASN'T BORN TO RULE.
81
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HE HAD SEIZED POWER
FROM HIS GREAT UNCLE,
82
00:04:36,310 --> 00:04:37,776
AND SIMON IS CONVINCED THAT
83
00:04:37,778 --> 00:04:41,613
ANGKOR WAT'S HUGE SIZE WAS
A GRAND POLITICAL STATEMENT
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00:04:41,615 --> 00:04:45,484
TO WIN OVER
HIS NEW SUBJECTS.
85
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CARVED HERE IS THE MESSAGE
THAT THE KING WANTED
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00:04:47,688 --> 00:04:50,722
TO GET TO HIS PEOPLE.
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00:04:50,724 --> 00:04:54,593
IN A WAY, THIS IS THE CAMPAIGN
AD FOR SURYAVARMAN II.
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00:04:58,532 --> 00:05:01,400
Narrator: SURYAVARMAN DIDN'T
JUST WANT TO BE SEEN
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AS A RIGHTFUL KING.
90
00:05:02,569 --> 00:05:05,504
HE WANTED TO BE
REVERED AS A GOD.
91
00:05:07,741 --> 00:05:10,876
SO HE BUILT A TEMPLE
WITH AN EXTRAORDINARY SECRET
92
00:05:10,878 --> 00:05:12,878
THAT LINKS IT TO THE HEAVENS.
93
00:05:15,883 --> 00:05:17,716
EACH YEAR AT THE SPRING EQUINOX,
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00:05:17,718 --> 00:05:22,954
THE SUN RISES DIRECTLY
OVER THE CENTRAL TOWER.
95
00:05:22,956 --> 00:05:24,990
A HOLE IN THE CAPSTONE FOCUSES
96
00:05:24,992 --> 00:05:28,894
THE SUNLIGHT
DOWN INTO THE TEMPLE.
97
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IT SHINES THROUGH A HOLE
IN THE FLOOR BELOW
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00:05:32,166 --> 00:05:34,499
AND DOWN A 90-FOOT SHAFT
99
00:05:34,501 --> 00:05:38,870
TO A SECRET CHAMBER
DEEP UNDERGROUND.
100
00:05:38,872 --> 00:05:41,239
SOME EXPERTS BELIEVE
THAT SURYAVARMAN
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00:05:41,241 --> 00:05:46,511
DESIGNED THIS SECRET VAULT
TO HOLD HIS MORTAL REMAINS.
102
00:05:46,513 --> 00:05:50,682
IF THEY'RE RIGHT,
ANGKOR WAT IS NOT JUST A TEMPLE.
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00:05:50,684 --> 00:05:54,286
IT'S A SPIRITUAL MACHINE
TO ELEVATE THE GOD KING
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00:05:54,288 --> 00:05:56,688
TO HIS RIGHTFUL HEAVENLY THRONE.
105
00:05:58,625 --> 00:06:02,794
BUT THIS IDEA CREATES
ANOTHER BIG MYSTERY.
106
00:06:02,796 --> 00:06:08,233
IF ANGKOR WAT WAS DESIGNED
TO BE SURYAVARMAN'S TOMB,
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00:06:08,235 --> 00:06:09,601
IT HAD TO BE CONSTRUCTED
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00:06:09,603 --> 00:06:13,038
AND DECORATED IN TIME
FOR HIS DEATH.
109
00:06:13,040 --> 00:06:16,742
Warrack: THE REIGN OF KING
SURYAVARMAN II WAS 32 YEARS.
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00:06:16,744 --> 00:06:18,577
THAT'S A VERY SHORT TIME
TO BUILD THE BIGGEST
111
00:06:18,579 --> 00:06:21,012
STONE RELIGIOUS
BUILDING IN THE WORLD.
112
00:06:23,383 --> 00:06:26,785
Narrator: THE GREAT EUROPEAN
CATHEDRALS BUILT IN THE SAME ERA
113
00:06:26,787 --> 00:06:30,155
TOOK CENTURIES TO COMPLETE.
114
00:06:30,157 --> 00:06:33,391
YET THEY'RE A FRACTION
OF THE SIZE OF ANGKOR WAT.
115
00:06:33,393 --> 00:06:37,662
SO HOW DID THE KHMER ENGINEERS
BUILD THIS REMARKABLE TRIUMPH
116
00:06:37,664 --> 00:06:39,464
IN SUCH A SHORT TIME?
117
00:06:45,072 --> 00:06:46,705
SIMON THINKS THAT THE SOLUTION
118
00:06:46,707 --> 00:06:50,342
COULD BE A VAST SUPPLY
OF MANPOWER.
119
00:06:50,344 --> 00:06:53,578
TO TEST HIS THEORY, HE
VISITS ANOTHER KHMER TEMPLE --
120
00:06:53,580 --> 00:06:55,046
PHNOM BAKHENG --
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00:06:55,048 --> 00:06:56,414
WHERE A TEAM OF STONEMASONS
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00:06:56,416 --> 00:06:59,050
ARE REBUILDING THE TEMPLE'S
SOUTHWESTERN WALL.
123
00:07:02,389 --> 00:07:07,592
SIMON EXPERIMENTS BY CHISELING
A SANDSTONE BLOCK.
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00:07:07,594 --> 00:07:10,796
HE WANTS TO INVESTIGATE HOW LONG
IT WOULD HAVE TAKEN THE KHMER
125
00:07:10,798 --> 00:07:14,800
TO DO THE SAME JOB
900 YEARS AGO.
126
00:07:14,802 --> 00:07:17,302
Warrack: ROUGHING OUT WITH A
POINT CHISEL AND A BIG HAMMER
127
00:07:17,304 --> 00:07:19,938
IS REALLY HARD WORK.
128
00:07:19,940 --> 00:07:23,475
AND THAT WOULD HAVE BEEN DONE
BY THE LESS-SKILLED TEAMS.
129
00:07:23,477 --> 00:07:26,278
Narrator:
TO MAKE SURE THE BLOCKS
SAT FLUSH AGAINST EACH OTHER,
130
00:07:26,280 --> 00:07:28,413
THEY HAD TO CHISEL
AND THEN SAND THEM
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00:07:28,415 --> 00:07:31,349
UNTIL THEY WERE
PERFECTLY SMOOTH.
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00:07:31,351 --> 00:07:34,753
THE MOST UNCOMFORTABLE THING
ABOUT DOING THIS KIND OF WORK
133
00:07:34,755 --> 00:07:38,657
IS, OF COURSE,
THE HEAT AND THE DUST.
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00:07:40,561 --> 00:07:43,094
Narrator:
SIMON'S AN EXPERT STONEMASON,
135
00:07:43,096 --> 00:07:45,363
BUT IT STILL TAKES HIM
OVER TWO HOURS
136
00:07:45,365 --> 00:07:49,301
TO PREPARE THE BLOCK
FOR THE TEMPLE WALL.
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THIS HERE IS A RELATIVELY
SMALL BLOCK.
138
00:07:51,471 --> 00:07:54,406
THIS IS ONE YOU CAN
ACTUALLY MOVE BY HAND.
139
00:07:54,408 --> 00:07:58,210
THE BLOCKS IN
ANGKOR ARE UP TO 10 TONS
140
00:07:58,212 --> 00:08:01,346
AND WERE PLACED IN SITU
AND THEN WORKED BY HAND.
141
00:08:01,348 --> 00:08:05,383
THE SIZE OF THAT TASK
IS VERY DIFFICULT
142
00:08:05,385 --> 00:08:06,885
EVEN TO ACTUALLY IMAGINE.
143
00:08:09,923 --> 00:08:11,756
Narrator: SIMON SUSPECTS
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00:08:11,758 --> 00:08:13,792
IT WOULD HAVE TAKEN
A KHMER STONEMASON UP
145
00:08:13,794 --> 00:08:16,928
TO EIGHT HOURS TO PREPARE
EACH OF THE MASSIVE BLOCKS
146
00:08:16,930 --> 00:08:19,831
USED TO BUILD ANGKOR WAT.
147
00:08:19,833 --> 00:08:23,468
AND WITH 5 MILLION BLOCKS
TO PREPARE,
148
00:08:23,470 --> 00:08:26,438
SURYAVARMAN WOULD HAVE NEEDED
THOUSANDS OF STONEMASONS
149
00:08:26,440 --> 00:08:27,973
WORKING EVERY DAY
150
00:08:27,975 --> 00:08:32,277
TO COMPLETE THE TEMPLE
WITHIN HIS LIFETIME.
151
00:08:32,279 --> 00:08:35,814
AND THIS WOULD HAVE BEEN JUST
A FRACTION OF THE WORKFORCE.
152
00:08:38,619 --> 00:08:42,554
SURYAVARMAN ALSO NEEDED
THE MATERIALS TO BE QUARRIED
153
00:08:42,556 --> 00:08:46,658
AND TRANSPORTED
TO THE JUNGLE SITE.
154
00:08:46,660 --> 00:08:50,495
Warrack: YOU CAN ESTIMATE
BY DOING A SIMPLE CALCULATION
155
00:08:50,497 --> 00:08:52,731
THAT THERE WAS BETWEEN 200
156
00:08:52,733 --> 00:08:57,202
AND 300 BLOCKS PER DAY
ARRIVING ON SITE.
157
00:08:57,204 --> 00:09:01,239
AND THAT IS ALMOST
IMPOSSIBLE TO CONCEIVE.
158
00:09:05,145 --> 00:09:09,381
Narrator: ANGKOR WAT SITS
IN THE MIDDLE OF THE JUNGLE.
159
00:09:09,383 --> 00:09:12,384
THE NEAREST SANDSTONE IS
IN THE KULEN HILLS
160
00:09:12,386 --> 00:09:16,554
25 MILES TO THE EAST.
161
00:09:16,556 --> 00:09:19,257
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH HAS
REVEALED THAT THE KHMER
162
00:09:19,259 --> 00:09:21,893
CUT CANALS TO JOIN UP THE RIVERS
163
00:09:21,895 --> 00:09:24,095
TO CREATE A TRANSPORT
ROUTE DIRECT
164
00:09:24,097 --> 00:09:26,932
TO THE BUILDING SITE.
165
00:09:26,934 --> 00:09:33,004
THEY CRAFTED BAMBOO RAFTS
TO SUPPORT THE SANDSTONE BLOCKS.
166
00:09:33,006 --> 00:09:38,276
AND THE CURRENT EFFORTLESSLY
CARRIED THEM TOWARDS ANGKOR WAT.
167
00:09:38,278 --> 00:09:41,646
THIS SYSTEM PROVIDED
A CONSTANT SUPPLY OF SANDSTONE
168
00:09:41,648 --> 00:09:43,515
TO AN ARMY OF BUILDERS
169
00:09:43,517 --> 00:09:46,117
WHO WORKED TIRELESSLY
TO ERECT A TEMPLE.
170
00:09:49,856 --> 00:09:54,025
WE CAN IMAGINE AN ALMOST
SOLID STREAM OF STONE GOING
171
00:09:54,027 --> 00:09:56,094
FROM THE QUARRY TO THE SITE
172
00:09:56,096 --> 00:09:57,963
AT THE HEIGHT
OF THE BUILDING PERIOD --
173
00:09:57,965 --> 00:10:00,899
A SITE I WOULD LOVE
TO HAVE BEEN ABLE TO SEE.
174
00:10:04,271 --> 00:10:08,306
Narrator:
TO BUILD A TEMPLE OF SUCH
EPIC PROPORTIONS IN SO FEW YEARS
175
00:10:08,308 --> 00:10:11,209
WOULD HAVE TAKEN HUNDREDS
OF THOUSANDS OF WORKERS,
176
00:10:11,211 --> 00:10:14,312
PERHAPS THE LARGEST
CONSTRUCTION TASK FORCE
177
00:10:14,314 --> 00:10:17,782
EVER ASSEMBLED IN
THE PRE-INDUSTRIAL WORLD.
178
00:10:17,784 --> 00:10:19,584
Warrack: THE SIZE OF THE TEAM
MUST HAVE BEEN EXTRAORDINARY
179
00:10:19,586 --> 00:10:22,554
AND REALLY VAST.
180
00:10:22,556 --> 00:10:25,690
IT SHOWS A CAPACITY
FOR ORGANIZATION,
181
00:10:25,692 --> 00:10:27,125
WHICH IS CHARACTERISTIC
OF A VERY,
182
00:10:27,127 --> 00:10:30,328
VERY GREAT CIVILIZATION.
183
00:10:30,330 --> 00:10:32,397
Narrator:
THROUGH SHEER FORCE OF NUMBERS,
184
00:10:32,399 --> 00:10:35,700
KING SURYAVARMAN ACHIEVED
HIS EXTRAORDINARY VISION,
185
00:10:35,702 --> 00:10:38,470
AND THE FINAL STONE
OF ANGKOR WAT WAS IN PLACE
186
00:10:38,472 --> 00:10:40,772
BEFORE HE DIED.
187
00:10:40,774 --> 00:10:43,942
BUT THIS SURPRISING FACT
PRESENTS ANOTHER MYSTERY.
188
00:10:43,944 --> 00:10:49,047
IF SUCH A VAST WORKFORCE WAS
NEEDED TO CONSTRUCT THE TEMPLE,
189
00:10:49,049 --> 00:10:50,815
WHERE DID THEY ALL LIVE?
190
00:10:53,220 --> 00:10:56,087
TODAY THE TEMPLE APPEARS
TO SIT LIKE AN ISLAND
191
00:10:56,089 --> 00:10:58,189
IN A SEA OF DENSE JUNGLE.
192
00:11:00,193 --> 00:11:02,627
IS NEW TECHNOLOGY
ABOUT TO REVEAL
193
00:11:02,629 --> 00:11:05,930
ANGKOR WAT'S MOST
CLOSELY GUARDED SECRET?
194
00:11:14,581 --> 00:11:18,350
Narrator: TODAY TOURISTS MARVEL
AT THE SPLENDOR OF ANGKOR WAT
195
00:11:18,352 --> 00:11:22,054
AND ITS VAST MOAT.
196
00:11:22,056 --> 00:11:26,758
DESIGNED TO GLORIFY THE RULE
OF AN AMBITIOUS KING,
197
00:11:26,760 --> 00:11:31,129
IT CONTAINS HUNDREDS
OF GRAND COLUMNS,
198
00:11:31,131 --> 00:11:33,198
AND ITS WALLS
AND TOWERS ARE ADORNED
199
00:11:33,200 --> 00:11:37,302
WITH THOUSANDS
OF EXQUISITE CARVINGS.
200
00:11:37,304 --> 00:11:42,240
BUT 900 YEARS AGO, IT WOULD HAVE
LOOKED EVEN MORE MAGNIFICENT.
201
00:11:44,678 --> 00:11:48,447
ITS ROOFS WERE
BEAUTIFULLY GILDED.
202
00:11:48,449 --> 00:11:54,152
EVERY GATE CROWNED WITH FINE,
GOLD-COVERED CARVINGS.
203
00:11:54,154 --> 00:11:56,054
AND THE CENTERPIECE OF IT ALL --
204
00:11:56,056 --> 00:12:00,158
THE FIVE LOTUS TOWERS
ENROBED IN GOLD,
205
00:12:00,160 --> 00:12:01,760
REFLECTING THE SUNLIGHT,
206
00:12:01,762 --> 00:12:04,663
SHINING LIKE BEACONS
ACROSS THE PLAIN.
207
00:12:07,468 --> 00:12:09,634
IT TOOK HUNDREDS
OF THOUSANDS OF WORKERS
208
00:12:09,636 --> 00:12:13,138
TO BUILD THIS LAVISH MONUMENT,
209
00:12:13,140 --> 00:12:16,641
YET TODAY THERE'S NO SIGN
OF A CITY AROUND THE TEMPLE.
210
00:12:18,712 --> 00:12:22,514
SO WHERE DID THESE
ORDINARY PEOPLE LIVE?
211
00:12:22,516 --> 00:12:25,350
IT'S A MYSTERY BECAUSE
THE JUNGLE HAS SWALLOWED UP
212
00:12:25,352 --> 00:12:28,453
ALMOST ALL TRACE
OF OUTLYING SETTLEMENTS.
213
00:12:37,498 --> 00:12:39,731
ARCHAEOLOGIST
JEAN-BAPTISTE CHEVANCE
214
00:12:39,733 --> 00:12:40,999
HUNTS FOR THE REMAINS
215
00:12:41,001 --> 00:12:45,370
OF THIS 900-YEAR-OLD
JUNGLE ATLANTIS.
216
00:12:45,372 --> 00:12:48,573
TODAY HE'S CHASING DOWN
THE RESULTS OF A GROUNDBREAKING
217
00:12:48,575 --> 00:12:51,176
MAPPING TECHNOLOGY
CALLED LIDAR.
218
00:12:58,952 --> 00:13:03,188
THE LASER BEAMS SCAN THE GROUND,
COVERING EVERY INCH.
219
00:13:03,190 --> 00:13:05,457
IT STRIPS AWAY ALL THE TREES
AND BUSHES
220
00:13:05,459 --> 00:13:07,092
TO REVEAL THE TRUE LANDSCAPE
221
00:13:07,094 --> 00:13:10,629
BENEATH THE DENSE VEGETATION.
222
00:13:10,631 --> 00:13:12,664
JEAN-BAPTISTE'S INVESTIGATIONS
223
00:13:12,666 --> 00:13:15,300
HERE REVEAL
SOMETHING ASTONISHING.
224
00:13:27,181 --> 00:13:30,782
ANGKOR WAT AND ITS SQUARE MOAT
APPEAR TO BE SURROUNDED
225
00:13:30,784 --> 00:13:34,386
BY A CITY GRID
OF ANCIENT ROADS AND BUILDINGS.
226
00:13:42,663 --> 00:13:45,096
TODAY JEAN-BAPTISTE
WANTS TO CHECK OUT
227
00:13:45,098 --> 00:13:49,167
SOME OF THE FEATURES PICKED UP
BY THE LASER SCANNING
228
00:13:49,169 --> 00:13:50,535
TO SEE FIRSTHAND
229
00:13:50,537 --> 00:13:53,805
IF THEY REALLY ARE THE REMAINS
OF AN ANCIENT CITY.
230
00:13:53,807 --> 00:13:57,075
THIS IS A PROCESS
CALLED GROUND TRUTHING.
231
00:14:17,731 --> 00:14:22,367
THEY FOLLOW THE GPS SIGNAL
TREKKING DEEP INTO THE JUNGLE.
232
00:14:24,371 --> 00:14:28,707
JEAN-BAPTISTE LOOKS OUT
FOR HUMPS IN THE JUNGLE FLOOR.
233
00:14:28,709 --> 00:14:31,676
THESE HUMPS COULD BE THE REMAINS
OF THE RAISED PLATFORMS
234
00:14:31,678 --> 00:14:33,878
THE KHMER BUILT THEIR HOMES ON.
235
00:14:54,234 --> 00:14:57,335
THE TEAM TAKES A CLOSER LOOK,
HUNTING FOR EVIDENCE
236
00:14:57,337 --> 00:14:59,604
THAT THESE HUMPS WERE MAN-MADE.
237
00:15:16,490 --> 00:15:19,758
AND THIS EXCITING DISCOVERY
ISN'T A ONE-OFF.
238
00:15:22,195 --> 00:15:25,096
GROUND TRUTHING HAS CONFIRMED
THAT A GIANT CITY
239
00:15:25,098 --> 00:15:29,234
ONCE SURROUNDED
THE TEMPLE OF ANGKOR WAT.
240
00:15:29,236 --> 00:15:32,570
HOUSES FILLED THE SPACES
WITHIN THE GREAT MOAT.
241
00:15:34,775 --> 00:15:38,943
HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS
MORE STRETCHED OUT BEYOND,
242
00:15:38,945 --> 00:15:41,179
DENSELY COVERING
THE LANDSCAPE.
243
00:15:45,152 --> 00:15:50,522
THE KHMER CUT WIDE CANALS
BETWEEN THESE CITY BLOCKS,
244
00:15:50,524 --> 00:15:53,792
CREATING A COMPLEX
TRANSPORT NETWORK.
245
00:15:55,829 --> 00:16:00,665
THIS VAST METROPOLIS STRETCHED
OVER 400 SQUARE MILES
246
00:16:00,667 --> 00:16:05,937
AND WAS HOME TO THREE QUARTERS
OF A MILLION PEOPLE.
247
00:16:05,939 --> 00:16:08,773
ANGKOR WAT WASN'T JUST A TEMPLE.
248
00:16:08,775 --> 00:16:11,042
IT WAS THE CENTER
OF A VAST MEGA CITY,
249
00:16:11,044 --> 00:16:13,411
ONE OF THE LARGEST IN THE WORLD.
250
00:16:16,583 --> 00:16:19,351
BUT HOW COULD A CITY
OF THIS SCALE THRIVE
251
00:16:19,353 --> 00:16:21,119
IN THE MIDDLE OF THE JUNGLE?
252
00:16:23,357 --> 00:16:25,256
WHAT WAS THE SECRET INGREDIENT
253
00:16:25,258 --> 00:16:28,493
THAT BANKROLLED THE CITY OF
ANGKOR AND KICK-STARTED
254
00:16:28,495 --> 00:16:31,196
THE EXPANSION
OF A KHMER EMPIRE?
255
00:16:42,126 --> 00:16:43,593
Narrator: ANGKOR WAT WAS ONCE
256
00:16:43,595 --> 00:16:46,996
THE BEATING HEART
OF A JUNGLE METROPOLIS,
257
00:16:46,998 --> 00:16:50,800
BUT THE KHMER RULERS WERE INTENT
ON CREATING AN EMPIRE.
258
00:16:54,272 --> 00:16:57,206
SIMON WARRACK EXPLORES
THE ANCIENT COMMUNITIES
259
00:16:57,208 --> 00:17:01,043
THAT STILL LIVE IN THE HILLS
AROUND ANGKOR WAT.
260
00:17:01,045 --> 00:17:03,312
HE'S SEARCHING
FOR THE MYSTERIOUS MATERIAL
261
00:17:03,314 --> 00:17:07,817
HE BELIEVES FUELED THE KHMER'S
RISE TO GREATNESS.
262
00:17:07,819 --> 00:17:10,853
Warrack: WE'VE JUST FOUND
A BLACKSMITH CREATING A TOOL
263
00:17:10,855 --> 00:17:13,523
WHICH IS PORTRAYED
ON THE RELIEFS OF ANGKOR,
264
00:17:13,525 --> 00:17:14,924
WHICH ARE 11th CENTURY.
265
00:17:14,926 --> 00:17:16,626
THIS IS IDENTICAL.
266
00:17:16,628 --> 00:17:19,929
SO HE'S MAKING THE SAME
TOOLS HIS ANCESTOR MADE
267
00:17:19,931 --> 00:17:21,163
1,000 YEARS AGO.
268
00:17:21,165 --> 00:17:24,200
Narrator: THESE TOOLS ARE BEING
FORGED FROM IRON,
269
00:17:24,202 --> 00:17:27,503
A METAL THAT'S HARD TO FIND
IN THIS PART OF THE WORLD.
270
00:17:27,505 --> 00:17:30,907
IT'S A LOVELY PIECE OF WORK,
AND IT'S EXTREMELY SHARP.
271
00:17:30,909 --> 00:17:35,444
AND I WOULD ENJOY USING THIS.
272
00:17:35,446 --> 00:17:38,848
Narrator: COULD IRON HAVE BEEN
THE SECRET WEAPON
273
00:17:38,850 --> 00:17:40,349
OF THE KHMER EMPIRE?
274
00:17:40,351 --> 00:17:41,584
Warrack: IRON WOULD HAVE BEEN
THE PERFECT MATERIAL
275
00:17:41,586 --> 00:17:42,818
AT THAT TIME.
276
00:17:42,820 --> 00:17:44,186
YOU CAN MAKE IT SHARP.
277
00:17:44,188 --> 00:17:47,523
YOU CAN MAKE A THICK CHISEL
TO KNOCK OFF THE BIG LUMPS
278
00:17:47,525 --> 00:17:49,692
WHEN YOU'RE WORKING
DOWN A LARGE BLOCK.
279
00:17:49,694 --> 00:17:51,894
YOU CAN WORK IT
INTO A VERY THIN POINT
280
00:17:51,896 --> 00:17:53,996
SO THAT YOU CAN WORK THE VERY,
VERY FINE DETAILS
281
00:17:53,998 --> 00:17:56,265
THAT YOU SEE ON ANGKOR.
282
00:17:56,267 --> 00:17:59,535
Narrator:
IF THE KHMER HAD ACCESS
TO VAST QUANTITIES OF IRON,
283
00:17:59,537 --> 00:18:03,272
THEY COULD HAVE USED IT TO BOOST
ALL ASPECTS OF THEIR CULTURE...
284
00:18:05,410 --> 00:18:09,879
...FROM CONSTRUCTION
TO AGRICULTURE
285
00:18:09,881 --> 00:18:12,415
AND, MOST IMPORTANTLY, WARFARE.
286
00:18:14,886 --> 00:18:18,321
IRON WEAPONS WOULD EXPLAIN
HOW THE KHMER EMPIRE
287
00:18:18,323 --> 00:18:19,755
SPREAD SO QUICKLY,
288
00:18:19,757 --> 00:18:23,759
CONQUERING ALL OF SOUTHEAST
ASIA IN JUST 22 YEARS.
289
00:18:26,431 --> 00:18:29,699
THE MILITARY WAS
AN EXTREMELY IMPORTANT FEATURE
290
00:18:29,701 --> 00:18:32,868
AND ENABLED THEM TO EXPAND
AND TO CREATE AN EMPIRE
291
00:18:32,870 --> 00:18:34,737
THE SIZE OF THE ONE
THAT THEY DID.
292
00:18:37,675 --> 00:18:40,476
Narrator: A GLUT OF IRON WOULD
HAVE TRANSFORMED THE KHMER
293
00:18:40,478 --> 00:18:44,413
FROM A SIMPLE CIVILIZATION
TO A MIGHTY EMPIRE.
294
00:18:44,415 --> 00:18:48,384
BUT HOW CAN WE BE SURE
THEY HAD ACCESS TO ENOUGH
295
00:18:48,386 --> 00:18:51,487
OF THIS RARE MIRACLE MATERIAL?
296
00:18:51,489 --> 00:18:54,056
ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE DISCOVERED
A CRUCIAL CLUE
297
00:18:54,058 --> 00:18:56,192
HIDDEN INSIDE
THE SANDSTONE BLOCKS
298
00:18:56,194 --> 00:18:59,762
THAT MAKE UP ANGKOR WAT.
299
00:18:59,764 --> 00:19:02,331
THE KHMER DIDN'T USE MORTAR.
300
00:19:02,333 --> 00:19:07,336
REMARKABLY, THEIR GRAND TEMPLE
WAS HELD TOGETHER BY IRON.
301
00:19:07,338 --> 00:19:10,940
CURIOUS HOLES IN
THE STONEWORK REVEAL HOW.
302
00:19:10,942 --> 00:19:13,709
THESE ARE THE SCARS
LEFT BY LOOTERS
303
00:19:13,711 --> 00:19:15,444
WHO CHISELED INTO THE STONE
304
00:19:15,446 --> 00:19:18,314
TO EXTRACT IRON CLAMPS.
305
00:19:21,052 --> 00:19:24,353
DESIGNED TO HOLD THE STONES
TIGHTLY TOGETHER,
306
00:19:24,355 --> 00:19:28,824
THEY WERE PLACED BETWEEN
THE SANDSTONE BLOCKS.
307
00:19:28,826 --> 00:19:33,129
THERE MUST HAVE BEEN
THOUSANDS OF THEM.
308
00:19:33,131 --> 00:19:36,832
BUT WHERE DID THE KHMER
GET ALL THIS IRON FROM?
309
00:19:36,834 --> 00:19:40,002
AND HOW COULD THEY AFFORD
TO BURY SO MUCH OF IT
310
00:19:40,004 --> 00:19:43,472
INSIDE A TEMPLE?
311
00:19:43,474 --> 00:19:47,910
ASTONISHINGLY, THERE'S NO IRON
ORE FOUND AROUND ANGKOR WAT.
312
00:19:50,281 --> 00:19:54,150
THIS PRESENTS ANOTHER PUZZLE
FOR EXPERTS TO SOLVE.
313
00:19:54,152 --> 00:19:58,387
WE'RE ABOUT A KILOMETER
AND A HALF SOUTH OF PHNOM DIKE,
314
00:19:58,389 --> 00:20:01,791
WHICH LITERALLY TRANSLATES
INTO "THE IRON MOUNTAIN,"
315
00:20:01,793 --> 00:20:03,893
AND THIS AREA'S
REALLY IMPORTANT BECAUSE
316
00:20:03,895 --> 00:20:06,362
THERE'S A SERIES OF MOUNDS
317
00:20:06,364 --> 00:20:08,264
THAT ARE COVERED IN SLAG,
318
00:20:08,266 --> 00:20:11,133
WHICH WE THINK ARE
IRON PRODUCTION SITES.
319
00:20:16,007 --> 00:20:18,174
Narrator:
ARCHAEOLOGIST MITCH HENDRICKSON
320
00:20:18,176 --> 00:20:19,475
BELIEVES THE KHMER RELIED
321
00:20:19,477 --> 00:20:22,912
ON THE SPECIALIST SKILLS
OF A TRIBE KNOWN AS THE KUY
322
00:20:22,914 --> 00:20:26,315
THAT LIVED 80 MILES
FROM ANGKOR WAT.
323
00:20:29,187 --> 00:20:31,554
HE WANTS TO INVESTIGATE
THE MOUNDS
324
00:20:31,556 --> 00:20:34,056
FOR SIGNS OF ANCIENT
KUY IRONWORKS.
325
00:20:34,058 --> 00:20:37,026
BUT FIRST, HE NEEDS
SPIRITUAL PERMISSION.
326
00:20:37,028 --> 00:20:40,262
Hendrickson: BEFORE WE ACTUALLY
UNDERTAKE ANY EXCAVATION,
327
00:20:40,264 --> 00:20:44,800
WE HAVE TO DO A SMALL CEREMONY.
328
00:20:44,802 --> 00:20:47,703
THE LOCAL TRADITION IS IF YOU
DON'T CLEAR IT WITH THE SPIRITS,
329
00:20:47,705 --> 00:20:49,505
BAD OMENS AND THINGS
CAN HAPPEN TO YOU
330
00:20:49,507 --> 00:20:50,906
AND THE PEOPLE WHO OWN THE LAND.
331
00:20:50,908 --> 00:20:53,776
SO IT'S JUST BEST TO MAKE
EVERYONE HAPPY
332
00:20:53,778 --> 00:20:58,514
FROM THE SPIRIT WORLD
TO THE CULTURAL WORLD, REALLY.
333
00:20:58,516 --> 00:21:00,216
Narrator: MITCH BELIEVES
THAT THE KUY
334
00:21:00,218 --> 00:21:01,584
WERE ONE OF THE FEW TRIBES
335
00:21:01,586 --> 00:21:03,219
WITH THE RESOURCES
AND KNOW-HOW
336
00:21:03,221 --> 00:21:07,356
TO PRODUCE VAST
QUANTITIES OF IRON.
337
00:21:07,358 --> 00:21:10,092
BUT HOW DID THIS VALUABLE
METAL END UP IN THE HANDS
338
00:21:10,094 --> 00:21:12,461
OF THE EMPIRE-HUNGRY KHMER?
339
00:21:12,463 --> 00:21:16,766
Hendrickson: THE RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN THE TWO CULTURES --
340
00:21:16,768 --> 00:21:19,001
IT WAS ALMOST A FORM
OF EXCHANGE.
341
00:21:19,003 --> 00:21:22,104
WE DON'T KNOW EXACTLY 'CAUSE
THERE'S NO WRITTEN RECORDS,
342
00:21:22,106 --> 00:21:24,206
BUT WHAT WE'RE TRYING TO DO HERE
343
00:21:24,208 --> 00:21:26,742
IS TO UNDERSTAND
THE TRADE OF IRON
344
00:21:26,744 --> 00:21:31,313
BETWEEN THE SOURCE
AND THE CONSUMER.
345
00:21:31,315 --> 00:21:33,916
Narrator: TO PROVE HIS THEORY,
MITCH AND HIS TEAM
346
00:21:33,918 --> 00:21:36,285
ARE WORKING HARD
TRYING TO UNCOVER EVIDENCE
347
00:21:36,287 --> 00:21:37,620
OF IRON PRODUCTION
348
00:21:37,622 --> 00:21:40,089
DATING TO THE PEAK
OF THE KHMER EMPIRE.
349
00:21:43,094 --> 00:21:45,127
Hendrickson:
THIS IS TRENCH TWO,
350
00:21:45,129 --> 00:21:47,463
WHICH IS SITUATED
ON TOP OF THE MOUND.
351
00:21:47,465 --> 00:21:49,865
WE CHOSE THIS LOCATION
FOR A COUPLE OF REASONS.
352
00:21:49,867 --> 00:21:53,869
ONE OF WHICH WAS THE HOPE THAT
WE GET THE REMAINS OF A FURNACE.
353
00:21:53,871 --> 00:21:56,705
AND WHAT YOU CAN SEE HERE
IS ACTUALLY THE REMAINS
354
00:21:56,707 --> 00:21:58,874
OF THE OUTLINE
OF ONE OF THESE FURNACES.
355
00:21:58,876 --> 00:22:02,411
WHAT WE HAVE IS THE INTERIOR
AND EXTERIOR GOING AROUND
356
00:22:02,413 --> 00:22:03,913
IN THIS HORSESHOE SHAPE.
357
00:22:03,915 --> 00:22:07,883
AND INSIDE IS WHERE THEY WOULD
HAVE ACTUALLY MADE THE IRON.
358
00:22:07,885 --> 00:22:11,086
THESE LONG CLAY TUBES,
WHICH ARE CALLED TUYERES,
359
00:22:11,088 --> 00:22:15,157
IS HOW AIR WOULD HAVE
PASSED INTO THE FURNACE,
360
00:22:15,159 --> 00:22:18,894
WHICH WOULD HAVE ENABLED
THE REDUCTION PROCESS.
361
00:22:18,896 --> 00:22:22,064
SO THIS IS VERY EXCITING
'CAUSE THIS IS THE FIRST TIME
362
00:22:22,066 --> 00:22:23,799
THAT WE'VE SEEN THE SHAPE OF ONE
363
00:22:23,801 --> 00:22:25,968
OF THESE IRON FURNACES
DURING THE ANGKORIAN PERIOD.
364
00:22:28,239 --> 00:22:31,340
Narrator: MITCH'S DISCOVERIES
ARE PROOF THAT THE ANCIENT KUY
365
00:22:31,342 --> 00:22:34,109
WERE SMELTING IRON
ON A VAST SCALE.
366
00:22:37,582 --> 00:22:41,083
THEY BUILT THEIR CHARCOAL
FURNACES FROM LOCAL CLAY
367
00:22:41,085 --> 00:22:44,186
AND USED HUGE BELLOWS
TO FEED THEM WITH OXYGEN,
368
00:22:44,188 --> 00:22:48,791
KEEPING THEM BURNING AT
A CONSTANT 1,800 DEGREES.
369
00:22:48,793 --> 00:22:52,161
THEY FILLED THE FURNACES
WITH NUGGETS OF IRON ORE,
370
00:22:52,163 --> 00:22:53,863
AND AFTER 15 HOURS,
371
00:22:53,865 --> 00:22:57,366
BROKE THE FURNACE OPEN
TO RETRIEVE LUMPS OF IRON.
372
00:23:00,104 --> 00:23:02,204
MITCH EXPECTS THE OTHER MOUNDS
IN THE AREA
373
00:23:02,206 --> 00:23:03,839
TO BE FILLED
WITH SIMILAR REMNANTS
374
00:23:03,841 --> 00:23:06,742
OF THE KUY'S EXTENSIVE
IRON INDUSTRY.
375
00:23:06,744 --> 00:23:09,411
Hendrickson:
THIS IS ONE OF 12 MOUNDS
376
00:23:09,413 --> 00:23:11,213
IN THE IMMEDIATE VICINITY.
377
00:23:11,215 --> 00:23:13,983
THERE ARE PROBABLY HUNDREDS
OF DIFFERENT FURNACES
378
00:23:13,985 --> 00:23:16,552
THAT WOULD HAVE
OPERATED AT THIS SITE,
379
00:23:16,554 --> 00:23:18,587
AND THERE WOULD HAVE
BEEN HUNDREDS
380
00:23:18,589 --> 00:23:20,723
AT EACH OF THE SITES NEARBY.
381
00:23:20,725 --> 00:23:24,727
WE HAVE A MASSIVE EXPLOSION
OF IRON PRODUCTION,
382
00:23:24,729 --> 00:23:26,929
WHICH SEEMS TO CORRELATE
AROUND THE TIME PERIOD OF
383
00:23:26,931 --> 00:23:30,399
WHEN ANGKOR BEGINS TO ASSERT
ITSELF IN THE LANDSCAPE.
384
00:23:32,203 --> 00:23:35,037
Narrator: ACCESS TO IRON
TRANSFORMED THE KHMER
385
00:23:35,039 --> 00:23:38,574
INTO A MONUMENT-BUILDING,
WAR-WAGING EMPIRE.
386
00:23:38,576 --> 00:23:42,044
BY THE 13th CENTURY,
THE WHOLE OF SOUTHEAST ASIA
387
00:23:42,046 --> 00:23:45,714
WAS PAYING TRIBUTE
TO THE KHMER KING.
388
00:23:45,716 --> 00:23:50,319
ANGKOR WAT, WITH ITS SHEER
SIZE AND GRANDEUR,
389
00:23:50,321 --> 00:23:53,589
WAS THE ULTIMATE SYMBOL
OF THE EMPIRE'S GREATNESS.
390
00:23:56,193 --> 00:24:01,263
BUT THE ANCIENT KHMER
FACED A MONUMENTAL CHALLENGE.
391
00:24:01,265 --> 00:24:04,233
ANGKOR WAT SITS ON SOFT,
SANDY SOIL,
392
00:24:04,235 --> 00:24:06,902
SO TO KEEP THEIR
PRIZED JEWEL STANDING,
393
00:24:06,904 --> 00:24:10,940
THEY NEEDED AN ENGINEERING
SOLUTION OF UNPRECEDENTED SCALE.
394
00:24:21,971 --> 00:24:23,738
Narrator:
ANGKOR WAT IS THE LARGEST
395
00:24:23,740 --> 00:24:27,008
SINGLE RELIGIOUS STRUCTURE
IN THE WORLD.
396
00:24:27,010 --> 00:24:30,711
IT STANDS 213 FEET TALL,
397
00:24:30,713 --> 00:24:34,015
CONTAINS OVER 5 MILLION
SANDSTONE BLOCKS,
398
00:24:34,017 --> 00:24:38,219
AND WEIGHS OVER
HALF A MILLION TONS.
399
00:24:38,221 --> 00:24:41,522
THIS EXTRAORDINARY
EDIFICE DEFIES
400
00:24:41,524 --> 00:24:43,858
ACCEPTED ENGINEERING WISDOM.
401
00:24:43,860 --> 00:24:47,995
IT HAS NO CONVENTIONAL
FOUNDATIONS.
402
00:24:47,997 --> 00:24:49,363
YET DESPITE THIS,
403
00:24:49,365 --> 00:24:52,533
ANGKOR WAT HAS OUTLIVED
THE CIVILIZATION WHO BUILT IT.
404
00:24:52,535 --> 00:24:57,238
SO WHAT STOPS THIS
COLOSSAL STRUCTURE
405
00:24:57,240 --> 00:25:00,942
FROM SINKING INTO
THE SOFT JUNGLE FLOOR?
406
00:25:05,415 --> 00:25:10,851
THE WEATHERED WALLS OF THE
TEMPLE REVEAL ONE POSSIBLE CLUE.
407
00:25:10,853 --> 00:25:13,754
WHERE THE BLOCKS OF SANDSTONE
HAVE FALLEN AWAY,
408
00:25:13,756 --> 00:25:16,991
A MYSTERIOUS DIFFERENT TYPE
OF ROCK IS EXPOSED.
409
00:25:16,993 --> 00:25:21,562
THIS REDDISH STONE IS FILLED
WITH POCKETS OF AIR.
410
00:25:21,564 --> 00:25:23,431
IT'S CALLED LATERITE.
411
00:25:23,433 --> 00:25:25,700
COULD THIS STRANGE
HONEYCOMB-LIKE ROCK
412
00:25:25,702 --> 00:25:29,237
BE THE REASON ANGKOR WAT IS
STILL STANDING TODAY?
413
00:25:31,507 --> 00:25:34,208
ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE REVEALED
THAT THE BASE OF THE TEMPLE
414
00:25:34,210 --> 00:25:36,744
IS A MOUND OF COMPACTED EARTH
415
00:25:36,746 --> 00:25:38,813
TOPPED WITH ROUGH BLOCKS
OF LATERITE
416
00:25:38,815 --> 00:25:43,451
AND A THIN LAYER
OF SANDSTONE PAVING.
417
00:25:43,453 --> 00:25:46,087
THE KHMER THEN USED HUGE
LATERITE BLOCKS
418
00:25:46,089 --> 00:25:48,489
TO BUILD THE INNER
CORE OF THE TEMPLE...
419
00:25:50,593 --> 00:25:52,827
...AND AGAIN COVERED IT
WITH SANDSTONE,
420
00:25:52,829 --> 00:25:55,329
THIS TIME CARVING
AND POLISHING
421
00:25:55,331 --> 00:25:57,898
THE FACADE TO HIDE THE JOINTS.
422
00:26:01,204 --> 00:26:02,637
ALTHOUGH IT'S WELL HIDDEN,
423
00:26:02,639 --> 00:26:07,642
ANGKOR WAT HAS A HEART
OF SPONGE-LIKE LATERITE.
424
00:26:07,644 --> 00:26:10,711
BUT IS IT THERE TO STOP
THE TEMPLE FROM SINKING?
425
00:26:18,221 --> 00:26:20,588
RESTORATION EXPERT
GINEVRA BOATTO
426
00:26:20,590 --> 00:26:21,989
IS HUNTING FOR CLUES
427
00:26:21,991 --> 00:26:25,426
AT THIS KHMER TEMPLE
NOT FAR FROM ANGKOR WAT.
428
00:26:26,663 --> 00:26:29,196
AS RESTORERS DISMANTLE
AND REBUILD IT,
429
00:26:29,198 --> 00:26:33,000
THEY REVEAL HIDDEN SECRETS
ABOUT CLEVER KHMER ENGINEERING.
430
00:26:46,015 --> 00:26:49,050
GINEVRA'S TEAM IS CURRENTLY
RESTORING THE BUILDING'S
431
00:26:49,052 --> 00:26:52,586
MANY LAYERS OF LATERITE
AND SANDSTONE.
432
00:26:52,588 --> 00:26:54,689
IT'S A RARE OPPORTUNITY
TO INVESTIGATE
433
00:26:54,691 --> 00:26:56,023
WHY THE KHMER CHOSE
434
00:26:56,025 --> 00:27:00,428
THIS STRANGE COMBINATION
OF BUILDING MATERIALS.
435
00:27:00,430 --> 00:27:04,765
THEY MUST REMOVE EVERY BLOCK
OF STONE TO REPAIR THE TEMPLE.
436
00:27:04,767 --> 00:27:06,701
IT'S PAINSTAKING WORK.
437
00:27:29,659 --> 00:27:32,793
EACH BLOCK OF THE INNER
LATERITE LAYER MUST BE RESTORED
438
00:27:32,795 --> 00:27:35,296
BEFORE IT CAN BE
LIFTED BACK INTO THE WALL.
439
00:27:35,298 --> 00:27:40,568
SURPRISINGLY, IT SEEMS THAT
WEIGHT IS NOT THE ANSWER.
440
00:27:40,570 --> 00:27:44,138
LATERITE TURNS OUT TO BE
JUST AS HEAVY AS SANDSTONE,
441
00:27:44,140 --> 00:27:48,042
DESPITE ITS HONEYCOMB
APPEARANCE.
442
00:27:48,044 --> 00:27:51,112
BUT IF THE ANCIENT KHMER
DIDN'T USE LATERITE TO PREVENT
443
00:27:51,114 --> 00:27:53,414
ANGKOR WAT FROM SINKING,
444
00:27:53,416 --> 00:27:55,950
WHY DID THEY USE IT?
445
00:28:17,473 --> 00:28:20,975
KHMER STONEMASONS COULD QUICKLY
CARVE LATERITE INTO THE BLOCKS
446
00:28:20,977 --> 00:28:25,546
THEY NEEDED FOR THE INNER
LAYER OF ANGKOR WAT.
447
00:28:25,548 --> 00:28:30,451
GINEVRA HAS SOLVED THE MYSTERY
OF ANGKOR WAT'S HONEYCOMB CORE,
448
00:28:30,453 --> 00:28:32,820
BUT SHE'S STILL NO
CLOSER TO UNDERSTANDING
449
00:28:32,822 --> 00:28:34,755
WHY THE GREAT TEMPLE HASN'T SUNK
450
00:28:34,757 --> 00:28:36,824
INTO THE SOFT, SANDY FLOOR.
451
00:28:40,363 --> 00:28:44,365
ENGINEER PEOU HANG BELIEVES
HE MAY HAVE THE ANSWER.
452
00:28:44,367 --> 00:28:47,101
HE THINKS THE VAST MOAT
THAT ENCIRCLES THE TEMPLE
453
00:28:47,103 --> 00:28:49,270
HAS A CRUCIAL ROLE TO PLAY.
454
00:29:04,821 --> 00:29:08,189
KHMER ENGINEERS DUG A VAST MOAT,
455
00:29:08,191 --> 00:29:11,692
MEASURING OVER THREE MILES
IN CIRCUMFERENCE
456
00:29:11,694 --> 00:29:16,330
AND 650 FEET ACROSS.
457
00:29:16,332 --> 00:29:19,667
HOW DID THIS GIANT BODY
OF WATER SUPPORT THE TEMPLE?
458
00:29:22,839 --> 00:29:25,639
PEOU BELIEVES THE DRY SAND
UNDER ANGKOR WAT
459
00:29:25,641 --> 00:29:28,642
SHOULDN'T BE ABLE
TO SUPPORT THE TEMPLE.
460
00:29:32,949 --> 00:29:36,917
BUT ADDING WATER GLUES
THE GRAINS OF SAND TOGETHER,
461
00:29:36,919 --> 00:29:40,821
MAKING THE SOFT GROUND
AS HARD AS CONCRETE,
462
00:29:40,823 --> 00:29:44,358
ABLE TO SUPPORT MILLIONS
OF TONS OF WEIGHT.
463
00:29:44,360 --> 00:29:47,628
BY DIGGING A MASSIVE MOAT
AROUND THE TEMPLE,
464
00:29:47,630 --> 00:29:51,465
THE KHMER ENGINEERS
CREATED A VAST RESERVOIR ABLE
465
00:29:51,467 --> 00:29:55,836
TO HOLD MILLIONS
OF GALLONS OF RAINWATER
466
00:29:55,838 --> 00:29:59,006
SO THAT WHEN THE RAIN STOPPED,
467
00:29:59,008 --> 00:30:01,809
WATER IN THE MOAT
SEEPED INTO THE SOIL,
468
00:30:01,811 --> 00:30:05,980
PREVENTING THE TEMPLE
FROM COLLAPSING.
469
00:30:05,982 --> 00:30:10,050
THE KHMER USED THIS BRILLIANT
TECHNIQUE TO SUPPORT MANY
470
00:30:10,052 --> 00:30:12,586
OF THEIR TEMPLES.
471
00:30:42,318 --> 00:30:45,886
INGENIOUS WATER ENGINEERING
HAS KEPT THESE GIANT TEMPLES
472
00:30:45,888 --> 00:30:47,655
UPRIGHT THROUGHOUT
THE CENTURIES,
473
00:30:47,657 --> 00:30:49,690
EVEN WITHOUT FOUNDATIONS.
474
00:30:52,161 --> 00:30:55,462
ARCHAEOLOGISTS BELIEVE THIS
PRECISE CONTROL OF WATER
475
00:30:55,464 --> 00:30:58,666
MAY HAVE SPREAD THROUGH
ALL ASPECTS OF ANGKORIAN LIFE
476
00:30:58,668 --> 00:31:03,837
FROM FARMING TO TRANSPORT
AND EVEN RELIGION.
477
00:31:03,839 --> 00:31:07,708
SO HOW DID THEY DO IT IN A LAND
HIT BY CRIPPLING DROUGHT
478
00:31:07,710 --> 00:31:10,277
FOR SIX MONTHS OF THE YEAR?
479
00:31:18,516 --> 00:31:21,083
Narrator: THE CIVILIZATION
THAT BUILT ANGKOR WAT
480
00:31:21,085 --> 00:31:24,687
MYSTERIOUSLY VANISHED
400 YEARS AGO.
481
00:31:24,689 --> 00:31:28,591
HISTORIANS HAVE TO HUNT
FOR CLUES TO THEIR LOST CULTURE
482
00:31:28,593 --> 00:31:30,693
IN THE TEMPLES THEY LEFT BEHIND
483
00:31:30,695 --> 00:31:32,995
AND THE SURROUNDING
RITUAL LANDSCAPE.
484
00:31:34,832 --> 00:31:37,867
SIMON WARRACK IS UPRIVER
FROM ANGKOR WAT
485
00:31:37,869 --> 00:31:39,702
SEARCHING FOR THE ORIGINS
486
00:31:39,704 --> 00:31:43,405
OF THE KHMER'S NEAR-RELIGIOUS
OBSESSION WITH WATER.
487
00:31:43,407 --> 00:31:46,609
Warrack: WATER IS AT THE HEART
OF THE INCREDIBLE SUCCESS
488
00:31:46,611 --> 00:31:48,377
OF THE KHMER CIVILIZATION --
489
00:31:48,379 --> 00:31:49,745
THE MANAGEMENT OF THE WATER
490
00:31:49,747 --> 00:31:52,815
AND THEREFORE THE SACRED
NATURE OF WATER.
491
00:31:52,817 --> 00:31:55,351
AND THAT'S WHY UP HERE
ON THE KULEN MOUNTAIN,
492
00:31:55,353 --> 00:31:57,786
WE FIND A RIVER
WHERE THE BED OF THE RIVER
493
00:31:57,788 --> 00:32:01,490
HAS BEEN CARVED WITH HUNDREDS
AND HUNDREDS OF LINGAS.
494
00:32:01,492 --> 00:32:05,160
Narrator: SIMON BELIEVES THESE
SACRED LINGA CARVINGS
495
00:32:05,162 --> 00:32:08,097
ARE OLDER
THAN THE TEMPLE OF ANGKOR WAT.
496
00:32:08,099 --> 00:32:09,899
Warrack: LINGAS ARE A SYMBOL
OF FERTILITY,
497
00:32:09,901 --> 00:32:12,234
WHICH GAVE
SPIRITUAL SIGNIFICANCE
498
00:32:12,236 --> 00:32:14,403
AND LUCK TO THE WATER,
499
00:32:14,405 --> 00:32:16,372
WHICH WOULD THEN
GIVE GREATER BENEFIT
500
00:32:16,374 --> 00:32:18,140
TO THE PEOPLE OF THE CITY
OF ANGKOR,
501
00:32:18,142 --> 00:32:21,744
WHICH WAS DEVELOPING
IN THE LANDS BELOW.
502
00:32:21,746 --> 00:32:25,381
Narrator: SIMON'S THEORY IS THAT
THE KHMER CHOSE A LOWLAND SITE
503
00:32:25,383 --> 00:32:26,849
FOR THEIR SHOWCASE TEMPLE
504
00:32:26,851 --> 00:32:32,187
BECAUSE THIS VERY SPECIAL SOURCE
OF WATER FLOWED INTO IT.
505
00:32:32,189 --> 00:32:34,790
AND ARCHAEOLOGISTS HAVE
DISCOVERED FURTHER CLUES
506
00:32:34,792 --> 00:32:37,192
TO THE KHMER FIXATION WITH WATER
507
00:32:37,194 --> 00:32:39,862
HIDDEN DEEP INSIDE
THE TEMPLE ITSELF.
508
00:32:43,901 --> 00:32:48,070
ANGKOR WAT IS A SHOWCASE
OF WATER ENGINEERING.
509
00:32:48,072 --> 00:32:50,472
THE ROOF TILES SLOPE
STEEPLY DOWN
510
00:32:50,474 --> 00:32:54,209
SO RAINWATER RUNS OFF QUICKLY.
511
00:32:54,211 --> 00:32:59,415
AND THE SANDSTONE WALLS HIDE
AN ELABORATE DRAINAGE SYSTEM.
512
00:32:59,417 --> 00:33:01,583
DOZENS OF HOLES AND TUNNELS
513
00:33:01,585 --> 00:33:04,620
CARVED RIGHT
INTO THE FABRIC OF THE TEMPLE.
514
00:33:08,993 --> 00:33:11,427
RAIN FALLING ON
THE STATUE OF VISHNU
515
00:33:11,429 --> 00:33:14,463
WAS TURNED INTO HOLY WATER,
516
00:33:14,465 --> 00:33:19,668
THEN FLOWED OUTSIDE
FOR WORSHIPPERS TO WASH WITH.
517
00:33:19,670 --> 00:33:23,639
BUT WHY WAS WATER SO CENTRAL
TO THE KHMER STATE OF MIND?
518
00:33:29,113 --> 00:33:32,214
ENGINEER PEOU HANG BELIEVES
A CLUE CAN BE FOUND
519
00:33:32,216 --> 00:33:35,384
IN AN ANCIENT KHMER STYLE
OF HOUSING
520
00:33:35,386 --> 00:33:38,654
DESIGNED TO DEAL WITH FLOODS
DURING THE MONSOON SEASON.
521
00:33:57,541 --> 00:34:01,543
THE ANCIENT KHMER FACED
AN INCREDIBLE CHALLENGE --
522
00:34:01,545 --> 00:34:03,479
TO FEED THEIR GROWING POPULATION
523
00:34:03,481 --> 00:34:07,850
IN THE FACE OF SUCH WILDLY
VARIABLE WATER LEVELS.
524
00:34:07,852 --> 00:34:11,153
BUT BY PLACING THE CONTROL
OF WATER AT THE FOREFRONT
525
00:34:11,155 --> 00:34:12,654
OF THEIR CIVILIZATION,
526
00:34:12,656 --> 00:34:14,923
THEY WERE ABLE TO CREATE
THE PERFECT CONDITIONS
527
00:34:14,925 --> 00:34:19,628
FOR GROWING THEIR MOST IMPORTANT
STAPLE CROP ALL YEAR ROUND.
528
00:34:30,875 --> 00:34:34,543
TO GROW RICE, THE KHMER NEEDED
AT LEAST TWO INCHES OF WATER
529
00:34:34,545 --> 00:34:36,912
IN THEIR PADDY FIELDS
AT ALL TIMES.
530
00:34:39,517 --> 00:34:42,885
TO ACHIEVE IT,
THEY DUG VAST RESERVOIRS.
531
00:34:42,887 --> 00:34:46,688
THE LARGEST OF THESE IS CALLED
THE WESTERN BARAY
532
00:34:46,690 --> 00:34:50,459
AND IS STILL IN USE TODAY.
533
00:34:50,461 --> 00:34:54,496
DURING THE MONSOON, THIS MIGHTY
RESERVOIR FILLS WITH WATER.
534
00:34:56,534 --> 00:35:00,602
AND IN PERIODS OF DROUGHT,
FARMERS OPEN GIANT SLUICE GATES
535
00:35:00,604 --> 00:35:02,704
TO DIVERT THE WATER
TO THEIR FIELDS.
536
00:35:07,611 --> 00:35:10,112
THE NETWORK OF CANALS
IN USE TODAY
537
00:35:10,114 --> 00:35:11,980
REPRESENTS JUST A SMALL FRACTION
538
00:35:11,982 --> 00:35:14,917
OF THE KHMER'S
INGENIOUS IRRIGATION SYSTEM.
539
00:35:20,724 --> 00:35:25,327
JUST NORTH OF ANGKOR, THE KHMER
DIVERTED THE PUOK RIVER
540
00:35:25,329 --> 00:35:27,362
INTO THE SIEM REAP CANAL,
541
00:35:27,364 --> 00:35:30,632
WHICH FED THE VAST BARAYS.
542
00:35:30,634 --> 00:35:32,935
THEY DUG A NETWORK
OF CANALS
543
00:35:32,937 --> 00:35:35,838
AND IRRIGATION CHANNELS
TO CARRY PEOPLE
544
00:35:35,840 --> 00:35:41,343
AND GOODS ACROSS
THE MEGA METROPOLIS
545
00:35:41,345 --> 00:35:45,080
AND CRUCIALLY TO SUPPLY WATER
TO THE PADDY FIELDS,
546
00:35:45,082 --> 00:35:48,117
LEADING TO AN EXPLOSION
IN RICE PRODUCTION.
547
00:35:52,857 --> 00:35:56,825
MOST PARTS OF THE COUNTRY
HAD JUST ONE ANNUAL HARVEST,
548
00:35:56,827 --> 00:35:59,628
BUT THE INNOVATIVE
FARMERS AROUND ANGKOR WAT
549
00:35:59,630 --> 00:36:01,797
COULD LOOK FORWARD
TO MULTIPLE CROPS.
550
00:36:10,508 --> 00:36:14,543
ONCE AGAIN, THE KHMER HAD
TAMED THE ELEMENTS
551
00:36:14,545 --> 00:36:16,478
AND TURNED THE TYRANNY
OF THE MONSOON
552
00:36:16,480 --> 00:36:18,947
TO THEIR ADVANTAGE.
553
00:36:18,949 --> 00:36:22,851
INGENIOUS ENGINEERING MEANT THEY
COULD FEED THE VAST POPULATION
554
00:36:22,853 --> 00:36:26,021
NEEDED TO SUPPORT THE EXPANSION
OF THEIR EMPIRE.
555
00:36:28,325 --> 00:36:30,859
FOR CENTURIES,
THE KHMER EMPERORS
556
00:36:30,861 --> 00:36:33,195
ENJOYED UNRIVALED POWER,
557
00:36:33,197 --> 00:36:36,365
BUT NOTHING LASTS FOREVER.
558
00:36:36,367 --> 00:36:39,368
600 YEARS AGO,
THE TEMPLES APPEAR TO HAVE BEEN
559
00:36:39,370 --> 00:36:41,036
SUDDENLY ABANDONED
560
00:36:41,038 --> 00:36:45,107
AND THE CITY THAT SURROUNDED
THEM LEFT TO RUIN.
561
00:36:45,109 --> 00:36:46,742
WHAT WENT WRONG?
562
00:36:55,899 --> 00:36:59,401
Narrator: THE GREAT KHMER KING
SURYAVARMAN II BUILT
563
00:36:59,403 --> 00:37:02,738
ANGKOR WAT AS A SYMBOL
OF HIS GODLIKE STATUS.
564
00:37:04,708 --> 00:37:07,709
WITH ITS MAGNIFICENT
LOTUS TOWERS
565
00:37:07,711 --> 00:37:10,212
AND CARVINGS OF HINDU GODDESSES,
566
00:37:10,214 --> 00:37:15,317
THE TEMPLE WAS A RE-CREATION
OF HEAVEN ON EARTH.
567
00:37:15,319 --> 00:37:20,989
900 YEARS LATER, IT REMAINS THE
SPIRITUAL CENTER OF CAMBODIA.
568
00:37:23,994 --> 00:37:26,495
Warrack: THE TEMPLE WAS,
WHEN IT WAS BUILT,
569
00:37:26,497 --> 00:37:28,363
AND REMAINS TO THIS DAY,
570
00:37:28,365 --> 00:37:30,832
ABSOLUTELY THE HEART
OF THE KHMER PEOPLE.
571
00:37:33,837 --> 00:37:35,504
EVERY CAMBODIAN ANYWHERE
IN THE WORLD
572
00:37:35,506 --> 00:37:39,708
WILL DREAM OF VISITING
THIS PLACE ONCE IN THEIR LIFE.
573
00:37:39,710 --> 00:37:44,312
Narrator: TODAY BUDDHIST MONKS
USE THE TEMPLE AS A RETREAT.
574
00:37:44,314 --> 00:37:46,948
THEY COME HERE
TO WORSHIP AND MEDITATE.
575
00:37:50,354 --> 00:37:52,454
BUT THE VAST CITY
THAT ONCE SURROUNDED
576
00:37:52,456 --> 00:37:55,290
ANGKOR WAT HAS VANISHED.
577
00:37:55,292 --> 00:37:59,094
WHAT CAUSED THIS MIGHTY EMPIRE
TO SUDDENLY COLLAPSE?
578
00:38:01,598 --> 00:38:06,034
SIMON WARRACK IS ON THE SIEM
REAP RIVER JUST NORTH OF ANGKOR
579
00:38:06,036 --> 00:38:09,905
LOOKING FOR CLUES
TO THE DOWNFALL OF THE EMPIRE.
580
00:38:09,907 --> 00:38:12,541
HE BELIEVES AN ATTACK
BY A FOREIGN POWER
581
00:38:12,543 --> 00:38:15,010
IS THE MOST LIKELY ANSWER.
582
00:38:15,012 --> 00:38:17,913
BUT HOW COULD THESE INVADERS
HAVE OVERCOME
583
00:38:17,915 --> 00:38:21,283
THE FEARSOME ANGKORIAN ARMY?
584
00:38:21,285 --> 00:38:24,252
IF YOU IMAGINE AN EMPIRE THE
SIZE OF THE ANCIENT ANGKORIANS,
585
00:38:24,254 --> 00:38:26,621
WHICH STRETCHED ALL THE WAY
ACROSS SOUTHEAST ASIA,
586
00:38:26,623 --> 00:38:28,757
THERE MUST HAVE BEEN
MORE FACTORS IN PLAY.
587
00:38:31,829 --> 00:38:33,628
Narrator: SIMON SUSPECTS
588
00:38:33,630 --> 00:38:35,964
THAT AN ENVIRONMENTAL
CATASTROPHE COULD HAVE WEAKENED
589
00:38:35,966 --> 00:38:39,935
THE RESOURCES OF THE KHMER ARMY.
590
00:38:39,937 --> 00:38:44,072
TODAY HE'S SEARCHING FOR
EVIDENCE TO PROVE HIS THEORY.
591
00:38:44,074 --> 00:38:48,643
THIS BRIDGE HERE -- IT'S MADE
OF LOTS OF PIECES OF THE TEMPLE.
592
00:38:48,645 --> 00:38:50,111
WE CAN SEE PIECES OF A VAULT.
593
00:38:50,113 --> 00:38:51,313
WE CAN SEE CARVINGS.
594
00:38:51,315 --> 00:38:54,516
SO IT MUST BE FROM
THE LATE ANGKORIAN PERIOD.
595
00:38:54,518 --> 00:38:57,319
BUT THE CLUE TO WHAT HAPPENED
IS NOT SO MUCH IN THE PIECES
596
00:38:57,321 --> 00:39:01,356
OF THE SUPERSTRUCTURE
BUT WHERE ITS FEET ARE.
597
00:39:01,358 --> 00:39:03,725
Narrator: SIMON THINKS
THE POSITION OF THIS BRIDGE
598
00:39:03,727 --> 00:39:04,993
HOLDS THE KEY
599
00:39:04,995 --> 00:39:07,863
TO THE MYSTERIOUS COLLAPSE
OF THE KHMER EMPIRE.
600
00:39:07,865 --> 00:39:09,898
THE FEET CLEARLY LIE
ON THE BOTTOM OF THE RIVER,
601
00:39:09,900 --> 00:39:11,967
AS IT WAS IN THE ANGKORIAN TIME.
602
00:39:11,969 --> 00:39:15,537
THE BOTTOM OF THE RIVER TODAY
IS WHERE I JUST CLIMBED UP FROM.
603
00:39:15,539 --> 00:39:18,640
SO THERE'S BEEN
A DRAMATIC CHANGE
604
00:39:18,642 --> 00:39:22,944
BETWEEN THE LATE
ANGKORIAN PERIOD AND TODAY.
605
00:39:22,946 --> 00:39:26,681
Narrator: THE RIVERBED HAS
DROPPED BY AROUND 15 FEET.
606
00:39:26,683 --> 00:39:30,252
Warrack: THIS CLEARLY SHOWS
THAT SOMETHING HAS FAILED.
607
00:39:30,254 --> 00:39:33,488
IT COULD BE A CHANGE DUE
TO THE EROSION OF THE RIVERS
608
00:39:33,490 --> 00:39:36,291
OR FAILURE IN THE WATER SYSTEMS.
609
00:39:36,293 --> 00:39:38,560
Narrator: THE SIEM REAP RIVER
WAS A CRUCIAL SOURCE
610
00:39:38,562 --> 00:39:40,161
OF WATER FOR IRRIGATION,
611
00:39:40,163 --> 00:39:44,232
AND THE KHMER WENT
TO GREAT LENGTHS TO MANAGE IT.
612
00:39:44,234 --> 00:39:46,968
Warrack:
THE WATER WAS HELD IN POSITION
613
00:39:46,970 --> 00:39:50,372
BY THEIR DRAMATIC
CONTROL OF THAT CITY.
614
00:39:50,374 --> 00:39:52,574
SO THEY WERE HOLDING THINGS UP
WITH SLUICES, WITH DAMS,
615
00:39:52,576 --> 00:39:55,477
AND EVERYTHING
WAS UNDER CONTROL.
616
00:39:55,479 --> 00:39:58,446
Narrator: BUT OVER TIME, EROSION
WORE AWAY THE RIVERBEDS,
617
00:39:58,448 --> 00:40:00,448
AND THE WATER LEVELS DROPPED.
618
00:40:02,753 --> 00:40:05,787
THE KHMER FARMERS STRUGGLED
TO DIVERT THE PRECIOUS WATER
619
00:40:05,789 --> 00:40:09,357
TO THEIR FIELDS.
620
00:40:09,359 --> 00:40:12,794
THE FAILING IRRIGATION SYSTEM
TRIGGERED FOOD SHORTAGES
621
00:40:12,796 --> 00:40:16,564
AND WEAKENED THE KINGDOM.
622
00:40:16,566 --> 00:40:20,268
THE KHMER WERE NO LONGER STRONG
ENOUGH TO DEFEND THEMSELVES.
623
00:40:25,575 --> 00:40:29,344
FINALLY, THE SIAMESE KINGDOM
OF AUTAYA LAY SIEGE
624
00:40:29,346 --> 00:40:34,382
TO ANGKOR IN 1431
AND BROUGHT DOWN THE CITY.
625
00:40:34,384 --> 00:40:38,586
THE GREAT KHMER EMPIRE
AND ITS MAGNIFICENT TEMPLES
626
00:40:38,588 --> 00:40:40,388
WERE LOST TO THE JUNGLE.
627
00:40:45,095 --> 00:40:48,930
TODAY, DESPITE THE COLLAPSE
OF THE CITY SURROUNDING IT,
628
00:40:48,932 --> 00:40:52,801
ANGKOR WAT REMAINS AT THE
VERY HEART OF THIS NATION.
629
00:40:52,803 --> 00:40:56,404
THIS TEMPLE IS
ON THE NATIONAL FLAG.
630
00:40:56,406 --> 00:40:57,806
IT'S ON THE MONEY.
631
00:40:57,808 --> 00:41:01,743
IT'S THE MOST IMPORTANT SYMBOL
TO THE CAMBODIAN PEOPLE.
632
00:41:01,745 --> 00:41:03,645
Narrator:
ANGKOR WAT IS A TESTAMENT
633
00:41:03,647 --> 00:41:08,917
TO THE MIND-BLOWING ACHIEVEMENTS
OF A GREAT CIVILIZATION
634
00:41:08,919 --> 00:41:11,386
WHO'VE MASTERED THE ELEMENTS,
635
00:41:11,388 --> 00:41:14,589
HARNESSED THE POWER
OF THE MONSOON,
636
00:41:14,591 --> 00:41:17,225
BUILT ON AN UNIMAGINABLE SCALE
637
00:41:17,227 --> 00:41:20,962
WITH PHENOMENAL FEATS
OF ENGINEERING,
638
00:41:20,964 --> 00:41:24,299
AND ACQUIRED
EXTRAORDINARY WEALTH,
639
00:41:24,301 --> 00:41:29,204
LEAVING AS THEIR LEGACY
A TRULY AWE-INSPIRING MONUMENT.
51934
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