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1
00:00:09,810 --> 00:00:12,379
female narrator: ITALY.
2
00:00:12,446 --> 00:00:16,350
IT'S A PLACE THAT MEANS
SO MUCH TO SO MANY.
3
00:00:16,416 --> 00:00:18,785
THE ART,
4
00:00:18,852 --> 00:00:20,954
THE CULTURE,
5
00:00:21,021 --> 00:00:24,124
THE BEACHES,
6
00:00:24,191 --> 00:00:26,426
THE MOUNTAINS.
7
00:00:26,493 --> 00:00:29,162
ITALY IS A SKINNY BOOT
8
00:00:29,229 --> 00:00:32,633
THRUST INTO THE BLUE
OF THE SPARKLING MEDITERRANEAN
9
00:00:32,699 --> 00:00:34,234
WITH THE ISLAND OF SICILY
10
00:00:34,301 --> 00:00:37,738
LIKE A BALL
BALANCING AT ITS TOE.
11
00:00:37,804 --> 00:00:40,707
BUT ITALY HASN'T
ALWAYS LOOKED LIKE THIS.
12
00:00:40,774 --> 00:00:43,777
IT IS A TURBULENT LAND
GEOLOGICALLY
13
00:00:43,844 --> 00:00:48,582
AND HAS CHANGED TREMENDOUSLY
OVER TIME.
14
00:00:48,649 --> 00:00:51,218
SINCE THE DAYS
OF LEONARDO DA VINCI,
15
00:00:51,284 --> 00:00:53,887
SCIENTISTS HAVE
STRUGGLED TO LEARN
16
00:00:53,954 --> 00:00:56,990
WHAT MAKES THIS LAND
SO DRAMATIC,
17
00:00:57,057 --> 00:01:00,027
SO UNUSUAL,
18
00:01:00,093 --> 00:01:01,161
SO VIOLENT.
19
00:01:01,228 --> 00:01:03,764
[siren wailing]
20
00:01:03,830 --> 00:01:07,467
THIS IS THE LAND THAT GAVE BIRTH
TO THE SCIENCE OF GEOLOGY
21
00:01:07,534 --> 00:01:10,003
IN THE 17TH CENTURY.
22
00:01:10,070 --> 00:01:11,405
EVER SINCE THEN,
23
00:01:11,471 --> 00:01:14,207
GEOLOGIC DISCOVERIES
MADE IN ITALY
24
00:01:14,274 --> 00:01:17,110
HAVE ROCKED OUR THINKING
ABOUT OUR PLANET.
25
00:01:25,052 --> 00:01:27,320
- [speaks Italian]
26
00:01:27,387 --> 00:01:30,123
narrator: IT'S A SUNNY DAY
IN EARLY SPRING.
27
00:01:30,190 --> 00:01:33,360
- [speaking Italian]
28
00:01:33,427 --> 00:01:35,395
narrator:
AMERICAN GEOMORPHOLOGIST
29
00:01:35,462 --> 00:01:38,465
FRANK PAZZAGLIA IS WORKING
ON THE MUSONE RIVER
30
00:01:38,532 --> 00:01:41,034
IN THE APENNINE MOUNTAINS.
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WITH HIM IS AN ITALIAN STUDENT,
SANDRO MARIANI.
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00:01:46,073 --> 00:01:48,909
- [speaking Italian]
33
00:01:51,978 --> 00:01:53,280
- [speaking Italian]
34
00:01:53,346 --> 00:01:55,582
- SI, SI. PERFECTO.
35
00:01:55,649 --> 00:01:58,919
narrator: THE GRANDSON OF
ITALIAN IMMIGRANTS TO THE U.S.,
36
00:01:58,985 --> 00:02:00,854
FRANK IS INTRIGUED
37
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BY THE COMPLEXITIES
OF ITALIAN GEOLOGY.
38
00:02:05,659 --> 00:02:07,360
HE'S WORKING IN ITALY AS PART
39
00:02:07,427 --> 00:02:10,263
OF AN INTERNATIONAL TEAM
OF EARTH SCIENTISTS,
40
00:02:10,330 --> 00:02:12,933
HOPING TO ADD SOME NEW PAGES
41
00:02:12,999 --> 00:02:17,637
TO ITALY'S FASCINATING,
UNFINISHED GEOLOGIC TALE.
42
00:02:19,339 --> 00:02:22,109
SPECIFICALLY, THEY WOULD LIKE
TO ANSWER A QUESTION
43
00:02:22,175 --> 00:02:25,378
THAT HAS BEEN NAGGING
AT GEOLOGISTS FOR YEARS.
44
00:02:25,445 --> 00:02:28,648
ARE THE APENNINES STILL GROWING,
45
00:02:28,715 --> 00:02:31,718
OR ARE PARTS OF THEM
NO LONGER ACTIVE?
46
00:02:33,754 --> 00:02:36,490
- THERE IS AN OPINION
AMONG MANY GEOSCIENTISTS
47
00:02:36,556 --> 00:02:39,292
THAT THE FRONT
OF THE APENNINES ARE DEAD,
48
00:02:39,359 --> 00:02:43,296
THAT THEY ARE NO LONGER GROWING
TECTONICALLY.
49
00:02:43,363 --> 00:02:47,200
NOW THIS IS NOT SHARED
BY ALL GEOLOGISTS.
50
00:02:47,267 --> 00:02:50,170
SO WE'VE DEFINED
FOR OURSELVES HERE
51
00:02:50,237 --> 00:02:53,473
A VERY AMBITIOUS PROJECT
TRYING TO UNDERSTAND
52
00:02:53,540 --> 00:02:57,778
THE GROWTH AND THE EVOLUTION
OF THE APENNINE MOUNTAINS.
53
00:02:57,844 --> 00:02:59,880
AND IN DOING THIS AND TRYING
54
00:02:59,946 --> 00:03:02,048
TO UNDERSTAND THIS
PARTICULAR MOUNTAIN RANGE,
55
00:03:02,115 --> 00:03:04,684
WE HOPE TO BE ABLE
TO SAY SOMETHING MORE GENERAL
56
00:03:04,751 --> 00:03:07,921
ABOUT HOW MOUNTAINS ARE BUILT
THROUGHOUT THE WORLD
57
00:03:07,988 --> 00:03:10,991
AND HOW THE LESSONS
THAT WE LEARNED HERE TIE IN
58
00:03:11,057 --> 00:03:13,293
TO THE GENERAL THEORY
OF PLATE TECTONICS
59
00:03:13,360 --> 00:03:17,164
AND THE CONSTRUCTION
OF GREAT MOUNTAIN RANGES.
60
00:03:17,230 --> 00:03:20,400
narrator: THE GROUNDWORK FOR
UNDERSTANDING ITALY'S MOUNTAINS
61
00:03:20,467 --> 00:03:22,669
HAD ALREADY BEEN LAID
CENTURIES AGO
62
00:03:22,736 --> 00:03:25,572
BY SCIENTIFIC PIONEERS.
63
00:03:25,639 --> 00:03:28,775
IT WAS HERE IN THE APENNINES
DURING THE RENAISSANCE
64
00:03:28,842 --> 00:03:32,646
THAT LEONARDO DA VINCI
AND LATER, NICOLAUS STENO,
65
00:03:32,712 --> 00:03:35,916
STUDIED FOSSILIZED SEA SHELLS.
66
00:03:35,982 --> 00:03:37,951
THEY REALIZED
THAT THESE WERE THE KEY
67
00:03:38,018 --> 00:03:41,254
TO UNDERSTANDING THE GROWTH
OF THESE MOUNTAINS.
68
00:03:41,321 --> 00:03:44,624
THE WORD "GEOLOGY" ITSELF
WAS INVENTED IN ITALY
69
00:03:44,691 --> 00:03:48,528
IN 1603 BY ULISSE ALDROVANDI.
70
00:03:51,698 --> 00:03:54,267
FOR FRANK PAZZAGLIA
AND HIS PREDECESSORS,
71
00:03:54,334 --> 00:03:58,305
ITALY IS A MOST REWARDING PLACE
TO STUDY MOUNTAINS.
72
00:03:58,371 --> 00:04:02,342
SOME 75% OF THE LAND
IS MOUNTAINOUS.
73
00:04:02,409 --> 00:04:04,578
IN THE NORTH
ARE THE HIGHEST MOUNTAINS,
74
00:04:04,644 --> 00:04:07,280
THE ITALIAN ALPS.
75
00:04:07,347 --> 00:04:11,685
HEADING SOUTH, THE APENNINES
FORM THE BACKBONE OF ITALY.
76
00:04:11,751 --> 00:04:14,554
THEY RUN DOWN THE ENTIRE LENGTH
OF THE PENINSULA
77
00:04:14,621 --> 00:04:18,825
AND INTO NORTHERN SICILY.
78
00:04:18,892 --> 00:04:21,094
WHERE THE MOUNTAINS REACH
TO THE COAST,
79
00:04:21,161 --> 00:04:25,065
LIMESTONE CLIFFS RISE STEEPLY
FROM THE SEA.
80
00:04:25,131 --> 00:04:27,234
THE COLORFUL TOWNS
OF CINQUE TERRE
81
00:04:27,300 --> 00:04:28,468
IN NORTHERN ITALY
82
00:04:28,535 --> 00:04:32,372
ARE STACKED AMONG THESE CLIFFS.
83
00:04:32,439 --> 00:04:36,376
THE APENNINES MEET THE SEA AGAIN
IN SOUTHERN ITALY,
84
00:04:36,443 --> 00:04:39,412
MAKING FOR STUNNING SCENERY
ON THE AMALFI COAST.
85
00:04:41,615 --> 00:04:43,450
FROM SICILY TO THE ALPS,
86
00:04:43,516 --> 00:04:46,353
ITALY'S MOUNTAINS
ARE A STEADY PRESENCE,
87
00:04:46,419 --> 00:04:47,954
AND FOR THE MOST PART,
88
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IT'S OBVIOUS TO GEOLOGISTS
THAT THE BULK OF THE MOUNTAINS
89
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ARE ACTIVELY GROWING.
90
00:04:53,526 --> 00:04:55,362
IN FACT, IN SOME PLACES,
91
00:04:55,428 --> 00:04:58,298
AS FRANK PAZZAGLIA
AND HIS COLLEAGUES WELL KNOW,
92
00:04:58,365 --> 00:05:01,001
THEY ARE GROWING
UNUSUALLY QUICKLY.
93
00:05:06,706 --> 00:05:08,975
ONE OF THE FASTEST-RISING
MOUNTAIN RANGES
94
00:05:09,042 --> 00:05:11,945
IS CLOSE TO A CITY
KNOWN ALL AROUND THE WORLD
95
00:05:12,012 --> 00:05:16,917
FOR ITS LEANING TOWER,
WHICH DATES FROM 1173.
96
00:05:16,983 --> 00:05:20,053
PISA IS ALSO A VIBRANT CENTER
OF LEARNING
97
00:05:20,120 --> 00:05:24,291
AND HAS BEEN
FOR HUNDREDS OF YEARS.
98
00:05:24,357 --> 00:05:26,526
JUST DOWN THE ROAD
FROM THE LEANING TOWER,
99
00:05:26,593 --> 00:05:29,396
GIANCARLO MOLLI
IS A GEOLOGY PROFESSOR
100
00:05:29,462 --> 00:05:31,264
AT THE UNIVERSITY
OF PISA,
101
00:05:31,331 --> 00:05:35,869
WHERE GALILEO TAUGHT
IN THE 16TH CENTURY.
102
00:05:35,936 --> 00:05:39,205
TODAY GIANCARLO AND HIS STUDENTS
ARE DISCUSSING
103
00:05:39,272 --> 00:05:42,309
THE NEARBY MOUNTAINS
THAT ARE RISING SO QUICKLY.
104
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THEY ARE CALLED
THE ALPI APUANE.
105
00:05:46,079 --> 00:05:48,248
- [speaking Italian]
106
00:05:48,315 --> 00:05:49,816
narrator:
MUCH OF THE GEOLOGIC STORY
107
00:05:49,883 --> 00:05:52,652
OF THE ALPI APUANE
HAS BEEN PIECED TOGETHER
108
00:05:52,719 --> 00:05:55,188
BY ITALIAN GEOLOGISTS
OVER THE YEARS.
109
00:05:55,255 --> 00:05:58,858
- [speaking Italian]
110
00:05:58,925 --> 00:06:00,493
narrator: BUT GIANCARLO
IS DETERMINED
111
00:06:00,560 --> 00:06:03,997
TO FILL IN THE BLANKS.
112
00:06:04,064 --> 00:06:07,901
MYSTERIES REMAIN AS TO HOW FAST
THESE MOUNTAINS HAVE RISEN.
113
00:06:07,968 --> 00:06:12,706
GIANCARLO WANTS TO KNOW
EXACTLY HOW FAST AND WHY.
114
00:06:14,607 --> 00:06:17,177
THESE ARE THE MOUNTAINS
THAT BROUGHT UP FROM THE DEPTHS
115
00:06:17,243 --> 00:06:21,581
A VERY RARE AND EXCEEDINGLY
BEAUTIFUL ROCK.
116
00:06:21,648 --> 00:06:24,718
THAT ROCK IS
THE FAMOUS ITALIAN MARBLE
117
00:06:24,784 --> 00:06:26,486
SHAPED CENTURIES AGO
118
00:06:26,553 --> 00:06:30,390
BY THE SCULPTORS
OF THE RENAISSANCE.
119
00:06:30,457 --> 00:06:31,725
IN FLORENCE,
120
00:06:31,791 --> 00:06:36,496
MARBLE ADORNS THE ORNATE
CAMPANILE AND DUOMO.
121
00:06:36,563 --> 00:06:40,166
IT WAS HERE IN FLORENCE
THAT MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI
122
00:06:40,233 --> 00:06:42,569
BROUGHT TO LIFE
HIS UNFORGETTABLE STATUE
123
00:06:42,635 --> 00:06:45,271
OF THE YOUNG DAVID.
124
00:06:45,338 --> 00:06:47,807
THE DAVID STANDS NEXT
TO UNFINISHED SCULPTURES
125
00:06:47,874 --> 00:06:51,011
KNOWN AS THE PRISONERS.
126
00:06:51,077 --> 00:06:55,548
THEY ARE STILL STRUGGLING
TO COME OUT OF THE ROCK.
127
00:06:55,615 --> 00:06:57,650
MICHELANGELO'S
SUBLIME SCULPTURES
128
00:06:57,717 --> 00:07:02,355
ALSO GUARD THE TOMBS
OF THE POWERFUL MEDICI FAMILY.
129
00:07:02,422 --> 00:07:05,358
HE FOUND THE PURE MARBLE
THAT HE NEEDED FOR HIS WORK
130
00:07:05,425 --> 00:07:09,229
IN THE ALPI APUANE MOUNTAINS
NEAR THE TOWN OF CARRARA.
131
00:07:12,032 --> 00:07:14,000
THE ALPI APUANE ARE SO NAMED
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00:07:14,067 --> 00:07:17,337
FOR THEIR CRAGGY,
ALPINE-LOOKING PEAKS.
133
00:07:17,404 --> 00:07:19,939
THEIR DAZZLING WHITENESS
CAN EASILY BE MISTAKEN
134
00:07:20,006 --> 00:07:23,176
FOR SNOW FROM A DISTANCE.
135
00:07:23,243 --> 00:07:25,178
BUT THE WHITE IS NOT SNOW.
136
00:07:25,245 --> 00:07:27,247
IT'S MARBLE.
137
00:07:29,716 --> 00:07:32,318
ALL OVER THESE MOUNTAINS
ARE QUARRIES,
138
00:07:32,385 --> 00:07:34,954
WHERE HUGE CHUNKS OF MARBLE
HAVE BEEN EXTRACTED.
139
00:07:37,590 --> 00:07:38,792
THESE QUARRIES REMAIN
140
00:07:38,858 --> 00:07:42,362
THE WORLD'S LARGEST PRODUCER
OF MARBLE.
141
00:07:42,429 --> 00:07:45,932
- [speaking Italian]
142
00:07:45,999 --> 00:07:48,968
narrator: FOR GEOLOGISTS
LIKE GIANCARLO MOLLI,
143
00:07:49,035 --> 00:07:50,970
A QUARRY CAN BE
AN EXCELLENT PLACE
144
00:07:51,037 --> 00:07:54,207
TO STUDY THE INSIDES
OF MOUNTAINS.
145
00:07:54,274 --> 00:07:56,543
THE ROCK LAYERS
HAVE BEEN EXPOSED,
146
00:07:56,609 --> 00:08:00,013
MAKING IT EASIER TO TELL
HOW THEY'VE BEEN LAID DOWN,
147
00:08:00,080 --> 00:08:04,050
SQUASHED, AND FOLDED.
148
00:08:04,117 --> 00:08:08,655
THE HARD MARBLES WERE CREATED
FROM SOFTER LIMESTONE.
149
00:08:08,721 --> 00:08:12,358
IT WAS IN THE LIMESTONE HILLS
OF TUSCANY AROUND FLORENCE
150
00:08:12,425 --> 00:08:17,063
THAT LEONARDO DA VINCI
FOUND FOSSILIZED SEASHELLS.
151
00:08:17,130 --> 00:08:19,132
THIS WAS IN THE EARLY 1500s,
152
00:08:19,199 --> 00:08:21,067
RIGHT AT THE TIME MICHELANGELO
153
00:08:21,134 --> 00:08:23,803
WAS LABORING
OVER HIS SCULPTURES.
154
00:08:23,870 --> 00:08:26,573
WHEN LEONARDO FOUND
THE SEASHELLS,
155
00:08:26,639 --> 00:08:29,809
IT WAS NOT UNDERSTOOD HOW
THEY HAD GOTTEN OUT OF THE SEA
156
00:08:29,876 --> 00:08:32,445
AND INTO THE MOUNTAINS.
157
00:08:32,512 --> 00:08:33,813
BUT OVER THE YEARS,
158
00:08:33,880 --> 00:08:37,150
SCIENTISTS DEVELOPED
AN IMPRESSIVE EXPLANATION.
159
00:08:37,217 --> 00:08:41,688
MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO,
THERE WAS NO ITALY HERE.
160
00:08:41,754 --> 00:08:43,857
INSTEAD,
THERE WAS A SHALLOW OCEAN
161
00:08:43,923 --> 00:08:45,825
CALLED THE TETHYS.
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00:08:49,028 --> 00:08:51,331
- THE GEOLOGIC STORY OF ITALY
IS REALLY FASCINATING
163
00:08:51,397 --> 00:08:54,634
BECAUSE YOU HAVE TO GO BACK
TO SET THE STAGE.
164
00:08:54,701 --> 00:08:56,703
BEFORE THERE WAS ANYTHING
THAT WE WOULD RECOGNIZE
165
00:08:56,769 --> 00:08:58,104
AS THE APENNINE MOUNTAINS,
166
00:08:58,171 --> 00:09:01,007
THERE WAS THE SEPARATION
OR THE BREAKUP
167
00:09:01,074 --> 00:09:05,478
OF A LARGE SUPERCONTINENT
CALLED PANGAEA.
168
00:09:05,545 --> 00:09:07,180
AND IN THE BREAKUP
OF THIS CONTINENT,
169
00:09:07,247 --> 00:09:10,316
A NEW OCEAN BASIN
WAS CREATED.
170
00:09:10,383 --> 00:09:14,821
WE CALL THIS OCEAN BASIN TETHYS.
171
00:09:14,888 --> 00:09:16,322
narrator:
TINY SEA CREATURES LIVED
172
00:09:16,389 --> 00:09:18,725
IN THE ANCIENT TETHYS OCEAN.
173
00:09:18,791 --> 00:09:21,995
OVER TIME,
AS THEY LIVED AND THEN DIED,
174
00:09:22,061 --> 00:09:25,331
THEIR REMAINS DRIFTED
TO THE OCEAN FLOOR.
175
00:09:25,398 --> 00:09:29,569
THESE DEPOSITS BUILT UP LAYERS
OF SEDIMENT MILES THICK
176
00:09:29,636 --> 00:09:32,372
AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS SEA.
177
00:09:32,438 --> 00:09:36,309
EVENTUALLY, THE LAYERS HARDENED
INTO LIMESTONE.
178
00:09:37,877 --> 00:09:39,913
IN THE CASE
OF THE CARRARA MARBLES,
179
00:09:39,979 --> 00:09:42,182
THE LIMESTONE
WAS THEN BURIED DEEPLY
180
00:09:42,248 --> 00:09:46,252
BY TECTONIC FORCES
OVER MILLIONS OF YEARS.
181
00:09:46,319 --> 00:09:50,089
EXTREME HEAT AND PRESSURE
BAKED IT INTO MARBLE.
182
00:09:53,092 --> 00:09:57,230
- THIS CUT OF MARBLE IS SPECIAL,
A PURE WHITE MARBLE.
183
00:09:57,297 --> 00:10:02,202
THAT IS A--THAT IS THE REASON
WHY IT WAS USED BY THE ROMAN
184
00:10:02,268 --> 00:10:05,038
AND THEN DURING RENAISSANCE,
FOR EXAMPLE BY MICHELANGELO,
185
00:10:05,104 --> 00:10:08,041
UP TO NOW
FOR MONUMENTS
186
00:10:08,107 --> 00:10:10,843
AS WELL AS FOR BUILDING STONE.
187
00:10:10,910 --> 00:10:13,613
AND THE FACT THAT IT IS SO PURE
IS DUE TO THE FACT
188
00:10:13,680 --> 00:10:17,617
THAT THE ORIGINAL SEDIMENT
OF THE ENVIRONMENT WAS SPECIAL.
189
00:10:20,820 --> 00:10:22,255
narrator:
THAT SPECIAL ENVIRONMENT WAS
190
00:10:22,322 --> 00:10:25,024
A WARM, CALM, SHALLOW OCEAN,
191
00:10:25,091 --> 00:10:28,394
SOMETHING LIKE THE CARIBBEAN SEA
OF TODAY.
192
00:10:28,461 --> 00:10:31,431
BUT TO PRODUCE MARBLE
THAT IS SO PURE AND WHITE,
193
00:10:31,497 --> 00:10:32,899
THE ORIGINAL SEA FLOOR
194
00:10:32,966 --> 00:10:35,902
HAD TO BE WELL AWAY
FROM BEACHES AND SAND.
195
00:10:37,670 --> 00:10:41,207
BUT HOW DID ITALY'S LIMESTONES,
FORMED IN THE SEA,
196
00:10:41,274 --> 00:10:43,142
END UP AS RUGGED MOUNTAINS,
197
00:10:43,209 --> 00:10:46,646
RISING FAR ABOVE
SEA LEVEL TODAY?
198
00:10:46,713 --> 00:10:51,284
THIS QUESTION PUZZLED GEOLOGISTS
FOR CENTURIES.
199
00:10:51,351 --> 00:10:54,621
THE PLACE WHERE THE PUZZLE
FINALLY BEGAN TO FIT TOGETHER
200
00:10:54,687 --> 00:10:57,223
WAS IN ONE OF THE WORLD'S
GREAT MOUNTAIN RANGES,
201
00:10:57,290 --> 00:10:59,292
THE ALPS.
202
00:11:02,095 --> 00:11:04,464
A PARTICULARLY DRAMATIC PART
OF THIS MAJESTIC RANGE
203
00:11:04,530 --> 00:11:09,235
GUARDS ITALY'S
NORTHERNMOST BORDER.
204
00:11:09,302 --> 00:11:11,271
PIECING TOGETHER THE STORY
OF THE ALPS
205
00:11:11,337 --> 00:11:13,339
WAS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT
206
00:11:13,406 --> 00:11:15,808
PARTLY BECAUSE
OF THE VERTICAL TERRAIN
207
00:11:15,875 --> 00:11:20,179
AND PARTLY BECAUSE THE ROCKS
OF THE ALPS SEEMED ALL WRONG.
208
00:11:20,246 --> 00:11:23,516
THEY WERE TOPSY-TURVY.
209
00:11:23,583 --> 00:11:25,985
IT WASN'T UNTIL THE 1960s
210
00:11:26,052 --> 00:11:29,489
AND THE ADVENT OF THE THEORY
OF PLATE TECTONICS
211
00:11:29,555 --> 00:11:33,293
THAT THE ALPS BEGAN
TO MAKE SENSE.
212
00:11:33,359 --> 00:11:35,094
ABOUT 80 MILLION YEARS AGO,
213
00:11:35,161 --> 00:11:37,563
GLOBAL TECTONIC FORCES CAUSED
214
00:11:37,630 --> 00:11:40,300
THE CONTINENTS
OF AFRICA AND EUROPE
215
00:11:40,366 --> 00:11:43,436
TO APPROACH EACH OTHER.
216
00:11:43,503 --> 00:11:46,572
IN BETWEEN THEM,
THE SEA FLOOR OF THE TETHYS,
217
00:11:46,639 --> 00:11:50,543
INCLUDING A SPECIAL PIECE
OF CRUST, OR MICROPLATE,
218
00:11:50,610 --> 00:11:52,578
CALLED ADRIA,
219
00:11:52,645 --> 00:11:57,350
DOVE OR SUBDUCTED
BENEATH EUROPE.
220
00:11:57,417 --> 00:11:58,584
AS THIS HAPPENED,
221
00:11:58,651 --> 00:12:00,987
GREAT SLABS OF THE EARTH'S CRUST
222
00:12:01,054 --> 00:12:03,423
AND SEDIMENTS FROM THE SEA FLOOR
223
00:12:03,489 --> 00:12:05,825
WERE PILED UP INTO MOUNTAINS
224
00:12:05,892 --> 00:12:09,862
AT THE EDGE
OF THE EUROPEAN CONTINENT.
225
00:12:09,929 --> 00:12:11,297
IN SOME PLACES,
226
00:12:11,364 --> 00:12:14,133
OLDER ROCKS WERE SHOVED
OVER YOUNGER ONES,
227
00:12:14,200 --> 00:12:16,569
OBSCURING THEIR ORIGINS.
228
00:12:16,636 --> 00:12:19,405
GEOLOGISTS CLIMBING HIGH
IN THE MOUNTAINS
229
00:12:19,472 --> 00:12:22,108
EVEN FOUND A PIECE
OF THE EARTH'S MANTLE,
230
00:12:22,175 --> 00:12:23,676
WHICH IS NORMALLY BURIED
231
00:12:23,743 --> 00:12:26,012
20 MILES BENEATH
THE EARTH'S CRUST.
232
00:12:29,816 --> 00:12:34,454
THE ALPS WERE A GEOLOGICAL MESS,
BUT A BEAUTIFUL ONE.
233
00:12:34,520 --> 00:12:36,923
AND FROM THE UNRAVELING
OF THIS MESS,
234
00:12:36,989 --> 00:12:40,593
GEOLOGISTS ANSWERED THE QUESTION
OF HOW SEASHELL FOSSILS
235
00:12:40,660 --> 00:12:43,663
COULD END UP IN MOUNTAINS.
236
00:12:43,730 --> 00:12:45,865
WHEN THE CONTINENTS COLLIDED,
237
00:12:45,932 --> 00:12:48,368
ANCIENT LIMESTONES
FROM THE TETHYS OCEAN
238
00:12:48,434 --> 00:12:52,071
WERE THRUST HIGH IN THE AIR.
239
00:12:52,138 --> 00:12:55,141
ONE OF THE MOST DRAMATIC
EXAMPLES OF THIS ACTION
240
00:12:55,208 --> 00:12:58,411
CAN BE SEEN
IN ITALY'S DOLOMITES.
241
00:12:58,478 --> 00:13:01,013
HERE, HUGE LAYERS OF LIMESTONE,
242
00:13:01,080 --> 00:13:04,250
ONCE RESTING FAR BELOW
THE SURFACE OF THE SEA,
243
00:13:04,317 --> 00:13:06,452
ARE NOW STANDING
AT GREAT HEIGHTS
244
00:13:06,519 --> 00:13:10,156
DRAPED IN HIGH
MOUNTAIN GLACIERS.
245
00:13:10,223 --> 00:13:13,226
GLACIERS ALSO CARVED OUT
SPECTACULAR LAKES,
246
00:13:13,292 --> 00:13:15,795
LIKE LAKE COMO
DURING THE ICE AGES.
247
00:13:19,799 --> 00:13:21,167
ARMED WITH THE STORY
248
00:13:21,234 --> 00:13:23,569
OF THE CATACLYSMIC BIRTH
OF THE ALPS,
249
00:13:23,636 --> 00:13:27,774
GEOLOGISTS BEGAN TO EXPLORE
WHETHER THIS FANTASTIC TALE
250
00:13:27,840 --> 00:13:29,675
COULD ALSO EXPLAIN THE BIRTH
251
00:13:29,742 --> 00:13:32,044
OF ITALY'S OTHER
GREAT MOUNTAIN RANGE,
252
00:13:32,111 --> 00:13:34,981
THE APENNINES.
253
00:13:35,047 --> 00:13:39,118
WERE THESE ALSO PUSHED UP
BY COLLIDING PLATES?
254
00:13:39,185 --> 00:13:41,654
THE STORY FIT IN MANY PLACES,
255
00:13:41,721 --> 00:13:44,657
BUT IN SOME, IT DIDN'T.
256
00:13:44,724 --> 00:13:46,526
THE ALPI APUANE RANGE
257
00:13:46,592 --> 00:13:49,796
WAS ONE OF THOSE PLACES
WHERE IT DIDN'T.
258
00:13:49,862 --> 00:13:52,865
GEOLOGISTS COULD SEE
THAT SOMETHING FAR DIFFERENT
259
00:13:52,932 --> 00:13:55,368
MUST HAVE MADE THESE MOUNTAINS.
260
00:13:55,435 --> 00:13:57,437
BUT WHAT WAS IT?
261
00:13:57,503 --> 00:13:59,972
IT WASN'T UNTIL MANY YEARS LATER
262
00:14:00,039 --> 00:14:03,576
THAT THIS MYSTERY
WOULD BE SOLVED.
263
00:14:09,582 --> 00:14:11,651
THERE WAS ANOTHER PLACE IN ITALY
264
00:14:11,717 --> 00:14:16,022
THAT LOOKED VERY STRANGE
TO GEOLOGISTS.
265
00:14:16,088 --> 00:14:20,126
IN THE MOUNTAINS OF CALABRIA
AT THE TOE OF THE BOOT,
266
00:14:20,193 --> 00:14:23,663
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGIST
NANO SEEBER IS EXPLORING
267
00:14:23,729 --> 00:14:27,166
HOW THIS GEOLOGICALLY PERPLEXING
AREA CAME TO BE.
268
00:14:28,835 --> 00:14:31,003
ON THE MAP,
CALABRIA FORMS A LINK
269
00:14:31,070 --> 00:14:32,572
BETWEEN THE APENNINES
270
00:14:32,638 --> 00:14:35,942
AND THE MOUNTAINS
TO THE SOUTH IN SICILY.
271
00:14:36,008 --> 00:14:38,444
BUT THE APENNINES
AND THE MOUNTAINS OF SICILY
272
00:14:38,511 --> 00:14:43,216
ARE MOSTLY COMPOSED OF LIMESTONE
AND OTHER SEDIMENTARY ROCKS.
273
00:14:43,282 --> 00:14:45,818
IN CONTRAST,
CALABRIA'S MOUNTAINS ARE MADE
274
00:14:45,885 --> 00:14:48,488
OF GRANITE AND METAMORPHIC ROCK,
275
00:14:48,554 --> 00:14:52,658
TOTALLY DIFFERENT
FROM LIMESTONE.
276
00:14:52,725 --> 00:14:55,328
OVER THE YEARS,
ITALIAN GEOLOGISTS PUZZLED
277
00:14:55,394 --> 00:14:58,431
OVER THE STRANGE ROCKS
OF CALABRIA,
278
00:14:58,498 --> 00:15:02,235
MUCH AS NANO SEEBER
IS DOING TODAY.
279
00:15:02,301 --> 00:15:04,637
- IN GEOLOGY,
THAT'S WHAT YOU NEED TO DO.
280
00:15:04,704 --> 00:15:08,241
YOU NEED TO LOOK AT A MOUNTAIN
AND THINK OF WHAT'S IN IT.
281
00:15:08,307 --> 00:15:10,977
AND NOT ONLY THAT,
BUT THINK HOW IT CHANGES
282
00:15:11,043 --> 00:15:13,412
THE SHAPE OF THE ROCKS
INSIDE THE MOUNTAIN.
283
00:15:16,782 --> 00:15:19,819
narrator: IT SOON BECAME
APPARENT TO ITALIAN GEOLOGISTS
284
00:15:19,886 --> 00:15:23,155
THAT THE ODD ROCKS OF CALABRIA
EXTENDED INTO SICILY.
285
00:15:23,222 --> 00:15:26,659
- IT'S CONTROLLED BY THIS FORCE.
286
00:15:26,726 --> 00:15:28,261
narrator: THERE WAS
A PART OF SICILY,
287
00:15:28,327 --> 00:15:29,929
THE NORTHEASTERN CORNER,
288
00:15:29,996 --> 00:15:33,399
THAT WAS VERY DIFFERENT
FROM THE REST OF THE ISLAND.
289
00:15:33,466 --> 00:15:35,268
HERE AT MESSINA,
290
00:15:35,334 --> 00:15:37,737
THE ROCKS ARE MORE LIKE
CALABRIA'S ROCKS
291
00:15:37,803 --> 00:15:40,840
AND NOTHING LIKE THE REST
OF THE APENNINES.
292
00:15:40,907 --> 00:15:44,877
CLOSE BY, THE SICILIAN
COASTAL RESORT OF TAORMINA
293
00:15:44,944 --> 00:15:49,348
IS ALSO BUILT ON ROCKS
LIKE CALABRIA'S.
294
00:15:49,415 --> 00:15:51,384
THE ROCKS OF THE REST OF SICILY
295
00:15:51,450 --> 00:15:55,354
FIT WITH THE APENNINES
ON THE MAINLAND.
296
00:15:55,421 --> 00:15:59,292
WHAT COULD EXPLAIN
THESE DIFFERENCES?
297
00:15:59,358 --> 00:16:03,863
IT TOOK A NEW TWIST
TO THE THEORY OF PLATE TECTONICS
298
00:16:03,930 --> 00:16:08,267
FOR GEOLOGISTS TO FIGURE OUT
WHERE THESE ROCKS HAD COME FROM.
299
00:16:08,334 --> 00:16:09,769
AND WITH THAT TWIST
300
00:16:09,835 --> 00:16:11,637
CAME A DRAMATIC
NEW UNDERSTANDING
301
00:16:11,704 --> 00:16:14,140
OF ALL OF ITALY.
302
00:16:14,206 --> 00:16:18,177
IT TURNS OUT THAT THE ROCKS
OF CALABRIA AND NORTHERN SICILY
303
00:16:18,244 --> 00:16:20,813
STRONGLY RESEMBLED
THOSE OF THE ALPS.
304
00:16:23,349 --> 00:16:25,851
AND IN FACT,
AS FRANK PAZZAGLIA LEARNED
305
00:16:25,918 --> 00:16:27,887
FROM HIS ITALIAN COLLEAGUES,
306
00:16:27,954 --> 00:16:31,657
THESE ROCKS HAD ONCE BEEN
PART OF FRANCE.
307
00:16:33,726 --> 00:16:37,063
- ITALY AT ONE TIME WAS ACTUALLY
CONNECTED TO FRANCE.
308
00:16:37,129 --> 00:16:39,498
AND OVER THE PAST SEVERAL
TENS OF MILLIONS OF YEARS,
309
00:16:39,565 --> 00:16:42,969
IT HAS BEEN SWINGING
TO THE EAST.
310
00:16:43,035 --> 00:16:45,438
narrator: CHUNKS OF ROCK
THAT WOULD BECOME ITALY
311
00:16:45,504 --> 00:16:47,974
ALONG WITH CORSICA AND SARDINIA
312
00:16:48,040 --> 00:16:52,411
SEPARATED FROM FRANCE
ABOUT 30 MILLION YEARS AGO.
313
00:16:52,478 --> 00:16:54,947
ITALY, STILL UNDERWATER,
314
00:16:55,014 --> 00:16:57,483
PLOWED INTO
THE ADRIA MICROPLATE,
315
00:16:57,550 --> 00:17:00,152
WHICH SUBDUCTED BENEATH IT.
316
00:17:00,219 --> 00:17:04,423
IN THE PROCESS,
PIECES OF ADRIA WERE SCRAPED OFF
317
00:17:04,490 --> 00:17:07,860
AND A NEW MOUNTAIN RANGE
BEGAN TO GROW.
318
00:17:07,927 --> 00:17:11,030
THE APENNINES WERE BORN.
319
00:17:11,097 --> 00:17:15,001
INITIALLY THE MOUNTAINS WERE
BELOW SEA LEVEL.
320
00:17:15,067 --> 00:17:18,904
FINALLY, BETWEEN
5 AND 10 MILLION YEARS AGO,
321
00:17:18,971 --> 00:17:23,075
ITALY EMERGED FROM THE SEA.
322
00:17:23,142 --> 00:17:26,846
THE SUBDUCTION PROCESS CAUSED
A GROWING WEDGE OF MATERIAL
323
00:17:26,912 --> 00:17:30,650
THAT RAN DOWN THE WHOLE LENGTH
OF THE ITALIAN PENINSULA.
324
00:17:32,852 --> 00:17:35,021
- SO ITALY LOOKS LIKE A BOOT
325
00:17:35,087 --> 00:17:38,324
POSITIONED TO KICK TO THE WEST,
326
00:17:38,391 --> 00:17:41,727
BUT IN FACT, IT IS MOVING
BACK TOWARDS THE EAST
327
00:17:41,794 --> 00:17:44,363
SWINGING AND CONSUMING
THE ADRIA MICROPLATE
328
00:17:44,430 --> 00:17:47,199
IN ITS WAKE.
329
00:17:47,266 --> 00:17:50,236
narrator: THE SWINGING ITALIAN
BOOT THAT EMERGED FROM THE SEA
330
00:17:50,302 --> 00:17:53,205
SOLVES LEONARDO DA VINCI'S
MYSTERY
331
00:17:53,272 --> 00:17:55,007
ABOUT HOW
THE FOSSILIZED SEASHELLS
332
00:17:55,074 --> 00:17:58,244
GOT INTO THE APENNINES.
333
00:17:58,310 --> 00:17:59,679
BUT THIS FASCINATING TALE
334
00:17:59,745 --> 00:18:02,181
OF THE BIRTH OF ITALY
AND THE APENNINES
335
00:18:02,248 --> 00:18:05,117
WAS NOT YET THE WHOLE STORY.
336
00:18:05,184 --> 00:18:08,187
THERE WERE SOME VERY FAMOUS
MOUNTAINS IN THE SOUTH
337
00:18:08,254 --> 00:18:11,090
THAT DID NOT FIT
THIS PICTURE AT ALL.
338
00:18:11,157 --> 00:18:13,492
OR DID THEY?
339
00:18:13,559 --> 00:18:14,860
IN SOUTHERN ITALY
340
00:18:14,927 --> 00:18:18,064
ABOVE THE FAST-MOVING FOOT
OF THE ITALIAN BOOT
341
00:18:18,130 --> 00:18:20,733
LOOMS THE LEGENDARY
MOUNT VESUVIUS.
342
00:18:23,402 --> 00:18:25,838
MOUNT VESUVIUS
IS THE ONLY ACTIVE VOLCANO
343
00:18:25,905 --> 00:18:28,441
ON MAINLAND EUROPE.
344
00:18:28,507 --> 00:18:32,311
PEOPLE COME TO SEE IT
FROM ALL OVER THE WORLD.
345
00:18:32,378 --> 00:18:33,879
DURING RECORDED HISTORY,
346
00:18:33,946 --> 00:18:37,583
VESUVIUS HAS BEEN KNOWN
TO ERUPT HUNDREDS OF TIMES.
347
00:18:37,650 --> 00:18:39,685
THE MOST FAMOUS ERUPTION
348
00:18:39,752 --> 00:18:42,421
BURIED THE PROSPEROUS
ROMAN TRADING CITY,
349
00:18:42,488 --> 00:18:46,225
POMPEII, IN 79 A.D.
350
00:18:46,292 --> 00:18:50,529
VESUVIUS IS STILL ACTIVE
AND COULD ERUPT AT ANY TIME.
351
00:18:52,498 --> 00:18:55,735
FARTHER SOUTH ON SICILY,
AT THE TOE OF THE BOOT,
352
00:18:55,801 --> 00:18:59,505
IS THE MASSIVE MOUNT ETNA.
353
00:18:59,572 --> 00:19:01,373
LIKE MOUNT VESUVIUS,
354
00:19:01,440 --> 00:19:05,177
ETNA IS A VERY ACTIVE AND
FAMOUSLY DESTRUCTIVE VOLCANO.
355
00:19:07,313 --> 00:19:09,415
FOR YEARS,
GEOLOGISTS COULD NOT EXPLAIN
356
00:19:09,482 --> 00:19:12,852
WHAT THE TWO VOLCANOES
WERE DOING HERE.
357
00:19:12,918 --> 00:19:14,920
BUT AROUND THE TIME
PLATE TECTONICS THEORY
358
00:19:14,987 --> 00:19:18,157
WAS ESTABLISHED IN THE 1960s,
359
00:19:18,224 --> 00:19:20,960
GEOLOGISTS CAME
TO A SURPRISING CONCLUSION
360
00:19:21,026 --> 00:19:24,697
ABOUT MOUNT VESUVIUS
AND MOUNT ETNA.
361
00:19:24,764 --> 00:19:26,999
THEY ARE VOLCANOES
AND COMPLETELY DIFFERENT
362
00:19:27,066 --> 00:19:29,802
FROM THE APENNINES
OR THE ALPS.
363
00:19:29,869 --> 00:19:33,105
BUT THEY ARE ACTUALLY CAUSED
BY THE SAME PROCESS,
364
00:19:33,172 --> 00:19:36,509
SUBDUCTION.
365
00:19:36,575 --> 00:19:38,911
AS THE SUBDUCTING PLATE
SINKS DOWN,
366
00:19:38,978 --> 00:19:42,648
IT SLIDES UNDER THE OTHER
AND HEATS UP.
367
00:19:42,715 --> 00:19:45,484
THIS HEATED MATERIAL
BECOMES MAGMA,
368
00:19:45,551 --> 00:19:47,486
WHICH RISES UP
THROUGH THE TOP PLATE
369
00:19:47,553 --> 00:19:51,457
TO BUILD ACTIVE VOLCANOES.
370
00:19:51,524 --> 00:19:55,094
THE ITALIAN VOLCANOES
FIT THIS PICTURE WELL.
371
00:19:55,161 --> 00:19:58,497
IN FACT, GEOLOGISTS COULD TRACE
A VOLCANIC ARC
372
00:19:58,564 --> 00:20:01,267
THAT FOLLOWS
THE SUBDUCTING PLATE.
373
00:20:01,333 --> 00:20:02,601
STARTING AROUND ROME,
374
00:20:02,668 --> 00:20:04,837
WHERE THERE ARE
SOME DORMANT VOLCANOES,
375
00:20:04,904 --> 00:20:07,106
AND CURVING DOWN PAST STROMBOLI
376
00:20:07,173 --> 00:20:10,042
AND THE VOLCANIC AEOLIAN ISLANDS
377
00:20:10,109 --> 00:20:13,979
AND CONTINUING PAST ETNA
FARTHER SOUTH.
378
00:20:14,046 --> 00:20:16,916
BUT THERE WAS SOMETHING PECULIAR
ABOUT ETNA.
379
00:20:16,982 --> 00:20:20,786
[all speaking Italian]
380
00:20:20,853 --> 00:20:22,488
ON A BRIGHT JUNE MORNING,
381
00:20:22,555 --> 00:20:25,658
NANO SEEBER AND
GRADUATE STUDENT MARGARET REITZ
382
00:20:25,724 --> 00:20:27,493
HAVE COME DOWN FROM CALABRIA
383
00:20:27,560 --> 00:20:31,063
TO GET TO THE BOTTOM
OF THIS PECULIAR FEATURE.
384
00:20:31,130 --> 00:20:32,898
- [speaking Italian]
385
00:20:32,965 --> 00:20:34,800
- YEAH, THERE ARE--
THERE ARE A NUMBER OF FAULTS.
386
00:20:34,867 --> 00:20:38,671
ACTUALLY WE'VE GOT A NORTH,
NORTHEAST TREND
387
00:20:38,737 --> 00:20:40,773
FROM THE STRAIT OF MESSINA.
388
00:20:40,840 --> 00:20:42,341
narrator:
ETNA'S ERUPTIONS CONTAIN
389
00:20:42,408 --> 00:20:46,412
A RARELY SEEN MIXTURE
OF LAVA AND ASH.
390
00:20:46,478 --> 00:20:50,416
USUALLY, A VOLCANO PRODUCES
ONE OR THE OTHER.
391
00:20:50,482 --> 00:20:54,920
WHY DOES ETNA PRODUCE BOTH?
392
00:20:54,987 --> 00:20:58,557
NANO AND MEG HAVE
A NEW TECHNIQUE FOR FINDING OUT,
393
00:20:58,624 --> 00:21:01,927
BUT THEY MOST GET
THE PERFECT LAVA SAMPLE.
394
00:21:01,994 --> 00:21:04,230
THEY HAVE TO WORK FAST.
395
00:21:04,296 --> 00:21:06,732
THE VOLCANO HAS BEEN
ERUPTING FREQUENTLY,
396
00:21:06,799 --> 00:21:09,602
AND THE SCIENTISTS ARE SEIZING
THIS RARE OPPORTUNITY
397
00:21:09,668 --> 00:21:12,238
TO FIND A SAMPLE
BEFORE IT ERUPTS AGAIN.
398
00:21:15,641 --> 00:21:18,277
THE GOING IS DIFFICULT
AND EVEN DANGEROUS.
399
00:21:21,113 --> 00:21:24,550
LEADING THE WAY IS BORIS BEHNCKE
OF THE I.N.G.V.,
400
00:21:24,617 --> 00:21:29,688
ITALY'S NATIONAL INSTITUTE
OF GEOPHYSICS AND VULCANOLOGY.
401
00:21:29,755 --> 00:21:34,927
- A PART OF THIS VENT
ERUPTED ON THE TENTH OF MAY.
402
00:21:34,994 --> 00:21:37,897
narrator: BORIS KNOWS ETNA
AS WELL AS ANYONE ALIVE.
403
00:21:40,165 --> 00:21:43,402
- THE MOUNTAIN IS QUITE
A LARGE VOLCANO
404
00:21:43,469 --> 00:21:46,338
AND ALSO ONE OF THE MOST ACTIVE
VOLCANOES ON EARTH.
405
00:21:46,405 --> 00:21:50,576
IT'S CURRENTLY
3,330 METERS TALL.
406
00:21:50,643 --> 00:21:52,611
THAT'S A LITTLE BIT LESS
THAN 11,000 FEET.
407
00:21:54,813 --> 00:21:56,582
IT'S ONE OF THE MOST ACTIVE
VOLCANOES ON EARTH,
408
00:21:56,649 --> 00:22:00,886
MAYBE THE SECOND MOST ACTIVE
AFTER KILAUEA ON HAWAII.
409
00:22:00,953 --> 00:22:02,821
- IT'S ONE
OF THE MOST ACTIVE VOLCANOES
410
00:22:02,888 --> 00:22:04,590
ON THE PLANET.
411
00:22:04,657 --> 00:22:07,159
AND IT'S VERY YOUNG, ACTUALLY.
412
00:22:07,226 --> 00:22:10,729
IT'S ONLY
HALF A MILLION YEARS OLD.
413
00:22:10,796 --> 00:22:13,198
narrator: HOW IT GOT
SO BIG SO FAST
414
00:22:13,265 --> 00:22:16,302
IS PART OF THE RIDDLE OF ETNA.
415
00:22:16,368 --> 00:22:21,140
HOW DID SO MUCH LAVA
ACCUMULATE SO QUICKLY?
416
00:22:21,206 --> 00:22:25,210
- ETNA SITS IN A PLACE
WHERE THERE ARE LOTS OF FAULTS
417
00:22:25,277 --> 00:22:28,580
AND CRACKS RUNNING THROUGH
THE CRUST OF THIS PLANET.
418
00:22:28,647 --> 00:22:30,049
IN THIS VERY AREA,
419
00:22:30,115 --> 00:22:33,752
MANY OF THESE FAULT SYSTEMS
INTERSECT IN THAT PLACE.
420
00:22:33,819 --> 00:22:37,356
SO IT'S A PLACE
OF PARTICULAR INSTABILITY,
421
00:22:37,423 --> 00:22:38,824
AND THUS IT IS MUCH EASIER
422
00:22:38,891 --> 00:22:41,961
FOR THE MAGMA TO COME IN
THAT PLACE.
423
00:22:42,027 --> 00:22:44,563
THERE SEEMS TO BE
NO OTHER VOLCANOES ON EARTH
424
00:22:44,630 --> 00:22:48,701
WHERE WE HAVE A SIMILAR
GEODYNAMIC SITUATION.
425
00:22:48,767 --> 00:22:51,070
- THAT LOOKS GOOD.
426
00:22:51,136 --> 00:22:52,905
BEAUTIFUL.
427
00:22:52,972 --> 00:22:54,239
- NOW WE CAN BREAK
THAT DOWN FURTHER.
428
00:22:54,306 --> 00:22:55,708
- YEAH, YEAH.
429
00:22:55,774 --> 00:22:57,676
narrator: FINALLY THE TEAM
FINDS THE PERFECT SAMPLE.
430
00:22:57,743 --> 00:22:59,478
- YUP.
431
00:22:59,545 --> 00:23:00,879
THERE.
- IT'S HARD ROCK.
432
00:23:00,946 --> 00:23:02,915
narrator: THEY WILL TAKE IT
TO THE LAB FOR ANALYSIS
433
00:23:02,982 --> 00:23:07,319
AND FIND OUT THAT, INDEED,
ETNA'S LAVA IS HIGHLY UNUSUAL.
434
00:23:08,954 --> 00:23:12,024
IT OFTEN COMES
FROM VERY DEEP IN THE EARTH,
435
00:23:12,091 --> 00:23:16,161
WORKING ITS WAY UP
THROUGH CRACKS.
436
00:23:16,228 --> 00:23:19,531
NANO'S TEAM TIME
THEIR EXPEDITION PERFECTLY.
437
00:23:19,598 --> 00:23:22,634
SHORTLY AFTER THEIR CLIMB,
ETNA EXPLODED.
438
00:23:27,373 --> 00:23:29,508
IT'S BECAUSE ETNA IS SO ACTIVE
439
00:23:29,575 --> 00:23:31,543
THAT A HUGE NETWORK
OF SEISMIC STATIONS,
440
00:23:31,610 --> 00:23:33,879
GAS-MONITORING DEVICES,
441
00:23:33,946 --> 00:23:36,582
AND OTHER HIGH-TECH
MONITORING INSTRUMENTS
442
00:23:36,648 --> 00:23:40,753
HAS BEEN SET UP TO WARN
OF IMPENDING ERUPTIONS.
443
00:23:40,819 --> 00:23:42,488
THIS WARNING SYSTEM,
444
00:23:42,554 --> 00:23:44,490
ONE OF THE WORLD'S
MOST ADVANCED,
445
00:23:44,556 --> 00:23:48,527
KEEPS THE MILLION PEOPLE
LIVING CLOSE BY SAFER.
446
00:23:48,594 --> 00:23:51,096
THERE ARE SO MANY PEOPLE
LIVING HERE BECAUSE,
447
00:23:51,163 --> 00:23:52,598
AS IT TURNS OUT,
448
00:23:52,664 --> 00:23:57,636
THERE ARE MULTIPLE ADVANTAGES
TO LIVING ON A VOLCANO.
449
00:23:57,703 --> 00:24:01,840
- THERE ARE LOTS OF BENEFITS
TO LIFE ON A VOLCANO
450
00:24:01,907 --> 00:24:03,442
BECAUSE WE'VE GOT
VERY FERTILE SOILS
451
00:24:03,509 --> 00:24:06,278
DUE TO THE WEALTH OF MINERALS
IN THE VOLCANIC PRODUCT,
452
00:24:06,345 --> 00:24:08,447
ESPECIALLY IN THE ASH.
453
00:24:08,514 --> 00:24:10,015
AND EVERYTHING
THAT GROWS ON ETNA
454
00:24:10,082 --> 00:24:13,352
IS A LITTLE BIT BIGGER
AND A LITTLE BIT MORE TASTY.
455
00:24:15,220 --> 00:24:18,090
THERE ARE IMPORTANT RESOURCES
LIKE TOURISM.
456
00:24:18,157 --> 00:24:21,360
THEN THE VOLCANO PROVIDES
BUILDING MATERIAL
457
00:24:21,427 --> 00:24:24,696
BECAUSE LAVA IS VERY
RESISTANT ROCK,
458
00:24:24,763 --> 00:24:27,332
MUCH BETTER THAN CONCRETE.
459
00:24:27,399 --> 00:24:29,268
AND FINALLY, ALSO,
460
00:24:29,334 --> 00:24:32,471
THE VOLCANO STORES
INCREDIBLE QUANTITIES OF WATER
461
00:24:32,538 --> 00:24:34,840
BECAUSE IT'S ALL POROUS ROCK,
462
00:24:34,907 --> 00:24:36,975
AND THAT IS CERTAINLY
AN IMPORTANT ELEMENT
463
00:24:37,042 --> 00:24:38,644
IN A PLACE LIKE SICILY
464
00:24:38,710 --> 00:24:42,714
WHERE THERE ARE ELSEWHERE
PROBLEMS WITH DROUGHT.
465
00:24:42,781 --> 00:24:44,716
IF THE SOUTHEAST QUAKE
ERUPTS AGAIN,
466
00:24:44,783 --> 00:24:46,218
IT'LL THROW OUT
A LOT OF OLD MATERIAL.
467
00:24:46,285 --> 00:24:47,786
narrator:
AS THESE SCIENTISTS LEARN MORE
468
00:24:47,853 --> 00:24:50,122
ABOUT MOUNT ETNA AND VOLCANOES,
469
00:24:50,189 --> 00:24:51,857
THEY'RE ALSO GETTING INSIGHTS
470
00:24:51,924 --> 00:24:54,793
INTO AN INTIMATELY RELATED
GEOLOGIC PROCESS
471
00:24:54,860 --> 00:24:58,530
ALSO CAUSED BY PLATE MOVEMENTS
AND SUBDUCTION:
472
00:24:58,597 --> 00:25:01,500
EARTHQUAKES.
473
00:25:01,567 --> 00:25:03,402
PEOPLE HERE HAVE NOT FORGOTTEN
474
00:25:03,469 --> 00:25:06,572
THE MASSIVE
MESSINA EARTHQUAKE OF 1908,
475
00:25:06,638 --> 00:25:08,474
WHICH CAUSED
WIDESPREAD DESTRUCTION
476
00:25:08,540 --> 00:25:12,578
IN BOTH SICILY AND CALABRIA.
477
00:25:12,644 --> 00:25:14,613
- THERE'S BEEN
TERRIBLE EARTHQUAKES
478
00:25:14,680 --> 00:25:16,014
IN THIS PART OF THE WORLD.
479
00:25:16,081 --> 00:25:19,151
AND UNDERSTANDING
HOW CALABRIA WORKS TECTONICALLY
480
00:25:19,218 --> 00:25:20,819
IS GONNA HELP TO UNDERSTAND
481
00:25:20,886 --> 00:25:24,523
WHAT KIND OF EARTHQUAKES
WE CAN EXPECT.
482
00:25:24,590 --> 00:25:27,526
narrator: THE PEOPLE OF CALABRIA
AND THE REST OF SOUTHERN ITALY
483
00:25:27,593 --> 00:25:30,729
ARE WELL AWARE
THAT EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANOES
484
00:25:30,796 --> 00:25:35,167
ARE THE GEOLOGIC SIGNATURES
OF THEIR LAND.
485
00:25:35,234 --> 00:25:38,837
BOTH ARE DRIVEN BY THE CRUSHING
TECTONIC FORCE OF SUBDUCTION.
486
00:25:40,706 --> 00:25:44,610
BUT IS SUBDUCTION AT WORK
FARTHER TO THE NORTH?
487
00:25:44,676 --> 00:25:48,413
IS IT A MAJOR FORCE THERE?
488
00:25:48,480 --> 00:25:50,048
- ENTIRE BLOCKS
OF BUILDINGS COLLAPSED
489
00:25:50,115 --> 00:25:51,984
AS A POWERFUL EARTHQUAKE
STRUCK CENTRAL ITALY
490
00:25:52,050 --> 00:25:53,519
IN THE MIDDLE OF THE NIGHT.
491
00:25:53,585 --> 00:25:54,887
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SAYS
492
00:25:54,953 --> 00:25:56,722
THE QUAKE MEASURED 6.3
ON THE RICHTER SCALE.
493
00:25:56,788 --> 00:25:58,857
narrator: IN 2009,
A LARGE EARTHQUAKE
494
00:25:58,924 --> 00:26:02,094
STRUCK THE CENTRAL
ITALIAN TOWN OF L'AQUILA,
495
00:26:02,161 --> 00:26:05,631
KILLING MORE THAN 300 PEOPLE.
496
00:26:05,697 --> 00:26:09,101
ABOUT 100 MILES AWAY
IN THE REGION OF UMBRIA,
497
00:26:09,168 --> 00:26:12,871
THE 13TH CENTURY BASILICA
OF ST. FRANCIS OF ASSISI
498
00:26:12,938 --> 00:26:14,306
WAS SEVERELY DAMAGED
499
00:26:14,373 --> 00:26:16,108
AND FOUR PEOPLE PERISHED
500
00:26:16,175 --> 00:26:20,179
WHEN AN EARTHQUAKE STRUCK
IN 1997.
501
00:26:22,781 --> 00:26:26,518
OBVIOUSLY THE EARTH'S CRUST
IS VERY ACTIVE IN CENTRAL ITALY.
502
00:26:28,153 --> 00:26:30,722
REGIONS LIKE UMBRIA AND TUSCANY
503
00:26:30,789 --> 00:26:34,293
ARE FREQUENTLY JOLTED
BY EARTHQUAKES.
504
00:26:34,359 --> 00:26:38,764
BUT UNLIKE THE SOUTH,
CENTRAL ITALY HAS NO VOLCANOES.
505
00:26:38,830 --> 00:26:42,968
THE LINE OF SUBDUCTION-DRIVEN
VOLCANOES ENDS NORTH OF ROME.
506
00:26:45,003 --> 00:26:47,272
IS A PROCESS
OTHER THAN SUBDUCTION
507
00:26:47,339 --> 00:26:48,707
BUILDING THE MOUNTAINS
508
00:26:48,774 --> 00:26:52,711
AND TRIGGERING THE EARTHQUAKES
IN CENTRAL ITALY?
509
00:26:52,778 --> 00:26:55,847
UNTIL RECENTLY, GEOLOGISTS
THOUGHT THAT SUBDUCTION
510
00:26:55,914 --> 00:26:58,917
WAS LONG DEAD
TO THE NORTH OF ROME.
511
00:26:58,984 --> 00:27:01,053
APPARENTLY, ANOTHER PROCESS,
512
00:27:01,119 --> 00:27:03,222
THE STRETCHING
OF THE EARTH'S CRUST,
513
00:27:03,288 --> 00:27:04,923
HAD TAKEN OVER--
514
00:27:04,990 --> 00:27:07,793
OR SO THEY THOUGHT.
515
00:27:07,859 --> 00:27:10,963
BUT EARTH SCIENTISTS WORKING
IN CENTRAL AND NORTHERN ITALY
516
00:27:11,029 --> 00:27:14,132
HAVE BEGUN TO WONDER.
517
00:27:14,199 --> 00:27:15,968
ONE OF THEM IS MARK BRANDON,
518
00:27:16,034 --> 00:27:20,405
AN OLD FRIEND AND ADVISOR
OF FRANK PAZZAGLIA.
519
00:27:20,472 --> 00:27:23,542
THEY ARE MEETING
IN THE MEDIEVAL TOWN OF ELCITO,
520
00:27:23,609 --> 00:27:26,511
FROM WHICH THEY CAN SEE
A LONG WAY OFF.
521
00:27:26,578 --> 00:27:29,181
- SO WE'RE LOOKING ALONG
THE ENTIRE ADRIATIC COAST HERE.
522
00:27:29,248 --> 00:27:32,117
- EXACTLY, WE'RE LOOKING OUT
OVER THE TOP OF CINGOLI RIDGE,
523
00:27:32,184 --> 00:27:33,885
AND FROM CINGOLI RIDGE,
524
00:27:33,952 --> 00:27:36,121
THERE'S ONLY ONE MORE
LIMESTONE RIDGE.
525
00:27:36,188 --> 00:27:38,790
narrator: MARK HAS BEEN
TRAVELING AROUND TUSCANY,
526
00:27:38,857 --> 00:27:41,393
WHERE SIGNS OF THE STRETCHING
OF THE EARTH'S CRUST
527
00:27:41,460 --> 00:27:44,896
ARE MUCH IN EVIDENCE
TO GEOLOGISTS.
528
00:27:44,963 --> 00:27:47,833
- WE SEE THE ROCKS
AT THE SURFACE PULLING APART.
529
00:27:47,899 --> 00:27:51,069
AND A GOOD EXAMPLE OF THAT
IS THAT IF WE GO
530
00:27:51,136 --> 00:27:52,704
INTO VARIOUS PARTS
OF THE LANDSCAPE
531
00:27:52,771 --> 00:27:54,273
LIKE AROUND FLORENCE,
532
00:27:54,339 --> 00:27:56,942
WHAT WE SEE ARE THERE ARE
BIG GRABENS OR STRETCH MARKS
533
00:27:57,009 --> 00:28:00,279
WHERE THE EARTH IS PULLING APART
AT THE SURFACE.
534
00:28:00,345 --> 00:28:02,381
IN FACT, MANY
OF THE EARTHQUAKES WE SEE
535
00:28:02,447 --> 00:28:05,851
ARE DUE TO A LARGE PART
OF THE CRUST AT THE SURFACE
536
00:28:05,917 --> 00:28:08,654
BEING STRETCHED APART.
537
00:28:08,720 --> 00:28:11,890
narrator: THE LOVELY LANDSCAPE
OF TUSCANY NEAR FLORENCE
538
00:28:11,957 --> 00:28:13,825
IS A FAMILIAR ONE,
539
00:28:13,892 --> 00:28:17,496
OFTEN USED AS THE BACKGROUND
IN RENAISSANCE PAINTINGS.
540
00:28:17,562 --> 00:28:21,800
ONLY A CLOSER LOOK BY GEOLOGISTS
REVEALS THE WRENCHING APART
541
00:28:21,867 --> 00:28:23,935
OF THIS GENTLE LANDSCAPE.
542
00:28:33,645 --> 00:28:36,848
- SO, I MEAN, WE THINK
MASSA COULD GO UNDER HERE.
543
00:28:36,915 --> 00:28:38,884
narrator: TRAVELING ONWARD
FROM CENTRAL ITALY
544
00:28:38,950 --> 00:28:41,153
AND HEADING TO THE NORTHWEST,
545
00:28:41,219 --> 00:28:44,423
MARK BRANDON
AND HIS COLLEAGUE DARRYL COWEN
546
00:28:44,489 --> 00:28:47,025
CAN TELL THAT MUCH MORE
THAN STRETCHING
547
00:28:47,092 --> 00:28:51,229
IS OPERATING
TO BUILD ITALY'S MOUNTAINS.
548
00:28:51,296 --> 00:28:54,299
ONE PLACE WHERE THEY'RE
HOPING TO FIND THE MISSING LINK
549
00:28:54,366 --> 00:28:56,802
IS IN MICHELANGELO'S
MARBLE QUARRIES
550
00:28:56,868 --> 00:28:59,171
IN THE ALPI APUANE MOUNTAINS.
551
00:29:01,673 --> 00:29:03,508
WAITING FOR HIS
AMERICAN COLLEAGUES
552
00:29:03,575 --> 00:29:05,210
AT THE STATION IN CARRARA
553
00:29:05,277 --> 00:29:08,880
IS GIANCARLO MOLLI
WITH STUDENT GABRIEL CAZALLI.
554
00:29:08,947 --> 00:29:10,148
- HOW ARE YOU?
- CIAO.
555
00:29:10,215 --> 00:29:11,616
narrator:
GIANCARLO IS TAKING THE GROUP
556
00:29:11,683 --> 00:29:13,785
TO HIS RUGGED,
MOUNTAINOUS FIELD AREA.
557
00:29:17,222 --> 00:29:20,325
GEOLOGISTS HAVE WORKED OUT
THAT THE FAMOUS MARBLES HERE
558
00:29:20,392 --> 00:29:24,129
HAVE RISEN UP VERY QUICKLY
FROM DEEP IN THE EARTH.
559
00:29:24,196 --> 00:29:27,566
AND THE ONLY WAY THEY COULD'VE
RISEN UP SO RAPIDLY
560
00:29:27,632 --> 00:29:31,203
IS IF THE ROCKS AROUND THEM
WERE BEING STRETCHED APART
561
00:29:31,269 --> 00:29:34,473
BY A VERY POWERFUL
AND MYSTERIOUS FORCE.
562
00:29:37,409 --> 00:29:41,046
THAT STRETCHING WOULD HAVE
OPENED A GAP FOR THE ALPI APUANE
563
00:29:41,113 --> 00:29:45,350
TO RISE QUICKLY TO THE SURFACE.
564
00:29:45,417 --> 00:29:48,754
- THE ALPI APUANE EXPOSES
THE DEEPEST METAMORPHIC ROCKS
565
00:29:48,820 --> 00:29:49,821
IN THE APENNINES.
566
00:29:49,888 --> 00:29:51,289
WHAT WE MEAN BY THIS,
567
00:29:51,356 --> 00:29:53,658
THESE ARE ROCKS THAT HAVE BEEN
TAKEN DEEP INTO THE CRUST
568
00:29:53,725 --> 00:29:54,893
AND HAVE BEEN TRANSFORMED
569
00:29:54,960 --> 00:29:57,329
BY HIGH TEMPERATURES
AND HIGH PRESSURES
570
00:29:57,396 --> 00:30:00,232
INTO ENTIRELY NEW ROCKS.
571
00:30:00,298 --> 00:30:02,167
AND FOR MANY YEARS NOW,
572
00:30:02,234 --> 00:30:04,970
THERE'S BEEN THE RECOGNITION
THAT THE APUANE AREA
573
00:30:05,036 --> 00:30:06,905
AND THE METAMORPHIC ROCKS
THAT UNDERLIE IT
574
00:30:06,972 --> 00:30:08,507
HAVE BEEN BROUGHT UP
TO THE SURFACE
575
00:30:08,573 --> 00:30:11,643
BY THIS OVERALL
STRETCHING PROCESS.
576
00:30:11,710 --> 00:30:15,580
SO IT'S A MANIFESTATION OF THIS
EXTENSION OR STRETCHING PROCESS,
577
00:30:15,647 --> 00:30:18,717
THE DEEPEST OR MOST PRONOUNCED
MANIFESTATION OF THAT.
578
00:30:24,423 --> 00:30:25,791
narrator:
WITH THE FAMOUS MARBLES
579
00:30:25,857 --> 00:30:27,959
OF THE ALPI APUANE
FRESH IN HIS MIND,
580
00:30:28,026 --> 00:30:29,428
MARK IS IMPRESSED
581
00:30:29,494 --> 00:30:32,931
BY WHAT THE STRETCHING
OF THE EARTH'S CRUST CAN DO.
582
00:30:32,998 --> 00:30:36,635
BUT WHAT IS THE FORCE BEHIND
THE RAPID STRETCHING APART
583
00:30:36,701 --> 00:30:41,006
OF TONS OF ROCK
IN THE ALPI APUANE?
584
00:30:41,072 --> 00:30:43,809
AND WHY IS IT
THAT THE EARTH'S CRUST IN ITALY
585
00:30:43,875 --> 00:30:46,244
IS BEING PULLED APART
IN SOME AREAS
586
00:30:46,311 --> 00:30:47,846
WHILE AT THE SAME TIME,
587
00:30:47,913 --> 00:30:51,716
IT'S BEING SQUEEZED UP
IN OTHER AREAS?
588
00:31:01,026 --> 00:31:05,297
FORTUNATELY, MARK HAS STUDIED
MOUNTAIN BELTS AROUND THE WORLD,
589
00:31:05,363 --> 00:31:08,600
AND ONE THEORY HAS EMERGED
THAT MAKES SENSE TO HIM.
590
00:31:08,667 --> 00:31:12,170
IT'S CALLED ROLLBACK.
591
00:31:12,237 --> 00:31:13,572
IN THIS SCENARIO,
592
00:31:13,638 --> 00:31:16,741
THE APENNINES ARE BEING
SQUEEZED UP INTO MOUNTAINS
593
00:31:16,808 --> 00:31:20,745
ABOVE THE DOWN-GOING
SUBDUCTING PLATE.
594
00:31:20,812 --> 00:31:23,882
MEANWHILE, THE SUBDUCTING PLATE
DRAWS BACKWARD
595
00:31:23,949 --> 00:31:27,052
AT THE POINT WHERE
IT CURVES DOWNWARD.
596
00:31:27,118 --> 00:31:31,289
THIS IS CALLED
ROLLBACK OF THE PLATE.
597
00:31:31,356 --> 00:31:32,791
AS IT ROLLS BACK,
598
00:31:32,858 --> 00:31:34,059
THE SUBDUCTING PLATE
599
00:31:34,125 --> 00:31:36,695
SUCKS THE COLLIDING PLATE
TOWARDS IT,
600
00:31:36,761 --> 00:31:39,464
STRETCHING IT APART.
601
00:31:39,531 --> 00:31:40,932
ON TOP OF THAT PLATE,
602
00:31:40,999 --> 00:31:44,636
THE CRUST ALSO
STRETCHES AND DEFORMS,
603
00:31:44,703 --> 00:31:48,773
RISING UP IN SOME PLACES
AND SINKING DOWN IN OTHERS,
604
00:31:48,840 --> 00:31:51,710
CREATING A LANDSCAPE
OF HILLS AND VALLEYS,
605
00:31:51,776 --> 00:31:54,446
AS IN TUSCANY.
606
00:31:56,948 --> 00:31:59,384
BUT ROLLBACK HAS BEEN
HARD TO PROVE,
607
00:31:59,451 --> 00:32:01,553
AND THERE ARE OTHER THEORIES
THAT MIGHT EXPLAIN
608
00:32:01,620 --> 00:32:04,656
THE OBSERVATIONS ON THE SURFACE.
609
00:32:04,723 --> 00:32:09,060
THIS DEBATE IS WHAT HAS BROUGHT
MARK BRANDON TO ITALY.
610
00:32:09,127 --> 00:32:10,695
- ITALY IS AN EXCEPTIONAL PLACE
611
00:32:10,762 --> 00:32:14,466
TO STUDY THIS PROCESS
OF COLLISION OF PLATES
612
00:32:14,533 --> 00:32:18,003
AND OVERALL STRETCHING
AT THE SURFACE.
613
00:32:18,069 --> 00:32:20,639
WE SEE THIS GOING ON
IN DIFFERENT MOUNTAIN BELTS,
614
00:32:20,705 --> 00:32:24,175
SUCH AS THE HIMALAYA,
THE ANDES.
615
00:32:24,242 --> 00:32:28,113
WE ALSO SEE IT GOING ON
IN SUBMARINE SUBDUCTION ZONES,
616
00:32:28,179 --> 00:32:31,516
LIKE THE MARIANA
IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC.
617
00:32:31,583 --> 00:32:33,051
BUT MANY OF THOSE SETTINGS,
618
00:32:33,118 --> 00:32:35,320
EITHER THE PROCESS
HAS BEEN ARRESTED
619
00:32:35,387 --> 00:32:37,355
OR IT'S DIFFICULT
TO STUDY DIRECTLY
620
00:32:37,422 --> 00:32:39,524
BECAUSE THE TOPOGRAPHY
IS TOO HIGH
621
00:32:39,591 --> 00:32:43,962
OR WE CAN'T GET DIRECTLY
TO THOSE AREAS.
622
00:32:44,029 --> 00:32:45,497
narrator:
THE ACCESSIBLE TOPOGRAPHY
623
00:32:45,564 --> 00:32:48,900
OF ITALY'S APENNINES
WITH ITS NETWORK OF GOOD ROADS
624
00:32:48,967 --> 00:32:50,569
OFFERS ONE OF THE BEST HOPES
625
00:32:50,635 --> 00:32:54,773
OF SOLVING THIS IMPORTANT
GEOLOGIC MYSTERY.
626
00:32:54,839 --> 00:32:59,344
GEOLOGISTS GENERALLY AGREE
THAT THE COLLISION OF THE PLATES
627
00:32:59,411 --> 00:33:02,814
FOLLOWED BY THE SUBDUCTION
OF THE ADRIA MICROPLATE
628
00:33:02,881 --> 00:33:07,519
PUSHED UP THE APENNINES
SOME 5 TO 10 MILLION YEARS AGO.
629
00:33:07,586 --> 00:33:11,456
BUT IN ONE PART OF THE APENNINES
AROUND THE CITY OF BOLOGNA,
630
00:33:11,523 --> 00:33:13,391
MANY GEOLOGISTS WERE CLAIMING
631
00:33:13,458 --> 00:33:16,194
THAT THE MOUNTAINS
WERE NOW DEAD;
632
00:33:16,261 --> 00:33:20,565
THEY WERE NO LONGER BEING
PUSHED UP BY SUBDUCTION.
633
00:33:20,632 --> 00:33:23,435
IF THAT WERE TRUE,
THEN THE ROLLBACK THEORY,
634
00:33:23,501 --> 00:33:25,003
WHICH HINGED IN PART
635
00:33:25,070 --> 00:33:28,540
ON SUBDUCTION STILL BEING ACTIVE
IN NORTHERN ITALY,
636
00:33:28,607 --> 00:33:32,010
WAS ALSO DEAD.
637
00:33:32,077 --> 00:33:33,445
- 40,000 OR SOMETHING.
638
00:33:33,511 --> 00:33:34,613
AND RIGHT HERE IT SAYS THAT--
639
00:33:34,679 --> 00:33:36,481
- HEY, HEY, WHAT'S GOING ON?
640
00:33:36,548 --> 00:33:37,849
- WELL, SHE'S GOT THESE REALLY,
641
00:33:37,916 --> 00:33:39,684
REALLY INTERESTING OFFSETS
IN THE TERRACES.
642
00:33:39,751 --> 00:33:41,820
- YOU GUYS ARE WORRYING TOO MUCH
ABOUT THE GEOLOGY.
643
00:33:41,886 --> 00:33:44,823
TODAY'S--TODAY'S THE FEAST
OF SAN GIUSEPPE
644
00:33:44,889 --> 00:33:47,792
AND IT'S VERY--IT'S TRADITIONAL
IN MANY PARTS OF ITALY
645
00:33:47,859 --> 00:33:49,894
TO HAVE BREADS MADE
ON THE FEAST OF SAN GIUSEPPE.
646
00:33:49,961 --> 00:33:51,029
- BELLISSIMA.
647
00:33:51,096 --> 00:33:52,430
- FESTE DEL PAPA.
648
00:33:52,497 --> 00:33:54,065
AND THIS IS A SERPENTONI.
649
00:33:54,132 --> 00:33:55,400
WE STUFFED IT WITH APPLES.
650
00:33:55,467 --> 00:33:56,868
AND THIS IS JUST
A REGULAR BRAID BREAD.
651
00:33:56,935 --> 00:33:58,236
- DID YOU MAKE THAT TOO?
652
00:33:58,303 --> 00:34:00,038
narrator: FRANK AND MARK
HAVE ENLISTED EXPERTS
653
00:34:00,105 --> 00:34:02,107
FROM VARIOUS FIELDS
OF EARTH SCIENCE
654
00:34:02,173 --> 00:34:05,443
TO FIND OUT IF THE APENNINES
ARE STILL ALIVE OR NOT.
655
00:34:05,510 --> 00:34:06,911
- WE'RE DIPPING
TOWARDS THE BASE...
656
00:34:06,978 --> 00:34:09,381
narrator: THIS IS PERHAPS
THE BIGGEST GEOLOGICAL MYSTERY
657
00:34:09,447 --> 00:34:11,149
REMAINING IN ITALY
658
00:34:11,216 --> 00:34:14,719
AND SOLVING IT
WILL NOT BE EASY.
659
00:34:14,786 --> 00:34:16,788
THE SCIENTISTS ARE MEETING
TO STRATEGIZE
660
00:34:16,855 --> 00:34:20,225
AT THE GEOLOGIC OBSERVATORY
OF COLDIOGIOCO,
661
00:34:20,291 --> 00:34:25,030
A TINY VILLAGE
IN THE NORTHERN APENNINES.
662
00:34:25,096 --> 00:34:27,565
A NUMBER OF THE SCIENTISTS
ARE CONDUCTING EXPERIMENTS
663
00:34:27,632 --> 00:34:29,134
AT THE EARTH'S SURFACE
664
00:34:29,200 --> 00:34:33,571
TO DETERMINE IF
IT'S LIFTING UP AND DEFORMING.
665
00:34:33,638 --> 00:34:37,742
OTHERS ARE IMAGING
THE DEEP INTERIOR OF THE EARTH.
666
00:34:37,809 --> 00:34:40,645
STILL OTHERS ARE MAPPING
THE BENDS AND TURNS
667
00:34:40,712 --> 00:34:43,481
IN ROCK LAYERS
BROUGHT UP FROM FAR BELOW.
668
00:34:43,548 --> 00:34:47,252
- THAT IS THE PROBLEM
WITH THE...
669
00:34:47,318 --> 00:34:49,087
narrator: ONE MEMBER
OF THE COLLABORATION
670
00:34:49,154 --> 00:34:53,191
IS GEOLOGIST
VINCENZO PICOTTI.
671
00:34:53,258 --> 00:34:56,127
VINCENZO HAS BEEN WORKING
ON THE RENO RIVER
672
00:34:56,194 --> 00:35:00,265
AT A TOWN CALLED MARZABOTTO,
NOT FAR FROM BOLOGNA.
673
00:35:01,866 --> 00:35:04,169
HERE A NOVEL TECHNIQUE
HAS BEEN USED
674
00:35:04,235 --> 00:35:08,740
TO CALCULATE THE AGES
OF THE TERRACES ABOVE THE RIVER.
675
00:35:08,807 --> 00:35:10,442
ON TOP OF THESE TERRACES
676
00:35:10,508 --> 00:35:13,411
ARE ARTIFACTS
OF THE ANCIENT ETRUSCANS
677
00:35:13,478 --> 00:35:15,780
THAT ONCE LIVED HERE.
678
00:35:15,847 --> 00:35:18,116
ON ONE WIDE, FLAT RIVER TERRACE
679
00:35:18,183 --> 00:35:22,020
ARE THE RUINS
OF AN ANCIENT ETRUSCAN TOWN.
680
00:35:22,087 --> 00:35:24,122
SINCE ARCHAEOLOGISTS
KNOW EXACTLY
681
00:35:24,189 --> 00:35:26,791
WHEN THE ETRUSCANS
LIVED ON THIS TERRACE,
682
00:35:26,858 --> 00:35:29,294
VINCENZO CAN USE
THAT DATE TO ESTABLISH
683
00:35:29,360 --> 00:35:32,230
THAT THE RIVER TERRACE
IS AT LEAST THAT OLD.
684
00:35:35,033 --> 00:35:36,267
THIS WILL HELP HIM SEE
685
00:35:36,334 --> 00:35:39,237
IF THE MOUNTAINS
ARE STILL GROWING.
686
00:35:39,304 --> 00:35:42,540
- THIS IS A VILLAGE
OF ETRUSCAN AGE.
687
00:35:42,607 --> 00:35:47,378
AND THOSE WALLS WE CAN SEE NOW
688
00:35:47,445 --> 00:35:50,248
ARE THE FOUNDATIONS
OF THE HOUSES
689
00:35:50,315 --> 00:35:53,918
OF THIS HIGHLY-CIVILIZED PEOPLE.
690
00:35:55,353 --> 00:35:56,921
THE AGE OF THIS VILLAGE
691
00:35:56,988 --> 00:36:01,226
IS MORE OR LESS 2,500 YEARS.
692
00:36:01,292 --> 00:36:04,529
AND SO WE CAN HAVE A MINIMUM AGE
693
00:36:04,596 --> 00:36:08,199
FOR THE RIVER TERRACE.
694
00:36:11,770 --> 00:36:14,706
narrator:
SOIL GEOMORPHOLOGIST MISSY EPPES
695
00:36:14,773 --> 00:36:17,275
IS USING A DIFFERENT TECHNIQUE.
696
00:36:17,342 --> 00:36:20,044
SHE IS ESTABLISHING
THE AGES OF RIVER TERRACES
697
00:36:20,111 --> 00:36:23,114
THAT MAY BE HUNDREDS
OF THOUSANDS OF YEARS OLD
698
00:36:23,181 --> 00:36:27,385
BY LOOKING AT THE SOIL
ON TOP OF THEM.
699
00:36:27,452 --> 00:36:29,587
- SOILS WORK
MUCH LIKE PEOPLE WORK
700
00:36:29,654 --> 00:36:31,222
IN TERMS OF
THE OLDER THEY GET,
701
00:36:31,289 --> 00:36:32,657
THEY HAVE
CERTAIN CHARACTERISTICS
702
00:36:32,724 --> 00:36:35,593
THAT ENABLE YOU
TO UNDERSTAND HOW OLD THEY ARE,
703
00:36:35,660 --> 00:36:38,229
JUST LIKE A MOM MIGHT
BE ABLE TO LOOK AT ANY CHILD
704
00:36:38,296 --> 00:36:41,132
AND KNOW THAT IT'S, YOU KNOW,
15 WEEKS OR A YEAR AND A HALF,
705
00:36:41,199 --> 00:36:43,168
OR, YOU KNOW, THREE YEARS,
706
00:36:43,234 --> 00:36:45,403
AND YOU USE THE CHARACTERISTICS
OF THAT CHILD
707
00:36:45,470 --> 00:36:47,572
TO SAY HOW OLD IT IS.
708
00:36:47,639 --> 00:36:49,140
WE DO THE SAME THING WITH SOILS.
709
00:36:49,207 --> 00:36:51,409
THE OLDER SOILS GET,
THE REDDER THEY GET,
710
00:36:51,476 --> 00:36:53,778
THE DEEPER THEY GET,
THE MORE CLAY THEY HAVE IN THEM.
711
00:36:53,845 --> 00:36:55,280
WELL, ACTUALLY, I MEAN--
712
00:36:55,346 --> 00:36:56,848
SO THAT I CAN GO UP
TO AN OUTCROP
713
00:36:56,915 --> 00:36:59,851
AND LOOK AT A NICE EXPOSURE
OF A SOIL AND SAY,
714
00:36:59,918 --> 00:37:01,853
"YOU KNOW, THIS MUCH REDDENING,
THIS MUCH CLAY,
715
00:37:01,920 --> 00:37:03,988
"IT MUST BE 10,000 YEARS OLD.
716
00:37:04,055 --> 00:37:06,825
"THIS SOIL IS REALLY THICK.
IT HAS A LOT OF CLAY.
717
00:37:06,891 --> 00:37:09,360
IT MUST BE 100,000 YEARS OLD."
718
00:37:13,731 --> 00:37:16,067
THIS IS WHERE I WAS HAVING
ALL THAT TROUBLE.
719
00:37:16,134 --> 00:37:20,305
IF THIS WERE THE QT-6 DRAFT,
THEN THEY'RE BE A LOT OF OFFSET.
720
00:37:20,371 --> 00:37:21,873
SO IF WE COULD FIND
A SOIL RIGHT THERE,
721
00:37:21,940 --> 00:37:23,141
THEN WE WOULD REALLY KNOW.
722
00:37:23,208 --> 00:37:26,511
ONCE MISSY
AND GRADUATE STUDENT RYAN BEERMA
723
00:37:26,578 --> 00:37:28,980
FIND AGES
FOR THE RIVER TERRACES,
724
00:37:29,047 --> 00:37:32,283
THEY CAN LOOK TO SEE IF THERE
ARE TERRACES OF THE SAME AGE
725
00:37:32,350 --> 00:37:34,686
BUT OF DIFFERENT ELEVATIONS.
726
00:37:34,752 --> 00:37:37,589
IF THEY FIND
THOSE MISMATCHED TERRACES,
727
00:37:37,655 --> 00:37:40,959
IT MEANS THE EARTH'S SURFACE
IS DEFORMING HERE.
728
00:37:41,025 --> 00:37:45,663
OR IN OTHER WORDS, THE APENNINES
ARE STILL ALIVE AND GROWING.
729
00:37:45,730 --> 00:37:47,198
- YEAH, YEAH, YEAH.
- OKAY, WOW.
730
00:37:47,265 --> 00:37:49,100
narrator: MEANWHILE,
THE SCIENTISTS HAVE FOUND
731
00:37:49,167 --> 00:37:51,636
YET ANOTHER WAY TO LEARN
FROM THE RIVERS
732
00:37:51,703 --> 00:37:56,407
IF THE MOUNTAINS ARE RISING
OR ARE NOW DEAD.
733
00:37:56,474 --> 00:37:59,944
- ONE VERY CRITICAL DATA SET
THAT WE ARE COLLECTING
734
00:38:00,011 --> 00:38:02,881
IS RELATED TO THE RATE
AT WHICH RIVERS
735
00:38:02,947 --> 00:38:04,682
ARE CARVING THEIR VALLEYS
736
00:38:04,749 --> 00:38:08,386
AND VERTICALLY INCISING
INTO THE APENNINES.
737
00:38:08,453 --> 00:38:11,823
BECAUSE THE RATE THAT RIVERS
INCISE INTO MOUNTAINS
738
00:38:11,890 --> 00:38:16,561
IS RELATED TO THE RATE
THAT THE ROCKS ARE COMING UP.
739
00:38:16,628 --> 00:38:19,664
narrator: THAT IS,
IF THEY ARE COMING UP.
740
00:38:22,867 --> 00:38:26,371
WHILE FRANK IS WORKING ON
UNDERSTANDING VERTICAL MOTIONS,
741
00:38:26,437 --> 00:38:29,540
ELSEWHERE HORIZONTAL MOTIONS
ARE BEING MEASURED.
742
00:38:32,377 --> 00:38:35,413
IN THE TINY INDEPENDENT REPUBLIC
OF SAN MARINO,
743
00:38:35,480 --> 00:38:38,249
SCIENTISTS ARE MEASURING
HOW THE EARTH'S TECTONIC PLATES
744
00:38:38,316 --> 00:38:41,185
ARE MOVING IN NORTHERN ITALY.
745
00:38:41,252 --> 00:38:43,521
- YOU CAN'T BE AFRAID OF HEIGHTS
AND RUN THIS NETWORK.
746
00:38:43,588 --> 00:38:44,756
- NO.
747
00:38:44,822 --> 00:38:46,591
narrator:
HERE GEODESIST RICK BENNETT
748
00:38:46,658 --> 00:38:48,026
AND HIS ITALIAN COLLEAGUES
749
00:38:48,092 --> 00:38:52,130
HAVE INSTALLED ONE
OF THEIR GPS ANTENNAS.
750
00:38:52,196 --> 00:38:54,399
- IN THIS PROJECT,
WE'RE INSTALLING ANTENNAS,
751
00:38:54,465 --> 00:38:55,800
SUCH AS THIS ONE,
752
00:38:55,867 --> 00:38:57,735
IN AS MANY LOCATIONS
AS WE CAN FIND
753
00:38:57,802 --> 00:38:59,437
THROUGHOUT NORTHERN ITALY.
754
00:38:59,504 --> 00:39:01,506
THE IDEA IS THAT
WE'LL BE ABLE TO DETERMINE
755
00:39:01,572 --> 00:39:03,341
THE MOTION OF ALL
OF THESE INSTRUMENTS.
756
00:39:03,408 --> 00:39:05,643
AND FROM THAT INFORMATION
WE'LL BE ABLE TO LEARN
757
00:39:05,710 --> 00:39:08,279
ABOUT HOW THE ITALIAN PENINSULA
758
00:39:08,346 --> 00:39:10,381
IS RESPONDING
TO THE RELATIVE MOTION
759
00:39:10,448 --> 00:39:13,451
BETWEEN THE AFRICA PLATE,
THE EURASIA PLATE,
760
00:39:13,518 --> 00:39:16,587
AND THE ADRIATIC PLATE.
761
00:39:16,654 --> 00:39:18,389
narrator: IN THE COURSE
OF A YEAR OR TWO,
762
00:39:18,456 --> 00:39:21,259
THE GPS ANTENNAS
SHOULD DETECT MOVEMENT,
763
00:39:21,326 --> 00:39:23,061
EVEN A TINY MOVEMENT,
764
00:39:23,127 --> 00:39:24,963
IF THE MOUNTAINS
OF NORTHERN ITALY
765
00:39:25,029 --> 00:39:27,966
ARE STILL GROWING
AND PULLING APART.
766
00:39:28,032 --> 00:39:31,669
IT MAY EVEN BE POSSIBLE TO TELL
IF THE ENTIRE PENINSULA,
767
00:39:31,736 --> 00:39:34,605
THE BOOT,
IS STILL SWINGING BACK,
768
00:39:34,672 --> 00:39:36,941
GETTING READY TO KICK.
769
00:39:37,008 --> 00:39:39,677
- SHALL WE TRY?
- TRY, YEAH, SURE.
770
00:39:39,744 --> 00:39:41,379
- JUST TAKE UP.
771
00:39:41,446 --> 00:39:43,581
narrator: BUT IT'S NOT ALWAYS
EASY TO FIND THE BEST SPOT
772
00:39:43,648 --> 00:39:45,984
TO INSTALL THESE ANTENNAS.
773
00:39:46,050 --> 00:39:48,119
FORTUNATELY FOR THIS ONE,
774
00:39:48,186 --> 00:39:49,854
A COLLEAGUE HAS VOLUNTEERED
HIS ROOF.
775
00:39:49,921 --> 00:39:52,991
- SURVEY ANTENNA, SEE?
776
00:39:53,057 --> 00:39:55,326
- IT'S BEEN VERY DIFFICULT
TO FIND GOOD LOCATIONS
777
00:39:55,393 --> 00:39:57,295
TO PUT THESE INSTRUMENTS.
778
00:39:57,362 --> 00:39:59,263
THEY REQUIRE SKY VISIBILITY
779
00:39:59,330 --> 00:40:01,766
SO THAT THEY CAN
ACTUALLY SEE THE SATELLITES.
780
00:40:01,833 --> 00:40:04,836
THEY REQUIRE SOLID BEDROCK
SO THAT WE CAN BE CONFIDENT
781
00:40:04,902 --> 00:40:08,306
THAT THEY'RE FIRMLY ATTACHED
TO THE EARTH'S SURFACE.
782
00:40:08,373 --> 00:40:10,641
AND THERE ARE NOT MANY PLACES
IN NORTHERN ITALY
783
00:40:10,708 --> 00:40:13,978
WITH THOSE CHARACTERISTICS.
784
00:40:14,045 --> 00:40:17,782
SO WE'VE HAD TO RESORT TO SOME
RATHER UNCONVENTIONAL WAYS
785
00:40:17,849 --> 00:40:21,319
OF ATTACHING THE ANTENNAS
TO THE EARTH.
786
00:40:21,386 --> 00:40:22,687
IN SOME INSTANCES,
787
00:40:22,754 --> 00:40:25,857
WE'VE ACTUALLY PUT THE ANTENNAS
ON ANCIENT CASTLES
788
00:40:25,923 --> 00:40:29,127
THAT HAVE BEEN AROUND
FOR 800 YEARS OR SO
789
00:40:29,193 --> 00:40:32,797
WHICH ARE NOW POSSIBLY PART
OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE.
790
00:40:42,807 --> 00:40:44,208
narrator:
ALL OF THESE GEOLOGIC STUDIES
791
00:40:44,275 --> 00:40:47,478
GENERATE HUGE AMOUNTS OF DATA.
792
00:40:47,545 --> 00:40:49,614
MOST OF IT IS A PILE OF NUMBERS
793
00:40:49,680 --> 00:40:52,116
HIDDEN IN COMPUTERS
AND NEVER SEEN,
794
00:40:52,183 --> 00:40:54,919
EVEN BY THE SCIENTISTS
WORKING ON THEM.
795
00:40:54,986 --> 00:40:56,320
BUT THAT DATA WILL FORM
796
00:40:56,387 --> 00:41:00,491
THE BASIS OF IMPORTANT
NEW SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES
797
00:41:00,558 --> 00:41:03,928
AND OCCASIONALLY SOMETHING ELSE:
798
00:41:03,995 --> 00:41:04,929
MUSIC.
799
00:41:04,996 --> 00:41:08,166
[both speaking Italian]
800
00:41:08,232 --> 00:41:11,169
AT COLDIOGIOCO,
SANDRO MONTANARI,
801
00:41:11,235 --> 00:41:13,771
THE DIRECTOR
OF THE GEOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY,
802
00:41:13,838 --> 00:41:16,007
HAS BUILT A RECORDING STUDIO
803
00:41:16,074 --> 00:41:20,445
WITH THE HELP OF COMPOSER
GABRIELE ROSSETTI.
804
00:41:20,511 --> 00:41:23,181
THE TWO COLLEAGUES
ARE TAKING GEOLOGIC DATA
805
00:41:23,247 --> 00:41:28,019
AND TURNING THEM
INTO NOTES AND MUSIC.
806
00:41:28,086 --> 00:41:30,288
ONE OF THEIR COMPOSITIONS
IS BASED ON DATA
807
00:41:30,354 --> 00:41:33,458
FROM A WORLD-SHATTERING EVENT
DISCOVERED IN SOME ROCKS
808
00:41:33,524 --> 00:41:36,194
NOT FAR FROM COLDIOGIOCO.
809
00:41:36,260 --> 00:41:40,998
HERE A THIN LAYER IN THE ROCKS
GAVE SCIENTISTS THE FIRST CLUE
810
00:41:41,065 --> 00:41:43,801
THAT IT WAS A GIANT METEOR
STRIKING THE EARTH
811
00:41:43,868 --> 00:41:46,270
THAT SPELLED THE END
FOR THE DINOSAURS.
812
00:41:50,608 --> 00:41:53,277
[both speaking Italian]
813
00:41:53,344 --> 00:41:57,081
TODAY SANDRO AND GABRIELE
ARE WORKING ON ANOTHER PIECE
814
00:41:57,148 --> 00:42:01,652
CALLED GOCCE DE TEMPO,DROPS OF TIME.
815
00:42:01,719 --> 00:42:06,691
- THIS IS OUR PLOTS
OF CARBON AND OXYGEN ISOTOPES.
816
00:42:06,757 --> 00:42:09,727
THEY'RE BEING TAKEN
FROM THE FRASASSI GORGE.
817
00:42:09,794 --> 00:42:11,562
AND THE VARIATION
OF THESE VALUES
818
00:42:11,629 --> 00:42:14,198
TELL US HOW THE ENVIRONMENT
WAS CHANGING THROUGH TIME
819
00:42:14,265 --> 00:42:18,002
FOR THE PAST 100,000 YEARS.
820
00:42:18,069 --> 00:42:21,372
narrator: THIS MUSIC REFLECTS
THE CHEMISTRY OF FORMATIONS
821
00:42:21,439 --> 00:42:24,075
IN A SERIES
OF MAGNIFICENT CAVES,
822
00:42:24,142 --> 00:42:28,012
THE FRASASSI CAVES.
823
00:42:28,079 --> 00:42:30,081
THESE CAVES ARE MADE
OF LIMESTONE
824
00:42:30,148 --> 00:42:32,750
WHICH WAS BORN
100 MILLION YEARS AGO
825
00:42:32,817 --> 00:42:35,686
IN THE TETHYS OCEAN.
826
00:42:35,753 --> 00:42:39,390
TINY DROPS OF WATER HAVE
DISSOLVED AWAY THE LIMESTONE
827
00:42:39,457 --> 00:42:43,628
TO SCULPT MORE THAN
100 CAVES AT FRASASSI.
828
00:42:45,263 --> 00:42:48,666
BESIDES BEING A WONDERFUL SOURCE
OF MUSICAL COMPOSITION,
829
00:42:48,733 --> 00:42:52,537
THE FRASASSI CAVES HOLD
IMPORTANT GEOLOGICAL CLUES
830
00:42:52,603 --> 00:42:55,907
ABOUT THE GROWTH
OF THE APENNINES.
831
00:42:55,973 --> 00:42:57,742
SANDRO MARIANI,
832
00:42:57,808 --> 00:42:59,477
WHO'S BEEN WORKING
WITH FRANK PAZZAGLIA
833
00:42:59,544 --> 00:43:01,045
AT THE MUSONE RIVER,
834
00:43:01,112 --> 00:43:04,282
IS AN ACCOMPLISHED
CAVE EXPLORER.
835
00:43:04,348 --> 00:43:07,552
HIS NICKNAME IS SPIDERMAN.
836
00:43:07,618 --> 00:43:10,054
SANDRO IS USING
A LEVELING INSTRUMENT
837
00:43:10,121 --> 00:43:14,125
TO SEE IF THE ROCK LAYERS
IN THE CAVE HAVE BEEN TILTED.
838
00:43:14,192 --> 00:43:16,527
TILTING WOULD MEAN THAT
THE ROCKS WERE BENT
839
00:43:16,594 --> 00:43:19,163
AS THE MOUNTAINS GREW.
840
00:43:19,230 --> 00:43:22,800
AND SURE ENOUGH, SANDRO FINDS
BENT ROCKS IN THE CAVES.
841
00:43:24,735 --> 00:43:26,504
THIS IS EVIDENCE
THAT THE MOUNTAINS
842
00:43:26,571 --> 00:43:30,241
HAVE BEEN SLOWLY GROWING
THROUGH THE EONS.
843
00:43:34,812 --> 00:43:36,480
GOING DEEPER STILL,
844
00:43:36,547 --> 00:43:38,883
SCIENTISTS ARE INTERESTED
IN KNOWING WHAT'S HAPPENING
845
00:43:38,950 --> 00:43:42,453
FAR BELOW THE EARTH'S SURFACE.
846
00:43:42,520 --> 00:43:45,456
TO SEE MANY MILES
DOWN INTO THE EARTH,
847
00:43:45,523 --> 00:43:49,627
SEISMOLOGIST SILVIA PONDRELLI
AND JEFFREY PARK
848
00:43:49,694 --> 00:43:52,697
ARE INSTALLING SEISMIC
INSTRUMENTS IN THE MOUNTAINS.
849
00:43:56,000 --> 00:43:58,536
- I THINK THAT SEISMOLOGY
IS GOING TO BE PIVOTAL
850
00:43:58,603 --> 00:44:00,905
IN DETERMINING
THE BEST EXPLANATION
851
00:44:00,972 --> 00:44:02,974
FOR THE NORTHERN APENNINES
852
00:44:03,040 --> 00:44:05,376
BECAUSE IT'S SEISMOLOGY
THAT ALLOWS US
853
00:44:05,443 --> 00:44:07,845
TO SEE BENEATH THE SURFACE,
BENEATH THE CRUST,
854
00:44:07,912 --> 00:44:12,016
AND INTO THE MANTLE
WHERE THE ACTION IS.
855
00:44:12,083 --> 00:44:14,252
narrator:
THEIR BIGGEST QUESTION IS THIS:
856
00:44:14,318 --> 00:44:17,154
IS THE ADRIA MICROPLATE
STILL SUBDUCTING,
857
00:44:17,221 --> 00:44:20,057
CAUSING THE APENNINES TO GROW?
858
00:44:20,124 --> 00:44:22,593
OR ARE OTHER PROCESSES INVOLVED
859
00:44:22,660 --> 00:44:25,263
IN BUILDING THE APENNINES?
860
00:44:25,329 --> 00:44:29,567
JEFF AND SILVIA WILL USE
WAVES GENERATED BY EARTHQUAKES
861
00:44:29,634 --> 00:44:31,502
TO SEE IF THEY CAN
FIND THE ANSWER
862
00:44:31,569 --> 00:44:34,739
IN THE DEEPEST ROOTS
OF THE MOUNTAINS.
863
00:44:36,907 --> 00:44:39,310
WHILE SILVIA, JEFF,
AND THEIR COLLEAGUES
864
00:44:39,377 --> 00:44:41,178
WORK TO FIND OUT
WHETHER NORTHERN ITALY
865
00:44:41,245 --> 00:44:43,948
IS STILL ALIVE GEOLOGICALLY,
866
00:44:44,015 --> 00:44:47,485
IN THE SOUTH
THERE IS NO DOUBT.
867
00:44:47,551 --> 00:44:50,655
STRIKING EVIDENCE FOR THIS
IS FOUND AT THE ADRIATIC COAST
868
00:44:50,721 --> 00:44:54,325
IN AN AREA CALLED APULIA.
869
00:44:54,392 --> 00:44:57,094
HERE AT THE HEEL
OF THE ITALIAN BOOT,
870
00:44:57,161 --> 00:44:58,596
INSTEAD OF MOUNTAINS,
871
00:44:58,663 --> 00:45:02,767
THERE IS A MOSTLY FLAT
LEVEL COASTLINE.
872
00:45:02,833 --> 00:45:05,069
SEASIDE RESORT TOWNS
LIKE TRANI
873
00:45:05,136 --> 00:45:07,838
LINE THE LONG CURVING BAYS
OF THE COAST
874
00:45:07,905 --> 00:45:09,874
AND LOOK OUT UPON
THE GENTLE WAVES
875
00:45:09,940 --> 00:45:13,511
OF THE ADRIATIC SEA.
876
00:45:13,577 --> 00:45:14,912
DOTTING THE COUNTRYSIDE
877
00:45:14,979 --> 00:45:18,716
ARE ROUND STONE HUTS
CALLED TRULLI.
878
00:45:18,783 --> 00:45:20,751
THERE IS A CONCENTRATION
OF TRULLI
879
00:45:20,818 --> 00:45:23,321
IN THE TOWN OF ALBEROBELLO,
880
00:45:23,387 --> 00:45:27,892
A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE.
881
00:45:27,958 --> 00:45:31,195
THESE WHITEWASHED HUTS
ARE BUILT OF LIMESTONE,
882
00:45:31,262 --> 00:45:35,366
WHICH FORMS THE BEDROCK
OF THIS UNUSUAL PART OF ITALY.
883
00:45:37,101 --> 00:45:39,003
LIMESTONE HAS BEEN MORE
884
00:45:39,070 --> 00:45:42,273
THAN THE STUFF
OF BUILDING BLOCKS IN APULIA.
885
00:45:42,340 --> 00:45:44,108
IN THE TOWN OF MATERA,
886
00:45:44,175 --> 00:45:47,645
PEOPLE ONCE ACTUALLY LIVED
INSIDE THE LIMESTONE,
887
00:45:47,712 --> 00:45:49,013
CARVING THEIR DWELLINGS
888
00:45:49,080 --> 00:45:53,184
INTO THE LIMESTONE CLIFFS
RUNNING BELOW THE CITY.
889
00:45:53,250 --> 00:45:56,253
THESE DWELLINGS,
DATING FROM MEDIEVAL TIMES,
890
00:45:56,320 --> 00:45:58,155
ARE KNOWN AS SASSI.
891
00:46:00,791 --> 00:46:04,662
BUT WHY IS APULIA SO DIFFERENT
FROM MOUNTAINOUS CALABRIA?
892
00:46:06,364 --> 00:46:08,599
IT TURNS OUT THAT
IN THE COMPLEX GEOLOGY
893
00:46:08,666 --> 00:46:10,034
OF SOUTHERN ITALY,
894
00:46:10,101 --> 00:46:12,770
APULIA IS YET ANOTHER MICROPLATE
895
00:46:12,837 --> 00:46:15,573
THAT WAS ONCE A PART OF AFRICA.
896
00:46:17,174 --> 00:46:18,909
- ABOUT 10 MILLION YEARS AGO,
897
00:46:18,976 --> 00:46:20,911
CALABRIA AND SARDINIA
WERE TOGETHER,
898
00:46:20,978 --> 00:46:23,314
AND CALABRIA DECIDED
TO GO ALONE,
899
00:46:23,381 --> 00:46:27,752
SO IT TOOK OFF FROM SARDINIA
AND MOVED SOUTHEAST.
900
00:46:29,854 --> 00:46:34,325
AND IN DOING SO,
IT CREATED THE TYRRHENIAN SEA
901
00:46:34,392 --> 00:46:38,195
AND COLLIDED
WITH AN OLD PIECE OF AFRICA
902
00:46:38,262 --> 00:46:41,866
WHICH IS CALLED APULIA.
903
00:46:41,932 --> 00:46:44,635
narrator: ORIGINALLY
APULIA WAS UNDER THE SEA,
904
00:46:44,702 --> 00:46:48,406
A GENTLE SEA FLOOR
MADE OF LIMESTONE.
905
00:46:48,472 --> 00:46:50,674
IT WAS PUSHED UP ABOVE SEA LEVEL
906
00:46:50,741 --> 00:46:53,911
BY ITS COLLISION WITH CALABRIA.
907
00:46:53,978 --> 00:46:57,014
APULIA AND CALABRIA
SIT ON OPPOSITE SIDES
908
00:46:57,081 --> 00:47:00,217
OF THE GREAT SUBDUCTION ZONE
THAT CREATED ITALY
909
00:47:00,284 --> 00:47:04,288
WHERE THE AFRICAN
AND EUROPEAN PLATES COLLIDE.
910
00:47:04,355 --> 00:47:07,658
THE COLLISION ZONE SWEEPS RIGHT
THROUGH THE HEART OF SICILY.
911
00:47:10,327 --> 00:47:14,365
- SEE THERE, ANOTHER VOLCANIC...
912
00:47:14,432 --> 00:47:17,334
narrator: MARK BRANDON
AND HIS COLLEAGUE KARL WEGMANN
913
00:47:17,401 --> 00:47:21,071
HAVE COME DOWN TO SICILY TO SEE
IF THE SUBDUCTION ZONE HERE
914
00:47:21,138 --> 00:47:24,775
CAN TELL THEM SOMETHING
ABOUT SUBDUCTION IN THE NORTH.
915
00:47:24,842 --> 00:47:26,710
THEY ARE GUIDED
BY ONE OF THE LEADERS
916
00:47:26,777 --> 00:47:30,080
OF SICILIAN GEOLOGY,
FABIO LENTINI.
917
00:47:30,147 --> 00:47:32,283
- INTERESTING.
- YOU SEE HERE.
918
00:47:32,349 --> 00:47:33,717
- YEAH.
- OH, LOOK AT THOSE CORALS.
919
00:47:33,784 --> 00:47:35,486
- THESE ARE COLONIAL CORALS.
920
00:47:35,553 --> 00:47:37,822
[speaks Italian]
921
00:47:39,757 --> 00:47:41,358
narrator: THEY START
THEIR RECONNAISSANCE
922
00:47:41,425 --> 00:47:44,328
IN NORTHERN SICILY.
923
00:47:44,395 --> 00:47:48,265
THIS PART OF THE ISLAND
IS DEFINED BY MOUNTAINS.
924
00:47:48,332 --> 00:47:50,768
THEY HUG THE COAST
AND PROTECT ANCIENT CITIES
925
00:47:50,835 --> 00:47:55,239
LIKE CEFALU AND
THE SICILIAN CAPITAL PALERMO,
926
00:47:55,306 --> 00:47:59,710
ONCE THE GREATEST CITY
IN EUROPE.
927
00:47:59,777 --> 00:48:03,647
THE GEOLOGISTS STOP FREQUENTLY
TO STUDY THE LIMESTONE MOUNTAINS
928
00:48:03,714 --> 00:48:07,952
PUSHED UP BY THE POWER
OF SUBDUCTION.
929
00:48:08,018 --> 00:48:10,888
AS MARK AND HIS COLLEAGUES
REACH CENTRAL SICILY,
930
00:48:10,955 --> 00:48:12,756
THE MOUNTAINS THIN OUT,
931
00:48:12,823 --> 00:48:16,527
BECOMING ISOLATED SKY ISLANDS
TOPPED BY TOWNS
932
00:48:16,594 --> 00:48:20,130
LIKE ENNA AND IT'S MEDIEVAL
RIVAL ACROSS THE VALLEY,
933
00:48:20,197 --> 00:48:21,899
CALASCIBETTA.
934
00:48:21,966 --> 00:48:24,468
- I DON'T, UH--
ENNA IS THE PLACE.
935
00:48:24,535 --> 00:48:25,870
narrator:
A LITTLE FURTHER SOUTH,
936
00:48:25,936 --> 00:48:28,739
THE LANDSCAPE FLATTENS
SUDDENLY.
937
00:48:28,806 --> 00:48:30,908
THIS IS THE AFRICAN PLATE,
938
00:48:30,975 --> 00:48:35,012
AND HALF OF SICILY
SITS ON THIS PLATE.
939
00:48:35,079 --> 00:48:37,314
THE SOILS AND BEDROCK
OF SOUTHERN SICILY
940
00:48:37,381 --> 00:48:40,951
ARE BEST SEEN ALONG
ITS BREATHTAKING COAST.
941
00:48:41,018 --> 00:48:43,787
THEY COME IN SHADES OF WHITE.
942
00:48:43,854 --> 00:48:45,856
RAGGED LIMESTONE TERRACES MAKE
943
00:48:45,923 --> 00:48:49,593
FOR COZY ALCOVES
AND SECRET HARBORS.
944
00:48:49,660 --> 00:48:53,297
THIS ONE, NORTH OF SYRACUSE,
WAS ONCE A PIRATE HANGOUT.
945
00:48:55,366 --> 00:48:59,203
SALT AND GYPSUM MINES
ARE EVERYWHERE.
946
00:48:59,270 --> 00:49:02,172
THESE MINERALS SPEAK
OF A REMARKABLE TIME
947
00:49:02,239 --> 00:49:04,575
ABOUT 6 MILLION YEARS AGO
948
00:49:04,642 --> 00:49:08,812
WHEN TECTONIC FORCES BLOCKED
THE STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR.
949
00:49:10,347 --> 00:49:12,116
THE ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN SEA
950
00:49:12,182 --> 00:49:15,052
WAS CUT OFF FROM THE WATERS
OF THE ATLANTIC,
951
00:49:15,119 --> 00:49:16,554
LEADING TO WHAT
GEOLOGISTS CALLED
952
00:49:16,620 --> 00:49:20,124
THE MESSINIAN SALINITY CRISIS.
953
00:49:20,190 --> 00:49:23,727
- THE WHOLE MEDITERRANEAN
DRIED UP.
954
00:49:23,794 --> 00:49:28,232
IT WAS A BIG DEEP HOLE
WHERE WE NOW HAVE WATER.
955
00:49:28,299 --> 00:49:29,733
AND AS IT DRIED UP,
956
00:49:29,800 --> 00:49:32,636
ALL OF THE SALT AND OTHER
DISSOLVED CONSTITUENTS
957
00:49:32,703 --> 00:49:36,173
CAME OUT AS THICK,
EVAPORITE UNITS.
958
00:49:38,208 --> 00:49:42,313
narrator: THE DEPOSITS PILED UP
ON THE DRIED-OUT SEABED.
959
00:49:42,379 --> 00:49:45,115
LATER, OCEAN WATER FLOODED
BACK IN AGAIN
960
00:49:45,182 --> 00:49:47,685
AND COVERED THEM UP.
961
00:49:47,751 --> 00:49:52,323
NOW AS THE AFRICAN AND EUROPEAN
PLATES CONTINUE TO COLLIDE,
962
00:49:52,389 --> 00:49:56,293
THOSE SEABED DEPOSITS ARE
SLOWLY RISING OUT OF THE SEA.
963
00:49:58,062 --> 00:49:59,296
FARTHER SOUTH,
964
00:49:59,363 --> 00:50:01,465
AT THE SOUTHERNMOST PART
OF SICILY,
965
00:50:01,532 --> 00:50:03,934
STAND THE SPECTACULAR
GREEK TEMPLES
966
00:50:04,001 --> 00:50:06,570
OF AGRIGENTO.
967
00:50:06,637 --> 00:50:09,873
NEAR AGRIGENTO,
THE COASTAL ROCKS CLEARLY SHOW
968
00:50:09,940 --> 00:50:13,677
THE EFFECTS OF THE INCOMING
AFRICAN PLATE.
969
00:50:13,744 --> 00:50:16,313
THERE IS NO DOUBT
THAT THIS PART OF ITALY
970
00:50:16,380 --> 00:50:20,584
IS GEOLOGICALLY ALIVE
AND KICKING.
971
00:50:20,651 --> 00:50:23,887
- YOU CAN SEE THE OCEAN
OUT TO THE SOUTH OF US,
972
00:50:23,954 --> 00:50:27,091
AND FURTHER ON IS AFRICA--
IN FACT, TUNISIA.
973
00:50:27,157 --> 00:50:28,859
AND IN THIS AREA,
WE'RE LOOKING AT
974
00:50:28,926 --> 00:50:31,161
THE VERY BEGINNING
OF THE COLLISION
975
00:50:31,228 --> 00:50:35,532
BETWEEN ITALY AND AFRICA.
976
00:50:35,599 --> 00:50:36,967
AND IN THIS COLLISION ZONE,
977
00:50:37,034 --> 00:50:39,303
THERE ARE A BUNCH OF ROCKS
THAT ARE CRUMPLED UP.
978
00:50:39,370 --> 00:50:42,873
YOU CAN SEE THEM FOLDED
IN THE BACKGROUND OVER HERE.
979
00:50:42,940 --> 00:50:46,777
AND THEY REPRESENT
MARINE SEDIMENTS IN PART
980
00:50:46,844 --> 00:50:50,414
THAT WERE ORIGINALLY
IN THE OCEAN TO THE SOUTH OF US
981
00:50:50,481 --> 00:50:51,949
AND HAVE BEEN SQUISHED
982
00:50:52,016 --> 00:50:55,653
AS ITALY HAS COME COLLIDING
WITH AFRICA.
983
00:51:01,792 --> 00:51:03,927
narrator:
TUNISIA IS CLOSE TO SICILY,
984
00:51:03,994 --> 00:51:07,064
ONLY 60 MILES AWAY.
985
00:51:07,131 --> 00:51:10,968
SO MARK AND KARL HAVE COME DOWN
TO EXPLORE THE COLLISION ZONE
986
00:51:11,035 --> 00:51:13,303
FROM THE AFRICAN SIDE.
987
00:51:16,407 --> 00:51:19,576
TUNISIAN GEOLOGIST SAMI KHOMSI
TAKES THEM ON A TOUR
988
00:51:19,643 --> 00:51:23,113
OF THE MOUNTAINOUS COUNTRYSIDE.
989
00:51:23,180 --> 00:51:26,750
GEOLOGISTS HAVE WORKED OUT THAT
THESE ROCKS IN NORTHERN TUNISIA
990
00:51:26,817 --> 00:51:31,455
ARE ACTUALLY AN EXTENSION
OF THE APENNINES.
991
00:51:31,522 --> 00:51:34,258
THEY WERE CREATED
BY THE SAME SUBDUCTION ZONE
992
00:51:34,324 --> 00:51:36,860
THAT CREATED ITALY.
993
00:51:36,927 --> 00:51:39,997
THE SUBDUCTION ZONE
CURVES DOWN FROM SICILY
994
00:51:40,064 --> 00:51:44,301
TO BUNCH UP THE ATLAS MOUNTAINS
IN TUNISIA.
995
00:51:46,236 --> 00:51:49,173
THE ROCKS HERE ANNOUNCE
THE COLLISION SITUATION
996
00:51:49,239 --> 00:51:51,709
LOUD AND CLEAR.
997
00:51:51,775 --> 00:51:55,879
THEY ARE TIGHTLY FOLDED
AND BROKEN UP IN MANY PLACES.
998
00:51:58,282 --> 00:52:01,885
BUT IN NORTHERN ITALY,
IN FRANK PAZZAGLIA'S FIELD AREA,
999
00:52:01,952 --> 00:52:04,054
THERE ARE NO SUCH OBVIOUS CLUES.
1000
00:52:04,121 --> 00:52:06,490
[both speaking Italian]
1001
00:52:08,192 --> 00:52:11,395
SO SCIENTISTS ARE PATIENTLY
PLYING THEIR TRADE,
1002
00:52:11,462 --> 00:52:13,130
GATHERING DATA.
1003
00:52:13,197 --> 00:52:15,432
- BRIAN, IF YOU NEED
A HAND GETTING THAT--THAT...
1004
00:52:15,499 --> 00:52:18,368
narrator: FINALLY A BREAKTHROUGH
COMES NEAR BOLOGNA.
1005
00:52:18,435 --> 00:52:20,437
- THEY'RE ALL FASTENED
DOWN THERE.
1006
00:52:20,504 --> 00:52:23,540
narrator: IT COMES UNEXPECTEDLY
FROM THE DETAILED MAPPING
1007
00:52:23,607 --> 00:52:27,644
OF THE RIVER TERRACES
AND THE SOILS ON TOP OF THEM.
1008
00:52:27,711 --> 00:52:29,813
THE SCIENTISTS FIND FAULTS
1009
00:52:29,880 --> 00:52:34,752
CAUSED BY EARTH MOVEMENTS
BREAKING UP THE TERRACES.
1010
00:52:34,818 --> 00:52:38,922
FINDING FRESH, ACTIVE FAULTS
HELPS PROVE THAT THE APENNINES
1011
00:52:38,989 --> 00:52:42,092
ARE INDEED STILL
ALIVE AND GROWING.
1012
00:52:43,927 --> 00:52:46,663
FRANK'S NAGGING QUESTION
HAS BEEN ANSWERED.
1013
00:52:46,730 --> 00:52:48,432
- IT'S DOWNSTREAM,
ACTUALLY STRATIFIED...
1014
00:52:48,499 --> 00:52:49,867
- A VERY EXCITING RESULT
1015
00:52:49,933 --> 00:52:51,902
THAT'S EMERGING
FROM OUR COLLABORATION
1016
00:52:51,969 --> 00:52:54,738
IS THAT IN FACT
THE MOUNTAIN FRONT AT BOLOGNA
1017
00:52:54,805 --> 00:52:57,975
IS TECTONICALLY ACTIVE
AND IS CONTINUING TO GROW.
1018
00:52:58,041 --> 00:53:00,110
- OH, LOOKIT THERE.
1019
00:53:00,177 --> 00:53:01,812
- THE DATA ARE VERY COMPELLING,
1020
00:53:01,879 --> 00:53:04,214
AND WE'RE VERY EXCITED
BY THIS CONCLUSION.
1021
00:53:06,350 --> 00:53:09,887
narrator: OTHER RESULTS
TAKE A FEW YEARS LONGER.
1022
00:53:09,953 --> 00:53:12,756
ROCK SAMPLES
FROM THE ALPI APUANE
1023
00:53:12,823 --> 00:53:15,659
REVEAL THAT HERE THE MOUNTAINS
HAVE RISEN UP FROM THE DEPTHS
1024
00:53:15,726 --> 00:53:18,295
WITH UNUSUAL RAPIDITY,
1025
00:53:18,362 --> 00:53:22,132
ABOUT 1/3 OF AN INCH PER YEAR.
1026
00:53:22,199 --> 00:53:24,201
THIS IS VERY FAST GEOLOGICALLY
1027
00:53:24,268 --> 00:53:26,203
AND PROBABLY
COULD NOT HAVE HAPPENED
1028
00:53:26,270 --> 00:53:29,540
IF THE CRUST WERE NOT BEING
PULLED APART SO STRONGLY
1029
00:53:29,606 --> 00:53:32,709
IN NORTHERN ITALY.
1030
00:53:32,776 --> 00:53:34,478
TO TOP OFF THESE FINDINGS,
1031
00:53:34,545 --> 00:53:38,816
GPS STUDIES ALSO SHOW THAT
THE APENNINES ARE INDEED ALIVE
1032
00:53:38,882 --> 00:53:42,319
AND MOVING HORIZONTALLY
IN SOME AREAS.
1033
00:53:42,386 --> 00:53:45,422
THE DATA INDICATE
THAT IN SOME PARTS OF TUSCANY,
1034
00:53:45,489 --> 00:53:47,691
THE EARTH'S SURFACE
IS SPLITTING APART
1035
00:53:47,758 --> 00:53:51,361
ABOUT A 1/6 OF AN INCH PER YEAR.
1036
00:53:51,428 --> 00:53:54,364
THE DATA ALSO SHOW
THAT THE ITALIAN BOOT
1037
00:53:54,431 --> 00:53:57,835
IS STILL SWINGING BACK
AS IF TO KICK.
1038
00:53:57,901 --> 00:54:00,404
- EMERGING DOWNSTREAM HERE?
1039
00:54:00,470 --> 00:54:03,841
- YEAH, I THINK THAT IT COMES
THROUGH WHERE THIS FAULT RUNS.
1040
00:54:03,907 --> 00:54:06,243
narrator: ALL OF THIS EVIDENCE
FITS WELL WITH THE THEORY
1041
00:54:06,310 --> 00:54:10,214
THAT ROLLBACK IS OCCURRING
IN ITALY.
1042
00:54:10,280 --> 00:54:14,117
THE SEISMIC STUDIES CLEARLY SHOW
THAT THE ADRIA MICROPLATE
1043
00:54:14,184 --> 00:54:17,387
HAS SUNK DEEP INTO THE MANTLE.
1044
00:54:17,454 --> 00:54:19,923
THIS HAS HAPPENED
OVER MILLIONS OF YEARS,
1045
00:54:19,990 --> 00:54:22,359
BOTH SQUEEZING
THE APENNINES UPWARD
1046
00:54:22,426 --> 00:54:24,895
AND PULLING THEM APART.
1047
00:54:24,962 --> 00:54:29,032
IT'S A PROCESS THAT BALANCES
TWO OPPOSING FORCES,
1048
00:54:29,099 --> 00:54:31,501
AND LIKEWISE,
ITS IMPACT ON PEOPLE
1049
00:54:31,568 --> 00:54:35,372
CAN BE SEEN AS BOTH BENEFICIAL
AND HARMFUL.
1050
00:54:35,439 --> 00:54:39,209
EARTHQUAKES AND VOLCANOES
CAN CAUSE TREMENDOUS DAMAGE,
1051
00:54:39,276 --> 00:54:42,646
BUT THEY ALSO MAKE
FOR A BEAUTIFUL BOUNTIFUL LAND.
1052
00:54:42,713 --> 00:54:46,216
WITHOUT TECTONICALLY ACTIVE
GROWING MOUNTAINS,
1053
00:54:46,283 --> 00:54:48,151
THE GREAT MARBLE OF CARRARA
1054
00:54:48,218 --> 00:54:50,454
WOULD NEVER HAVE SEEN
THE LIGHT OF DAY
1055
00:54:50,520 --> 00:54:52,422
AND THE ART OF THE RENAISSANCE
1056
00:54:52,489 --> 00:54:55,425
MIGHT HAVE TURNED OUT
VERY DIFFERENTLY.
1057
00:54:55,492 --> 00:54:59,029
- STREAM THIS POINT OF ROCK
COMES RIGHT OUT HERE...
1058
00:54:59,096 --> 00:55:00,530
narrator: MEANWHILE,
FRANK PAZZAGLIA
1059
00:55:00,597 --> 00:55:01,698
AND HIS COLLEAGUES
1060
00:55:01,765 --> 00:55:03,967
HAVE BEEN ADDING
THEIR OWN BRUSHSTROKES
1061
00:55:04,034 --> 00:55:08,438
TO ITALY'S COMPLEX
GEOLOGIC PORTRAIT.
1062
00:55:08,505 --> 00:55:11,508
IT'S AN ELEGANT
AND UNUSUAL PORTRAIT,
1063
00:55:11,575 --> 00:55:14,511
AND LIKE MICHELANGELO'S
UNFINISHED PRISONERS,
1064
00:55:14,578 --> 00:55:16,213
IT'S NOT YET COMPLETE.
1065
00:55:16,280 --> 00:55:18,482
[gentle orchestral music
playing]
1066
00:55:18,548 --> 00:55:22,319
WORKING ON ITALIAN GEOLOGY
IS A CHALLENGE, CERTAINLY,
1067
00:55:22,386 --> 00:55:25,555
BUT DELIGHTFUL,
LIKE SO MUCH ELSE IN ITALY.
1068
00:55:28,892 --> 00:55:32,663
- I ALWAYS LAUGH BECAUSE
NO ONE EVER FEELS SORRY FOR YOU
1069
00:55:32,729 --> 00:55:35,832
WHEN YOU TELL THEM THAT
YOU HAVE TO GO DO WORK IN ITALY.
1070
00:55:38,669 --> 00:55:40,771
- IT'S A WONDERFUL PLACE
TO WORK.
1071
00:55:40,837 --> 00:55:43,674
IT'S GOT BEAUTIFUL WEATHER,
BEAUTIFUL SCENERY.
1072
00:55:45,876 --> 00:55:49,479
- IT'S VERY FERTILE
BECAUSE IT'S ACTIVE.
1073
00:55:49,546 --> 00:55:52,950
IT'S VERY BEAUTIFUL
BECAUSE IT'S ACTIVE.
1074
00:55:53,016 --> 00:55:55,018
THE REASON THAT ITALY
IS WHAT IT IS
1075
00:55:55,085 --> 00:55:58,522
IS BECAUSE TECTONICALLY
IT'S AN ACTIVE PLACE.
1076
00:56:48,005 --> 00:56:49,639
female announcer:
ITALY'S MYSTERY MOUNTAINS
1077
00:56:49,706 --> 00:56:52,376
IS AVAILABLE ON DVD.
1078
00:56:52,442 --> 00:56:52,376
TO ORDER, VISIT:
84415
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