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Narrator: Nasa's revolutionary
juno probe
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is on a daring voyage
to jupiter.
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Its goal -- to reveal
the the deepest mysteries
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of our solar system.
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Everything we see
in the solar system today
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is affected by jupiter
somehow in the past or now,
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all the asteroids,
all the planets,
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the moons,
the comets, everything.
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So in many ways, juno is
actually giving us a view
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into the history
of our planetary system,
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even the history of earth.
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Narrator:
Juno's mission is risky.
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Jupiter could eat
the spacecraft like that.
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Narrator: But by diving
perilously close
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to this monstrous world,
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juno could change everything
we know about our solar system.
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If you want to know
what's happening,
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you got to get up
close and personal.
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♪
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[ electricity crackles ]
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[ explosion ]
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-- captions by vitac --
www.Vitac.Com
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captions paid for by
discovery communications
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♪
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narrator:
Independence day, 2016--
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juno arrives at jupiter
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and gets to work.
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The probe angles its
high-resolution camera
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towards this stormy world.
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Juno's snaps do not disappoint.
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♪
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the images returned from juno
are just beautiful.
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♪
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♪
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plait: Suddenly you have this
magnificent mosaic
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of this planet.
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♪
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as a human being, I'm like,
"oh, my gosh, look at this.
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This is amazing. This is
coming back from jupiter."
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narrator: These are
the closest-ever views
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of jupiter,
a world 500 million miles away.
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♪
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but we didn't send juno
just to take pictures.
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One of its main goals is to peer
deep into jupiter's dark heart.
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One of the big questions
we have about jupiter is,
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does it have a core?
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And you'd think, well,
of course it has a core
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like every planet has a core.
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The earth has a core.
Everything does.
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Well, it turns out,
jupiter might not.
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Narrator: Knowing what lies at
a planet's core
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allows scientists to wind back
the clock billions of years
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to the formation
of the planets.
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If juno can reveal what lies
deep within jupiter,
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it could change
our understanding
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of how the gas giant formed.
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If juno finds a solid core,
it could mean
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jupiter first formed
as a rocky planet like earth
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then kept growing,
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but if juno finds no core,
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it could mean that
jupiter skipped the rocky stage
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and formed straight
from a cloud of gas.
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♪
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answering this question
could shine a light
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on other mysteries, too.
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If we can figure out
how jupiter formed,
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we can figure out the rest of
the story of the solar system.
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♪
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so how do you probe down
into the interior of a planet
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when all you can really see
are the very tops of the clouds?
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Well, incredibly,
you can use gravity.
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As juno orbits jupiter,
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it can sense in its orbit
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tiny little variations
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in the gravitational pull
of jupiter.
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Narrator:
As juno speeds around jupiter,
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gravitational spikes
tug on the craft.
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Turns out, some parts of jupiter
are denser than others.
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If jupiter were some solid ball,
then as juno passes by it,
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as it passes very close
above its cloud tops,
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the orbit, the trajectory
would be very smooth,
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but in fact,
if jupiter has layers,
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or places where
there is more mass
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and places where there's less,
then it's gonna pull on juno
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a little bit differently.
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Narrator: Passing over areas
of concentrated mass
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gives juno a speed boost.
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So what they do is,
the engineers back on earth
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can basically just say,
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"how fast is it moving
right now?
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How about now?
How about now?"
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and you build up a map of
where the mass is in jupiter
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underneath the spacecraft
as it passes around.
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Narrator: Juno's instruments
begin to map out
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the heart of gas giant,
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revealing the mysterious core
for the first time.
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What juno found was
this amorphous mass,
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a fuzzy thing
in the center of jupiter.
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It's not as solid as we expected
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if it were just
a metal and rock core,
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but there is something there.
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Narrator:
In the center of the planet,
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juno detects hydrogen
and rocky material
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dissolved and blended together.
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It's a type of planetary core
we've never seen before.
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Astronomers
describe it as fuzzy.
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We thought we were gonna find
an avocado.
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Instead, we found
a bowl of chili.
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It's a hydrogen fluid
chili con carne.
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♪
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so none of our models
of the interior of jupiter
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turned out to be correct.
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That means we have to go back
to the drawing board.
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Narrator:
One theory is that jupiter
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didn't form from rocks or gas
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but from tiny pebbles
less than an inch wide strewn
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across the early solar system
4.6 billion years ago.
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These pebbles came together.
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They accreted to form
a massive object
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that was the sort of seed,
the core of jupiter.
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Narrator: The swarm of pebbles
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clumped together
to form one giant core
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20 times the mass of earth,
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but these pebbles can't sustain
this growing planet for long.
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Eventually,
we need to make a jump
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from those centimeter-size
particles
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up to really large things, like
100-kilometer planetesimals,
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to really kick-start growth
of a planet.
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♪
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narrator: As jupiter grows,
its appetite becomes insatiable.
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The cores of other
would-be planets are drawn in
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by its immense pull
and absorb on impact,
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causing jupiter's core
to transform.
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Huge chunks of incoming rock
are mixed up with gas
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and the pebbles
that originally built the core.
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We think that core material that
might've been there is actually
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dissolved and mixed in
with the rest of the planet.
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Narrator: This mix of rock,
gas, and pebbles
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leaves the core
in a strange state
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somewhere
between solid and liquid
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or, in other words, fuzzy.
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Once jupiter's core reaches
a critical mass,
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its gravity pulls
in all nearby hydrogen gas,
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building the jovian atmosphere
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and leaving the fuzzy core
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trapped beneath thousands
of miles of thick clouds.
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And that is what formed jupiter
as we know and love it today.
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Narrator: Juno's discovery of
jupiter's fuzzy core
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could rewrite the book on
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jupiter's early years, but juno
is just getting started.
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We haven't even scratched
the surface
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of the number
of mysteries there are.
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Narrator: There's more to
jupiter than meets the eye
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as juno's instruments
begin to reveal a darker side
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to this giant world.
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Jupiter's environment
is one of the most vicious
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in the solar system,
and that's because
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of its incredibly
strong magnetic field.
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Narrator: And juno is caught
right in the middle of it.
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♪
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narrator: The gas giant jupiter
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holds clues to the mysteries
of our solar system,
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and in 2011,
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nasa launched a billion-dollar
mission to uncover them.
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Man: Three, two, one, ignition.
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And liftoff of the atlas v
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with juno on a trek to jupiter.
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Narrator: To reach its target,
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juno embarks
on a five-year journey.
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♪
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sending any spacecraft
to another planet
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is gonna be tough,
but sending one to jupiter
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is really
pushing things pretty hard.
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Narrator: Juno weaves through
the solar system
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with extreme precision.
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The craft battles violent
temperature changes
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and navigates carefully
through the asteroid belt.
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If there's a fleck of dust
in your path
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and that thing slams
into your spacecraft,
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it could do significant damage.
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Narrator: 1.7 billion miles
into its mission,
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juno finally nears its target,
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but the probe is hurtling
towards jupiter
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at 165,000 miles an hour.
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Juno is moving really fast.
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It's one of
the fastest spacecraft ever.
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You need to go fast enough
to get there, but then you need
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to be slow enough to be captured
by the gravity of the planet.
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You need to get it just right.
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Narrator:
Entering orbit around
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jupiter is the trickiest part
of the mission.
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Get it wrong and juno could slam
into the planet
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or drift out into deep space.
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To successfully get juno
to enter a stable orbit around
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jupiter
as almost the same as, say,
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shooting a basketball
from london
197
00:10:14,181 --> 00:10:16,848
and having it on the land on
the front of the rim in new york
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and just sitting there
balanced.
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I could do it, but can nasa
do it with juno?
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[ laughing ]
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narrator:
Nasa has a neat game plan.
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Juno performs a backflip
in space
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and fires its thruster
towards jupiter.
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Everything is going smoothly.
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00:10:37,104 --> 00:10:41,172
We're continuing to burn
and change our velocity.
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00:10:41,174 --> 00:10:44,709
Narrator: The rocket burns for
35 nail-biting minutes,
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reducing the craft's speed
by 1,200 miles an hour.
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♪
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00:10:53,854 --> 00:10:55,286
[ cheering ]
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00:10:55,288 --> 00:10:59,024
narrator: Finally, the probe
achieves orbit around jupiter.
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Bolton: Right on July 4th
during the fireworks
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00:11:01,428 --> 00:11:02,694
we just got into orbit.
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00:11:02,696 --> 00:11:05,330
In many ways,
we're firing a rocket motor.
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00:11:05,332 --> 00:11:09,834
I mean, it is fireworks.
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00:11:09,836 --> 00:11:11,002
Narrator: Safe in orbit,
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juno turns
its instruments to the planet
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00:11:13,240 --> 00:11:15,674
for a crucial part
of the mission --
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00:11:15,676 --> 00:11:18,276
investigating jupiter's
magnetic field.
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00:11:18,278 --> 00:11:22,514
♪
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deep below the stormy surface,
liquid metallic hydrogen
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00:11:26,319 --> 00:11:28,687
flows endlessly
around the planet,
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00:11:28,689 --> 00:11:33,291
producing a huge
magnetic field.
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00:11:33,293 --> 00:11:36,995
This magnetosphere
stretches over 600 million miles
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00:11:36,997 --> 00:11:41,966
beyond the planet,
reaching all the way to saturn.
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00:11:41,968 --> 00:11:45,370
If your eyes could actually see
jupiter's magnetosphere
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00:11:45,372 --> 00:11:48,206
and you tried to look at it
while standing on earth,
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00:11:48,208 --> 00:11:52,410
it would look about as big
in the sky as the moon.
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00:11:52,412 --> 00:11:54,713
Narrator:
And within this magnetic field,
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00:11:54,715 --> 00:11:58,917
juno faces an invisible threat.
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00:11:58,919 --> 00:12:02,387
Jupiter has an enormous
magnetic field.
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00:12:02,389 --> 00:12:05,490
It is so enormous
in terms of space,
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00:12:05,492 --> 00:12:09,627
but also in terms of power.
233
00:12:09,629 --> 00:12:12,263
Narrator: High-energy particles
from the sun
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00:12:12,265 --> 00:12:14,933
are funneled into
deadly radiation belts
235
00:12:14,935 --> 00:12:19,871
guided by the giant
planet's magnetic field.
236
00:12:19,873 --> 00:12:24,109
The magnetic field traps charged
particles coming from the sun
237
00:12:24,111 --> 00:12:26,945
and circulates them
around that system
238
00:12:26,947 --> 00:12:30,215
and just bombards
anything in the vicinity,
239
00:12:30,217 --> 00:12:34,586
including our fragile
little spacecraft.
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00:12:34,588 --> 00:12:36,087
Narrator:
Closer to the planet,
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00:12:36,089 --> 00:12:38,723
radiation levels are up to
30 times greater
242
00:12:38,725 --> 00:12:41,426
than they were inside
the reactor core room
243
00:12:41,428 --> 00:12:44,095
during the chernobyl disaster.
244
00:12:44,097 --> 00:12:45,864
This is radiation.
245
00:12:45,866 --> 00:12:47,599
This is bad news.
246
00:12:47,601 --> 00:12:49,300
These particles,
they would hit you.
247
00:12:49,302 --> 00:12:52,537
They would rupture your dna,
rupture your cell structures,
248
00:12:52,539 --> 00:12:55,406
and you would die.
249
00:12:55,408 --> 00:12:57,842
Narrator: This blistering
radiation is bad news
250
00:12:57,844 --> 00:13:01,279
for the spacecraft as well.
251
00:13:01,281 --> 00:13:04,382
The charged particles threaten
to destroy electronic
252
00:13:04,384 --> 00:13:09,854
and navigational systems,
but juno has armored up.
253
00:13:09,856 --> 00:13:13,858
Plait: It's not some delicate,
beautiful, gossamer thing
254
00:13:13,860 --> 00:13:16,361
that you are sending
to orbit jupiter.
255
00:13:16,363 --> 00:13:18,196
It's more like a tank.
256
00:13:18,198 --> 00:13:20,098
You have to protect this thing
or else
257
00:13:20,100 --> 00:13:24,035
it's not going to last
very long at all.
258
00:13:24,037 --> 00:13:27,172
We've got a couple hundred
pounds of titanium
259
00:13:27,174 --> 00:13:29,541
on the spacecraft
just trying to shield us
260
00:13:29,543 --> 00:13:31,743
from what jupiter
might throw at us,
261
00:13:31,745 --> 00:13:36,080
so it is in a sense we're like
an armored tank going into war.
262
00:13:36,082 --> 00:13:40,485
Narrator:
Lightweight titanium is tough.
263
00:13:40,487 --> 00:13:44,055
Juno's 1/2-inch-thick
shielding blocks 99%
264
00:13:44,057 --> 00:13:48,126
of jupiter's vicious radiation.
265
00:13:48,128 --> 00:13:49,727
But even at this reduced rate,
266
00:13:49,729 --> 00:13:53,464
juno can't survive
the bombardment for long,
267
00:13:53,466 --> 00:13:56,801
so the craft sets itself
on a unique orbit
268
00:13:56,803 --> 00:13:59,571
around the gas giant.
269
00:13:59,573 --> 00:14:01,973
It actually has a very
long orbit
270
00:14:01,975 --> 00:14:04,642
where it spends
most of its time far away,
271
00:14:04,644 --> 00:14:07,278
and then every once
in a while dives in and goes,
272
00:14:07,280 --> 00:14:09,080
"oh, hot, hot, hot, hot.
I zoomed in too much,"
273
00:14:09,082 --> 00:14:11,783
and then goes safely away
to communicate and process
274
00:14:11,785 --> 00:14:15,520
and then back in again.
275
00:14:15,522 --> 00:14:17,322
Narrator:
Juno takes a mighty gamble
276
00:14:17,324 --> 00:14:20,024
diving deep
into these radiation belts
277
00:14:20,026 --> 00:14:22,861
to achieve
one of its key objectives --
278
00:14:22,863 --> 00:14:26,831
mapping jupiter's
giant magnetic field,
279
00:14:26,833 --> 00:14:29,701
and as juno swoops
around the planet,
280
00:14:29,703 --> 00:14:35,473
it reveals something scientists
have never seen before.
281
00:14:35,475 --> 00:14:36,641
When you look at the earth,
282
00:14:36,643 --> 00:14:38,910
we have a fairly
simple magnetic field.
283
00:14:38,912 --> 00:14:40,845
It's like a giant bar magnet
with a north
284
00:14:40,847 --> 00:14:42,881
and south magnetic pole.
285
00:14:42,883 --> 00:14:44,883
Well, jupiter has that as well.
286
00:14:44,885 --> 00:14:46,684
This is called a dipolar field.
287
00:14:46,686 --> 00:14:51,556
It's got two poles,
but it also has a third pole.
288
00:14:51,558 --> 00:14:53,891
Narrator:
Juno's magnetic field maps
289
00:14:53,893 --> 00:14:56,361
show a north and south pole
290
00:14:56,363 --> 00:15:00,465
and a bizarre magnetic
disturbance at the equator.
291
00:15:00,467 --> 00:15:04,068
And it's like jupiter
just sprouted a third arm,
292
00:15:04,070 --> 00:15:06,871
and that's kind of mysterious.
293
00:15:06,873 --> 00:15:08,406
Narrator:
On magnetic field maps,
294
00:15:08,408 --> 00:15:11,976
north poles show up red
and south poles blue,
295
00:15:11,978 --> 00:15:15,647
so scientists are calling
this second south pole
296
00:15:15,649 --> 00:15:17,882
the great blue spot.
297
00:15:17,884 --> 00:15:20,518
Everyone knows about
the great red spot,
298
00:15:20,520 --> 00:15:24,055
but jupiter now has
a great blue spot as well.
299
00:15:24,057 --> 00:15:26,257
Narrator: This magnetic
disturbance reflects
300
00:15:26,259 --> 00:15:28,726
jupiter's stormy interior.
301
00:15:28,728 --> 00:15:32,497
You have these fast-moving winds
blowing on the magnetic field,
302
00:15:32,499 --> 00:15:34,899
and they're actually
shearing it apart
303
00:15:34,901 --> 00:15:36,534
and moving the field around.
304
00:15:36,536 --> 00:15:38,036
Bolton: It's not
necessarily a storm,
305
00:15:38,038 --> 00:15:39,437
although it could be.
306
00:15:39,439 --> 00:15:41,973
It maybe is better to think
of it as a magnetic storm.
307
00:15:41,975 --> 00:15:44,609
♪
308
00:15:44,611 --> 00:15:46,811
narrator: Turbulence inside
jupiter could be
309
00:15:46,813 --> 00:15:51,349
twisting up the magnetic field
to drive the great blue spot
310
00:15:51,351 --> 00:15:56,321
and the deadly radiation belts
that juno must navigate through.
311
00:15:56,323 --> 00:16:00,224
Unlike earth, jupiter
is not really a solid mass
312
00:16:00,226 --> 00:16:04,295
for the most part,
so all of its clouds and gases
313
00:16:04,297 --> 00:16:06,698
are moving
at slightly different rates,
314
00:16:06,700 --> 00:16:09,233
and that actually makes
the magnetic field
315
00:16:09,235 --> 00:16:14,072
that's generated very variable
and highly changing.
316
00:16:14,074 --> 00:16:15,606
For us to have a variable
magnetic field
317
00:16:15,608 --> 00:16:17,175
like jupiter does,
318
00:16:17,177 --> 00:16:19,344
the entire earth
would have to be molten.
319
00:16:19,346 --> 00:16:21,779
We really don't want
that to happen.
320
00:16:21,781 --> 00:16:25,116
Narrator: With each orbit,
juno unravels more mysteries
321
00:16:25,118 --> 00:16:29,320
of this giant planet,
but jupiter's deepest secret
322
00:16:29,322 --> 00:16:32,323
could shine a light
on our own origins.
323
00:16:32,325 --> 00:16:33,992
If we want to understand
the earth
324
00:16:33,994 --> 00:16:35,660
and our place
in the solar system,
325
00:16:35,662 --> 00:16:38,162
juno has found that a lot
of those mysteries
326
00:16:38,164 --> 00:16:39,564
are locked up there in jupiter.
327
00:16:39,566 --> 00:16:42,867
♪
328
00:16:49,609 --> 00:16:53,611
♪
329
00:16:53,613 --> 00:16:55,113
narrator: The juno spacecraft
330
00:16:55,115 --> 00:16:57,815
is uncovering
the secrets of jupiter
331
00:16:57,817 --> 00:17:02,353
from its swirling cloud tops
to its dark heart,
332
00:17:02,355 --> 00:17:07,158
but juno's discoveries
go beyond the gas giant itself.
333
00:17:07,160 --> 00:17:12,030
They could also solve mysteries
surrounding our own planet.
334
00:17:12,032 --> 00:17:14,465
Jupiter is the key
335
00:17:14,467 --> 00:17:16,801
to the formation
of the solar system,
336
00:17:16,803 --> 00:17:18,870
which means it's the key
to understanding
337
00:17:18,872 --> 00:17:21,372
how the earth formed.
338
00:17:21,374 --> 00:17:22,974
Juno is actually giving us
a view
339
00:17:22,976 --> 00:17:24,942
into the history
of our planetary system,
340
00:17:24,944 --> 00:17:28,679
even the history of earth.
341
00:17:28,681 --> 00:17:31,082
Narrator:
4.6 billion years ago,
342
00:17:31,084 --> 00:17:35,153
a cloud of hydrogen gas
and cosmic dust collapses,
343
00:17:35,155 --> 00:17:38,723
sparking nuclear fusion.
344
00:17:38,725 --> 00:17:41,192
From the resulting chaos,
345
00:17:41,194 --> 00:17:44,328
one star, four rocky worlds,
346
00:17:44,330 --> 00:17:47,131
and four gassy giants are born
347
00:17:47,133 --> 00:17:52,270
and form our solar system.
348
00:17:52,272 --> 00:17:54,472
There's these distinct zones
of the solar system --
349
00:17:54,474 --> 00:17:56,340
rocky and metallic
in the inner part,
350
00:17:56,342 --> 00:17:58,609
gaseous and water-rich
in the outer part,
351
00:17:58,611 --> 00:18:01,312
and even without thinking
about that too hard,
352
00:18:01,314 --> 00:18:04,382
it kind of makes sense
because in close to the sun,
353
00:18:04,384 --> 00:18:05,650
it's warmer.
354
00:18:05,652 --> 00:18:09,120
Out farther away from the sun,
it's cooler.
355
00:18:09,122 --> 00:18:12,623
Narrator: But the earth
breaks the mold.
356
00:18:12,625 --> 00:18:17,628
Our planet has far more water
than theories predict.
357
00:18:17,630 --> 00:18:19,697
The earth formed in a part
of the solar system that,
358
00:18:19,699 --> 00:18:21,766
well, you'd think normally
should be probably pretty dry
359
00:18:21,768 --> 00:18:24,335
because it was pretty
close to the sun.
360
00:18:24,337 --> 00:18:28,039
Narrator: Our planet is just
150 million miles from the sun,
361
00:18:28,041 --> 00:18:33,377
putting us inside what
scientists call the snow line.
362
00:18:33,379 --> 00:18:36,314
Inside this line,
the sun is powerful enough
363
00:18:36,316 --> 00:18:42,186
to evaporate water
during a planet's formation.
364
00:18:42,188 --> 00:18:44,555
Inside the snow line,
the temperatures are high,
365
00:18:44,557 --> 00:18:47,492
and there's a lot of energy
from the sun nearby.
366
00:18:47,494 --> 00:18:48,926
Too close to the sun,
367
00:18:48,928 --> 00:18:52,296
those gaseous and ice-rich
materials just can't exist.
368
00:18:52,298 --> 00:18:55,600
They're evaporate away
by the heat of the sun.
369
00:18:55,602 --> 00:19:00,872
Narrator: Our watery world
should be a dry rock in space.
370
00:19:00,874 --> 00:19:03,474
Understanding how water got
to the earth is so important
371
00:19:03,476 --> 00:19:07,545
because it wouldn't be there
in the very, very beginning.
372
00:19:07,547 --> 00:19:11,916
Narrator: But jupiter could hold
the answer to this mystery.
373
00:19:11,918 --> 00:19:14,452
To solve the riddle
of earth's water,
374
00:19:14,454 --> 00:19:19,423
juno aims to discover
where our jupiter was born.
375
00:19:19,425 --> 00:19:21,726
Understanding how and where
376
00:19:21,728 --> 00:19:24,162
and when jupiter formed
is critical
377
00:19:24,164 --> 00:19:25,630
because it has really dominated
378
00:19:25,632 --> 00:19:28,466
the entire evolution
of the solar system.
379
00:19:28,468 --> 00:19:30,301
It's the biggest planet by far.
380
00:19:30,303 --> 00:19:34,772
It's the biggest thing out there
that's moving everything around.
381
00:19:34,774 --> 00:19:36,908
Narrator: Any water in the early
solar system
382
00:19:36,910 --> 00:19:40,545
could've been moved around
by jupiter's mighty gravity,
383
00:19:40,547 --> 00:19:44,515
so if juno can trace the history
of this giant planet,
384
00:19:44,517 --> 00:19:49,320
that could explain why we find
h2o where it's least expected.
385
00:19:49,322 --> 00:19:51,989
We know that planets can move
closer to the sun
386
00:19:51,991 --> 00:19:53,858
and farther out
while they're forming
387
00:19:53,860 --> 00:19:55,660
and even after they form,
388
00:19:55,662 --> 00:19:59,096
so how do we figure out
where jupiter formed?
389
00:19:59,098 --> 00:20:01,332
Narrator:
The key is how much water is
390
00:20:01,334 --> 00:20:04,035
locked up inside jupiter.
391
00:20:04,037 --> 00:20:09,173
If we can understand how jupiter
built a relationship with water,
392
00:20:09,175 --> 00:20:11,676
we can understand
how water got distributed
393
00:20:11,678 --> 00:20:17,114
all throughout the solar system,
including here on earth.
394
00:20:17,116 --> 00:20:20,451
Narrator: If juno can measure
the water content of jupiter,
395
00:20:20,453 --> 00:20:23,854
it will solve
a 20-year-old mystery.
396
00:20:23,856 --> 00:20:25,856
♪
397
00:20:25,858 --> 00:20:28,459
December 1995 --
398
00:20:28,461 --> 00:20:32,129
nasa's galileo probe
begins a fatal dive
399
00:20:32,131 --> 00:20:35,299
into jupiter's atmosphere.
400
00:20:35,301 --> 00:20:39,503
When it did, it was able to
measure the atmosphere around it
401
00:20:39,505 --> 00:20:43,207
and detect water,
and the thing is -- it didn't.
402
00:20:43,209 --> 00:20:46,444
It didn't find any,
and that's weird.
403
00:20:46,446 --> 00:20:49,547
Everything was bone-dry,
so why in the world
404
00:20:49,549 --> 00:20:52,516
did jupiter's atmosphere
look dry?
405
00:20:52,518 --> 00:20:55,586
Narrator: If the results from
the galileo probe are correct,
406
00:20:55,588 --> 00:20:58,055
then 4.6 billion years ago,
407
00:20:58,057 --> 00:21:02,126
jupiter formed
closer to the sun,
408
00:21:02,128 --> 00:21:04,495
but that's not the whole story.
409
00:21:04,497 --> 00:21:10,134
20 years later, nasa sends
juno to get a second opinion.
410
00:21:10,136 --> 00:21:13,571
Juno is an orbiter, and so it
is loaded with instruments
411
00:21:13,573 --> 00:21:15,706
and detectors
to look down on jupiter
412
00:21:15,708 --> 00:21:19,543
and try to figure out
everything that's going on.
413
00:21:19,545 --> 00:21:21,212
Narrator:
Juno doesn't have to risk
414
00:21:21,214 --> 00:21:24,081
its life to hunt for water.
415
00:21:24,083 --> 00:21:26,951
The craft peers through
jupiter's thick clouds
416
00:21:26,953 --> 00:21:32,723
using a microwave radiometer to
detect h2o from a safe distance.
417
00:21:32,725 --> 00:21:34,358
Using these microwaves,
418
00:21:34,360 --> 00:21:38,462
juno builds up a global map
of jupiter's water.
419
00:21:38,464 --> 00:21:39,930
What juno has found is,
yeah,
420
00:21:39,932 --> 00:21:42,933
there's plenty of water
in jupiter,
421
00:21:42,935 --> 00:21:46,203
it's just that galileo
happened to hit a dry spot,
422
00:21:46,205 --> 00:21:49,006
but in fact, if it had
come in almost anywhere else,
423
00:21:49,008 --> 00:21:53,010
it would've seen
plenty of water.
424
00:21:53,012 --> 00:21:55,579
Narrator: Juno's findings
may give a clue
425
00:21:55,581 --> 00:21:59,717
to where jupiter
originally formed.
426
00:21:59,719 --> 00:22:02,820
It seems apparent now that
jupiter
427
00:22:02,822 --> 00:22:06,857
didn't form
in its present location.
428
00:22:06,859 --> 00:22:08,059
Narrator:
The leading theory is that
429
00:22:08,061 --> 00:22:10,895
jupiter formed
just beyond the snow line,
430
00:22:10,897 --> 00:22:14,165
the boundary between
the dry inner solar system
431
00:22:14,167 --> 00:22:16,634
and the wet outer
solar system.
432
00:22:16,636 --> 00:22:19,804
But we find jupiter is twice
as far away from the sun
433
00:22:19,806 --> 00:22:22,640
as where that original
snow line would've been,
434
00:22:22,642 --> 00:22:26,510
so this is telling us
something interesting.
435
00:22:26,512 --> 00:22:27,678
Narrator:
Jupiter may have wandered from
436
00:22:27,680 --> 00:22:29,547
its original position,
437
00:22:29,549 --> 00:22:33,050
causing unimaginable chaos.
438
00:22:33,052 --> 00:22:35,219
As jupiter moved around,
things got hit
439
00:22:35,221 --> 00:22:37,421
and knocked out
of the solar system.
440
00:22:37,423 --> 00:22:39,724
Walsh: It essentially scatters
everything in its path.
441
00:22:39,726 --> 00:22:42,526
It's the biggest player.
It's the biggest planet.
442
00:22:42,528 --> 00:22:44,662
Everything moves for it.
443
00:22:44,664 --> 00:22:48,132
Narrator: As jupiter bulldozes
toward the outer solar system,
444
00:22:48,134 --> 00:22:50,234
it slings ice-rich asteroids
445
00:22:50,236 --> 00:22:55,373
and comets in towards the sun
and towards the earth.
446
00:22:55,375 --> 00:22:59,910
♪
447
00:22:59,912 --> 00:23:01,645
jupiter would literally
in some sense
448
00:23:01,647 --> 00:23:04,749
have snowplowed
into the inner solar system
449
00:23:04,751 --> 00:23:06,851
a whole wave
of water-rich planetesimals
450
00:23:06,853 --> 00:23:11,856
that would've delivered
much of our earth's oceans.
451
00:23:11,858 --> 00:23:15,359
Narrator: Juno has helped answer
why our earth is habitable
452
00:23:15,361 --> 00:23:17,962
despite being so close
to the sun.
453
00:23:17,964 --> 00:23:20,264
So it was worth going all
that distance,
454
00:23:20,266 --> 00:23:23,200
sending juno all the way out
there to get that closer look.
455
00:23:23,202 --> 00:23:26,737
♪
456
00:23:26,739 --> 00:23:28,472
narrator:
Juno continues to explore
457
00:23:28,474 --> 00:23:33,077
jupiter's mysteries
and its famous features.
458
00:23:33,079 --> 00:23:35,379
There is nothing more iconic
about jupiter
459
00:23:35,381 --> 00:23:37,381
than the great red spot.
460
00:23:37,383 --> 00:23:41,652
Narrator: And juno reveals
that this 300-year-old cyclone
461
00:23:41,654 --> 00:23:44,688
may soon vanish.
462
00:23:51,431 --> 00:23:57,268
♪
463
00:23:57,270 --> 00:23:59,103
narrator:
Our solar system plays host
464
00:23:59,105 --> 00:24:01,472
to some epic natural wonders --
465
00:24:01,474 --> 00:24:03,541
the ice geysers of enceladus,
466
00:24:03,543 --> 00:24:06,677
the giant rings of saturn,
467
00:24:06,679 --> 00:24:10,648
the martian mega volcano
olympus mons,
468
00:24:10,650 --> 00:24:13,184
but in July of 2017,
469
00:24:13,186 --> 00:24:17,021
nasa's juno probe skims
the surface of jupiter
470
00:24:17,023 --> 00:24:22,193
and photographs the most famous
natural wonder --
471
00:24:22,195 --> 00:24:24,728
a fierce, hurricane-like storm
472
00:24:24,730 --> 00:24:29,033
that's been raging
for hundreds of years.
473
00:24:29,035 --> 00:24:30,334
When you think of jupiter,
474
00:24:30,336 --> 00:24:32,636
one of the most
visually stunning
475
00:24:32,638 --> 00:24:34,839
and most iconic features
of the atmosphere
476
00:24:34,841 --> 00:24:36,841
is that great red spot.
477
00:24:36,843 --> 00:24:38,676
There is nothing like
jupiter's red spot
478
00:24:38,678 --> 00:24:42,079
in our entire solar system.
479
00:24:42,081 --> 00:24:45,015
Narrator: As juno soars
over the great red spot,
480
00:24:45,017 --> 00:24:49,453
it looks down onto a storm
over 10,000 miles across.
481
00:24:49,455 --> 00:24:52,990
♪
482
00:24:52,992 --> 00:24:55,025
thaller: This is
the most extreme storm.
483
00:24:55,027 --> 00:24:56,727
The winds are
blowing continuously
484
00:24:56,729 --> 00:24:59,964
at 400 miles an hour.
485
00:24:59,966 --> 00:25:03,567
Narrator: On earth, the most
powerful category 5 hurricanes
486
00:25:03,569 --> 00:25:06,537
can unleash
almost total destruction,
487
00:25:06,539 --> 00:25:09,473
but these are less
than half as powerful
488
00:25:09,475 --> 00:25:11,775
as the storm on jupiter.
489
00:25:11,777 --> 00:25:14,345
The great red spot is
the greatest hurricane
490
00:25:14,347 --> 00:25:16,413
that you've ever imagined.
491
00:25:16,415 --> 00:25:17,882
Narrator: But that's not all.
492
00:25:17,884 --> 00:25:22,419
Juno's microwave radiometer
allows scientists to see through
493
00:25:22,421 --> 00:25:26,457
jupiter's cloud layers
for the first time.
494
00:25:26,459 --> 00:25:30,160
Juno has instrumentation
that's able to look underneath,
495
00:25:30,162 --> 00:25:31,595
so one of the things
we did was we looked
496
00:25:31,597 --> 00:25:33,564
at how deep are the roots.
497
00:25:33,566 --> 00:25:35,799
Narrator:
Juno peers down into the eye
498
00:25:35,801 --> 00:25:37,535
of this monstrous storm.
499
00:25:37,537 --> 00:25:40,804
It spots temperature changes
far below the surface
500
00:25:40,806 --> 00:25:43,474
that follow the storm's
iconic shape,
501
00:25:43,476 --> 00:25:46,510
tracing the roots
of the great red spot
502
00:25:46,512 --> 00:25:49,179
deep into
the jovian atmosphere.
503
00:25:49,181 --> 00:25:50,814
They found out that
it goes down over
504
00:25:50,816 --> 00:25:54,351
200 miles
deep into the atmosphere.
505
00:25:54,353 --> 00:25:56,253
There's nothing
like that on earth.
506
00:25:56,255 --> 00:25:59,557
♪
507
00:25:59,559 --> 00:26:02,226
narrator: The greatest cyclones
of our own planet
508
00:26:02,228 --> 00:26:05,429
can reach heights
of around 10 miles,
509
00:26:05,431 --> 00:26:10,601
but jupiter's great red spot
is over 20 times taller.
510
00:26:10,603 --> 00:26:12,670
I think that really brings
into perspective
511
00:26:12,672 --> 00:26:14,772
the massive scale
of this planet.
512
00:26:14,774 --> 00:26:18,075
♪
513
00:26:18,077 --> 00:26:20,611
narrator: Jupiter's vast,
turbulent atmosphere
514
00:26:20,613 --> 00:26:24,248
hosts the deepest storm
mankind has ever seen,
515
00:26:24,250 --> 00:26:28,385
and juno's discoveries
get scientists wondering.
516
00:26:28,387 --> 00:26:31,322
Could the great red spot
help explain
517
00:26:31,324 --> 00:26:34,124
another of jupiter's mysteries,
518
00:26:34,126 --> 00:26:39,396
the planet's surprisingly
warm atmosphere?
519
00:26:39,398 --> 00:26:42,232
Jupiter looks out
in our outer solar system
520
00:26:42,234 --> 00:26:43,701
where everything
is very cold.
521
00:26:43,703 --> 00:26:47,371
The sun is very dim
when you get that far away.
522
00:26:47,373 --> 00:26:50,441
Jupiter is five times farther
from the sun than we are,
523
00:26:50,443 --> 00:26:52,176
so it's only getting 4%
524
00:26:52,178 --> 00:26:54,745
of the amount of energy
from the sun that we do.
525
00:26:54,747 --> 00:26:56,013
Thaller:
But there's something heating up
526
00:26:56,015 --> 00:26:57,348
the atmosphere of jupiter.
527
00:26:57,350 --> 00:27:00,351
There are parts of it
that are many times warmer
528
00:27:00,353 --> 00:27:01,852
than we could explain
with sunlight.
529
00:27:01,854 --> 00:27:03,587
The question is, of course,
where is that energy
530
00:27:03,589 --> 00:27:06,290
coming from?
531
00:27:06,292 --> 00:27:09,360
Narrator: Juno swoops in for
another pass on jupiter,
532
00:27:09,362 --> 00:27:11,629
turning its
high-resolution cameras
533
00:27:11,631 --> 00:27:16,266
on the raging storm below.
534
00:27:16,268 --> 00:27:18,535
The storm unleashes
vicious turbulence
535
00:27:18,537 --> 00:27:20,437
into the surrounding atmosphere,
536
00:27:20,439 --> 00:27:22,940
giving scientists the clue
they need
537
00:27:22,942 --> 00:27:26,243
to explain
the planet's high temperature.
538
00:27:26,245 --> 00:27:29,480
The great red spot
is a giant hurricane
539
00:27:29,482 --> 00:27:34,018
that's powered by heat deep
in the core of jupiter,
540
00:27:34,020 --> 00:27:37,821
but it has such violent
and chaotic motion,
541
00:27:37,823 --> 00:27:40,290
it's mixing up
the atmosphere around it.
542
00:27:40,292 --> 00:27:43,794
♪
543
00:27:43,796 --> 00:27:46,030
the thunderstorms on jupiter
are gonna be generating
544
00:27:46,032 --> 00:27:48,032
booming thunder
just the same way
545
00:27:48,034 --> 00:27:52,169
that they do here on the earth.
546
00:27:52,171 --> 00:27:54,338
Narrator:
Thunderclouds send sound waves
547
00:27:54,340 --> 00:27:58,976
rippling through the storm.
548
00:27:58,978 --> 00:28:03,547
A sound wave is a wave
of pressure,
549
00:28:03,549 --> 00:28:06,617
of compression
where air molecules
550
00:28:06,619 --> 00:28:09,319
or water molecules
get compacted.
551
00:28:09,321 --> 00:28:10,754
They get squeezed together,
552
00:28:10,756 --> 00:28:12,723
and when you squeeze
something together,
553
00:28:12,725 --> 00:28:14,024
they're a lot closer together
554
00:28:14,026 --> 00:28:15,459
and they're gonna
get pretty hot.
555
00:28:15,461 --> 00:28:18,228
♪
556
00:28:18,230 --> 00:28:20,064
narrator:
These sounds waves shoot up
557
00:28:20,066 --> 00:28:23,434
500 miles above the storm
558
00:28:23,436 --> 00:28:26,837
where they break, converting
sound energy into heat.
559
00:28:26,839 --> 00:28:30,708
These sound waves,
they crash together,
560
00:28:30,710 --> 00:28:32,776
creating a tremendous
amount of energy
561
00:28:32,778 --> 00:28:36,980
and heating the gases
around them.
562
00:28:36,982 --> 00:28:39,583
Narrator: Jupiter's great
red spot has helped heat
563
00:28:39,585 --> 00:28:42,486
the jovian atmosphere
for hundreds of years,
564
00:28:42,488 --> 00:28:48,292
but new images suggest that
this may be about to change.
565
00:28:48,294 --> 00:28:50,194
Jupiter's red spot is so big,
566
00:28:50,196 --> 00:28:53,363
I mean, it's bigger than earth
by a long shot.
567
00:28:53,365 --> 00:28:56,400
It seems like it would be
an incredibly stable thing.
568
00:28:56,402 --> 00:28:59,803
It's just there and it's always
been there and always will be.
569
00:28:59,805 --> 00:29:03,507
Recently,
we've seen it changing.
570
00:29:03,509 --> 00:29:05,809
Narrator: When nasa's voyager
space probe visited
571
00:29:05,811 --> 00:29:07,945
jupiter in 1979,
572
00:29:07,947 --> 00:29:11,181
it observed a storm
twice the diameter of earth.
573
00:29:11,183 --> 00:29:15,686
♪
574
00:29:15,688 --> 00:29:20,190
in 2017, juno's images
show the great red spot
575
00:29:20,192 --> 00:29:24,628
has lost a third of its width,
but that's not all.
576
00:29:24,630 --> 00:29:28,866
Despite the storm shrinking,
it's actually getting taller.
577
00:29:28,868 --> 00:29:31,735
The great red spot is being
stretched and forced
578
00:29:31,737 --> 00:29:34,805
into jupiter's upper atmosphere.
579
00:29:34,807 --> 00:29:36,373
The storms in
the great red spot,
580
00:29:36,375 --> 00:29:39,042
it's kind of like the clay
on a potter's wheel,
581
00:29:39,044 --> 00:29:41,178
where as you bring your hands
closer together
582
00:29:41,180 --> 00:29:43,914
to draw the clay in,
the closer your hands are,
583
00:29:43,916 --> 00:29:47,251
the taller the pottery becomes,
and similarly, for the storm,
584
00:29:47,253 --> 00:29:49,620
as it becomes
smaller at the base,
585
00:29:49,622 --> 00:29:53,457
it raises taller toward
the upper atmosphere.
586
00:29:53,459 --> 00:29:55,325
It's getting taller,
and we see storms
587
00:29:55,327 --> 00:29:57,694
do the same thing on earth,
and when it does that,
588
00:29:57,696 --> 00:30:00,197
the wind shear will actually
take the top of the storm off
589
00:30:00,199 --> 00:30:02,499
and drag it apart,
and so we'll be watching it
590
00:30:02,501 --> 00:30:04,034
very intently
over the next few years
591
00:30:04,036 --> 00:30:08,572
to see if that's what happens on
jupiter as well.
592
00:30:08,574 --> 00:30:10,374
Narrator: It may be only
a matter of time
593
00:30:10,376 --> 00:30:13,410
before jupiter's
high-altitude winds
594
00:30:13,412 --> 00:30:16,313
tear this iconic storm
to shreds.
595
00:30:16,315 --> 00:30:18,515
The most famous storm
of the solar system
596
00:30:18,517 --> 00:30:20,484
may soon disappear,
597
00:30:20,486 --> 00:30:23,053
but juno reveals other storms
598
00:30:23,055 --> 00:30:26,790
hidden in the strangest
of places.
599
00:30:26,792 --> 00:30:29,159
The storm in the great red spot
is one,
600
00:30:29,161 --> 00:30:32,763
but not the only, giant storm
that's happening on jupiter.
601
00:30:32,765 --> 00:30:36,667
♪
602
00:30:43,442 --> 00:30:49,213
♪
603
00:30:49,215 --> 00:30:52,816
narrator: Nasa's juno probe
has traveled billions of miles
604
00:30:52,818 --> 00:30:54,551
across the solar system
605
00:30:54,553 --> 00:30:58,488
to reveal the mysteries
of gas giant jupiter,
606
00:30:58,490 --> 00:31:00,924
but there's one part
of jupiter
607
00:31:00,926 --> 00:31:04,695
that has remained hidden
until now.
608
00:31:04,697 --> 00:31:07,497
Before juno, our view of jupiter
was very limited.
609
00:31:07,499 --> 00:31:10,367
We'd never actually flown
over the poles.
610
00:31:10,369 --> 00:31:12,069
It's something that's very hard
to do on jupiter.
611
00:31:12,071 --> 00:31:15,539
We don't have other missions
that have done this.
612
00:31:15,541 --> 00:31:19,209
Narrator: In August of 2016,
juno's flight plan takes
613
00:31:19,211 --> 00:31:22,579
the spacecraft
into unknown territory to reveal
614
00:31:22,581 --> 00:31:27,985
jupiter's mysterious polar
regions for the first time.
615
00:31:27,987 --> 00:31:29,620
Well, and the first time
we looked at the pole,
616
00:31:29,622 --> 00:31:31,922
it didn't look anything
like the jupiter we knew.
617
00:31:31,924 --> 00:31:35,626
♪
618
00:31:35,628 --> 00:31:37,327
we never would've guessed
that was jupiter
619
00:31:37,329 --> 00:31:38,562
if somebody had
shown that to us.
620
00:31:38,564 --> 00:31:42,399
♪
621
00:31:42,401 --> 00:31:46,203
narrator: Juno's camera reveals
a strange blue expanse
622
00:31:46,205 --> 00:31:49,106
that puzzles scientists.
623
00:31:49,108 --> 00:31:50,274
The electronic color
624
00:31:50,276 --> 00:31:52,943
could be due to chemical changes
in the clouds
625
00:31:52,945 --> 00:31:56,880
brought on by a lack
of sunlight,
626
00:31:56,882 --> 00:32:00,284
but what juno spots
inside the blue clouds
627
00:32:00,286 --> 00:32:03,387
is even stranger --
628
00:32:03,389 --> 00:32:08,191
giant central cyclones spin
around each pole at 200 miles
629
00:32:08,193 --> 00:32:10,460
an hour, with these cyclones
630
00:32:10,462 --> 00:32:14,965
surrounded by eight
stormy vortices in the north
631
00:32:14,967 --> 00:32:18,302
and five in the south.
632
00:32:18,304 --> 00:32:21,605
There are these weird cyclones,
gigantic swirls,
633
00:32:21,607 --> 00:32:25,575
vortices of gas swirling around
jupiter's poles,
634
00:32:25,577 --> 00:32:28,912
and they're
clearly forming patterns.
635
00:32:28,914 --> 00:32:30,847
It's hard to get
a sense of scale here.
636
00:32:30,849 --> 00:32:32,916
Now the north polar
central cyclone,
637
00:32:32,918 --> 00:32:36,820
that one right at the pole,
that's 2,500 miles across.
638
00:32:36,822 --> 00:32:40,624
That is almost as big as
the continental united states.
639
00:32:40,626 --> 00:32:42,092
What is going on there?
640
00:32:42,094 --> 00:32:44,761
This is nothing like
what we see on earth.
641
00:32:44,763 --> 00:32:47,798
♪
642
00:32:47,800 --> 00:32:51,835
narrator: On earth, our weather
is driven by heat from the sun
643
00:32:51,837 --> 00:32:53,804
that hits our planet
at the equator
644
00:32:53,806 --> 00:32:57,207
and flows across the surface.
645
00:32:57,209 --> 00:33:00,477
Powerful cyclones form
over tropical waters
646
00:33:00,479 --> 00:33:04,348
and move around the planet,
647
00:33:04,350 --> 00:33:07,517
but the polar regions receive
less energy from the sun,
648
00:33:07,519 --> 00:33:11,254
so cyclones
can't form at the poles.
649
00:33:11,256 --> 00:33:13,357
We see that if you're at
the equator,
650
00:33:13,359 --> 00:33:14,591
it's warmer and it's stormier.
651
00:33:14,593 --> 00:33:15,993
If you're at the poles,
652
00:33:15,995 --> 00:33:20,998
where the sun is slightly harder
to see, that activity goes away.
653
00:33:21,000 --> 00:33:22,766
Narrator:
But the weather on jupiter
654
00:33:22,768 --> 00:33:25,135
couldn't be more different.
655
00:33:25,137 --> 00:33:27,371
We see lightning
and convective thunderstorms
656
00:33:27,373 --> 00:33:29,606
at the poles of jupiter
but not at the equator,
657
00:33:29,608 --> 00:33:32,376
and that's sort of the opposite
of what we see on the earth.
658
00:33:32,378 --> 00:33:36,847
The question is,
what's driving jupiter's storms?
659
00:33:36,849 --> 00:33:38,415
Narrator:
Jupiter is five times further
660
00:33:38,417 --> 00:33:40,517
away from the sun
than the earth
661
00:33:40,519 --> 00:33:44,955
and receives only a fraction
of the sun's energy.
662
00:33:44,957 --> 00:33:47,991
Unlike earth,
jupiter's polar regions
663
00:33:47,993 --> 00:33:50,594
seem to be where the action is.
664
00:33:50,596 --> 00:33:53,930
Something is driving
the planet's weird weather,
665
00:33:53,932 --> 00:33:57,601
and juno's scans of the giant
planet's thermal emissions
666
00:33:57,603 --> 00:34:01,705
suggests it could be
jupiter itself.
667
00:34:01,707 --> 00:34:04,441
We can actually see
the internal heat of jupiter
668
00:34:04,443 --> 00:34:05,809
coming right up through,
669
00:34:05,811 --> 00:34:08,045
and so jupiter
will look very bright in areas
670
00:34:08,047 --> 00:34:11,281
where we can see that heat.
671
00:34:11,283 --> 00:34:13,417
Narrator: Juno detects
searing heat
672
00:34:13,419 --> 00:34:16,420
beneath jupiter's cloud bands.
673
00:34:16,422 --> 00:34:19,189
Jupiter has so much material,
so much mass,
674
00:34:19,191 --> 00:34:22,059
so much gravity that
the interior is incredibly dense
675
00:34:22,061 --> 00:34:23,760
and very, very hot.
676
00:34:23,762 --> 00:34:26,730
At the core, it's probably at
many thousands of degrees hotter
677
00:34:26,732 --> 00:34:29,633
than the surface of the sun.
678
00:34:29,635 --> 00:34:33,837
Narrator: This fiery inferno
buried in jupiter's dark heart
679
00:34:33,839 --> 00:34:37,441
is a relic from its birth
billions of years ago.
680
00:34:37,443 --> 00:34:40,210
The violent collisions
that formed the planet
681
00:34:40,212 --> 00:34:42,746
left its core seething hot,
682
00:34:42,748 --> 00:34:45,649
a heat that
remains to this day,
683
00:34:45,651 --> 00:34:50,120
buried under thousands of miles
of insulating gas.
684
00:34:50,122 --> 00:34:52,789
As the heat slowly leaks
outward,
685
00:34:52,791 --> 00:34:55,725
jupiter's fast-rotating
atmosphere
686
00:34:55,727 --> 00:34:59,463
creates vicious cyclones
and thunderstorms.
687
00:34:59,465 --> 00:35:02,232
And that's what's really
driving most of the weather.
688
00:35:02,234 --> 00:35:06,269
It's not the sun.
It's jupiter itself.
689
00:35:06,271 --> 00:35:08,872
Narrator: And as juno soars
over the planet,
690
00:35:08,874 --> 00:35:13,143
it reveals
another weather mystery.
691
00:35:13,145 --> 00:35:16,113
The craft detects bursts
of radio waves
692
00:35:16,115 --> 00:35:19,850
spiking up
to four times a second --
693
00:35:19,852 --> 00:35:24,855
the telltale sign
of ferocious lightning strikes.
694
00:35:24,857 --> 00:35:26,490
Clouds are moving around
in the atmosphere
695
00:35:26,492 --> 00:35:28,358
and building up electric charge
696
00:35:28,360 --> 00:35:30,894
and causing bolts
of lightning to form,
697
00:35:30,896 --> 00:35:35,132
and we've actually seen this
with the juno spacecraft.
698
00:35:35,134 --> 00:35:38,201
These are mega storms
orders of magnitude bigger
699
00:35:38,203 --> 00:35:39,536
than here on earth.
700
00:35:39,538 --> 00:35:43,507
[ thunder crashes ]
701
00:35:43,509 --> 00:35:46,643
narrator: And juno finds there's
more to these thunderclouds
702
00:35:46,645 --> 00:35:50,013
than just flashes of light --
703
00:35:50,015 --> 00:35:54,317
giant icy hailstones of water
and ammonia,
704
00:35:54,319 --> 00:35:57,020
the chemical
which gives jupiter's clouds
705
00:35:57,022 --> 00:36:01,725
their orange color.
706
00:36:01,727 --> 00:36:03,360
High up
in jupiter's atmosphere,
707
00:36:03,362 --> 00:36:07,030
the ammonia is mixing
with the water,
708
00:36:07,032 --> 00:36:09,232
and it becomes a liquid ball
709
00:36:09,234 --> 00:36:11,902
that starts to collect ice
around it,
710
00:36:11,904 --> 00:36:17,107
and it will fall like hail does
deep into jupiter's atmosphere.
711
00:36:17,109 --> 00:36:20,977
Narrator: On earth, hail falls
to the ground and melts,
712
00:36:20,979 --> 00:36:24,681
but on jupiter,
there is no ground.
713
00:36:24,683 --> 00:36:26,917
And it gets lifted
in the atmosphere
714
00:36:26,919 --> 00:36:29,085
because of an updraft
and then more ice,
715
00:36:29,087 --> 00:36:31,321
and it builds bigger,
and then it falls down,
716
00:36:31,323 --> 00:36:32,689
and then it gets
carried back up,
717
00:36:32,691 --> 00:36:38,061
and so hail is often
many layers being built.
718
00:36:38,063 --> 00:36:41,698
Narrator: These ice balls grow
layer by layer as they soar up
719
00:36:41,700 --> 00:36:44,734
and down the atmosphere.
720
00:36:44,736 --> 00:36:47,270
If they formed in storms
here on earth,
721
00:36:47,272 --> 00:36:50,540
they'd cause
some serious damage.
722
00:36:50,542 --> 00:36:52,976
So if you were buzzing around
jupiter
723
00:36:52,978 --> 00:36:55,612
and you were near
where these storms were,
724
00:36:55,614 --> 00:36:59,983
you might get hit by hail
coming up or going down.
725
00:36:59,985 --> 00:37:04,120
This is one of the most violent,
energetic atmospheres
726
00:37:04,122 --> 00:37:07,824
in the entire solar system.
727
00:37:07,826 --> 00:37:09,893
Narrator:
Juno is revealing the secrets
728
00:37:09,895 --> 00:37:12,662
that jupiter has hidden
for decades,
729
00:37:12,664 --> 00:37:17,334
including the mystery
of jupiter's northern lights.
730
00:37:17,336 --> 00:37:19,803
When juno studied the lights
731
00:37:19,805 --> 00:37:21,905
coming from the aurora
on jupiter,
732
00:37:21,907 --> 00:37:24,908
it found that something
really weird is going on.
733
00:37:24,910 --> 00:37:27,944
♪
734
00:37:34,786 --> 00:37:42,826
♪
735
00:37:42,828 --> 00:37:46,429
narrator: On earth, dazzling
auroras light up the skies
736
00:37:46,431 --> 00:37:48,632
as charged particles
from the sun
737
00:37:48,634 --> 00:37:51,268
interact with atoms high
in the atmosphere.
738
00:37:51,270 --> 00:37:54,638
♪
739
00:37:54,640 --> 00:37:58,742
deep in the outer solar system,
jupiter is too far from the sun
740
00:37:58,744 --> 00:38:01,811
for strong auroras
to form in this way,
741
00:38:01,813 --> 00:38:05,048
but high above
the giant planet's poles,
742
00:38:05,050 --> 00:38:09,119
juno spots a seemingly
impossible light show.
743
00:38:09,121 --> 00:38:11,354
♪
744
00:38:11,356 --> 00:38:14,357
the auroras of jupiter
are tremendously larger
745
00:38:14,359 --> 00:38:15,925
than the ones
that we find here on earth.
746
00:38:15,927 --> 00:38:17,961
In fact, the auroral rings
near the poles
747
00:38:17,963 --> 00:38:20,430
are bigger
than our planet itself.
748
00:38:20,432 --> 00:38:21,731
Jupiter's auroras emit
749
00:38:21,733 --> 00:38:24,167
primarily ultraviolet
and x-ray light,
750
00:38:24,169 --> 00:38:26,636
so you can't see it
with the naked human eye,
751
00:38:26,638 --> 00:38:29,606
but if you could see them
and you were at jupiter,
752
00:38:29,608 --> 00:38:32,509
that would be
an amazing light show
753
00:38:32,511 --> 00:38:37,647
because those auroras
are strong.
754
00:38:37,649 --> 00:38:39,049
Narrator:
These glowing displays are
755
00:38:39,051 --> 00:38:41,751
evidence of charged particles
756
00:38:41,753 --> 00:38:45,221
slamming into
jupiter's atmosphere.
757
00:38:45,223 --> 00:38:47,624
But if they're not coming
from the sun,
758
00:38:47,626 --> 00:38:50,327
where are they coming from?
759
00:38:50,329 --> 00:38:52,862
Narrator: Hunting for an answer,
juno snaps an image
760
00:38:52,864 --> 00:38:54,497
of jupiter's southern lights
761
00:38:54,499 --> 00:38:59,469
with its ultraviolet
imaging spectrometer.
762
00:38:59,471 --> 00:39:03,873
Inside the aurora,
it glimpses something strange.
763
00:39:03,875 --> 00:39:06,276
When juno studied the lights
764
00:39:06,278 --> 00:39:08,345
coming from the aurora
on jupiter,
765
00:39:08,347 --> 00:39:11,614
it found that they were
even stronger than expected,
766
00:39:11,616 --> 00:39:13,249
and in fact,
when you look at
767
00:39:13,251 --> 00:39:15,985
jupiter's poles in wavelengths
that our eyes can't see,
768
00:39:15,987 --> 00:39:20,290
for example, ultraviolet,
you see a hot spot.
769
00:39:20,292 --> 00:39:22,459
Narrator:
This hot spot marks the point
770
00:39:22,461 --> 00:39:25,762
where huge concentrations
of charged particles
771
00:39:25,764 --> 00:39:28,765
strike jupiter's atmosphere.
772
00:39:28,767 --> 00:39:31,801
Tracing their trajectory
reveals the culprit
773
00:39:31,803 --> 00:39:34,404
of jupiter's dazzling
light shows --
774
00:39:34,406 --> 00:39:36,973
the volcanoes
of jupiter's moons.
775
00:39:36,975 --> 00:39:39,709
♪
776
00:39:39,711 --> 00:39:42,579
jupiter's moon, io has hundreds
of active volcanoes
777
00:39:42,581 --> 00:39:45,115
spewing out materials
way out into space,
778
00:39:45,117 --> 00:39:49,386
and many of those get trapped by
the magnetic field of jupiter.
779
00:39:49,388 --> 00:39:53,390
Narrator: Io's volcanoes fire
out jets of charged particles,
780
00:39:53,392 --> 00:39:57,560
which are swept by the giant
planet's magnetic field.
781
00:39:57,562 --> 00:39:59,129
It's funneling those
particles down
782
00:39:59,131 --> 00:40:04,167
and slamming into specific spots
in jupiter's atmosphere.
783
00:40:04,169 --> 00:40:06,436
Narrator: But io isn't
the only moon responsible
784
00:40:06,438 --> 00:40:09,439
for jupiter's
polar light show.
785
00:40:09,441 --> 00:40:12,776
If we go further out,
europa, ganymede,
786
00:40:12,778 --> 00:40:14,110
callisto,
those are more icy.
787
00:40:14,112 --> 00:40:16,913
They don't necessarily
have volcanoes.
788
00:40:16,915 --> 00:40:18,915
Narrator:
These icy moons twist up
789
00:40:18,917 --> 00:40:22,285
jupiter's magnetic field
in their own way.
790
00:40:22,287 --> 00:40:24,854
Some of these moons have
magnetic fields that interact
791
00:40:24,856 --> 00:40:26,456
with jupiter's magnetic field,
792
00:40:26,458 --> 00:40:31,761
and that actually intensifies
the aurora display on jupiter.
793
00:40:31,763 --> 00:40:33,630
Narrator:
Jupiter's moons work together
794
00:40:33,632 --> 00:40:37,934
to energize the greatest auroras
in the solar system,
795
00:40:37,936 --> 00:40:40,136
but in these
beautiful displays
796
00:40:40,138 --> 00:40:45,141
is a stark reminder
of the danger juno faces.
797
00:40:45,143 --> 00:40:47,277
When you look at these pictures
of the aurora on jupiter,
798
00:40:47,279 --> 00:40:48,545
and you think,
oh, that's beautiful.
799
00:40:48,547 --> 00:40:49,979
Wouldn't it be great
to see that in person?
800
00:40:49,981 --> 00:40:52,515
The answer is no,
no, it wouldn't
801
00:40:52,517 --> 00:40:54,417
because they will kill you.
802
00:40:54,419 --> 00:40:57,921
What's causing these displays
are subatomic particles
803
00:40:57,923 --> 00:41:00,790
accelerated to tremendously
high speeds
804
00:41:00,792 --> 00:41:03,526
by the magnetic fields
involved.
805
00:41:03,528 --> 00:41:06,629
Narrator: The radiation around
jupiter is lethal
806
00:41:06,631 --> 00:41:08,965
and not just for humans.
807
00:41:08,967 --> 00:41:11,534
The lifetime of the juno
mission is very limited
808
00:41:11,536 --> 00:41:14,504
by the extreme conditions
it has to survive in.
809
00:41:14,506 --> 00:41:15,872
We think that in the future,
810
00:41:15,874 --> 00:41:17,640
a lot of the instruments
will be so irradiated,
811
00:41:17,642 --> 00:41:21,277
they won't really work anymore.
812
00:41:21,279 --> 00:41:23,980
Narrator: When juno's titanium
armor finally fails,
813
00:41:23,982 --> 00:41:29,652
jupiter's deadly radiation will
damage the craft beyond repair,
814
00:41:29,654 --> 00:41:32,722
so the team plan to go out
with a bang,
815
00:41:32,724 --> 00:41:36,459
thrusting juno into
jupiter's atmosphere,
816
00:41:36,461 --> 00:41:39,562
where the craft
will be torn to pieces.
817
00:41:39,564 --> 00:41:42,866
Eventually, it'll be drawn down
into jupiter's depths
818
00:41:42,868 --> 00:41:46,002
and become a part
of the planet itself.
819
00:41:46,004 --> 00:41:47,604
Narrator: But before then,
820
00:41:47,606 --> 00:41:51,307
juno has many
more mysteries to unlock.
821
00:41:51,309 --> 00:41:54,310
We'll answer some questions,
and we'll raise some more.
822
00:41:54,312 --> 00:41:56,079
That's what I expect
823
00:41:56,081 --> 00:41:59,616
and we'll get some
fantastic images.
824
00:41:59,618 --> 00:42:03,052
Every single thing has turned
out to be a surprise.
825
00:42:03,054 --> 00:42:05,522
There are so many things that
juno has opened our eyes to that
826
00:42:05,524 --> 00:42:08,491
I can't imagine
having not sent it.
827
00:42:08,493 --> 00:42:10,093
So we're in for at least a year
828
00:42:10,095 --> 00:42:13,830
more of the most profound
surprises about jupiter.
829
00:42:13,832 --> 00:42:16,799
What we're learning,
what we're unlocking,
830
00:42:16,801 --> 00:42:18,301
not just about jupiter,
831
00:42:18,303 --> 00:42:20,270
but the formation
of the solar system
832
00:42:20,272 --> 00:42:23,239
and potential formation
of life itself
833
00:42:23,241 --> 00:42:24,974
here on earth,
834
00:42:24,976 --> 00:42:26,109
it's mind-blowing.
835
00:42:26,111 --> 00:42:28,478
♪
74073
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