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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:01,752 --> 00:00:02,786 >> NARRATOR: What if we could 2 00:00:02,819 --> 00:00:04,254 tell you everything, the entire 3 00:00:04,288 --> 00:00:07,491 history of the world?the entire 4 00:00:07,524 --> 00:00:08,625 Now, what if we told you wetire 5 00:00:08,659 --> 00:00:12,162 could do it in just two hours?e 6 00:00:12,196 --> 00:00:13,564 We're going to tell the whole?e 7 00:00:13,597 --> 00:00:15,899 story, from the Big Bang to the 8 00:00:15,933 --> 00:00:18,202 present day.the Big Bang to the 9 00:00:18,235 --> 00:00:20,337 How the planet prepared for the 10 00:00:20,370 --> 00:00:22,439 rise of man;et prepared for the 11 00:00:22,472 --> 00:00:24,975 how the Stone Age led to thethe 12 00:00:25,008 --> 00:00:26,643 steam engine; Age led to thethe 13 00:00:26,677 --> 00:00:28,812 how the first seeds sproutedthe 14 00:00:28,845 --> 00:00:33,083 into cities and civilizations.e 15 00:00:33,116 --> 00:00:35,485 Everything is connected, ands.e 16 00:00:35,519 --> 00:00:38,689 the path leads to you.d, ands.e 17 00:00:38,722 --> 00:00:41,058 It took history 13.7 billions.e 18 00:00:41,091 --> 00:00:43,560 years to unfold.13.7 billions.e 19 00:00:43,594 --> 00:00:45,028 We'll show you everything you.e 20 00:00:45,062 --> 00:00:46,530 need to know in the next twou.e 21 00:00:46,563 --> 00:00:47,965 hours.o know in the next twou.e 22 00:00:50,300 --> 00:00:51,835 .Captioning sponsored by twou.e 23 00:00:51,868 --> 00:00:54,037 .A&E TELEVISION NETWORKS twou.e 24 00:01:05,816 --> 00:01:07,084 >> NARRATOR: This is our infant 25 00:01:07,117 --> 00:01:09,453 universe.OR: This is our infant 26 00:01:09,486 --> 00:01:10,821 Everything that will ever exist, universe.OR: This is our infant 27 00:01:10,854 --> 00:01:12,856 everything that will ever happen universe.OR: This is our infant 28 00:01:12,889 --> 00:01:15,525 everything that will ever happen all begins here within thisfant 29 00:01:15,559 --> 00:01:17,828 everything that will ever happen tiny bundle of energy smallernt 30 00:01:17,861 --> 00:01:23,066 everything that will ever happen than an atom.f energy smallernt 31 00:01:23,100 --> 00:01:25,102 everything that will ever happen And right now, history as wernt 32 00:01:25,135 --> 00:01:26,536 know it is about to mysteriously And right now, history as wernt 33 00:01:26,570 --> 00:01:29,740 know it is about to mysteriously begin.ght now, history as wernt 34 00:01:29,773 --> 00:01:31,742 know it is about to mysteriously For reasons we may never know,t 35 00:01:31,775 --> 00:01:45,389 know it is about to mysteriously our universe suddenly erupts.,t 36 00:01:45,422 --> 00:01:46,623 >> In a millionth of a millionth our universe suddenly erupts.,t 37 00:01:46,657 --> 00:01:47,724 >> In a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a millionth,t 38 00:01:47,758 --> 00:01:48,959 >> In a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a millionth,t 39 00:01:48,992 --> 00:01:52,696 >> In a millionth of a millionth of a second, it went from ath,t 40 00:01:52,729 --> 00:01:54,031 >> In a millionth of a millionth size smaller than an atom toh,t 41 00:01:54,064 --> 00:01:59,169 >> In a millionth of a millionth bigger than a galaxy.atom toh,t 42 00:01:59,202 --> 00:02:04,341 >> In a millionth of a millionth Whoosh!than a galaxy.atom toh,t 43 00:02:04,374 --> 00:02:05,509 >> In a millionth of a millionth >> NARRATOR: What you're seeing 44 00:02:05,542 --> 00:02:07,444 >> In a millionth of a millionth is energy.R: What you're seeing 45 00:02:07,477 --> 00:02:08,578 >> In a millionth of a millionth And it's one key toou're seeing 46 00:02:08,612 --> 00:02:09,913 >> In a millionth of a millionth understanding everything thatng 47 00:02:09,946 --> 00:02:11,248 >> In a millionth of a millionth will unfold in the next twoatng 48 00:02:11,281 --> 00:02:14,384 >> In a millionth of a millionth hours.nfold in the next twoatng 49 00:02:14,418 --> 00:02:15,752 >> In a millionth of a millionth Within a fraction of a second,g 50 00:02:15,786 --> 00:02:17,454 >> In a millionth of a millionth the Big Bang creates all thed,g 51 00:02:17,487 --> 00:02:18,655 >> In a millionth of a millionth energy that will ever exist--,g 52 00:02:18,689 --> 00:02:21,625 >> In a millionth of a millionth all the energy that will powerg 53 00:02:21,658 --> 00:02:24,561 >> In a millionth of a millionth the stars, that will fuelpowerg 54 00:02:24,594 --> 00:02:27,631 >> In a millionth of a millionth anything that ever lives.powerg 55 00:02:27,664 --> 00:02:29,099 >> In a millionth of a millionth All the energy that you willerg 56 00:02:29,132 --> 00:02:31,401 >> In a millionth of a millionth ever consume dates back tollerg 57 00:02:31,435 --> 00:02:37,307 >> In a millionth of a millionth the beginning of time.k tollerg 58 00:02:37,341 --> 00:02:38,642 >> In a millionth of a millionth >> When you put gas into yourrg 59 00:02:38,675 --> 00:02:40,777 >> In a millionth of a millionth car, you're tapping energy that 60 00:02:40,811 --> 00:02:46,350 >> In a millionth of a millionth was created during the Big Bang. 61 00:02:46,383 --> 00:02:47,884 >> In a millionth of a millionth You're tapping the energy ofang. 62 00:02:47,918 --> 00:02:54,291 >> In a millionth of a millionth the universe itself.nergy ofang. 63 00:02:58,128 --> 00:02:59,930 >> In a millionth of a millionth >> NARRATOR: We're only a fewng. 64 00:02:59,963 --> 00:03:02,199 >> In a millionth of a millionth minutes into our two-hour fewng. 65 00:03:02,232 --> 00:03:03,734 >> In a millionth of a millionth journey but, already, 380,000ng. 66 00:03:03,767 --> 00:03:07,704 >> In a millionth of a millionth years have passed.dy, 380,000ng. 67 00:03:07,738 --> 00:03:09,639 >> In a millionth of a millionth You are about to witness the0ng. 68 00:03:09,673 --> 00:03:11,007 >> In a millionth of a millionth birth of your originalss the0ng. 69 00:03:11,041 --> 00:03:19,349 >> In a millionth of a millionth ancestors, the first atoms.e0ng. 70 00:03:19,383 --> 00:03:22,519 >> In a millionth of a millionth This is hydrogen.rst atoms.e0ng. 71 00:03:22,552 --> 00:03:23,987 >> In a millionth of a millionth The universe will use it toe0ng. 72 00:03:24,020 --> 00:03:25,655 >> In a millionth of a millionth make everything in the world0ng. 73 00:03:25,689 --> 00:03:29,159 >> In a millionth of a millionth around us.thing in the world0ng. 74 00:03:29,192 --> 00:03:30,427 >> In a millionth of a millionth >> Hydrogen is like a baseballg. 75 00:03:30,460 --> 00:03:31,328 >> In a millionth of a millionth team.drogen is like a baseballg. 76 00:03:31,361 --> 00:03:32,462 >> In a millionth of a millionth You say, "What player do I want. 77 00:03:32,496 --> 00:03:34,097 >> In a millionth of a millionth to start my team with?"o I want. 78 00:03:34,131 --> 00:03:34,965 >> In a millionth of a millionth Well, if I want to start a want. 79 00:03:34,998 --> 00:03:35,832 >> In a millionth of a millionth universe, I want to starta want. 80 00:03:35,866 --> 00:03:36,800 >> In a millionth of a millionth it with hydrogen, becausea want. 81 00:03:36,833 --> 00:03:38,135 >> In a millionth of a millionth from that, with a lot of heatnt. 82 00:03:38,168 --> 00:03:39,469 >> In a millionth of a millionth and a lot of pressure, you cant. 83 00:03:39,503 --> 00:03:43,106 >> In a millionth of a millionth build more kinds of atoms. cant. 84 00:03:43,140 --> 00:03:44,574 >> In a millionth of a millionth >> NARRATOR: The first atomsant. 85 00:03:44,608 --> 00:03:45,542 >> In a millionth of a millionth blast through the earlyatomsant. 86 00:03:45,575 --> 00:03:49,546 >> In a millionth of a millionth universe, and luckily for us,nt. 87 00:03:49,579 --> 00:03:54,451 >> In a millionth of a millionth they don't spread out evenly.nt. 88 00:03:54,484 --> 00:03:55,819 >> In a millionth of a millionth Because in those tiny pocketsnt. 89 00:03:55,852 --> 00:03:57,287 >> In a millionth of a millionth with more atoms, gravity,ketsnt. 90 00:03:57,320 --> 00:03:59,156 >> In a millionth of a millionth the great sculptor of the early. 91 00:03:59,189 --> 00:04:01,091 >> In a millionth of a millionth universe, begins to work itsrly. 92 00:04:01,124 --> 00:04:09,900 >> In a millionth of a millionth magic.se, begins to work itsrly. 93 00:04:09,933 --> 00:04:11,268 The first galaxies are beginning magic.se, begins to work itsrly. 94 00:04:11,301 --> 00:04:14,604 The first galaxies are beginning to form, revealing a timelessly. 95 00:04:14,638 --> 00:04:22,345 The first galaxies are beginning secret of the universe.melessly. 96 00:04:22,379 --> 00:04:24,114 The first galaxies are beginning Throughout history, wheneversly. 97 00:04:24,147 --> 00:04:25,482 The first galaxies are beginning more matter and energy can bely. 98 00:04:25,515 --> 00:04:26,616 The first galaxies are beginning drawn together in one place,ely. 99 00:04:26,650 --> 00:04:31,955 The first galaxies are beginning more complex things can emerge.. 100 00:04:31,988 --> 00:04:33,590 The first galaxies are beginning >> We have all of these urbane.. 101 00:04:33,623 --> 00:04:34,958 The first galaxies are beginning centers around the planet where. 102 00:04:34,991 --> 00:04:37,427 The first galaxies are beginning so much creativity, so muchhere. 103 00:04:37,461 --> 00:04:40,230 The first galaxies are beginning art, so much science, so muchre. 104 00:04:40,263 --> 00:04:42,199 The first galaxies are beginning culture came about, becausechre. 105 00:04:42,232 --> 00:04:43,500 The first galaxies are beginning of all these opportunitiesechre. 106 00:04:43,533 --> 00:04:44,734 The first galaxies are beginning for things to interact withchre. 107 00:04:44,768 --> 00:04:47,137 The first galaxies are beginning each other.to interact withchre. 108 00:04:47,170 --> 00:04:48,705 The first galaxies are beginning >> Really, in a sense, wherehre. 109 00:04:48,738 --> 00:04:50,207 The first galaxies are beginning there is stuff, new stuff canre. 110 00:04:50,240 --> 00:04:51,441 The first galaxies are beginning develop, and where there isn'te. 111 00:04:51,475 --> 00:04:52,742 The first galaxies are beginning anything, nothing much cansn'te. 112 00:04:52,776 --> 00:04:55,178 The first galaxies are beginning develop., nothing much cansn'te. 113 00:05:01,151 --> 00:05:02,419 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: 300 million yearse. 114 00:05:02,452 --> 00:05:04,688 The first galaxies are beginning after the Big Bang, inside ofse. 115 00:05:04,721 --> 00:05:08,325 The first galaxies are beginning forming galaxies, gravitye ofse. 116 00:05:08,358 --> 00:05:09,926 The first galaxies are beginning continues to squeeze togetherse. 117 00:05:09,960 --> 00:05:14,164 The first galaxies are beginning clouds of gas and dust, causing. 118 00:05:14,197 --> 00:05:15,499 The first galaxies are beginning pressure and heat to violentlyg. 119 00:05:15,532 --> 00:05:21,037 The first galaxies are beginning rise.ure and heat to violentlyg. 120 00:05:21,071 --> 00:05:22,506 The first galaxies are beginning When the temperature reacheslyg. 121 00:05:22,539 --> 00:05:23,807 The first galaxies are beginning 18 million degrees Fahrenheit,g. 122 00:05:23,840 --> 00:05:25,709 The first galaxies are beginning hydrogen atoms slam together,,g. 123 00:05:25,742 --> 00:05:27,978 The first galaxies are beginning creating a new element, helium,. 124 00:05:28,011 --> 00:05:34,150 The first galaxies are beginning and radiating bursts of energy.. 125 00:05:34,184 --> 00:05:38,588 The first galaxies are beginning The first stars are born.nergy.. 126 00:05:38,622 --> 00:05:40,123 The first galaxies are beginning >> Suddenly, there were thesey.. 127 00:05:40,156 --> 00:05:42,092 The first galaxies are beginning new beacons of light shiningey.. 128 00:05:42,125 --> 00:05:44,227 The first galaxies are beginning forth, pouring energy into the.. 129 00:05:44,261 --> 00:05:47,697 The first galaxies are beginning universe.uring energy into the.. 130 00:05:47,731 --> 00:05:50,467 The first galaxies are beginning Let there be light!gy into the.. 131 00:05:50,500 --> 00:05:52,035 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: But something ise.. 132 00:05:52,068 --> 00:05:52,669 The first galaxies are beginning missing from this earlying ise.. 133 00:05:52,702 --> 00:05:53,904 The first galaxies are beginning universe.rom this earlying ise.. 134 00:05:53,937 --> 00:05:55,171 The first galaxies are beginning There are billions of stars,se.. 135 00:05:55,205 --> 00:05:58,642 The first galaxies are beginning yet not a single planet.ars,se.. 136 00:05:58,708 --> 00:06:00,277 The first galaxies are beginning To form planets, andnet.ars,se.. 137 00:06:00,310 --> 00:06:02,679 The first galaxies are beginning eventually people, to takes,se.. 138 00:06:02,712 --> 00:06:04,381 The first galaxies are beginning the next leap that would makee.. 139 00:06:04,414 --> 00:06:05,515 The first galaxies are beginning all of history possible, theee.. 140 00:06:05,549 --> 00:06:08,184 The first galaxies are beginning universe needs more to work with 141 00:06:08,218 --> 00:06:12,289 The first galaxies are beginning than just hydrogen and helium.th 142 00:06:12,322 --> 00:06:13,390 The first galaxies are beginning >> The complicated elements,m.th 143 00:06:13,423 --> 00:06:14,958 The first galaxies are beginning the heavier things that wes,m.th 144 00:06:14,991 --> 00:06:16,159 The first galaxies are beginning build stuff out of-- forwes,m.th 145 00:06:16,192 --> 00:06:18,261 The first galaxies are beginning example, iron-- or life, builtth 146 00:06:18,295 --> 00:06:20,730 The first galaxies are beginning out of carbon and things liketth 147 00:06:20,764 --> 00:06:21,865 The first galaxies are beginning that, they're actuallygs liketth 148 00:06:21,898 --> 00:06:23,199 The first galaxies are beginning manufactured in stars.gs liketth 149 00:06:23,233 --> 00:06:24,401 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: We may see starstth 150 00:06:24,434 --> 00:06:25,835 The first galaxies are beginning like our own sun as sources ofth 151 00:06:25,869 --> 00:06:28,271 The first galaxies are beginning light, but there is somethingfth 152 00:06:28,305 --> 00:06:31,141 The first galaxies are beginning bigger happening deep inside.fth 153 00:06:31,174 --> 00:06:34,210 The first galaxies are beginning Stars are element factories..fth 154 00:06:34,244 --> 00:06:35,679 The first galaxies are beginning They fuse hydrogen into helium,h 155 00:06:35,712 --> 00:06:37,847 The first galaxies are beginning helium into lithium-- forgingm,h 156 00:06:37,881 --> 00:06:39,983 The first galaxies are beginning 25 of the most common elements,h 157 00:06:40,016 --> 00:06:42,218 The first galaxies are beginning we'll need to live, includings,h 158 00:06:42,252 --> 00:06:44,955 The first galaxies are beginning carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, ands,h 159 00:06:44,988 --> 00:06:47,390 The first galaxies are beginning iron.n, oxygen, nitrogen, ands,h 160 00:06:47,424 --> 00:06:49,593 The first galaxies are beginning So, more than 12 billion years,h 161 00:06:49,626 --> 00:06:51,928 The first galaxies are beginning ago, stars are already creatingh 162 00:06:51,962 --> 00:06:54,397 The first galaxies are beginning the element that will spur thegh 163 00:06:54,431 --> 00:06:57,233 The first galaxies are beginning Iron Age, allow for the building 164 00:06:57,267 --> 00:07:00,103 The first galaxies are beginning of cities and the creation ofing 165 00:07:00,136 --> 00:07:01,938 The first galaxies are beginning some of mankind's most famousing 166 00:07:01,972 --> 00:07:07,744 The first galaxies are beginning monuments.nkind's most famousing 167 00:07:07,777 --> 00:07:08,979 The first galaxies are beginning But a look at the Statue ofusing 168 00:07:09,012 --> 00:07:10,380 The first galaxies are beginning Liberty reveals the next ofusing 169 00:07:10,413 --> 00:07:12,215 The first galaxies are beginning challenge awaiting the earlysing 170 00:07:12,248 --> 00:07:14,384 The first galaxies are beginning universe. awaiting the earlysing 171 00:07:14,417 --> 00:07:15,986 The first galaxies are beginning While the statue's frame isysing 172 00:07:16,019 --> 00:07:18,421 The first galaxies are beginning iron, her skin requires ansysing 173 00:07:18,455 --> 00:07:20,357 The first galaxies are beginning element too heavy to be made ing 174 00:07:20,390 --> 00:07:26,963 The first galaxies are beginning stars.t too heavy to be made ing 175 00:07:26,997 --> 00:07:28,031 The first galaxies are beginning For Lady Liberty to havemade ing 176 00:07:28,064 --> 00:07:32,535 The first galaxies are beginning material for her skin, for there 177 00:07:32,569 --> 00:07:35,939 The first galaxies are beginning to be gold for wedding rings ore 178 00:07:35,972 --> 00:07:38,608 The first galaxies are beginning uranium for nuclear reactors,ore 179 00:07:38,642 --> 00:07:40,477 The first galaxies are beginning some elements had to be createde 180 00:07:40,510 --> 00:07:42,379 The first galaxies are beginning another way.s had to be createde 181 00:07:42,412 --> 00:07:44,014 The first galaxies are beginning Stars don't have enough energyde 182 00:07:44,047 --> 00:07:45,715 The first galaxies are beginning to do the job, but if thenergyde 183 00:07:45,749 --> 00:07:47,984 The first galaxies are beginning element factory isn't powerfulde 184 00:07:48,018 --> 00:07:51,054 The first galaxies are beginning enough, how about blowing up the 185 00:07:51,087 --> 00:07:55,592 The first galaxies are beginning factory?how about blowing up the 186 00:07:55,625 --> 00:07:56,760 The first galaxies are beginning >> Just a few million yearsp the 187 00:07:56,793 --> 00:07:58,862 The first galaxies are beginning after the first stars formed,the 188 00:07:58,895 --> 00:08:00,330 The first galaxies are beginning some of them exploded.formed,the 189 00:08:00,363 --> 00:08:02,465 The first galaxies are beginning Wham!of them exploded.formed,the 190 00:08:02,499 --> 00:08:04,234 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: These explosions,he 191 00:08:04,267 --> 00:08:05,669 The first galaxies are beginning known as supernovas, are thes,he 192 00:08:05,702 --> 00:08:07,437 The first galaxies are beginning biggest blasts in the universehe 193 00:08:07,470 --> 00:08:09,239 The first galaxies are beginning since the Big Bang, providingehe 194 00:08:09,272 --> 00:08:11,041 The first galaxies are beginning the extra boost of energy needed 195 00:08:11,074 --> 00:08:15,045 The first galaxies are beginning to fuse heavier elements. needed 196 00:08:15,078 --> 00:08:17,847 The first galaxies are beginning In the fiery blast of their ownd 197 00:08:17,881 --> 00:08:20,650 The first galaxies are beginning destruction, stars createir ownd 198 00:08:20,684 --> 00:08:27,290 The first galaxies are beginning uranium, gold-- all the rest ofd 199 00:08:27,323 --> 00:08:28,658 The first galaxies are beginning the elements that will fill ourd 200 00:08:28,692 --> 00:08:34,230 The first galaxies are beginning world, including copper.ill ourd 201 00:08:34,264 --> 00:08:35,899 The first galaxies are beginning >> The periodic table of theourd 202 00:08:35,932 --> 00:08:37,834 The first galaxies are beginning elements is really sort of therd 203 00:08:37,867 --> 00:08:40,236 The first galaxies are beginning library of matter in theof therd 204 00:08:40,270 --> 00:08:41,905 The first galaxies are beginning universe.f matter in theof therd 205 00:08:41,938 --> 00:08:43,440 The first galaxies are beginning Those are your building blocks.d 206 00:08:43,473 --> 00:08:44,874 The first galaxies are beginning Everything is coming out of that 207 00:08:44,908 --> 00:08:48,812 The first galaxies are beginning particular chemistry set.of that 208 00:08:55,051 --> 00:08:56,186 The first galaxies are beginning Supernovas are absolutelyof that 209 00:08:56,219 --> 00:08:59,255 The first galaxies are beginning necessary for us to be here.that 210 00:08:59,289 --> 00:09:00,690 The first galaxies are beginning You know, we have iron in ourhat 211 00:09:00,724 --> 00:09:02,092 The first galaxies are beginning blood.ow, we have iron in ourhat 212 00:09:02,125 --> 00:09:03,293 The first galaxies are beginning We have little bits of oldourhat 213 00:09:03,326 --> 00:09:04,728 The first galaxies are beginning supernovae, therefore, justurhat 214 00:09:04,761 --> 00:09:07,163 The first galaxies are beginning floating around through us.urhat 215 00:09:07,197 --> 00:09:10,400 The first galaxies are beginning We are all stardust.ugh us.urhat 216 00:09:10,433 --> 00:09:12,268 The first galaxies are beginning >> Copper and tin, Bronze Age.at 217 00:09:12,302 --> 00:09:13,803 The first galaxies are beginning Without supernovas, there's noat 218 00:09:13,837 --> 00:09:15,472 The first galaxies are beginning Bronze Age.ernovas, there's noat 219 00:09:15,505 --> 00:09:17,674 The first galaxies are beginning Go to any supermarket and buy at 220 00:09:17,707 --> 00:09:19,642 The first galaxies are beginning multivitamin, and go and look in 221 00:09:19,676 --> 00:09:20,610 The first galaxies are beginning the ingredients.d go and look in 222 00:09:20,643 --> 00:09:21,778 The first galaxies are beginning You'll find copper, you'll findn 223 00:09:21,811 --> 00:09:22,912 The first galaxies are beginning zinc, you'll find selenium.findn 224 00:09:22,946 --> 00:09:24,314 The first galaxies are beginning You'll find all sorts ofum.findn 225 00:09:24,347 --> 00:09:26,583 The first galaxies are beginning elements that can only be madedn 226 00:09:26,616 --> 00:09:29,285 The first galaxies are beginning in a supernova.an only be madedn 227 00:09:29,319 --> 00:09:30,487 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: The elements madedn 228 00:09:30,520 --> 00:09:32,122 The first galaxies are beginning by stars will become the seedsdn 229 00:09:32,155 --> 00:09:34,524 The first galaxies are beginning of life on Earth and the drivers 230 00:09:34,557 --> 00:09:37,927 The first galaxies are beginning of human history.and the drivers 231 00:09:37,961 --> 00:09:41,164 The first galaxies are beginning But the journey has just begun.s 232 00:09:41,197 --> 00:09:43,399 The first galaxies are beginning Before there can be life, then.s 233 00:09:43,433 --> 00:09:45,502 The first galaxies are beginning universe has to build us athen.s 234 00:09:45,535 --> 00:09:47,937 The first galaxies are beginning suitable home.o build us athen.s 235 00:09:47,971 --> 00:09:50,373 The first galaxies are beginning To build a proper house, youen.s 236 00:09:50,406 --> 00:09:51,808 The first galaxies are beginning have to assemble the rightouen.s 237 00:09:51,841 --> 00:09:57,280 The first galaxies are beginning materials all in one place.uen.s 238 00:09:57,313 --> 00:09:58,848 The first galaxies are beginning >> Now, when planets form, it'ss 239 00:09:58,882 --> 00:09:59,949 The first galaxies are beginning the same thing.anets form, it'ss 240 00:09:59,983 --> 00:10:01,484 The first galaxies are beginning It's the materials that you have 241 00:10:01,518 --> 00:10:03,520 The first galaxies are beginning at hand that's going to dictatee 242 00:10:03,553 --> 00:10:04,921 The first galaxies are beginning the kind of house that yourtatee 243 00:10:04,954 --> 00:10:06,523 The first galaxies are beginning planet is going to be. yourtatee 244 00:10:06,556 --> 00:10:07,490 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: To get enough oftee 245 00:10:07,524 --> 00:10:09,025 The first galaxies are beginning the right material in the right 246 00:10:09,058 --> 00:10:12,028 The first galaxies are beginning place all at once takes a veryt 247 00:10:12,061 --> 00:10:14,130 The first galaxies are beginning long time.at once takes a veryt 248 00:10:14,164 --> 00:10:15,431 The first galaxies are beginning Over the next eight billioneryt 249 00:10:15,465 --> 00:10:17,634 The first galaxies are beginning years-- more than half ofoneryt 250 00:10:17,667 --> 00:10:19,502 The first galaxies are beginning history, as we know it-- theryt 251 00:10:19,536 --> 00:10:20,937 The first galaxies are beginning element factories continue their 252 00:10:20,970 --> 00:10:23,606 The first galaxies are beginning work.nt factories continue their 253 00:10:23,640 --> 00:10:29,646 The first galaxies are beginning Stars explode and are reborn,eir 254 00:10:29,679 --> 00:10:31,514 The first galaxies are beginning each generation with more heavyr 255 00:10:31,548 --> 00:10:36,786 The first galaxies are beginning elements than the last, untilvyr 256 00:10:36,820 --> 00:10:42,158 The first galaxies are beginning 4.6 billion years ago, finally,r 257 00:10:42,192 --> 00:10:43,526 The first galaxies are beginning there are enough materialsally,r 258 00:10:43,560 --> 00:10:45,461 The first galaxies are beginning gathered for the next step ony,r 259 00:10:45,495 --> 00:10:52,569 The first galaxies are beginning the path to us.e next step ony,r 260 00:10:52,602 --> 00:10:55,905 The first galaxies are beginning A new star is born.xt step ony,r 261 00:10:55,939 --> 00:10:58,274 The first galaxies are beginning This is our sun.rn.xt step ony,r 262 00:10:58,308 --> 00:10:59,976 The first galaxies are beginning It's so massive that it'sp ony,r 263 00:11:00,009 --> 00:11:02,212 The first galaxies are beginning gathered up 99.9% of the gas and 264 00:11:02,245 --> 00:11:04,647 The first galaxies are beginning dust in the solar system, butand 265 00:11:04,681 --> 00:11:06,149 The first galaxies are beginning there's still just enough leftnd 266 00:11:06,182 --> 00:11:07,884 The first galaxies are beginning behind for gravity to buildeftnd 267 00:11:07,917 --> 00:11:12,555 The first galaxies are beginning some other things, like planets. 268 00:11:12,589 --> 00:11:14,891 The first galaxies are beginning The third one out from this star 269 00:11:14,924 --> 00:11:18,728 The first galaxies are beginning will be our home. from this star 270 00:11:18,761 --> 00:11:20,530 The first galaxies are beginning By the time Earth emerges, justr 271 00:11:20,563 --> 00:11:22,365 The first galaxies are beginning over four and half billion years 272 00:11:22,398 --> 00:11:24,400 The first galaxies are beginning ago, two thirds of the historyrs 273 00:11:24,434 --> 00:11:26,102 The first galaxies are beginning of the universe has alreadyoryrs 274 00:11:26,135 --> 00:11:31,040 The first galaxies are beginning passed.universe has alreadyoryrs 275 00:11:31,074 --> 00:11:33,076 The first galaxies are beginning The first sunrises sweep acrosss 276 00:11:33,109 --> 00:11:36,779 The first galaxies are beginning a foreboding alien planet, aosss 277 00:11:36,813 --> 00:11:38,915 The first galaxies are beginning world spinning so rapidly that a 278 00:11:38,948 --> 00:11:43,052 The first galaxies are beginning day lasts only six hours. that a 279 00:11:43,086 --> 00:11:46,322 The first galaxies are beginning >> When you go back to the early 280 00:11:46,356 --> 00:11:48,191 The first galaxies are beginning Earth, right after the planetrly 281 00:11:48,224 --> 00:11:50,260 The first galaxies are beginning formed, you really have to think 282 00:11:50,293 --> 00:11:54,130 The first galaxies are beginning of the Earth as another planet.k 283 00:11:54,163 --> 00:11:55,598 The first galaxies are beginning The sun would have looked outt.k 284 00:11:55,632 --> 00:11:58,601 The first galaxies are beginning over a hellacious scene of justk 285 00:11:58,635 --> 00:12:05,575 The first galaxies are beginning molten lava, and in places, youk 286 00:12:05,608 --> 00:12:07,310 The first galaxies are beginning would see rafts of blackes, youk 287 00:12:07,343 --> 00:12:10,647 The first galaxies are beginning volcanic rock.s of blackes, youk 288 00:12:10,680 --> 00:12:11,681 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Within thekes, youk 289 00:12:11,714 --> 00:12:13,383 The first galaxies are beginning liquefied rock, the elements are 290 00:12:13,416 --> 00:12:16,419 The first galaxies are beginning all in a jumble.the elements are 291 00:12:16,452 --> 00:12:18,354 The first galaxies are beginning Something has to bring order out 292 00:12:18,388 --> 00:12:20,056 The first galaxies are beginning of this chaos.to bring order out 293 00:12:20,089 --> 00:12:22,125 The first galaxies are beginning And once again, that somethingut 294 00:12:22,158 --> 00:12:24,627 The first galaxies are beginning is gravity.ain, that somethingut 295 00:12:24,661 --> 00:12:26,396 The first galaxies are beginning Lighter material drifts towardut 296 00:12:26,429 --> 00:12:28,531 The first galaxies are beginning the surface and forms a soliddut 297 00:12:28,564 --> 00:12:33,569 The first galaxies are beginning crust, while heavier materialdut 298 00:12:33,603 --> 00:12:36,039 The first galaxies are beginning sinks toward the center, forming 299 00:12:36,072 --> 00:12:40,109 The first galaxies are beginning a molten iron-nickel core.orming 300 00:12:40,143 --> 00:12:41,344 The first galaxies are beginning This churning liquid metalorming 301 00:12:41,377 --> 00:12:43,012 The first galaxies are beginning creates a magnetic field thating 302 00:12:43,046 --> 00:12:45,548 The first galaxies are beginning reaches out into space.d thating 303 00:12:45,581 --> 00:12:46,983 The first galaxies are beginning Like a force field, it willating 304 00:12:47,016 --> 00:12:48,518 The first galaxies are beginning protect our future home from the 305 00:12:48,551 --> 00:12:51,487 The first galaxies are beginning Sun's deadly charged particleshe 306 00:12:51,521 --> 00:12:53,623 The first galaxies are beginning Soon, this magnetic field willhe 307 00:12:53,656 --> 00:12:55,725 The first galaxies are beginning allow for life to grow, andillhe 308 00:12:55,758 --> 00:12:57,527 The first galaxies are beginning later, guide the explorers whohe 309 00:12:57,560 --> 00:12:59,495 The first galaxies are beginning will connect two halves of thehe 310 00:12:59,529 --> 00:13:01,331 The first galaxies are beginning world.onnect two halves of thehe 311 00:13:01,364 --> 00:13:03,466 The first galaxies are beginning But for all this to unfold, thee 312 00:13:03,499 --> 00:13:04,801 The first galaxies are beginning Earth will need a critical, thee 313 00:13:04,834 --> 00:13:07,837 The first galaxies are beginning partner.ll need a critical, thee 314 00:13:13,977 --> 00:13:15,678 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: 4.5 billion yearsee 315 00:13:15,712 --> 00:13:17,981 The first galaxies are beginning ago, an object the size of Marse 316 00:13:18,014 --> 00:13:19,849 The first galaxies are beginning smashes into the planet at Marse 317 00:13:19,882 --> 00:13:28,725 The first galaxies are beginning 25,000 miles per hour.t at Marse 318 00:13:28,758 --> 00:13:30,059 The first galaxies are beginning Earth swallows up much of therse 319 00:13:30,093 --> 00:13:39,702 The first galaxies are beginning impactor, but a spray of moltene 320 00:13:39,736 --> 00:13:41,404 The first galaxies are beginning debris is whipped off intooltene 321 00:13:41,437 --> 00:13:44,007 The first galaxies are beginning space. is whipped off intooltene 322 00:13:44,040 --> 00:13:45,274 The first galaxies are beginning Within as little as a year,ltene 323 00:13:45,308 --> 00:13:47,276 The first galaxies are beginning gravity gathers this debris into 324 00:13:47,310 --> 00:13:49,812 The first galaxies are beginning a secondary sphere in orbit into 325 00:13:49,846 --> 00:13:52,615 The first galaxies are beginning around the Earth, where it hasto 326 00:13:52,648 --> 00:13:56,719 The first galaxies are beginning been ever since., where it hasto 327 00:13:56,753 --> 00:13:58,321 The first galaxies are beginning >> The formation of the moon was 328 00:13:58,354 --> 00:14:00,123 The first galaxies are beginning an incredibly important event in 329 00:14:00,156 --> 00:14:01,758 The first galaxies are beginning Earth's history.portant event in 330 00:14:01,791 --> 00:14:03,159 The first galaxies are beginning >> And in fact, its creation, in 331 00:14:03,192 --> 00:14:05,094 The first galaxies are beginning over four billion years ago isin 332 00:14:05,128 --> 00:14:06,262 The first galaxies are beginning really important to the Earth'sn 333 00:14:06,295 --> 00:14:08,164 The first galaxies are beginning climate today.nt to the Earth'sn 334 00:14:08,197 --> 00:14:09,399 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: The moon keepsth'sn 335 00:14:09,432 --> 00:14:11,034 The first galaxies are beginning Earth steady.The moon keepsth'sn 336 00:14:11,067 --> 00:14:12,802 The first galaxies are beginning Its gravitational pull preventsn 337 00:14:12,835 --> 00:14:14,804 The first galaxies are beginning the planet from wobbling, saving 338 00:14:14,837 --> 00:14:17,740 The first galaxies are beginning us from wild climate swings.ving 339 00:14:17,774 --> 00:14:19,142 The first galaxies are beginning And the collision that formeding 340 00:14:19,175 --> 00:14:21,044 The first galaxies are beginning the moon leaves Earth tilted ong 341 00:14:21,077 --> 00:14:24,047 The first galaxies are beginning its axis, giving the planet aong 342 00:14:24,080 --> 00:14:26,983 The first galaxies are beginning key ingredient to life--net aong 343 00:14:27,016 --> 00:14:31,454 The first galaxies are beginning seasons.edient to life--net aong 344 00:14:31,487 --> 00:14:33,456 The first galaxies are beginning >> Having seasons is very, veryg 345 00:14:33,489 --> 00:14:34,590 The first galaxies are beginning important for the evolution ofyg 346 00:14:34,624 --> 00:14:36,526 The first galaxies are beginning life on the Earth, and havingfyg 347 00:14:36,559 --> 00:14:38,361 The first galaxies are beginning some stability in the tilt offyg 348 00:14:38,394 --> 00:14:40,663 The first galaxies are beginning those axes, that's very, veryfyg 349 00:14:40,696 --> 00:14:42,265 The first galaxies are beginning important also for maintainingyg 350 00:14:42,298 --> 00:14:46,269 The first galaxies are beginning life on the Earth. maintainingyg 351 00:14:46,302 --> 00:14:47,303 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: The moon's gravityg 352 00:14:47,336 --> 00:14:48,871 The first galaxies are beginning also begins to slow Earth'svityg 353 00:14:48,905 --> 00:14:51,574 The first galaxies are beginning rotation, which will eventuallyg 354 00:14:51,607 --> 00:14:56,012 The first galaxies are beginning lengthen our days from six hours 355 00:14:56,045 --> 00:14:57,814 The first galaxies are beginning to 24.en our days from six hours 356 00:15:07,190 --> 00:15:08,524 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: 4.4 billion yearsrs 357 00:15:08,558 --> 00:15:11,394 The first galaxies are beginning ago.ARRATOR: 4.4 billion yearsrs 358 00:15:11,427 --> 00:15:12,995 The first galaxies are beginning It's too hot on Earth for liquid 359 00:15:13,029 --> 00:15:15,031 The first galaxies are beginning water to exist, but there'siquid 360 00:15:15,064 --> 00:15:17,433 The first galaxies are beginning water vapor-- steam-- in thequid 361 00:15:17,467 --> 00:15:20,570 The first galaxies are beginning atmosphere.-- steam-- in thequid 362 00:15:20,603 --> 00:15:22,305 The first galaxies are beginning The trick is how to get it outid 363 00:15:22,338 --> 00:15:24,240 The first galaxies are beginning of the sky.s how to get it outid 364 00:15:24,273 --> 00:15:25,708 The first galaxies are beginning Onto any world where you hope to 365 00:15:25,741 --> 00:15:28,277 The first galaxies are beginning have life, a little rain must to 366 00:15:28,311 --> 00:15:35,451 The first galaxies are beginning fall.life, a little rain must to 367 00:15:35,485 --> 00:15:37,186 The first galaxies are beginning For millions of years, as the to 368 00:15:37,220 --> 00:15:40,323 The first galaxies are beginning planet cools, rain pours down,to 369 00:15:40,356 --> 00:15:45,328 The first galaxies are beginning forming puddles, lakes and,wn,to 370 00:15:45,361 --> 00:15:49,832 The first galaxies are beginning eventually, our oceans.and,wn,to 371 00:15:49,866 --> 00:15:52,435 The first galaxies are beginning By 3.8 billion years ago, our,to 372 00:15:52,468 --> 00:15:54,670 The first galaxies are beginning planet has a moon and permanento 373 00:15:54,704 --> 00:15:57,306 The first galaxies are beginning oceans, but it hardly resembleso 374 00:15:57,340 --> 00:16:01,711 The first galaxies are beginning the place we now call home.bleso 375 00:16:01,744 --> 00:16:03,379 The first galaxies are beginning To become the stage for all ofso 376 00:16:03,412 --> 00:16:05,681 The first galaxies are beginning human history, Earth needs anfso 377 00:16:05,715 --> 00:16:08,518 The first galaxies are beginning oxygen-rich atmosphere, fertileo 378 00:16:08,551 --> 00:16:09,819 The first galaxies are beginning continents for people tofertileo 379 00:16:09,852 --> 00:16:12,288 The first galaxies are beginning discover and develop. tofertileo 380 00:16:12,321 --> 00:16:13,623 The first galaxies are beginning Who will create our modernrtileo 381 00:16:13,656 --> 00:16:15,158 The first galaxies are beginning world?ll create our modernrtileo 382 00:16:15,191 --> 00:16:16,192 The first galaxies are beginning There's a trillion of themrtileo 383 00:16:16,225 --> 00:16:19,262 The first galaxies are beginning crawling on your skin right now. 384 00:16:32,992 --> 00:16:34,126 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: We're telling thew. 385 00:16:34,160 --> 00:16:36,462 The first galaxies are beginning history of the world in twothew. 386 00:16:36,496 --> 00:16:38,364 The first galaxies are beginning hours, from the Big Bang to the. 387 00:16:38,397 --> 00:16:40,233 The first galaxies are beginning present day.the Big Bang to the. 388 00:16:40,266 --> 00:16:41,534 The first galaxies are beginning And our modern world holdso the. 389 00:16:41,567 --> 00:16:44,337 The first galaxies are beginning important clues to the story.he. 390 00:16:44,370 --> 00:16:46,038 The first galaxies are beginning In fact, structures like thishe. 391 00:16:46,072 --> 00:16:48,674 The first galaxies are beginning hide a mysterious link to thehe. 392 00:16:48,708 --> 00:16:50,610 The first galaxies are beginning first life on Earth.nk to thehe. 393 00:16:57,917 --> 00:17:02,421 The first galaxies are beginning 3.8 billion years ago, beneathe. 394 00:17:02,455 --> 00:17:03,956 The first galaxies are beginning the surface of our primevalathe. 395 00:17:03,990 --> 00:17:07,960 The first galaxies are beginning oceans, a revolution is takinge. 396 00:17:07,994 --> 00:17:14,166 The first galaxies are beginning place., a revolution is takinge. 397 00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:16,035 The first galaxies are beginning Six simple elements-- including. 398 00:17:16,068 --> 00:17:18,204 The first galaxies are beginning hydrogen from the Big Bang, and. 399 00:17:18,237 --> 00:17:20,273 The first galaxies are beginning oxygen, carbon, and nitrogenand. 400 00:17:20,306 --> 00:17:22,608 The first galaxies are beginning created by stars-- have combined 401 00:17:22,642 --> 00:17:24,544 The first galaxies are beginning to form the key substances thatd 402 00:17:24,577 --> 00:17:27,079 The first galaxies are beginning will make up all life, including 403 00:17:27,113 --> 00:17:30,850 The first galaxies are beginning us.l make up all life, including 404 00:17:30,883 --> 00:17:35,955 The first galaxies are beginning The most spectacular is DNA.ding 405 00:17:35,988 --> 00:17:37,490 The first galaxies are beginning Within its spirals hide the.ding 406 00:17:37,523 --> 00:17:41,894 The first galaxies are beginning secret codes of life.de the.ding 407 00:17:41,928 --> 00:17:44,397 The first galaxies are beginning 700,000 years after the planetng 408 00:17:44,430 --> 00:17:47,967 The first galaxies are beginning first formed, life on Earthnetng 409 00:17:48,000 --> 00:17:51,370 The first galaxies are beginning begins.ormed, life on Earthnetng 410 00:17:51,404 --> 00:17:52,805 The first galaxies are beginning We stand not on the shoulders of 411 00:17:52,838 --> 00:17:56,375 The first galaxies are beginning giants, but of tiny organisms--f 412 00:17:56,409 --> 00:18:00,146 The first galaxies are beginning bacteria.ut of tiny organisms--f 413 00:18:00,179 --> 00:18:01,347 The first galaxies are beginning >> We're very egocentric.isms--f 414 00:18:01,380 --> 00:18:03,416 The first galaxies are beginning We think that we animals run the 415 00:18:03,449 --> 00:18:05,885 The first galaxies are beginning world but, in fact, we are verye 416 00:18:05,918 --> 00:18:07,987 The first galaxies are beginning late entrants.fact, we are verye 417 00:18:08,020 --> 00:18:09,555 The first galaxies are beginning It was an empire of bacteriaerye 418 00:18:09,589 --> 00:18:10,790 The first galaxies are beginning long before animals.bacteriaerye 419 00:18:10,823 --> 00:18:12,625 The first galaxies are beginning Animals come along, and we likee 420 00:18:12,658 --> 00:18:14,060 The first galaxies are beginning to think that we wiped out thate 421 00:18:14,093 --> 00:18:15,861 The first galaxies are beginning empire.k that we wiped out thate 422 00:18:15,895 --> 00:18:17,530 The first galaxies are beginning Well, we would be dead if wehate 423 00:18:17,563 --> 00:18:19,632 The first galaxies are beginning wiped out that empire. if wehate 424 00:18:19,665 --> 00:18:21,734 The first galaxies are beginning I have within me an entire zoote 425 00:18:21,767 --> 00:18:24,470 The first galaxies are beginning of bacteria.n me an entire zoote 426 00:18:24,503 --> 00:18:25,838 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: In fact, each onete 427 00:18:25,871 --> 00:18:27,840 The first galaxies are beginning of us has more bacteria livingte 428 00:18:27,873 --> 00:18:29,508 The first galaxies are beginning in our bodies than there arengte 429 00:18:29,542 --> 00:18:33,279 The first galaxies are beginning people on the planet.ere arengte 430 00:18:33,312 --> 00:18:35,281 The first galaxies are beginning For billions of years , microbes 431 00:18:35,314 --> 00:18:38,050 The first galaxies are beginning like these will have Earth tobes 432 00:18:38,084 --> 00:18:41,053 The first galaxies are beginning themselves.will have Earth tobes 433 00:18:41,087 --> 00:18:43,255 The first galaxies are beginning Like our infant universe, thebes 434 00:18:43,289 --> 00:18:46,659 The first galaxies are beginning first life is small, simple, and 435 00:18:46,692 --> 00:18:48,995 The first galaxies are beginning full of possibilities.imple, and 436 00:18:49,028 --> 00:18:50,196 The first galaxies are beginning The secret of how it explodesand 437 00:18:50,229 --> 00:18:52,398 The first galaxies are beginning into all the incredible forms we 438 00:18:52,431 --> 00:18:54,734 The first galaxies are beginning see today, including us, goes we 439 00:18:54,767 --> 00:18:58,204 The first galaxies are beginning back to the beginning of time.we 440 00:18:58,237 --> 00:19:00,072 The first galaxies are beginning As we've seen, all the energy.we 441 00:19:00,106 --> 00:19:01,907 The first galaxies are beginning that will ever exist was created 442 00:19:01,941 --> 00:19:05,544 The first galaxies are beginning in the Big Bang.xist was created 443 00:19:05,578 --> 00:19:07,580 The first galaxies are beginning All creatures need to grab their 444 00:19:07,613 --> 00:19:10,383 The first galaxies are beginning share of this energy to survive. 445 00:19:10,416 --> 00:19:12,051 The first galaxies are beginning The more we harness, the moreve. 446 00:19:12,084 --> 00:19:14,186 The first galaxies are beginning efficiently we use it, the more. 447 00:19:14,220 --> 00:19:16,789 The first galaxies are beginning complex we can become. the more. 448 00:19:16,822 --> 00:19:18,124 The first galaxies are beginning And almost all of our share ofe. 449 00:19:18,157 --> 00:19:20,593 The first galaxies are beginning the Big Bang's energy is beamed. 450 00:19:20,626 --> 00:19:25,765 The first galaxies are beginning to us by the sun.ergy is beamed. 451 00:19:25,798 --> 00:19:28,901 The first galaxies are beginning Two and half billion years ago,. 452 00:19:28,934 --> 00:19:31,037 The first galaxies are beginning some very special bacteria ago,. 453 00:19:31,070 --> 00:19:32,872 The first galaxies are beginning figure out how to consume theo,. 454 00:19:32,905 --> 00:19:37,076 The first galaxies are beginning sun's energy to live.sume theo,. 455 00:19:37,109 --> 00:19:39,111 The first galaxies are beginning In doing this, they also create. 456 00:19:39,145 --> 00:19:41,047 The first galaxies are beginning the most important waste product 457 00:19:41,080 --> 00:19:45,418 The first galaxies are beginning in the history of the world--uct 458 00:19:45,451 --> 00:19:49,588 The first galaxies are beginning oxygen.history of the world--uct 459 00:19:49,622 --> 00:19:51,557 The first galaxies are beginning Soon, oxygen will remakerld--uct 460 00:19:51,590 --> 00:19:54,527 The first galaxies are beginning our world, but first, it has-uct 461 00:19:54,560 --> 00:19:57,663 The first galaxies are beginning another important job to do.-uct 462 00:19:57,697 --> 00:19:59,799 The first galaxies are beginning Earth's ancient seas are full of 463 00:19:59,832 --> 00:20:01,634 The first galaxies are beginning iron particles, and everyonel of 464 00:20:01,667 --> 00:20:04,637 The first galaxies are beginning knows what happens when oxygenof 465 00:20:04,670 --> 00:20:07,940 The first galaxies are beginning meets iron.happens when oxygenof 466 00:20:07,973 --> 00:20:09,475 The first galaxies are beginning >> Here, I'm a little bacterium. 467 00:20:09,508 --> 00:20:10,676 The first galaxies are beginning I've produced this oxygenterium. 468 00:20:10,710 --> 00:20:12,778 The first galaxies are beginning molecule, and here's a big piece 469 00:20:12,812 --> 00:20:16,682 The first galaxies are beginning of iron and, clump, I rust it.ce 470 00:20:16,716 --> 00:20:17,883 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: This rusted iron.ce 471 00:20:17,917 --> 00:20:22,455 The first galaxies are beginning collects on the sea floor.ron.ce 472 00:20:22,488 --> 00:20:24,223 The first galaxies are beginning Billions of years later, thesece 473 00:20:24,256 --> 00:20:26,392 The first galaxies are beginning huge deposits will be raised upe 474 00:20:26,425 --> 00:20:29,128 The first galaxies are beginning to become major sources of thepe 475 00:20:29,161 --> 00:20:34,734 The first galaxies are beginning world's iron and steel. of thepe 476 00:20:34,767 --> 00:20:36,235 The first galaxies are beginning >> It was these iron depositsepe 477 00:20:36,268 --> 00:20:37,903 The first galaxies are beginning that, later on, drove thesitsepe 478 00:20:37,937 --> 00:20:41,440 The first galaxies are beginning Industrial Revolution.thesitsepe 479 00:20:41,474 --> 00:20:42,775 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: In this way, theepe 480 00:20:42,808 --> 00:20:44,577 The first galaxies are beginning Brooklyn Bridge and the otherepe 481 00:20:44,610 --> 00:20:46,045 The first galaxies are beginning early landmarks of thee otherepe 482 00:20:46,078 --> 00:20:48,314 The first galaxies are beginning Industrial age are a direct link 483 00:20:48,347 --> 00:20:50,316 The first galaxies are beginning to some of the first life formsk 484 00:20:50,349 --> 00:20:53,753 The first galaxies are beginning on Earth.f the first life formsk 485 00:20:53,786 --> 00:20:55,321 The first galaxies are beginning Once there's no more iron leftsk 486 00:20:55,354 --> 00:20:57,623 The first galaxies are beginning in the sea to rust, these leftsk 487 00:20:57,656 --> 00:20:59,525 The first galaxies are beginning ancient bacteria have a missionk 488 00:20:59,558 --> 00:21:01,460 The first galaxies are beginning to complete.eria have a missionk 489 00:21:01,494 --> 00:21:04,430 The first galaxies are beginning They create so much oxygen thatk 490 00:21:04,463 --> 00:21:07,233 The first galaxies are beginning it fills the oceans and escapesk 491 00:21:07,266 --> 00:21:11,003 The first galaxies are beginning into the atmosphere.and escapesk 492 00:21:11,036 --> 00:21:12,304 The first galaxies are beginning >> And from then on, we have ask 493 00:21:12,338 --> 00:21:13,906 The first galaxies are beginning very different planet from allsk 494 00:21:13,939 --> 00:21:15,007 The first galaxies are beginning the other planets in the solarsk 495 00:21:15,040 --> 00:21:16,909 The first galaxies are beginning system.er planets in the solarsk 496 00:21:16,942 --> 00:21:18,477 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Now, life takes ask 497 00:21:18,511 --> 00:21:20,279 The first galaxies are beginning giant leap.: Now, life takes ask 498 00:21:20,312 --> 00:21:21,781 The first galaxies are beginning For the first time, someakes ask 499 00:21:21,814 --> 00:21:23,482 The first galaxies are beginning bacteria learn to live onkes ask 500 00:21:23,516 --> 00:21:25,651 The first galaxies are beginning oxygen.a learn to live onkes ask 501 00:21:25,684 --> 00:21:27,520 The first galaxies are beginning Every human breath is a ritualsk 502 00:21:27,553 --> 00:21:30,456 The first galaxies are beginning two and a half billion yearsalsk 503 00:21:30,489 --> 00:21:34,293 The first galaxies are beginning old.and a half billion yearsalsk 504 00:21:34,326 --> 00:21:35,294 The first galaxies are beginning >> Life tends to stick with what 505 00:21:35,327 --> 00:21:36,428 The first galaxies are beginning works, even over the course ofat 506 00:21:36,462 --> 00:21:38,297 The first galaxies are beginning billions of years.he course ofat 507 00:21:38,330 --> 00:21:40,432 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Oxygen is a gamefat 508 00:21:40,466 --> 00:21:41,600 The first galaxies are beginning changer.TOR: Oxygen is a gamefat 509 00:21:41,634 --> 00:21:43,269 The first galaxies are beginning By taming its power, life hasfat 510 00:21:43,302 --> 00:21:44,770 The first galaxies are beginning found a better way to energizeat 511 00:21:44,804 --> 00:21:47,206 The first galaxies are beginning itself-- 20 times more efficient 512 00:21:47,239 --> 00:21:49,642 The first galaxies are beginning than anything used on Earthcient 513 00:21:49,675 --> 00:21:51,076 The first galaxies are beginning before.ything used on Earthcient 514 00:21:51,110 --> 00:21:52,845 The first galaxies are beginning What life does with all this new 515 00:21:52,878 --> 00:21:55,147 The first galaxies are beginning energy will be the story thatnew 516 00:21:55,181 --> 00:22:03,088 The first galaxies are beginning leads to us.be the story thatnew 517 00:22:03,122 --> 00:22:05,191 The first galaxies are beginning Over the next two billion years, 518 00:22:05,224 --> 00:22:10,563 The first galaxies are beginning life becomes more complex, skies 519 00:22:10,596 --> 00:22:14,033 The first galaxies are beginning become blue, and so do the skies 520 00:22:14,066 --> 00:22:17,303 The first galaxies are beginning oceans that reflect them.e skies 521 00:22:17,336 --> 00:22:20,539 The first galaxies are beginning Large, solid continents appear.s 522 00:22:20,573 --> 00:22:21,874 The first galaxies are beginning Earth is beginning to look mores 523 00:22:21,907 --> 00:22:24,510 The first galaxies are beginning like the place we now call home. 524 00:22:32,885 --> 00:22:36,188 The first galaxies are beginning 550 million years ago.call home. 525 00:22:36,222 --> 00:22:37,456 The first galaxies are beginning As the planet celebrates itsome. 526 00:22:37,489 --> 00:22:40,826 The first galaxies are beginning four billionth birthday, oxygen. 527 00:22:40,860 --> 00:22:42,328 The first galaxies are beginning levels in the atmosphere haveen. 528 00:22:42,361 --> 00:22:44,897 The first galaxies are beginning risen from next to nothing to as 529 00:22:44,930 --> 00:22:49,101 The first galaxies are beginning much as 13%.ext to nothing to as 530 00:22:49,134 --> 00:22:51,203 The first galaxies are beginning Take a deep breath, because life 531 00:22:51,237 --> 00:22:53,973 The first galaxies are beginning on Earth is about to go wild.ife 532 00:23:00,145 --> 00:23:02,748 The first galaxies are beginning This is the Cambrian Explosion,e 533 00:23:02,781 --> 00:23:04,583 The first galaxies are beginning biology's version of the Bigon,e 534 00:23:04,617 --> 00:23:07,519 The first galaxies are beginning Bang.gy's version of the Bigon,e 535 00:23:07,553 --> 00:23:08,687 The first galaxies are beginning >> Right after you have abundant 536 00:23:08,721 --> 00:23:11,056 The first galaxies are beginning oxygen, you get size andabundant 537 00:23:11,090 --> 00:23:13,525 The first galaxies are beginning complexity, and oxygen lets yout 538 00:23:13,559 --> 00:23:17,796 The first galaxies are beginning do that.ty, and oxygen lets yout 539 00:23:17,830 --> 00:23:19,398 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: It's in thists yout 540 00:23:19,431 --> 00:23:20,699 The first galaxies are beginning breathtaking span of roughly 30t 541 00:23:20,733 --> 00:23:22,801 The first galaxies are beginning million years that most of the0t 542 00:23:22,835 --> 00:23:27,206 The first galaxies are beginning major animal groups evolve.the0t 543 00:23:27,239 --> 00:23:29,508 The first galaxies are beginning By 500 million years ago, thee0t 544 00:23:29,541 --> 00:23:31,377 The first galaxies are beginning first bony fish have evolved int 545 00:23:31,410 --> 00:23:33,612 The first galaxies are beginning the seas.y fish have evolved int 546 00:23:33,646 --> 00:23:35,481 The first galaxies are beginning These fish are our directved int 547 00:23:35,514 --> 00:23:37,182 The first galaxies are beginning ancestors. are our directved int 548 00:23:37,216 --> 00:23:39,018 The first galaxies are beginning Though they look nothing likeint 549 00:23:39,051 --> 00:23:40,719 The first galaxies are beginning us, they evolve the body partsnt 550 00:23:40,753 --> 00:23:43,455 The first galaxies are beginning that will make our own bodiessnt 551 00:23:43,489 --> 00:23:45,391 The first galaxies are beginning possible, including a spine, and 552 00:23:45,424 --> 00:23:48,961 The first galaxies are beginning a mouth with jaws and teeth. and 553 00:23:48,994 --> 00:23:49,929 The first galaxies are beginning >> We owe a great deal to ourand 554 00:23:49,962 --> 00:23:50,996 The first galaxies are beginning fish ancestors.at deal to ourand 555 00:23:51,030 --> 00:23:52,097 The first galaxies are beginning In fact, all vertebrates todaynd 556 00:23:52,131 --> 00:23:53,465 The first galaxies are beginning really represent modificationsnd 557 00:23:53,499 --> 00:23:58,203 The first galaxies are beginning of the original fish body plan.d 558 00:23:58,237 --> 00:23:59,438 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: For the first fourd 559 00:23:59,471 --> 00:24:00,572 The first galaxies are beginning billion years of Earth'sst fourd 560 00:24:00,606 --> 00:24:02,374 The first galaxies are beginning history, plants and animals have 561 00:24:02,408 --> 00:24:07,046 The first galaxies are beginning stuck to the seas.d animals have 562 00:24:07,079 --> 00:24:09,581 The first galaxies are beginning But that all begins to change.ve 563 00:24:09,615 --> 00:24:11,383 The first galaxies are beginning With oxygen comes an ozonenge.ve 564 00:24:11,417 --> 00:24:12,885 The first galaxies are beginning layer, protecting us fromenge.ve 565 00:24:12,918 --> 00:24:18,290 The first galaxies are beginning dangerous radiation. fromenge.ve 566 00:24:18,324 --> 00:24:21,627 The first galaxies are beginning Plants make the move first.ge.ve 567 00:24:30,269 --> 00:24:32,905 The first galaxies are beginning Around 400 million years ago,.ve 568 00:24:32,938 --> 00:24:34,340 The first galaxies are beginning animals are ready to take the.ve 569 00:24:34,373 --> 00:24:37,209 The first galaxies are beginning leap.ls are ready to take the.ve 570 00:24:37,242 --> 00:24:38,510 The first galaxies are beginning Among the first ashore are theve 571 00:24:38,544 --> 00:24:41,046 The first galaxies are beginning amphibians, whose descendantseve 572 00:24:41,080 --> 00:24:44,283 The first galaxies are beginning will include us.e descendantseve 573 00:24:44,316 --> 00:24:45,351 The first galaxies are beginning >> The most amazing thing aboute 574 00:24:45,384 --> 00:24:47,119 The first galaxies are beginning animal evolution ever, for meute 575 00:24:47,152 --> 00:24:49,788 The first galaxies are beginning personally, is that moment thate 576 00:24:49,822 --> 00:24:51,757 The first galaxies are beginning first amphibian walks out of the 577 00:24:51,790 --> 00:24:54,927 The first galaxies are beginning primeval ocean onto land and the 578 00:24:54,960 --> 00:24:59,331 The first galaxies are beginning takes a big gulp of air. and the 579 00:24:59,365 --> 00:25:01,033 The first galaxies are beginning Kind of like great, great,nd the 580 00:25:01,066 --> 00:25:02,201 The first galaxies are beginning great, great, great, great-d the 581 00:25:02,234 --> 00:25:03,335 The first galaxies are beginning grandpa coming out of the oceane 582 00:25:03,369 --> 00:25:07,539 The first galaxies are beginning and seeing this fantastic world. 583 00:25:07,573 --> 00:25:09,274 The first galaxies are beginning And it's like "Hey, I can lived. 584 00:25:09,308 --> 00:25:10,075 The first galaxies are beginning here.t's like "Hey, I can lived. 585 00:25:10,109 --> 00:25:10,642 The first galaxies are beginning Look at those trees, look atved. 586 00:25:10,676 --> 00:25:11,310 The first galaxies are beginning those bugs.se trees, look atved. 587 00:25:11,343 --> 00:25:12,144 The first galaxies are beginning There's food here.s, look atved. 588 00:25:12,177 --> 00:25:19,385 The first galaxies are beginning I can do this."re.s, look atved. 589 00:25:19,418 --> 00:25:20,919 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Eventually, humans. 590 00:25:20,953 --> 00:25:22,287 The first galaxies are beginning will conquer every imaginablens. 591 00:25:22,321 --> 00:25:25,891 The first galaxies are beginning terrain.quer every imaginablens. 592 00:25:25,924 --> 00:25:27,860 The first galaxies are beginning But before we can do that, ours. 593 00:25:27,893 --> 00:25:29,795 The first galaxies are beginning ancestors must first cut theirs. 594 00:25:29,828 --> 00:25:33,232 The first galaxies are beginning final tie to the water, matings. 595 00:25:33,265 --> 00:25:38,771 The first galaxies are beginning season.ie to the water, matings. 596 00:25:38,804 --> 00:25:40,539 The first galaxies are beginning Like modern frogs, they havengs. 597 00:25:40,572 --> 00:25:42,241 The first galaxies are beginning jelly-like eggs that would drys. 598 00:25:42,274 --> 00:25:46,145 The first galaxies are beginning out on land.ggs that would drys. 599 00:25:46,178 --> 00:25:47,980 The first galaxies are beginning But some amphibians eventuallys. 600 00:25:48,013 --> 00:25:49,915 The first galaxies are beginning solve the problem.s eventuallys. 601 00:25:49,948 --> 00:25:52,051 The first galaxies are beginning They evolve a new form of eggys. 602 00:25:52,084 --> 00:25:53,986 The first galaxies are beginning with a shell that keeps theggys. 603 00:25:54,019 --> 00:25:56,188 The first galaxies are beginning moisture in. that keeps theggys. 604 00:25:56,221 --> 00:25:58,290 The first galaxies are beginning This allows us to carry theggys. 605 00:25:58,323 --> 00:26:00,592 The first galaxies are beginning ocean with us onto land, andgys. 606 00:26:00,626 --> 00:26:02,594 The first galaxies are beginning signals the evolution of andgys. 607 00:26:02,628 --> 00:26:06,565 The first galaxies are beginning amphibians into reptiles.andgys. 608 00:26:06,598 --> 00:26:09,234 The first galaxies are beginning >> You could be 300, 400, 500,s. 609 00:26:09,268 --> 00:26:10,936 The first galaxies are beginning 1,000 miles away from water, and 610 00:26:10,969 --> 00:26:12,771 The first galaxies are beginning still have the water in that egg 611 00:26:12,805 --> 00:26:15,541 The first galaxies are beginning in order to birth.er in that egg 612 00:26:15,574 --> 00:26:17,476 The first galaxies are beginning That is the key.h.er in that egg 613 00:26:17,509 --> 00:26:19,511 The first galaxies are beginning It cuts that final tie to theegg 614 00:26:19,545 --> 00:26:20,879 The first galaxies are beginning ocean.s that final tie to theegg 615 00:26:20,913 --> 00:26:22,281 The first galaxies are beginning That way, we could colonize theg 616 00:26:22,314 --> 00:26:24,049 The first galaxies are beginning rest of the land.d colonize theg 617 00:26:37,279 --> 00:26:38,580 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: 300 million yearseg 618 00:26:38,614 --> 00:26:41,250 The first galaxies are beginning ago.ARRATOR: 300 million yearseg 619 00:26:41,283 --> 00:26:42,751 The first galaxies are beginning Life flourishes in massiveearseg 620 00:26:42,785 --> 00:26:45,020 The first galaxies are beginning tropical swamps, where planetseg 621 00:26:45,053 --> 00:26:49,158 The first galaxies are beginning Earth is cooking up a surprise.g 622 00:26:49,191 --> 00:26:51,927 The first galaxies are beginning As plants die here, they arese.g 623 00:26:51,960 --> 00:26:57,533 The first galaxies are beginning buried, compacted, and cooked..g 624 00:26:57,566 --> 00:26:59,535 The first galaxies are beginning Energy created in the Big Bang,g 625 00:26:59,568 --> 00:27:02,538 The first galaxies are beginning and radiated by the sun toBang,g 626 00:27:02,571 --> 00:27:05,774 The first galaxies are beginning plants on Earth, is now locked,g 627 00:27:05,808 --> 00:27:10,479 The first galaxies are beginning away underground as coal, a gift 628 00:27:10,512 --> 00:27:12,347 The first galaxies are beginning to be opened by human beingsgift 629 00:27:12,381 --> 00:27:14,783 The first galaxies are beginning millions of years in the future. 630 00:27:23,258 --> 00:27:24,593 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: 250 million yearse. 631 00:27:24,626 --> 00:27:28,163 The first galaxies are beginning ago.ARRATOR: 250 million yearse. 632 00:27:28,197 --> 00:27:30,699 The first galaxies are beginning An apocalypse unfolds-- thearse. 633 00:27:30,732 --> 00:27:32,267 The first galaxies are beginning biggest spike in volcanichearse. 634 00:27:32,301 --> 00:27:34,436 The first galaxies are beginning activity since the early days of 635 00:27:34,469 --> 00:27:37,105 The first galaxies are beginning the planet.nce the early days of 636 00:27:37,139 --> 00:27:38,574 The first galaxies are beginning The atmosphere is choked with of 637 00:27:38,607 --> 00:27:40,843 The first galaxies are beginning carbon dioxide, and thed with of 638 00:27:40,876 --> 00:27:42,845 The first galaxies are beginning diversity of animal life spawned 639 00:27:42,878 --> 00:27:44,713 The first galaxies are beginning in the Cambrian Explosion iswned 640 00:27:44,746 --> 00:27:50,752 The first galaxies are beginning stopped dead in its tracks.swned 641 00:27:50,786 --> 00:27:52,621 The first galaxies are beginning More than 70% of all species ond 642 00:27:52,654 --> 00:27:55,123 The first galaxies are beginning Earth go extinct in the worstond 643 00:27:55,157 --> 00:27:58,493 The first galaxies are beginning mass die-off in history, thetond 644 00:27:58,527 --> 00:28:02,798 The first galaxies are beginning Permian Extinction.tory, thetond 645 00:28:02,831 --> 00:28:04,032 The first galaxies are beginning Extinction is a recurringthetond 646 00:28:04,066 --> 00:28:05,968 The first galaxies are beginning character in the story of planet 647 00:28:06,001 --> 00:28:08,770 The first galaxies are beginning Earth.ter in the story of planet 648 00:28:08,804 --> 00:28:10,639 The first galaxies are beginning Five times in the last 500planet 649 00:28:10,672 --> 00:28:12,741 The first galaxies are beginning million years, some cataclysmnet 650 00:28:12,774 --> 00:28:16,445 The first galaxies are beginning wiped out the dominant species.t 651 00:28:16,478 --> 00:28:18,480 The first galaxies are beginning It's a reshuffling of the deck.t 652 00:28:18,513 --> 00:28:19,915 The first galaxies are beginning that allows new creatures tock.t 653 00:28:19,948 --> 00:28:22,284 The first galaxies are beginning take hold-- new creatures tock.t 654 00:28:22,317 --> 00:28:23,986 The first galaxies are beginning new creatures like theres tock.t 655 00:28:24,019 --> 00:28:29,057 The first galaxies are beginning dinosaurs.res like theres tock.t 656 00:28:29,091 --> 00:28:30,492 The first galaxies are beginning Dinosaurs will reign for theck.t 657 00:28:30,525 --> 00:28:34,897 The first galaxies are beginning next 160 million years.r theck.t 658 00:28:34,930 --> 00:28:36,398 The first galaxies are beginning During that time, the firsteck.t 659 00:28:36,431 --> 00:28:41,003 The first galaxies are beginning hardwood forests appear, andck.t 660 00:28:41,036 --> 00:28:42,971 The first galaxies are beginning after more than four billionck.t 661 00:28:43,005 --> 00:28:44,973 The first galaxies are beginning years, the moon's gravityionck.t 662 00:28:45,007 --> 00:28:47,009 The first galaxies are beginning finally settles Earth into ack.t 663 00:28:47,042 --> 00:28:51,346 The first galaxies are beginning 24-hour day.les Earth into ack.t 664 00:28:51,380 --> 00:28:52,547 The first galaxies are beginning At the start of the dinosaurck.t 665 00:28:52,581 --> 00:28:54,116 The first galaxies are beginning era, the continents areosaurck.t 666 00:28:54,149 --> 00:28:55,617 The first galaxies are beginning clustered together into a single 667 00:28:55,651 --> 00:28:59,154 The first galaxies are beginning landmass we call Pangaea. single 668 00:28:59,187 --> 00:29:00,555 The first galaxies are beginning But now, they start to breakngle 669 00:29:00,589 --> 00:29:05,127 The first galaxies are beginning apart.w, they start to breakngle 670 00:29:05,160 --> 00:29:06,528 The first galaxies are beginning Africa separates from Southkngle 671 00:29:06,561 --> 00:29:08,530 The first galaxies are beginning America.eparates from Southkngle 672 00:29:08,563 --> 00:29:10,165 The first galaxies are beginning The vast Atlantic Ocean opensgle 673 00:29:10,198 --> 00:29:12,734 The first galaxies are beginning up, creating what will becomegle 674 00:29:12,768 --> 00:29:14,636 The first galaxies are beginning one of the defining barriers ofe 675 00:29:14,670 --> 00:29:16,705 The first galaxies are beginning human history-- the gulf between 676 00:29:16,738 --> 00:29:23,512 The first galaxies are beginning the Old and New Worlds.f between 677 00:29:23,545 --> 00:29:24,713 The first galaxies are beginning The undisputed stars of thetween 678 00:29:24,746 --> 00:29:27,015 The first galaxies are beginning dinosaur era are animals likeeen 679 00:29:27,049 --> 00:29:30,018 The first galaxies are beginning Triceratops and T. Rex.s likeeen 680 00:29:30,052 --> 00:29:31,253 The first galaxies are beginning But there are some importanteeen 681 00:29:31,286 --> 00:29:33,188 The first galaxies are beginning creatures scurrying around their 682 00:29:33,221 --> 00:29:35,290 The first galaxies are beginning feet.ures scurrying around their 683 00:29:35,324 --> 00:29:36,291 The first galaxies are beginning >> If we were to trace our their 684 00:29:36,325 --> 00:29:37,826 The first galaxies are beginning lineage back far enough, wetheir 685 00:29:37,859 --> 00:29:39,594 The first galaxies are beginning would come to really smalletheir 686 00:29:39,628 --> 00:29:42,297 The first galaxies are beginning shrew-like mammals surrounded by 687 00:29:42,331 --> 00:29:45,734 The first galaxies are beginning these titans of reptile life. by 688 00:29:45,767 --> 00:29:47,235 The first galaxies are beginning During that time, mammals, we by 689 00:29:47,269 --> 00:29:48,971 The first galaxies are beginning were living on the fringes.we by 690 00:29:49,004 --> 00:29:50,405 The first galaxies are beginning We were maybe stealing dinosaury 691 00:29:50,439 --> 00:29:52,040 The first galaxies are beginning eggs, maybe just eking out anury 692 00:29:52,074 --> 00:29:53,976 The first galaxies are beginning existence.e just eking out anury 693 00:29:54,009 --> 00:29:55,510 The first galaxies are beginning So the dinosaurs kind of held us 694 00:29:55,544 --> 00:29:58,613 The first galaxies are beginning back.e dinosaurs kind of held us 695 00:29:58,647 --> 00:29:59,414 The first galaxies are beginning >> The biggest headline of theus 696 00:29:59,448 --> 00:30:00,782 The first galaxies are beginning history of dinosaurs, which isus 697 00:30:00,816 --> 00:30:02,851 The first galaxies are beginning 160 million years, is that wesus 698 00:30:02,884 --> 00:30:03,952 The first galaxies are beginning lost!illion years, is that wesus 699 00:30:03,986 --> 00:30:06,288 The first galaxies are beginning Mammals lost.ears, is that wesus 700 00:30:06,321 --> 00:30:07,889 The first galaxies are beginning We couldn't get much biggerwesus 701 00:30:07,923 --> 00:30:09,257 The first galaxies are beginning than a small cat.uch biggerwesus 702 00:30:09,291 --> 00:30:12,060 The first galaxies are beginning For 160 million years, all theus 703 00:30:12,094 --> 00:30:14,563 The first galaxies are beginning medium size, medium big, big,eus 704 00:30:14,596 --> 00:30:15,864 The first galaxies are beginning gigantic and stupendous animalss 705 00:30:15,897 --> 00:30:17,532 The first galaxies are beginning were dinosaurs for that wholelss 706 00:30:17,566 --> 00:30:19,434 The first galaxies are beginning time.dinosaurs for that wholelss 707 00:30:19,468 --> 00:30:25,140 The first galaxies are beginning They beat us fair and square.lss 708 00:30:25,173 --> 00:30:26,708 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: But the deck is.lss 709 00:30:26,742 --> 00:30:31,079 The first galaxies are beginning about to be reshuffled.ck is.lss 710 00:30:36,251 --> 00:30:39,354 The first galaxies are beginning 65 million years ago.d.ck is.lss 711 00:30:39,388 --> 00:30:41,156 The first galaxies are beginning A six-mile-wide object, likelyss 712 00:30:41,189 --> 00:30:43,558 The first galaxies are beginning an asteroid, slams into theelyss 713 00:30:43,592 --> 00:30:46,628 The first galaxies are beginning Earth.eroid, slams into theelyss 714 00:30:52,868 --> 00:30:55,937 The first galaxies are beginning A dust cloud blocks out the Sun. 715 00:30:55,971 --> 00:30:58,473 The first galaxies are beginning Temperatures plummet.ut the Sun. 716 00:30:58,507 --> 00:31:00,008 The first galaxies are beginning Every creature on land weighing. 717 00:31:00,042 --> 00:31:04,246 The first galaxies are beginning over 50 pounds goes extinct.ing. 718 00:31:04,279 --> 00:31:07,049 The first galaxies are beginning The reign of the dinosaurs isng. 719 00:31:07,082 --> 00:31:09,818 The first galaxies are beginning over.eign of the dinosaurs isng. 720 00:31:09,851 --> 00:31:10,986 The first galaxies are beginning >> The greatest gift that theng. 721 00:31:11,019 --> 00:31:12,621 The first galaxies are beginning dinosaurs ever gave us wastheng. 722 00:31:12,654 --> 00:31:14,790 The first galaxies are beginning dying.urs ever gave us wastheng. 723 00:31:14,823 --> 00:31:16,892 The first galaxies are beginning When they went extinct, it gave. 724 00:31:16,925 --> 00:31:20,762 The first galaxies are beginning the mammals time to rise.t gave. 725 00:31:20,796 --> 00:31:21,930 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: It doesn't takeave. 726 00:31:21,963 --> 00:31:23,098 The first galaxies are beginning long after the disappearance of. 727 00:31:23,131 --> 00:31:24,866 The first galaxies are beginning the dinosaurs for the first true 728 00:31:24,900 --> 00:31:27,469 The first galaxies are beginning primates to appear.he first true 729 00:31:27,502 --> 00:31:29,004 The first galaxies are beginning Like their later versions,t true 730 00:31:29,037 --> 00:31:31,339 The first galaxies are beginning including us, these mammals have 731 00:31:31,373 --> 00:31:33,608 The first galaxies are beginning evolved forward-facing eyes,have 732 00:31:33,642 --> 00:31:35,343 The first galaxies are beginning allowing for accurate depth,have 733 00:31:35,377 --> 00:31:37,612 The first galaxies are beginning perception, and flexible handsve 734 00:31:37,646 --> 00:31:40,148 The first galaxies are beginning with five digits.lexible handsve 735 00:31:40,182 --> 00:31:42,084 The first galaxies are beginning >> They have five fingers, juste 736 00:31:42,117 --> 00:31:43,418 The first galaxies are beginning like us, which means we canjuste 737 00:31:43,452 --> 00:31:44,619 The first galaxies are beginning grasp things.h means we canjuste 738 00:31:44,653 --> 00:31:46,054 The first galaxies are beginning If you think about other animals 739 00:31:46,088 --> 00:31:47,823 The first galaxies are beginning that don't have digits organized 740 00:31:47,856 --> 00:31:50,058 The first galaxies are beginning the way ours are, their abilityd 741 00:31:50,092 --> 00:31:51,493 The first galaxies are beginning to hold things, to manipulatetyd 742 00:31:51,526 --> 00:31:56,798 The first galaxies are beginning objects is much more limited.tyd 743 00:31:56,832 --> 00:31:57,866 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: 50 million yearstyd 744 00:31:57,899 --> 00:31:59,101 The first galaxies are beginning ago.ARRATOR: 50 million yearstyd 745 00:31:59,134 --> 00:32:00,469 The first galaxies are beginning Our primate ancestors areearstyd 746 00:32:00,502 --> 00:32:02,104 The first galaxies are beginning evolving on a planet that isstyd 747 00:32:02,137 --> 00:32:03,472 The first galaxies are beginning warming. on a planet that isstyd 748 00:32:03,505 --> 00:32:05,407 The first galaxies are beginning It's so hot, there are junglesyd 749 00:32:05,440 --> 00:32:09,911 The first galaxies are beginning at the poles.there are junglesyd 750 00:32:09,945 --> 00:32:11,580 The first galaxies are beginning As the continents drift, theesyd 751 00:32:11,613 --> 00:32:13,448 The first galaxies are beginning Americas and Africa have almostd 752 00:32:13,482 --> 00:32:16,618 The first galaxies are beginning fully taken shape, but inalmostd 753 00:32:16,651 --> 00:32:18,453 The first galaxies are beginning northern Africa, modern daymostd 754 00:32:18,487 --> 00:32:20,555 The first galaxies are beginning Egypt is submerged beneath anstd 755 00:32:20,589 --> 00:32:24,025 The first galaxies are beginning ancient sea.merged beneath anstd 756 00:32:24,059 --> 00:32:25,327 The first galaxies are beginning On the floor of that sea livestd 757 00:32:25,360 --> 00:32:27,529 The first galaxies are beginning small shelled creatures calledtd 758 00:32:27,562 --> 00:32:28,830 The first galaxies are beginning nummulites.ed creatures calledtd 759 00:32:28,864 --> 00:32:30,098 The first galaxies are beginning Their shells, made of calciumdtd 760 00:32:30,132 --> 00:32:31,833 The first galaxies are beginning and carbon, pile up on the seatd 761 00:32:31,867 --> 00:32:34,069 The first galaxies are beginning bottom over millions of years,td 762 00:32:34,102 --> 00:32:36,538 The first galaxies are beginning where they form into limestone-- 763 00:32:36,571 --> 00:32:38,607 The first galaxies are beginning limestone that will be used to-- 764 00:32:38,640 --> 00:32:41,776 The first galaxies are beginning build the great pyramids.ed to-- 765 00:32:41,810 --> 00:32:43,178 The first galaxies are beginning If you look closely at thed to-- 766 00:32:43,211 --> 00:32:44,646 The first galaxies are beginning pyramids today, you can stillo-- 767 00:32:44,679 --> 00:32:46,615 The first galaxies are beginning see evidence that these 4,000--- 768 00:32:46,648 --> 00:32:48,617 The first galaxies are beginning year-old monuments are, in fact, 769 00:32:48,650 --> 00:32:51,419 The first galaxies are beginning made of 50-million-year oldfact, 770 00:32:51,453 --> 00:32:53,488 The first galaxies are beginning seashells.-million-year oldfact, 771 00:33:00,962 --> 00:33:01,997 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: By ten millionfact, 772 00:33:02,030 --> 00:33:03,265 The first galaxies are beginning years ago, Earth is morphingact, 773 00:33:03,298 --> 00:33:04,733 The first galaxies are beginning into a world most of us wouldct, 774 00:33:04,766 --> 00:33:06,468 The first galaxies are beginning recognize.ld most of us wouldct, 775 00:33:06,501 --> 00:33:07,769 The first galaxies are beginning The Colorado River is carvingct, 776 00:33:07,802 --> 00:33:10,572 The first galaxies are beginning out the Grand Canyon. carvingct, 777 00:33:10,605 --> 00:33:12,040 The first galaxies are beginning Mountain ranges, like thevingct, 778 00:33:12,073 --> 00:33:13,875 The first galaxies are beginning Himalayas, have arisen.hevingct, 779 00:33:13,909 --> 00:33:15,343 The first galaxies are beginning They are so tall, they disruptt, 780 00:33:15,377 --> 00:33:18,246 The first galaxies are beginning weather patterns, setting thett, 781 00:33:18,280 --> 00:33:24,920 The first galaxies are beginning stage for a colder planet.thett, 782 00:33:24,953 --> 00:33:26,555 The first galaxies are beginning The Isthmus of Panama emerges to 783 00:33:26,588 --> 00:33:29,391 The first galaxies are beginning connect North and South America, 784 00:33:29,424 --> 00:33:31,426 The first galaxies are beginning cleaving the connection between, 785 00:33:31,459 --> 00:33:33,361 The first galaxies are beginning the Atlantic and the Pacific,en, 786 00:33:33,395 --> 00:33:35,130 The first galaxies are beginning disrupting ocean currents anden, 787 00:33:35,163 --> 00:33:36,965 The first galaxies are beginning tipping the world even morenden, 788 00:33:36,998 --> 00:33:41,770 The first galaxies are beginning towards an Ice Age.ven morenden, 789 00:33:41,803 --> 00:33:43,505 The first galaxies are beginning With the planet getting colder,, 790 00:33:43,538 --> 00:33:45,140 The first galaxies are beginning our primate ancestors hang on in 791 00:33:45,173 --> 00:33:47,475 The first galaxies are beginning the tropics, but a new creaturen 792 00:33:47,509 --> 00:33:50,412 The first galaxies are beginning is coming in that threatens toen 793 00:33:50,445 --> 00:33:55,317 The first galaxies are beginning destroy them.that threatens toen 794 00:33:56,651 --> 00:33:57,652 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Seven million years 795 00:33:57,686 --> 00:34:01,489 The first galaxies are beginning ago, our primate ancestors lives 796 00:34:01,523 --> 00:34:04,292 The first galaxies are beginning safely in the trees.estors lives 797 00:34:04,326 --> 00:34:05,994 The first galaxies are beginning But their neighborhood is abouts 798 00:34:06,027 --> 00:34:08,363 The first galaxies are beginning to be invaded.hborhood is abouts 799 00:34:08,396 --> 00:34:09,598 The first galaxies are beginning This newcomer will have asabouts 800 00:34:09,631 --> 00:34:11,199 The first galaxies are beginning profound an effect on humanbouts 801 00:34:11,233 --> 00:34:12,801 The first galaxies are beginning history as any other livingbouts 802 00:34:12,834 --> 00:34:16,771 The first galaxies are beginning thing on Earth.other livingbouts 803 00:34:16,805 --> 00:34:18,106 The first galaxies are beginning It seems almost impossible touts 804 00:34:18,139 --> 00:34:19,741 The first galaxies are beginning believe, but one of the mostouts 805 00:34:19,774 --> 00:34:21,743 The first galaxies are beginning important things that will leads 806 00:34:21,776 --> 00:34:24,846 The first galaxies are beginning to the emergence of us is theads 807 00:34:24,879 --> 00:34:29,251 The first galaxies are beginning emergence of grass. us is theads 808 00:34:29,284 --> 00:34:31,553 The first galaxies are beginning >> The grasslands appear almosts 809 00:34:31,586 --> 00:34:35,690 The first galaxies are beginning simultaneously around the world. 810 00:34:35,724 --> 00:34:37,459 The first galaxies are beginning We get the African savannas, we. 811 00:34:37,492 --> 00:34:43,231 The first galaxies are beginning get the Eurasian steppe lands,e. 812 00:34:43,265 --> 00:34:44,432 The first galaxies are beginning we get the North Americalands,e. 813 00:34:44,466 --> 00:34:47,736 The first galaxies are beginning prairies, we get the greatnds,e. 814 00:34:47,769 --> 00:34:50,739 The first galaxies are beginning grasslands of Argentina,atnds,e. 815 00:34:50,772 --> 00:34:52,474 The first galaxies are beginning appearing simultaneously around. 816 00:34:52,507 --> 00:34:56,578 The first galaxies are beginning the world.simultaneously around. 817 00:34:56,611 --> 00:34:58,313 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: In eastern Africa,. 818 00:34:58,346 --> 00:34:59,547 The first galaxies are beginning grasslands invade thern Africa,. 819 00:34:59,581 --> 00:35:01,182 The first galaxies are beginning traditional woodland habitat of. 820 00:35:01,216 --> 00:35:03,184 The first galaxies are beginning our ape ancestors.nd habitat of. 821 00:35:03,218 --> 00:35:04,853 The first galaxies are beginning With fewer trees and greater of. 822 00:35:04,886 --> 00:35:07,422 The first galaxies are beginning gaps between them, our ancestors 823 00:35:07,455 --> 00:35:09,791 The first galaxies are beginning have to adapt.hem, our ancestors 824 00:35:09,824 --> 00:35:10,792 The first galaxies are beginning >> Apes would notice thatcestors 825 00:35:10,825 --> 00:35:11,960 The first galaxies are beginning there's more and more apes inors 826 00:35:11,993 --> 00:35:13,094 The first galaxies are beginning the same tree, and less and less 827 00:35:13,128 --> 00:35:15,130 The first galaxies are beginning food, increasing incentives fors 828 00:35:15,163 --> 00:35:17,065 The first galaxies are beginning apes to go from one patch offors 829 00:35:17,098 --> 00:35:18,300 The first galaxies are beginning food to a different one,h offors 830 00:35:18,333 --> 00:35:20,001 The first galaxies are beginning separated by grasslands.h offors 831 00:35:20,035 --> 00:35:21,536 The first galaxies are beginning Now, one way to do it is to runs 832 00:35:21,569 --> 00:35:23,638 The first galaxies are beginning like hell.ay to do it is to runs 833 00:35:23,672 --> 00:35:24,839 The first galaxies are beginning The other way to do it is toruns 834 00:35:24,873 --> 00:35:26,841 The first galaxies are beginning extend one's food sources intons 835 00:35:26,875 --> 00:35:28,043 The first galaxies are beginning the grasslands, to seek out thes 836 00:35:28,076 --> 00:35:32,247 The first galaxies are beginning foods that are available there.s 837 00:35:32,280 --> 00:35:33,782 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: And so, some apes.s 838 00:35:33,815 --> 00:35:35,750 The first galaxies are beginning make the move down into thises.s 839 00:35:35,784 --> 00:35:41,056 The first galaxies are beginning stark, new habitat.into thises.s 840 00:35:41,089 --> 00:35:42,390 The first galaxies are beginning It's a landscape better-suited.s 841 00:35:42,424 --> 00:35:44,192 The first galaxies are beginning to primates that can walk on two 842 00:35:44,225 --> 00:35:47,796 The first galaxies are beginning legs, keeping their heads up two 843 00:35:47,829 --> 00:35:49,798 The first galaxies are beginning above the tall grasses to watcho 844 00:35:49,831 --> 00:35:54,169 The first galaxies are beginning for predators. grasses to watcho 845 00:35:54,202 --> 00:35:55,904 The first galaxies are beginning Standing on two feet is a watcho 846 00:35:55,937 --> 00:35:59,374 The first galaxies are beginning revolutionary advance, becauseho 847 00:35:59,407 --> 00:36:04,679 The first galaxies are beginning it frees up our hands, hands weo 848 00:36:04,713 --> 00:36:06,114 The first galaxies are beginning will need to shape humanands weo 849 00:36:06,147 --> 00:36:07,716 The first galaxies are beginning history.d to shape humanands weo 850 00:36:16,291 --> 00:36:21,496 The first galaxies are beginning 2.6 million years ago.anands weo 851 00:36:21,529 --> 00:36:23,865 The first galaxies are beginning Early proto-humans, or hominids, 852 00:36:23,898 --> 00:36:25,900 The first galaxies are beginning walk an Earth whose rocks areds, 853 00:36:25,934 --> 00:36:32,073 The first galaxies are beginning loaded with the element silicon. 854 00:36:32,107 --> 00:36:33,608 The first galaxies are beginning Created in the cores of starson. 855 00:36:33,641 --> 00:36:36,544 The first galaxies are beginning billions of years before,tarson. 856 00:36:36,578 --> 00:36:38,747 The first galaxies are beginning silicon is the second mostarson. 857 00:36:38,780 --> 00:36:39,414 The first galaxies are beginning abundant element in Earth'srson. 858 00:36:39,447 --> 00:36:41,282 The first galaxies are beginning crust.nt element in Earth'srson. 859 00:36:41,316 --> 00:36:42,584 The first galaxies are beginning One of its chemical quirks ison. 860 00:36:42,617 --> 00:36:44,486 The first galaxies are beginning the ability to bond with oxygen. 861 00:36:44,519 --> 00:36:46,921 The first galaxies are beginning to form crystals that combineen. 862 00:36:46,955 --> 00:36:49,791 The first galaxies are beginning into solid rocks, rocks that can 863 00:36:49,824 --> 00:36:51,526 The first galaxies are beginning be chipped and shaped withoutcan 864 00:36:51,559 --> 00:36:55,029 The first galaxies are beginning shattering.and shaped withoutcan 865 00:36:55,063 --> 00:36:56,364 The first galaxies are beginning >> Hominids started doing thisan 866 00:36:56,398 --> 00:36:57,899 The first galaxies are beginning 2.6 million years ago, breakingn 867 00:36:57,932 --> 00:37:00,402 The first galaxies are beginning crypto-crystalline silicates ton 868 00:37:00,435 --> 00:37:02,203 The first galaxies are beginning make sharp edges.e silicates ton 869 00:37:02,237 --> 00:37:03,238 The first galaxies are beginning And people use them forcates ton 870 00:37:03,271 --> 00:37:05,006 The first galaxies are beginning millions-- literally, 2.6tes ton 871 00:37:05,039 --> 00:37:10,178 The first galaxies are beginning million years.erally, 2.6tes ton 872 00:37:10,211 --> 00:37:11,613 The first galaxies are beginning >> Simply having a modifieds ton 873 00:37:11,646 --> 00:37:13,548 The first galaxies are beginning stone with a sharp edge on it,on 874 00:37:13,581 --> 00:37:14,949 The first galaxies are beginning now, suddenly, you have an it,on 875 00:37:14,983 --> 00:37:17,185 The first galaxies are beginning hammer, you have a crude cutting 876 00:37:17,218 --> 00:37:18,353 The first galaxies are beginning edge.r, you have a crude cutting 877 00:37:18,386 --> 00:37:21,189 The first galaxies are beginning A simple modified stone means ag 878 00:37:21,222 --> 00:37:23,825 The first galaxies are beginning human can suddenly do 1,000 more 879 00:37:23,858 --> 00:37:25,126 The first galaxies are beginning things than we could do,000 more 880 00:37:25,160 --> 00:37:32,066 The first galaxies are beginning previously. we could do,000 more 881 00:37:32,100 --> 00:37:33,401 The first galaxies are beginning That little extra bit of000 more 882 00:37:33,435 --> 00:37:37,338 The first galaxies are beginning technology enabled our ancestors 883 00:37:37,372 --> 00:37:39,474 The first galaxies are beginning to persist and eventually turnrs 884 00:37:39,507 --> 00:37:43,478 The first galaxies are beginning into us.st and eventually turnrs 885 00:37:43,511 --> 00:37:44,746 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Silicon launchesnrs 886 00:37:44,779 --> 00:37:46,047 The first galaxies are beginning the first technologicalunchesnrs 887 00:37:46,080 --> 00:37:52,053 The first galaxies are beginning revolution, the Stone Age.hesnrs 888 00:37:52,086 --> 00:37:53,421 The first galaxies are beginning Millions of years after ithesnrs 889 00:37:53,455 --> 00:37:55,323 The first galaxies are beginning powers our first handheldthesnrs 890 00:37:55,356 --> 00:37:57,625 The first galaxies are beginning devices, another chemical quirks 891 00:37:57,659 --> 00:37:59,494 The first galaxies are beginning of silicon will make it theuirks 892 00:37:59,527 --> 00:38:04,933 The first galaxies are beginning height of technology once again. 893 00:38:04,966 --> 00:38:06,100 The first galaxies are beginning The next leap towards becomingn. 894 00:38:06,134 --> 00:38:07,969 The first galaxies are beginning truly human lies on a little-gn. 895 00:38:08,002 --> 00:38:11,206 The first galaxies are beginning known secret of our home planet. 896 00:38:11,239 --> 00:38:12,707 The first galaxies are beginning In the known universe, it turns. 897 00:38:12,740 --> 00:38:14,375 The first galaxies are beginning out Earth may have a rare andns. 898 00:38:14,409 --> 00:38:21,850 The first galaxies are beginning special power.have a rare andns. 899 00:38:21,883 --> 00:38:23,284 The first galaxies are beginning >> Of all the planets and moons. 900 00:38:23,318 --> 00:38:25,220 The first galaxies are beginning in the solar system, we thinkns. 901 00:38:25,253 --> 00:38:27,288 The first galaxies are beginning that Earth is unique in thenkns. 902 00:38:27,322 --> 00:38:32,927 The first galaxies are beginning ability to sustain fire.thenkns. 903 00:38:32,961 --> 00:38:35,463 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Other planets ands. 904 00:38:35,497 --> 00:38:38,299 The first galaxies are beginning moons have lightning and lava,s. 905 00:38:38,333 --> 00:38:39,968 The first galaxies are beginning but only on Earth do we have the 906 00:38:40,001 --> 00:38:41,469 The first galaxies are beginning two critical things we need fore 907 00:38:41,503 --> 00:38:46,140 The first galaxies are beginning fire to burn-- a vast fueld fore 908 00:38:46,174 --> 00:38:47,842 The first galaxies are beginning supply in the form of plants and 909 00:38:47,876 --> 00:38:50,411 The first galaxies are beginning trees, and an atmosphere full of 910 00:38:50,445 --> 00:38:53,982 The first galaxies are beginning oxygen to fan the flames.full of 911 00:38:54,015 --> 00:38:55,483 The first galaxies are beginning >> If fire wasn't a possibility, 912 00:38:55,517 --> 00:38:56,551 The first galaxies are beginning you'd have nothing like... like, 913 00:38:56,584 --> 00:39:01,322 The first galaxies are beginning us running around. like... like, 914 00:39:01,356 --> 00:39:03,525 The first galaxies are beginning Homo sapiens, they made a world, 915 00:39:03,558 --> 00:39:10,999 The first galaxies are beginning with fire.ns, they made a world, 916 00:39:11,032 --> 00:39:12,433 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Our ancestors have, 917 00:39:12,467 --> 00:39:13,735 The first galaxies are beginning fire firmly under control byave, 918 00:39:13,768 --> 00:39:19,240 The first galaxies are beginning 800,000 years ago.control byave, 919 00:39:19,274 --> 00:39:20,608 The first galaxies are beginning It's a skill that connects usve, 920 00:39:20,642 --> 00:39:24,512 The first galaxies are beginning back to the very beginning.usve, 921 00:39:24,546 --> 00:39:25,914 The first galaxies are beginning Remember that all energy wassve, 922 00:39:25,947 --> 00:39:28,049 The first galaxies are beginning created in the Big Bang, and all 923 00:39:28,082 --> 00:39:29,918 The first galaxies are beginning life is in a competition for our 924 00:39:29,951 --> 00:39:33,788 The first galaxies are beginning share of this energy.ion for our 925 00:39:33,821 --> 00:39:35,690 The first galaxies are beginning Using fire to cook is likeor our 926 00:39:35,723 --> 00:39:37,258 The first galaxies are beginning having an external stomach toour 927 00:39:37,292 --> 00:39:39,694 The first galaxies are beginning break down foods, releasing more 928 00:39:39,727 --> 00:39:42,730 The first galaxies are beginning calories, giving us more energy, 929 00:39:42,764 --> 00:39:44,132 The first galaxies are beginning which in turn allows us tonergy, 930 00:39:44,165 --> 00:39:48,536 The first galaxies are beginning support bigger brains.s tonergy, 931 00:39:48,570 --> 00:39:49,804 The first galaxies are beginning Fire is also the ultimateonergy, 932 00:39:49,837 --> 00:39:53,174 The first galaxies are beginning gateway technology.timateonergy, 933 00:39:53,207 --> 00:39:54,409 The first galaxies are beginning We will soon use it to turn clay 934 00:39:54,442 --> 00:39:57,478 The first galaxies are beginning into pottery, metal intourn clay 935 00:39:57,512 --> 00:40:03,985 The first galaxies are beginning weapons, water into steam power. 936 00:40:04,018 --> 00:40:04,786 The first galaxies are beginning >> If you don't have fire, your. 937 00:40:04,819 --> 00:40:05,887 The first galaxies are beginning can't have the internalre, your. 938 00:40:05,920 --> 00:40:07,288 The first galaxies are beginning combustion engine.ernalre, your. 939 00:40:07,322 --> 00:40:08,856 The first galaxies are beginning No fire, no metal.ernalre, your. 940 00:40:08,890 --> 00:40:10,592 The first galaxies are beginning No fire, no rubber.rnalre, your. 941 00:40:10,625 --> 00:40:13,127 The first galaxies are beginning It's a technology that opens ar. 942 00:40:13,161 --> 00:40:15,063 The first galaxies are beginning world of possibilities forns ar. 943 00:40:15,096 --> 00:40:16,331 The first galaxies are beginning creatures that know how to user. 944 00:40:16,364 --> 00:40:18,199 The first galaxies are beginning it.atures that know how to user. 945 00:40:22,937 --> 00:40:27,842 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: 200,000 years ago.. 946 00:40:27,875 --> 00:40:29,310 The first galaxies are beginning The modern human has fully taken 947 00:40:29,344 --> 00:40:31,646 The first galaxies are beginning shape.dern human has fully taken 948 00:40:31,679 --> 00:40:33,881 The first galaxies are beginning The larynx, or voice box, whichn 949 00:40:33,915 --> 00:40:36,784 The first galaxies are beginning is high up in the throat in ourn 950 00:40:36,818 --> 00:40:38,753 The first galaxies are beginning ancestors, descends.roat in ourn 951 00:40:38,786 --> 00:40:40,221 The first galaxies are beginning More complex sounds are now ourn 952 00:40:40,254 --> 00:40:41,189 The first galaxies are beginning possible.lex sounds are now ourn 953 00:40:41,222 --> 00:40:45,293 The first galaxies are beginning (閟peaking ancient language 954 00:40:45,326 --> 00:40:49,697 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: We begin to speak.n 955 00:40:49,731 --> 00:40:51,099 The first galaxies are beginning For the first time, informationn 956 00:40:51,132 --> 00:40:53,167 The first galaxies are beginning can be shared betweennformationn 957 00:40:53,201 --> 00:40:55,236 The first galaxies are beginning individuals and acrossformationn 958 00:40:55,303 --> 00:40:57,438 The first galaxies are beginning generations.and acrossformationn 959 00:40:57,472 --> 00:40:58,706 The first galaxies are beginning Humans have gained a criticalonn 960 00:40:58,740 --> 00:41:00,241 The first galaxies are beginning advantage over every othercalonn 961 00:41:00,274 --> 00:41:02,710 The first galaxies are beginning creature on Earth.ry othercalonn 962 00:41:02,744 --> 00:41:03,745 The first galaxies are beginning >> You can tell my grandfathernn 963 00:41:03,778 --> 00:41:04,979 The first galaxies are beginning said that when the elephantsernn 964 00:41:05,013 --> 00:41:05,980 The first galaxies are beginning didn't show up, we go off andrnn 965 00:41:06,014 --> 00:41:08,149 The first galaxies are beginning hunted zebras, you know.f andrnn 966 00:41:08,182 --> 00:41:09,517 The first galaxies are beginning My aunt told me that her cousinn 967 00:41:09,550 --> 00:41:10,752 The first galaxies are beginning found this water hole on thesinn 968 00:41:10,785 --> 00:41:13,554 The first galaxies are beginning other side of that river.thesinn 969 00:41:13,588 --> 00:41:14,789 The first galaxies are beginning >> And we can all benefit and we 970 00:41:14,822 --> 00:41:15,890 The first galaxies are beginning can all understand what theyd we 971 00:41:15,923 --> 00:41:17,158 The first galaxies are beginning mean when they're describingd we 972 00:41:17,191 --> 00:41:18,860 The first galaxies are beginning what they found out on thatgd we 973 00:41:18,893 --> 00:41:20,428 The first galaxies are beginning landscape.found out on thatgd we 974 00:41:20,461 --> 00:41:23,431 The first galaxies are beginning >> Language changes humans frome 975 00:41:23,498 --> 00:41:24,966 The first galaxies are beginning being like stand-alone computers 976 00:41:24,999 --> 00:41:26,868 The first galaxies are beginning to being networked computers,ers 977 00:41:26,901 --> 00:41:30,238 The first galaxies are beginning where you can share information. 978 00:41:30,271 --> 00:41:31,539 The first galaxies are beginning Now, one doesn't need to depend. 979 00:41:31,572 --> 00:41:32,940 The first galaxies are beginning on one's own personal to depend. 980 00:41:32,974 --> 00:41:34,242 The first galaxies are beginning experience.n personal to depend. 981 00:41:34,275 --> 00:41:35,710 The first galaxies are beginning One can borrow the personalpend. 982 00:41:35,743 --> 00:41:36,611 The first galaxies are beginning experience of anyone with whomd. 983 00:41:36,644 --> 00:41:38,546 The first galaxies are beginning one they can communicate. whomd. 984 00:41:38,579 --> 00:41:40,181 The first galaxies are beginning That's a powerful advantage.omd. 985 00:41:40,214 --> 00:41:42,784 The first galaxies are beginning No other creature has that..omd. 986 00:41:42,817 --> 00:41:43,918 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: As a species,..omd. 987 00:41:43,951 --> 00:41:45,420 The first galaxies are beginning humans become exponentially.omd. 988 00:41:45,453 --> 00:41:47,722 The first galaxies are beginning smarter.ecome exponentially.omd. 989 00:41:47,755 --> 00:41:49,157 The first galaxies are beginning The global game board has beend. 990 00:41:49,190 --> 00:41:51,159 The first galaxies are beginning set and we are now ready toeend. 991 00:41:51,192 --> 00:41:55,029 The first galaxies are beginning play.nd we are now ready toeend. 992 00:41:55,063 --> 00:41:57,899 The first galaxies are beginning 100,000 years ago. ready toeend. 993 00:41:57,932 --> 00:41:59,734 The first galaxies are beginning Man can move. ago. ready toeend. 994 00:41:59,767 --> 00:42:01,335 The first galaxies are beginning We have agile hands andy toeend. 995 00:42:01,369 --> 00:42:02,837 The first galaxies are beginning primitive tools.nds andy toeend. 996 00:42:02,870 --> 00:42:04,672 The first galaxies are beginning We can communicate and controld. 997 00:42:04,706 --> 00:42:06,607 The first galaxies are beginning fire.n communicate and controld. 998 00:42:06,641 --> 00:42:08,209 The first galaxies are beginning We are finally ready to expandd. 999 00:42:08,242 --> 00:42:11,879 The first galaxies are beginning out of our African home on andd. 1000 00:42:11,913 --> 00:42:13,448 The first galaxies are beginning path millions of years in thedd. 1001 00:42:13,481 --> 00:42:19,454 The first galaxies are beginning making.llions of years in thedd. 1002 00:42:19,487 --> 00:42:20,788 The first galaxies are beginning Shifting continents have linked. 1003 00:42:20,822 --> 00:42:22,457 The first galaxies are beginning Africa and Eurasia into thenked. 1004 00:42:22,490 --> 00:42:24,759 The first galaxies are beginning largest contiguous landmass ond. 1005 00:42:24,792 --> 00:42:30,064 The first galaxies are beginning Earth, Afro-Eurasia-- 33 million 1006 00:42:30,098 --> 00:42:31,899 The first galaxies are beginning square miles.urasia-- 33 million 1007 00:42:31,933 --> 00:42:33,468 The first galaxies are beginning More than twice the surface area 1008 00:42:33,501 --> 00:42:36,804 The first galaxies are beginning of our entire moon. surface area 1009 00:42:36,838 --> 00:42:38,206 The first galaxies are beginning For early humans, this meansarea 1010 00:42:38,239 --> 00:42:40,108 The first galaxies are beginning more than half the land on Earth 1011 00:42:40,141 --> 00:42:47,682 The first galaxies are beginning can be reached on foot. on Earth 1012 00:42:47,715 --> 00:42:49,417 The first galaxies are beginning >> Human dispersal was a crucial 1013 00:42:49,450 --> 00:42:51,385 The first galaxies are beginning game changer.ersal was a crucial 1014 00:42:51,419 --> 00:42:52,920 The first galaxies are beginning We are one of the few primatesal 1015 00:42:52,954 --> 00:42:54,489 The first galaxies are beginning that... that live on more thanal 1016 00:42:54,522 --> 00:42:56,924 The first galaxies are beginning one continent simultaneously.nal 1017 00:42:56,958 --> 00:42:59,393 The first galaxies are beginning So, what means is that we're.nal 1018 00:42:59,427 --> 00:43:00,728 The first galaxies are beginning better insulated from the kindsl 1019 00:43:00,762 --> 00:43:02,096 The first galaxies are beginning of things that cause big mammals 1020 00:43:02,130 --> 00:43:03,965 The first galaxies are beginning to become extinct than othermals 1021 00:43:03,998 --> 00:43:05,399 The first galaxies are beginning primates are.inct than othermals 1022 00:43:05,433 --> 00:43:06,834 The first galaxies are beginning It's extinction insurance.ermals 1023 00:43:06,868 --> 00:43:08,035 The first galaxies are beginning Dispersal is extinctionce.ermals 1024 00:43:08,069 --> 00:43:13,341 The first galaxies are beginning insurance.is extinctionce.ermals 1025 00:43:13,374 --> 00:43:14,475 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: But just as themals 1026 00:43:14,509 --> 00:43:15,476 The first galaxies are beginning world begins to open itself upls 1027 00:43:15,510 --> 00:43:20,047 The first galaxies are beginning to man, the planet turns on us.s 1028 00:43:20,081 --> 00:43:24,852 The first galaxies are beginning An Ice Age begins. turns on us.s 1029 00:43:24,886 --> 00:43:26,154 The first galaxies are beginning Now, the planet will test usus.s 1030 00:43:26,187 --> 00:43:29,524 The first galaxies are beginning like never before.ll test usus.s 1031 00:43:29,557 --> 00:43:31,659 The first galaxies are beginning By 50,000 years ago, glacierss.s 1032 00:43:31,692 --> 00:43:33,394 The first galaxies are beginning begin to advance down from the.s 1033 00:43:33,427 --> 00:43:34,996 The first galaxies are beginning North Pole.vance down from the.s 1034 00:43:35,029 --> 00:43:36,264 The first galaxies are beginning At the same time, humansom the.s 1035 00:43:36,297 --> 00:43:37,598 The first galaxies are beginning continue their conquest of the.s 1036 00:43:37,632 --> 00:43:39,233 The first galaxies are beginning globe, arriving in China andhe.s 1037 00:43:39,267 --> 00:43:41,536 The first galaxies are beginning Australia.iving in China andhe.s 1038 00:43:41,569 --> 00:43:43,805 The first galaxies are beginning By 30,000 years ago, Homoandhe.s 1039 00:43:43,838 --> 00:43:45,139 The first galaxies are beginning sapiens reach Europe for thehe.s 1040 00:43:45,173 --> 00:43:46,841 The first galaxies are beginning first time.ch Europe for thehe.s 1041 00:43:46,874 --> 00:43:48,876 The first galaxies are beginning By 20,000 years ago, with thee.s 1042 00:43:48,910 --> 00:43:51,445 The first galaxies are beginning ice nearing its most extreme,e.s 1043 00:43:51,479 --> 00:43:52,880 The first galaxies are beginning the march of man reaches the,e.s 1044 00:43:52,914 --> 00:43:54,415 The first galaxies are beginning frigid tundra of northeasthe,e.s 1045 00:43:54,448 --> 00:43:57,652 The first galaxies are beginning Siberia.undra of northeasthe,e.s 1046 00:43:57,685 --> 00:43:59,153 The first galaxies are beginning Despite the trials of the Icee.s 1047 00:43:59,187 --> 00:44:03,825 The first galaxies are beginning Age, man endures, and develops.s 1048 00:44:03,858 --> 00:44:06,327 The first galaxies are beginning the last skills we will need tos 1049 00:44:06,360 --> 00:44:12,667 The first galaxies are beginning be truly human. we will need tos 1050 00:44:12,700 --> 00:44:16,404 The first galaxies are beginning The clues lie in these symbols.s 1051 00:44:16,437 --> 00:44:17,839 The first galaxies are beginning We have taken an intellectuals.s 1052 00:44:17,872 --> 00:44:20,508 The first galaxies are beginning leap to think beyond the heres.s 1053 00:44:20,541 --> 00:44:23,044 The first galaxies are beginning and now, beyond what is simply.s 1054 00:44:23,077 --> 00:44:25,646 The first galaxies are beginning needed to survive.at is simply.s 1055 00:44:25,680 --> 00:44:26,781 The first galaxies are beginning >> We can only start saying we.s 1056 00:44:26,814 --> 00:44:28,382 The first galaxies are beginning have an organism that is human,s 1057 00:44:28,416 --> 00:44:29,851 The first galaxies are beginning that is the same as us, when wes 1058 00:44:29,884 --> 00:44:31,085 The first galaxies are beginning start seeing evidence ofwhen wes 1059 00:44:31,118 --> 00:44:33,855 The first galaxies are beginning symbolic thought.ence ofwhen wes 1060 00:44:33,888 --> 00:44:35,189 The first galaxies are beginning It's when we start seeing an wes 1061 00:44:35,223 --> 00:44:39,093 The first galaxies are beginning picture of a cow that everybodys 1062 00:44:39,126 --> 00:44:40,761 The first galaxies are beginning will recognize as the picture of 1063 00:44:40,795 --> 00:44:42,096 The first galaxies are beginning a cow.ecognize as the picture of 1064 00:44:42,129 --> 00:44:43,464 The first galaxies are beginning Because only when we starture of 1065 00:44:43,497 --> 00:44:45,099 The first galaxies are beginning seeing all of those things canof 1066 00:44:45,132 --> 00:44:48,069 The first galaxies are beginning we say, "That is a human"--canof 1067 00:44:48,102 --> 00:44:50,471 The first galaxies are beginning people or creatures that thinkof 1068 00:44:50,504 --> 00:44:52,273 The first galaxies are beginning like us, that see the world inof 1069 00:44:52,306 --> 00:44:54,308 The first galaxies are beginning the same way as us.he world inof 1070 00:44:54,342 --> 00:44:55,743 The first galaxies are beginning >> And from that moment on, inof 1071 00:44:55,776 --> 00:44:56,978 The first galaxies are beginning human history was marked to beof 1072 00:44:57,011 --> 00:44:58,579 The first galaxies are beginning radically different than another 1073 00:44:58,613 --> 00:45:01,215 The first galaxies are beginning species on this planet.n another 1074 00:45:01,249 --> 00:45:02,750 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Now, with hugeother 1075 00:45:02,783 --> 00:45:04,151 The first galaxies are beginning amounts of the planet's waterher 1076 00:45:04,185 --> 00:45:06,254 The first galaxies are beginning locked up in ice, sea levelsrher 1077 00:45:06,287 --> 00:45:10,424 The first galaxies are beginning plummet by 300 to 400 feet.srher 1078 00:45:10,458 --> 00:45:12,393 The first galaxies are beginning The last great barrier to theher 1079 00:45:12,426 --> 00:45:15,363 The first galaxies are beginning spread of man is erased.o theher 1080 00:45:15,396 --> 00:45:16,864 The first galaxies are beginning We come across the Bering Lander 1081 00:45:16,898 --> 00:45:18,666 The first galaxies are beginning Bridge from Siberia to Northnder 1082 00:45:18,699 --> 00:45:23,571 The first galaxies are beginning America.rom Siberia to Northnder 1083 00:45:23,604 --> 00:45:24,772 The first galaxies are beginning We are telling the history ofder 1084 00:45:24,805 --> 00:45:26,841 The first galaxies are beginning the world in two hours.ory ofder 1085 00:45:26,874 --> 00:45:28,609 The first galaxies are beginning And in just one hour, more thanr 1086 00:45:28,643 --> 00:45:30,411 The first galaxies are beginning 13 billion years have alreadyanr 1087 00:45:30,444 --> 00:45:32,046 The first galaxies are beginning passed.ion years have alreadyanr 1088 00:45:32,079 --> 00:45:33,514 The first galaxies are beginning These years of preparation haver 1089 00:45:33,547 --> 00:45:35,816 The first galaxies are beginning allowed man to finally emergever 1090 00:45:35,850 --> 00:45:37,084 The first galaxies are beginning and spread out across theergever 1091 00:45:37,118 --> 00:45:39,487 The first galaxies are beginning planet, and human history as wer 1092 00:45:39,520 --> 00:45:42,456 The first galaxies are beginning know it can truly begin.y as wer 1093 00:45:48,746 --> 00:45:49,847 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Our history of ther 1094 00:45:49,880 --> 00:45:51,115 The first galaxies are beginning world began with the beginninger 1095 00:45:51,148 --> 00:45:54,819 The first galaxies are beginning of time, the Big Bang.eginninger 1096 00:45:54,852 --> 00:45:56,020 The first galaxies are beginning It has taken us on a journey ofr 1097 00:45:56,053 --> 00:46:01,626 The first galaxies are beginning nearly 14 billion years.rney ofr 1098 00:46:01,659 --> 00:46:03,928 The first galaxies are beginning Now, as humans take centerey ofr 1099 00:46:03,961 --> 00:46:05,863 The first galaxies are beginning stage, it's important toerey ofr 1100 00:46:05,896 --> 00:46:08,499 The first galaxies are beginning remember just how small a slicer 1101 00:46:08,532 --> 00:46:12,303 The first galaxies are beginning of history we actually occupy.er 1102 00:46:12,336 --> 00:46:14,105 The first galaxies are beginning To make things simple, imagineer 1103 00:46:14,138 --> 00:46:16,340 The first galaxies are beginning compressing 14 billion years ofr 1104 00:46:16,374 --> 00:46:22,980 The first galaxies are beginning history down to just 14 years.fr 1105 00:46:23,014 --> 00:46:24,982 The first galaxies are beginning >> On this scale, the Earthrs.fr 1106 00:46:25,016 --> 00:46:26,684 The first galaxies are beginning would have existed only for ther 1107 00:46:26,717 --> 00:46:29,186 The first galaxies are beginning past five years.ed only for ther 1108 00:46:29,220 --> 00:46:30,588 The first galaxies are beginning So that's about a third of theer 1109 00:46:30,621 --> 00:46:32,923 The first galaxies are beginning history of the universe.of theer 1110 00:46:32,957 --> 00:46:34,325 The first galaxies are beginning Large, complex creatures woulder 1111 00:46:34,358 --> 00:46:37,762 The first galaxies are beginning have developed seven months ago. 1112 00:46:37,795 --> 00:46:39,797 The first galaxies are beginning On this scale, dinosaurs wentgo. 1113 00:46:39,830 --> 00:46:41,365 The first galaxies are beginning extinct only about three weekso. 1114 00:46:41,399 --> 00:46:43,301 The first galaxies are beginning ago.nct only about three weekso. 1115 00:46:43,334 --> 00:46:44,735 The first galaxies are beginning The entire recorded history ofo. 1116 00:46:44,769 --> 00:46:47,638 The first galaxies are beginning humans would span only the last. 1117 00:46:47,672 --> 00:46:50,508 The first galaxies are beginning three minutes.pan only the last. 1118 00:46:50,541 --> 00:46:52,176 The first galaxies are beginning Modern industrial societies--st. 1119 00:46:52,209 --> 00:46:53,611 The first galaxies are beginning the Industrial Revolution,s--st. 1120 00:46:53,644 --> 00:46:57,448 The first galaxies are beginning effectively-- six seconds ago.t. 1121 00:46:57,481 --> 00:46:59,517 The first galaxies are beginning What this shows me is that we.t. 1122 00:46:59,550 --> 00:47:00,818 The first galaxies are beginning humans have been around for only 1123 00:47:00,851 --> 00:47:02,386 The first galaxies are beginning a very brief instant in the only 1124 00:47:02,420 --> 00:47:04,455 The first galaxies are beginning recorded history of the the only 1125 00:47:04,488 --> 00:47:07,091 The first galaxies are beginning universe.history of the the only 1126 00:47:07,124 --> 00:47:08,225 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Mankind has waitedy 1127 00:47:08,259 --> 00:47:09,827 The first galaxies are beginning billions of years for our briefy 1128 00:47:09,860 --> 00:47:12,697 The first galaxies are beginning instant to shine, as the starsfy 1129 00:47:12,730 --> 00:47:14,799 The first galaxies are beginning and our evolving planet carriedy 1130 00:47:14,832 --> 00:47:16,500 The first galaxies are beginning out the slow work of organizingy 1131 00:47:16,534 --> 00:47:18,969 The first galaxies are beginning the elements in a way that would 1132 00:47:19,003 --> 00:47:22,873 The first galaxies are beginning make human history possible.ould 1133 00:47:27,611 --> 00:47:29,914 The first galaxies are beginning It's 10,000 BC.ory possible.ould 1134 00:47:29,947 --> 00:47:32,283 The first galaxies are beginning Less than 100,000 years afteruld 1135 00:47:32,316 --> 00:47:34,952 The first galaxies are beginning expanding out of Africa, man has 1136 00:47:34,985 --> 00:47:37,922 The first galaxies are beginning reached South America.a, man has 1137 00:47:37,955 --> 00:47:39,523 The first galaxies are beginning Humans have met the adversity of 1138 00:47:39,557 --> 00:47:41,592 The first galaxies are beginning the Ice Age head on, and ratherf 1139 00:47:41,625 --> 00:47:44,328 The first galaxies are beginning than die off, we have adapted,rf 1140 00:47:44,362 --> 00:47:47,164 The first galaxies are beginning become even more intelligent.,rf 1141 00:47:47,198 --> 00:47:49,200 The first galaxies are beginning And now, we have colonized therf 1142 00:47:49,233 --> 00:47:52,670 The first galaxies are beginning entire globe.ave colonized therf 1143 00:47:52,703 --> 00:47:59,009 The first galaxies are beginning From coast to mountaintop, fromf 1144 00:47:59,043 --> 00:48:04,882 The first galaxies are beginning tundra to desert, humans areromf 1145 00:48:04,915 --> 00:48:07,985 The first galaxies are beginning there. to desert, humans areromf 1146 00:48:08,018 --> 00:48:09,453 The first galaxies are beginning >> Our closest living ancestors, 1147 00:48:09,487 --> 00:48:10,855 The first galaxies are beginning the chimpanzees, live in theors, 1148 00:48:10,888 --> 00:48:11,822 The first galaxies are beginning tropics.panzees, live in theors, 1149 00:48:11,856 --> 00:48:13,157 The first galaxies are beginning They only live in the tropics.s, 1150 00:48:13,190 --> 00:48:15,459 The first galaxies are beginning Humans have managed to colonize, 1151 00:48:15,493 --> 00:48:18,496 The first galaxies are beginning the entire globe.ed to colonize, 1152 00:48:18,529 --> 00:48:19,463 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Ice Age landlonize, 1153 00:48:19,497 --> 00:48:20,831 The first galaxies are beginning bridges allowed man to spreadze, 1154 00:48:20,865 --> 00:48:22,833 The first galaxies are beginning around the world.an to spreadze, 1155 00:48:22,867 --> 00:48:25,569 The first galaxies are beginning But now, the ice begins to melt, 1156 00:48:25,603 --> 00:48:28,839 The first galaxies are beginning and sea levels rise again. melt, 1157 00:48:28,873 --> 00:48:30,408 The first galaxies are beginning Humans are trapped and separated 1158 00:48:30,441 --> 00:48:32,343 The first galaxies are beginning in two vast and unconnectedrated 1159 00:48:32,376 --> 00:48:34,779 The first galaxies are beginning hemispheres, each pocket ofrated 1160 00:48:34,812 --> 00:48:36,981 The first galaxies are beginning humanity left to make the bested 1161 00:48:37,014 --> 00:48:39,950 The first galaxies are beginning of what it has been given.bested 1162 00:48:39,984 --> 00:48:42,086 The first galaxies are beginning As the glaciers recede, theysted 1163 00:48:42,119 --> 00:48:44,221 The first galaxies are beginning carve out lakes, rivers andysted 1164 00:48:44,255 --> 00:48:46,490 The first galaxies are beginning bays. out lakes, rivers andysted 1165 00:48:46,524 --> 00:48:51,395 The first galaxies are beginning The map as we know it emerges.ed 1166 00:48:51,429 --> 00:48:53,397 The first galaxies are beginning In Africa, increased rainfall.ed 1167 00:48:53,431 --> 00:48:55,366 The first galaxies are beginning causes Lake Victoria and Lake.ed 1168 00:48:55,399 --> 00:48:58,602 The first galaxies are beginning Albert to overflow and formke.ed 1169 00:48:58,636 --> 00:49:02,106 The first galaxies are beginning Egypt's Nile River.and formke.ed 1170 00:49:02,139 --> 00:49:05,943 The first galaxies are beginning In Eurasia, other rivers emerge: 1171 00:49:05,976 --> 00:49:07,278 The first galaxies are beginning the Tigris and Euphrates inerge: 1172 00:49:07,311 --> 00:49:11,015 The first galaxies are beginning Mesopotamia-- modern-day Iraq;e: 1173 00:49:11,048 --> 00:49:12,983 The first galaxies are beginning the Indus in modern-dayy Iraq;e: 1174 00:49:13,017 --> 00:49:15,152 The first galaxies are beginning Pakistan; and China's Yellow and 1175 00:49:15,186 --> 00:49:18,155 The first galaxies are beginning Yangtze.; and China's Yellow and 1176 00:49:18,189 --> 00:49:19,390 The first galaxies are beginning >> These river valleys becomeand 1177 00:49:19,423 --> 00:49:20,825 The first galaxies are beginning critically important for howeand 1178 00:49:20,858 --> 00:49:22,359 The first galaxies are beginning human history will now be played 1179 00:49:22,393 --> 00:49:24,395 The first galaxies are beginning out following the retreat ofayed 1180 00:49:24,428 --> 00:49:27,731 The first galaxies are beginning these ice sheets. retreat ofayed 1181 00:49:27,765 --> 00:49:29,266 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: These are the river 1182 00:49:29,300 --> 00:49:30,601 The first galaxies are beginning valleys whose waters and fertile 1183 00:49:30,634 --> 00:49:33,337 The first galaxies are beginning soils will allow the first seeds 1184 00:49:33,370 --> 00:49:39,477 The first galaxies are beginning of civilization to be planted.ds 1185 00:49:39,510 --> 00:49:41,145 The first galaxies are beginning With temperatures warming afters 1186 00:49:41,178 --> 00:49:43,447 The first galaxies are beginning the Ice Age, plants and animalss 1187 00:49:43,481 --> 00:49:46,050 The first galaxies are beginning are more plentiful, and man cans 1188 00:49:46,083 --> 00:49:50,521 The first galaxies are beginning finally choose to stop moving.ns 1189 00:49:50,554 --> 00:49:53,390 The first galaxies are beginning Permanent settlements begin.g.ns 1190 00:49:53,424 --> 00:50:00,965 The first galaxies are beginning Populations grow.ents begin.g.ns 1191 00:50:00,998 --> 00:50:03,033 The first galaxies are beginning With more mouths to feed, our.ns 1192 00:50:03,067 --> 00:50:06,437 The first galaxies are beginning ancestors have to get clever..ns 1193 00:50:06,470 --> 00:50:07,538 The first galaxies are beginning >> They had to find a way to..ns 1194 00:50:07,571 --> 00:50:08,939 The first galaxies are beginning increase the amount of food they 1195 00:50:08,973 --> 00:50:10,007 The first galaxies are beginning could get from theirof food they 1196 00:50:10,040 --> 00:50:11,942 The first galaxies are beginning surroundings.m theirof food they 1197 00:50:11,976 --> 00:50:13,344 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Now, one discoveryy 1198 00:50:13,377 --> 00:50:15,513 The first galaxies are beginning forever changes the planet andyy 1199 00:50:15,546 --> 00:50:20,818 The first galaxies are beginning the path of mankind-- we learnyy 1200 00:50:20,851 --> 00:50:25,389 The first galaxies are beginning to plant seeds.kind-- we learnyy 1201 00:50:25,422 --> 00:50:26,724 The first galaxies are beginning And the seeds we sow come fromyy 1202 00:50:26,757 --> 00:50:28,792 The first galaxies are beginning the same plants that, millionsyy 1203 00:50:28,826 --> 00:50:30,528 The first galaxies are beginning of years earlier, spurred oursyy 1204 00:50:30,561 --> 00:50:33,964 The first galaxies are beginning evolution from ape to man-- they 1205 00:50:33,998 --> 00:50:35,733 The first galaxies are beginning unheralded hero of humann-- they 1206 00:50:35,766 --> 00:50:40,104 The first galaxies are beginning history, grass. of humann-- they 1207 00:50:40,137 --> 00:50:41,238 The first galaxies are beginning >> A grass seed is tiny, right?y 1208 00:50:41,272 --> 00:50:42,506 The first galaxies are beginning It's no food.ed is tiny, right?y 1209 00:50:42,540 --> 00:50:43,841 The first galaxies are beginning I can hunt a bison or I can take 1210 00:50:43,874 --> 00:50:45,209 The first galaxies are beginning grass.hunt a bison or I can take 1211 00:50:45,242 --> 00:50:47,111 The first galaxies are beginning You hunt a bison, right?can take 1212 00:50:47,144 --> 00:50:48,979 The first galaxies are beginning Ironically, grass seeds becomeke 1213 00:50:49,013 --> 00:50:50,514 The first galaxies are beginning the most important food crops in 1214 00:50:50,548 --> 00:50:51,749 The first galaxies are beginning the world, but they're theops in 1215 00:50:51,782 --> 00:50:53,017 The first galaxies are beginning things that are ignored byops in 1216 00:50:53,050 --> 00:50:54,251 The first galaxies are beginning hunter-gatherers for thousandsin 1217 00:50:54,285 --> 00:50:55,586 The first galaxies are beginning and thousands of years.ousandsin 1218 00:50:55,619 --> 00:50:56,654 The first galaxies are beginning People don't start using themsin 1219 00:50:56,687 --> 00:50:58,355 The first galaxies are beginning until they absolutely have tosin 1220 00:50:58,389 --> 00:51:00,324 The first galaxies are beginning use them.y absolutely have tosin 1221 00:51:00,357 --> 00:51:01,559 The first galaxies are beginning >> Some of the species of grassn 1222 00:51:01,592 --> 00:51:03,394 The first galaxies are beginning that we are most familiar withsn 1223 00:51:03,427 --> 00:51:05,462 The first galaxies are beginning includes sugar cane.iliar withsn 1224 00:51:05,496 --> 00:51:07,965 The first galaxies are beginning It includes wheat and rye andhsn 1225 00:51:07,998 --> 00:51:09,099 The first galaxies are beginning barley.udes wheat and rye andhsn 1226 00:51:09,133 --> 00:51:11,101 The first galaxies are beginning All of the cereal crops arendhsn 1227 00:51:11,135 --> 00:51:13,037 The first galaxies are beginning types of grass.al crops arendhsn 1228 00:51:13,070 --> 00:51:15,072 The first galaxies are beginning So it's not just that beautifuln 1229 00:51:15,105 --> 00:51:17,308 The first galaxies are beginning green lawn that we measure ourln 1230 00:51:17,341 --> 00:51:19,510 The first galaxies are beginning middle class success from; it'sn 1231 00:51:19,543 --> 00:51:23,080 The first galaxies are beginning also the staple crop upon whichn 1232 00:51:23,113 --> 00:51:24,915 The first galaxies are beginning civilization depends.upon whichn 1233 00:51:24,949 --> 00:51:26,183 The first galaxies are beginning It is the majority of our whichn 1234 00:51:26,216 --> 00:51:29,520 The first galaxies are beginning calorie intake.ity of our whichn 1235 00:51:29,553 --> 00:51:30,988 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Once again, it alln 1236 00:51:31,021 --> 00:51:33,891 The first galaxies are beginning goes back to the Big Bang.t alln 1237 00:51:33,924 --> 00:51:35,926 The first galaxies are beginning Central to the story of all life 1238 00:51:35,960 --> 00:51:37,361 The first galaxies are beginning is our competition for that life 1239 00:51:37,394 --> 00:51:38,829 The first galaxies are beginning energy created at the beginninge 1240 00:51:38,862 --> 00:51:40,631 The first galaxies are beginning of time.reated at the beginninge 1241 00:51:40,664 --> 00:51:44,735 The first galaxies are beginning Just as oxygen gave us an edge,e 1242 00:51:44,768 --> 00:51:45,970 The first galaxies are beginning just as fire allowed us toedge,e 1243 00:51:46,003 --> 00:51:48,305 The first galaxies are beginning consume more calories, switching 1244 00:51:48,339 --> 00:51:49,807 The first galaxies are beginning to farming is an energyswitching 1245 00:51:49,840 --> 00:51:51,675 The first galaxies are beginning revolution.is an energyswitching 1246 00:51:51,709 --> 00:51:52,876 The first galaxies are beginning A hunter-gatherer needs tenching 1247 00:51:52,910 --> 00:51:54,845 The first galaxies are beginning square miles of territory tohing 1248 00:51:54,878 --> 00:51:56,113 The first galaxies are beginning provide himself with enoughohing 1249 00:51:56,146 --> 00:51:58,015 The first galaxies are beginning sustenance, enough energy in the 1250 00:51:58,048 --> 00:52:00,517 The first galaxies are beginning form of plants and meat toin the 1251 00:52:00,551 --> 00:52:02,987 The first galaxies are beginning survive.plants and meat toin the 1252 00:52:03,020 --> 00:52:04,655 The first galaxies are beginning A farmer can harvest the sun'she 1253 00:52:04,688 --> 00:52:07,291 The first galaxies are beginning energy so efficiently, he canshe 1254 00:52:07,324 --> 00:52:08,692 The first galaxies are beginning fulfill his needs using only ahe 1255 00:52:08,726 --> 00:52:14,732 The first galaxies are beginning tenth of a square mile of land.e 1256 00:52:14,765 --> 00:52:16,000 The first galaxies are beginning In the warming after the lastd.e 1257 00:52:16,033 --> 00:52:18,168 The first galaxies are beginning Ice Age, farming begins to takee 1258 00:52:18,202 --> 00:52:20,237 The first galaxies are beginning hold in a half dozen placestakee 1259 00:52:20,270 --> 00:52:21,872 The first galaxies are beginning around the globe.zen placestakee 1260 00:52:21,905 --> 00:52:23,107 The first galaxies are beginning But by the fortunes oflacestakee 1261 00:52:23,140 --> 00:52:24,441 The first galaxies are beginning geography, no place in thestakee 1262 00:52:24,475 --> 00:52:26,076 The first galaxies are beginning Ancient World has a betterstakee 1263 00:52:26,110 --> 00:52:27,645 The first galaxies are beginning concentration of plants andtakee 1264 00:52:27,678 --> 00:52:29,546 The first galaxies are beginning animals that can be domesticated 1265 00:52:29,580 --> 00:52:31,281 The first galaxies are beginning than the Middle East's Fertileed 1266 00:52:31,315 --> 00:52:33,217 The first galaxies are beginning Crescent.Middle East's Fertileed 1267 00:52:33,250 --> 00:52:34,451 The first galaxies are beginning >> In the Middle East, we haveed 1268 00:52:34,485 --> 00:52:36,420 The first galaxies are beginning this remarkable convergence ofed 1269 00:52:36,453 --> 00:52:38,522 The first galaxies are beginning species that seem to havece ofed 1270 00:52:38,555 --> 00:52:39,923 The first galaxies are beginning been susceptible too havece ofed 1271 00:52:39,957 --> 00:52:41,325 The first galaxies are beginning domestication, both plants anded 1272 00:52:41,358 --> 00:52:43,160 The first galaxies are beginning animals.ation, both plants anded 1273 00:52:43,193 --> 00:52:44,328 The first galaxies are beginning In terms of animals, we're anded 1274 00:52:44,361 --> 00:52:45,963 The first galaxies are beginning talking about cattle, pigs,anded 1275 00:52:45,996 --> 00:52:47,197 The first galaxies are beginning sheep, and goats.tle, pigs,anded 1276 00:52:47,231 --> 00:52:48,432 The first galaxies are beginning In terms of plants, twoigs,anded 1277 00:52:48,465 --> 00:52:50,000 The first galaxies are beginning varieties of wheat, rye, barley, 1278 00:52:50,034 --> 00:52:53,237 The first galaxies are beginning lentils, figs, all in this very, 1279 00:52:53,270 --> 00:52:56,640 The first galaxies are beginning small part of the world.is very, 1280 00:52:56,674 --> 00:52:57,775 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Unlike the Fertile, 1281 00:52:57,808 --> 00:52:59,076 The first galaxies are beginning Crescent and the rest of Afro-e, 1282 00:52:59,109 --> 00:53:01,278 The first galaxies are beginning Eurasia, places like Sub-Saharan 1283 00:53:01,311 --> 00:53:03,580 The first galaxies are beginning Africa and the Americas havearan 1284 00:53:03,614 --> 00:53:06,150 The first galaxies are beginning very few wild species that canan 1285 00:53:06,183 --> 00:53:09,219 The first galaxies are beginning be easily domesticated.hat canan 1286 00:53:09,253 --> 00:53:13,323 The first galaxies are beginning It's a critical difference.canan 1287 00:53:13,357 --> 00:53:14,658 The first galaxies are beginning People blessed with the rightnan 1288 00:53:14,692 --> 00:53:16,727 The first galaxies are beginning mix of plants and animals willan 1289 00:53:16,760 --> 00:53:18,996 The first galaxies are beginning become more powerful and get aan 1290 00:53:19,029 --> 00:53:21,065 The first galaxies are beginning massive head start on the roadan 1291 00:53:21,098 --> 00:53:24,401 The first galaxies are beginning to the modern world.n the roadan 1292 00:53:30,574 --> 00:53:32,242 The first galaxies are beginning One animal that gives any humann 1293 00:53:32,276 --> 00:53:33,777 The first galaxies are beginning who can tame it an almost humann 1294 00:53:33,811 --> 00:53:39,717 The first galaxies are beginning unbeatable edge is the horse.ann 1295 00:53:39,750 --> 00:53:40,851 The first galaxies are beginning It's a little known fact thatann 1296 00:53:40,884 --> 00:53:42,519 The first galaxies are beginning although horses first evolved in 1297 00:53:42,553 --> 00:53:44,621 The first galaxies are beginning the Americas, they died outed in 1298 00:53:44,655 --> 00:53:46,056 The first galaxies are beginning there along with many othered in 1299 00:53:46,090 --> 00:53:49,460 The first galaxies are beginning large mammals around 10,000 BC.n 1300 00:53:49,493 --> 00:53:50,461 The first galaxies are beginning >> There were at least threeBC.n 1301 00:53:50,494 --> 00:53:51,862 The first galaxies are beginning species of Ice Age horses inBC.n 1302 00:53:51,895 --> 00:53:53,731 The first galaxies are beginning North America, maybe more, somen 1303 00:53:53,764 --> 00:53:55,733 The first galaxies are beginning as small as ponies, some as bign 1304 00:53:55,766 --> 00:53:56,800 The first galaxies are beginning as Clydesdales.ies, some as bign 1305 00:53:56,834 --> 00:53:57,901 The first galaxies are beginning And they had evolved in Northign 1306 00:53:57,935 --> 00:53:59,503 The first galaxies are beginning America for 40 million years.ign 1307 00:53:59,536 --> 00:54:00,471 The first galaxies are beginning They're part of the wholears.ign 1308 00:54:00,504 --> 00:54:02,039 The first galaxies are beginning history, and then, pfft, they're 1309 00:54:02,072 --> 00:54:02,906 The first galaxies are beginning gone.ry, and then, pfft, they're 1310 00:54:02,940 --> 00:54:04,274 The first galaxies are beginning They're gone.then, pfft, they're 1311 00:54:04,308 --> 00:54:05,709 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: These powerfuley're 1312 00:54:05,743 --> 00:54:06,977 The first galaxies are beginning potential allies disappearley're 1313 00:54:07,010 --> 00:54:08,312 The first galaxies are beginning before they can be used by there 1314 00:54:08,345 --> 00:54:10,614 The first galaxies are beginning first North Americans.d by there 1315 00:54:10,647 --> 00:54:11,715 The first galaxies are beginning >> Fortunately, before thatthere 1316 00:54:11,749 --> 00:54:12,983 The first galaxies are beginning happened, large numbers oftthere 1317 00:54:13,016 --> 00:54:14,384 The first galaxies are beginning horses escaped back across there 1318 00:54:14,418 --> 00:54:16,120 The first galaxies are beginning Bering Strait Land Bridge, andre 1319 00:54:16,153 --> 00:54:17,654 The first galaxies are beginning spread out across the greatandre 1320 00:54:17,688 --> 00:54:18,889 The first galaxies are beginning grasslands and steppe lands ofre 1321 00:54:18,922 --> 00:54:22,760 The first galaxies are beginning central Eurasia.teppe lands ofre 1322 00:54:22,793 --> 00:54:23,861 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: A narrow escapeofre 1323 00:54:23,894 --> 00:54:25,028 The first galaxies are beginning that had a profound effect onfre 1324 00:54:25,062 --> 00:54:27,397 The first galaxies are beginning human history.found effect onfre 1325 00:54:27,431 --> 00:54:30,234 The first galaxies are beginning Around 4000 BC, nomadic peoplere 1326 00:54:30,267 --> 00:54:32,870 The first galaxies are beginning in central Asia learn to tameere 1327 00:54:32,903 --> 00:54:36,306 The first galaxies are beginning them for the first time. tameere 1328 00:54:36,340 --> 00:54:37,741 The first galaxies are beginning Domesticated horses will bemeere 1329 00:54:37,775 --> 00:54:40,077 The first galaxies are beginning harnessed across Eurasia,bemeere 1330 00:54:40,110 --> 00:54:42,146 The first galaxies are beginning advancing everything from workre 1331 00:54:42,179 --> 00:54:47,417 The first galaxies are beginning to warfare.verything from workre 1332 00:54:47,451 --> 00:54:49,153 The first galaxies are beginning Perhaps no other animal has hade 1333 00:54:49,186 --> 00:54:50,821 The first galaxies are beginning a bigger influence on the course 1334 00:54:50,854 --> 00:54:54,224 The first galaxies are beginning of human history.e on the course 1335 00:54:54,258 --> 00:54:55,492 The first galaxies are beginning And the circle wouldn't becourse 1336 00:54:55,526 --> 00:54:57,327 The first galaxies are beginning complete for another 5,000course 1337 00:54:57,361 --> 00:54:59,797 The first galaxies are beginning years, when Christopher Columbus 1338 00:54:59,830 --> 00:55:01,331 The first galaxies are beginning would bring horses with him onus 1339 00:55:01,365 --> 00:55:02,833 The first galaxies are beginning his second voyage to thehim onus 1340 00:55:02,866 --> 00:55:05,569 The first galaxies are beginning Americas.d voyage to thehim onus 1341 00:55:05,602 --> 00:55:07,571 The first galaxies are beginning His horses would be the first to 1342 00:55:07,604 --> 00:55:09,807 The first galaxies are beginning set hooves in the Americas since 1343 00:55:09,840 --> 00:55:12,075 The first galaxies are beginning the great die-off over 10,000nce 1344 00:55:12,109 --> 00:55:14,711 The first galaxies are beginning years earlier.off over 10,000nce 1345 00:55:21,518 --> 00:55:24,588 The first galaxies are beginning 6,000 years ago, domesticationce 1346 00:55:24,621 --> 00:55:26,356 The first galaxies are beginning of animals and plants sets thece 1347 00:55:26,390 --> 00:55:27,891 The first galaxies are beginning stage for the next phase ofthece 1348 00:55:27,925 --> 00:55:30,594 The first galaxies are beginning human history.next phase ofthece 1349 00:55:30,627 --> 00:55:32,496 The first galaxies are beginning Like clouds of interstellar dust 1350 00:55:32,529 --> 00:55:33,931 The first galaxies are beginning gathering in material to formust 1351 00:55:33,964 --> 00:55:36,533 The first galaxies are beginning stars, a type of gravity is atst 1352 00:55:36,567 --> 00:55:39,203 The first galaxies are beginning work as places like Sumeria,atst 1353 00:55:39,236 --> 00:55:40,637 The first galaxies are beginning located in part of the Fertilest 1354 00:55:40,671 --> 00:55:42,973 The first galaxies are beginning Crescent known as Mesopotamia,st 1355 00:55:43,006 --> 00:55:44,942 The first galaxies are beginning draw in people, support large,st 1356 00:55:44,975 --> 00:55:47,411 The first galaxies are beginning populations, and spin up into,st 1357 00:55:47,444 --> 00:55:52,649 The first galaxies are beginning centers of power and innovation. 1358 00:55:52,683 --> 00:55:55,085 The first galaxies are beginning By 3000 BC, some of thesevation. 1359 00:55:55,118 --> 00:55:56,920 The first galaxies are beginning Sumerian settlements can trulyn. 1360 00:55:56,954 --> 00:56:01,892 The first galaxies are beginning be called our first cities.ulyn. 1361 00:56:01,925 --> 00:56:03,861 The first galaxies are beginning One of them, Uruk, has aroundyn. 1362 00:56:03,894 --> 00:56:06,330 The first galaxies are beginning 50,000 people living in lessdyn. 1363 00:56:06,363 --> 00:56:09,533 The first galaxies are beginning than one square mile, a lessdyn. 1364 00:56:09,566 --> 00:56:11,168 The first galaxies are beginning population density that rivalsn. 1365 00:56:11,201 --> 00:56:16,473 The first galaxies are beginning modern-day New York City.ivalsn. 1366 00:56:16,506 --> 00:56:17,908 The first galaxies are beginning Humans have become so efficient. 1367 00:56:17,941 --> 00:56:19,209 The first galaxies are beginning at deriving energy fromfficient. 1368 00:56:19,243 --> 00:56:21,545 The first galaxies are beginning domesticated food that this land 1369 00:56:21,578 --> 00:56:23,113 The first galaxies are beginning area, which would have supported 1370 00:56:23,146 --> 00:56:26,049 The first galaxies are beginning only a single hunter-gatherer,ed 1371 00:56:26,083 --> 00:56:30,287 The first galaxies are beginning now can support thousands.rer,ed 1372 00:56:30,320 --> 00:56:32,756 The first galaxies are beginning But a change in diet also.rer,ed 1373 00:56:32,789 --> 00:56:39,496 The first galaxies are beginning triggers a new dependence.rer,ed 1374 00:56:39,529 --> 00:56:41,331 The first galaxies are beginning >> Once you move to agriculture, 1375 00:56:41,365 --> 00:56:43,500 The first galaxies are beginning you are depending for 80%, 90%e, 1376 00:56:43,533 --> 00:56:45,269 The first galaxies are beginning of your calories on perhaps one, 1377 00:56:45,302 --> 00:56:46,570 The first galaxies are beginning or two species-- in the case of, 1378 00:56:46,603 --> 00:56:48,005 The first galaxies are beginning the Middle East, wheat andse of, 1379 00:56:48,038 --> 00:56:49,139 The first galaxies are beginning barley.dle East, wheat andse of, 1380 00:56:49,172 --> 00:56:50,374 The first galaxies are beginning In the case of wheat and barley, 1381 00:56:50,407 --> 00:56:52,576 The first galaxies are beginning they both ripen at about theley, 1382 00:56:52,609 --> 00:56:53,777 The first galaxies are beginning same time.ripen at about theley, 1383 00:56:53,810 --> 00:56:55,312 The first galaxies are beginning Humans have to gather the seeds, 1384 00:56:55,345 --> 00:56:56,747 The first galaxies are beginning at the same time.ther the seeds, 1385 00:56:56,780 --> 00:56:58,782 The first galaxies are beginning So now, we have our food for the 1386 00:56:58,815 --> 00:57:00,350 The first galaxies are beginning year that has arrived in one the 1387 00:57:00,384 --> 00:57:01,551 The first galaxies are beginning hit. that has arrived in one the 1388 00:57:01,585 --> 00:57:02,920 The first galaxies are beginning It's like getting your salarythe 1389 00:57:02,953 --> 00:57:04,087 The first galaxies are beginning paid once a year. your salarythe 1390 00:57:04,121 --> 00:57:05,756 The first galaxies are beginning You need to record it, you neede 1391 00:57:05,789 --> 00:57:07,024 The first galaxies are beginning to plan. to record it, you neede 1392 00:57:07,057 --> 00:57:08,225 The first galaxies are beginning Because if, inevitably, youreede 1393 00:57:08,258 --> 00:57:11,028 The first galaxies are beginning crop fails, you have famine.eede 1394 00:57:11,061 --> 00:57:12,129 The first galaxies are beginning And you're not going to haveeede 1395 00:57:12,162 --> 00:57:13,397 The first galaxies are beginning another go for another 12aveeede 1396 00:57:13,430 --> 00:57:19,169 The first galaxies are beginning months. go for another 12aveeede 1397 00:57:19,202 --> 00:57:20,370 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: In these firsteeede 1398 00:57:20,404 --> 00:57:25,175 The first galaxies are beginning cities, crops are king.irsteeede 1399 00:57:25,208 --> 00:57:27,277 The first galaxies are beginning To keep track of them, ourteeede 1400 00:57:27,311 --> 00:57:28,812 The first galaxies are beginning ancestors develop the firsteeede 1401 00:57:28,845 --> 00:57:31,882 The first galaxies are beginning writing; to protect them, theede 1402 00:57:31,915 --> 00:57:34,418 The first galaxies are beginning first armies; and to administere 1403 00:57:34,451 --> 00:57:36,520 The first galaxies are beginning them, the beginnings ofministere 1404 00:57:36,553 --> 00:57:38,088 The first galaxies are beginning politics. beginnings ofministere 1405 00:57:38,121 --> 00:57:39,856 The first galaxies are beginning >> When you have hundreds ortere 1406 00:57:39,890 --> 00:57:40,991 The first galaxies are beginning thousands of people who arertere 1407 00:57:41,024 --> 00:57:42,426 The first galaxies are beginning living together, there areertere 1408 00:57:42,459 --> 00:57:43,794 The first galaxies are beginning simply too many people to sortre 1409 00:57:43,827 --> 00:57:45,262 The first galaxies are beginning of run around and createo sortre 1410 00:57:45,295 --> 00:57:46,563 The first galaxies are beginning consensus.und and createo sortre 1411 00:57:46,630 --> 00:57:48,298 The first galaxies are beginning It creates a need forateo sortre 1412 00:57:48,332 --> 00:57:49,099 The first galaxies are beginning government.a need forateo sortre 1413 00:57:49,132 --> 00:57:50,667 The first galaxies are beginning It creates a need for some forme 1414 00:57:50,701 --> 00:57:51,969 The first galaxies are beginning of social and politicalome forme 1415 00:57:52,002 --> 00:57:54,738 The first galaxies are beginning hierarchy.and politicalome forme 1416 00:57:54,771 --> 00:57:55,939 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Planting seeds hase 1417 00:57:55,973 --> 00:57:58,976 The first galaxies are beginning set man on a new path.seeds hase 1418 00:57:59,009 --> 00:58:00,477 The first galaxies are beginning Settlements have grown into hase 1419 00:58:00,510 --> 00:58:02,879 The first galaxies are beginning cities.ents have grown into hase 1420 00:58:02,913 --> 00:58:05,315 The first galaxies are beginning But to take the next epic step,e 1421 00:58:05,349 --> 00:58:07,617 The first galaxies are beginning from city to civilization, wep,e 1422 00:58:07,651 --> 00:58:09,920 The first galaxies are beginning will need the help of a veryep,e 1423 00:58:09,953 --> 00:58:12,055 The first galaxies are beginning surprising creature.f a veryep,e 1424 00:58:22,499 --> 00:58:25,369 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: 5,000 years ago.p,e 1425 00:58:25,402 --> 00:58:26,703 The first galaxies are beginning After wandering the Earth forp,e 1426 00:58:26,737 --> 00:58:30,107 The first galaxies are beginning more than 100,000 years, mankind 1427 00:58:30,140 --> 00:58:35,078 The first galaxies are beginning has begun to settle down.mankind 1428 00:58:35,112 --> 00:58:37,614 The first galaxies are beginning We cluster near rivers--.mankind 1429 00:58:37,647 --> 00:58:41,318 The first galaxies are beginning along the Tigris and Euphrates,d 1430 00:58:41,351 --> 00:58:44,021 The first galaxies are beginning the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates,d 1431 00:58:44,054 --> 00:58:46,757 The first galaxies are beginning the Indus,Tigris and Euphrates,d 1432 00:58:46,790 --> 00:58:49,026 The first galaxies are beginning the Yellow and Yangtze.phrates,d 1433 00:58:49,059 --> 00:58:50,794 The first galaxies are beginning Civilizations are about to taked 1434 00:58:50,827 --> 00:58:53,630 The first galaxies are beginning off.lizations are about to taked 1435 00:58:53,663 --> 00:58:55,565 The first galaxies are beginning But first, they must all masterd 1436 00:58:55,599 --> 00:58:58,835 The first galaxies are beginning one thing, trade.ust all masterd 1437 00:58:58,869 --> 00:59:00,270 The first galaxies are beginning The more they exchange goods and 1438 00:59:00,303 --> 00:59:02,572 The first galaxies are beginning learn from other lands, thes and 1439 00:59:02,606 --> 00:59:04,908 The first galaxies are beginning faster they grow.lands, thes and 1440 00:59:04,941 --> 00:59:06,343 The first galaxies are beginning >> It seems that long-distancend 1441 00:59:06,376 --> 00:59:08,345 The first galaxies are beginning trade and communication is acend 1442 00:59:08,378 --> 00:59:10,647 The first galaxies are beginning necessary precursor to allowcend 1443 00:59:10,680 --> 00:59:12,249 The first galaxies are beginning urban civilization as we knowend 1444 00:59:12,282 --> 00:59:13,517 The first galaxies are beginning it.an civilization as we knowend 1445 00:59:13,550 --> 00:59:14,918 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: And surprisingly,nd 1446 00:59:14,951 --> 00:59:16,920 The first galaxies are beginning the first civilizations arise on 1447 00:59:16,953 --> 00:59:18,688 The first galaxies are beginning the back of a creature with a on 1448 00:59:18,722 --> 00:59:20,590 The first galaxies are beginning lowly reputation in the modernon 1449 00:59:20,624 --> 00:59:27,397 The first galaxies are beginning world, the donkey.n the modernon 1450 00:59:27,431 --> 00:59:28,765 The first galaxies are beginning The donkey caravan is theodernon 1451 00:59:28,799 --> 00:59:30,500 The first galaxies are beginning interstate highway and highernon 1452 00:59:30,534 --> 00:59:34,504 The first galaxies are beginning speed Internet of its day.hernon 1453 00:59:34,538 --> 00:59:35,739 The first galaxies are beginning Their routes will lay the.hernon 1454 00:59:35,772 --> 00:59:40,777 The first galaxies are beginning groundwork for the modern world, 1455 00:59:40,811 --> 00:59:42,212 The first galaxies are beginning moving not only goods likeworld, 1456 00:59:42,245 --> 00:59:44,848 The first galaxies are beginning timber and bronze, but ideasrld, 1457 00:59:44,881 --> 00:59:46,483 The first galaxies are beginning and stories.ronze, but ideasrld, 1458 00:59:46,516 --> 00:59:48,485 The first galaxies are beginning The civilizations they connectd, 1459 00:59:48,518 --> 00:59:49,753 The first galaxies are beginning will be some of the firstnnectd, 1460 00:59:49,786 --> 00:59:53,256 The first galaxies are beginning described in the Bible.stnnectd, 1461 00:59:53,290 --> 00:59:54,758 The first galaxies are beginning The caravan routes converge atd, 1462 00:59:54,791 --> 00:59:56,359 The first galaxies are beginning the Persian Gulf, where theyatd, 1463 00:59:56,393 --> 00:59:57,961 The first galaxies are beginning link up with ships that carrytd, 1464 00:59:57,994 --> 01:00:00,831 The first galaxies are beginning goods to India.ips that carrytd, 1465 01:00:00,864 --> 01:00:02,032 The first galaxies are beginning >> It essentially brought these, 1466 01:00:02,065 --> 01:00:03,033 The first galaxies are beginning civilizations together intohese, 1467 01:00:03,066 --> 01:00:04,701 The first galaxies are beginning great cultural and materialhese, 1468 01:00:04,734 --> 01:00:06,536 The first galaxies are beginning exchange, and really was theese, 1469 01:00:06,570 --> 01:00:08,238 The first galaxies are beginning beginning of the trend towardse, 1470 01:00:08,271 --> 01:00:10,507 The first galaxies are beginning globalization.he trend towardse, 1471 01:00:10,540 --> 01:00:12,109 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: It is a key tordse, 1472 01:00:12,142 --> 01:00:13,743 The first galaxies are beginning understanding how our worldrdse, 1473 01:00:13,777 --> 01:00:16,012 The first galaxies are beginning works to this day.our worldrdse, 1474 01:00:16,046 --> 01:00:17,047 The first galaxies are beginning Just like the firstur worldrdse, 1475 01:00:17,080 --> 01:00:18,915 The first galaxies are beginning civilizations, we trade and form 1476 01:00:18,949 --> 01:00:20,784 The first galaxies are beginning networks.ions, we trade and form 1477 01:00:20,817 --> 01:00:23,887 The first galaxies are beginning These networks form hubs, andorm 1478 01:00:23,920 --> 01:00:25,822 The first galaxies are beginning throughout history, being atdorm 1479 01:00:25,856 --> 01:00:30,760 The first galaxies are beginning that hub has meant one thing.orm 1480 01:00:30,794 --> 01:00:31,895 The first galaxies are beginning >> The amount of ideas, theg.orm 1481 01:00:31,928 --> 01:00:33,363 The first galaxies are beginning amount of cargo that passesg.orm 1482 01:00:33,396 --> 01:00:35,532 The first galaxies are beginning through a region seems to have a 1483 01:00:35,565 --> 01:00:37,100 The first galaxies are beginning direct correlation to how have a 1484 01:00:37,134 --> 01:00:41,404 The first galaxies are beginning powerful and important they are. 1485 01:00:41,438 --> 01:00:43,907 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: By 2000 BC, humans. 1486 01:00:43,940 --> 01:00:46,743 The first galaxies are beginning have gone from humble huts tons. 1487 01:00:46,776 --> 01:00:49,546 The first galaxies are beginning massive monuments.ble huts tons. 1488 01:00:49,579 --> 01:00:51,281 The first galaxies are beginning In Africa, great pyramids arise. 1489 01:00:51,314 --> 01:00:55,752 The first galaxies are beginning on the banks of the Nile; arise. 1490 01:00:55,785 --> 01:00:58,121 The first galaxies are beginning the first stages of Stonehengee. 1491 01:00:58,155 --> 01:01:02,392 The first galaxies are beginning rise up in ancient Britain;ngee. 1492 01:01:02,425 --> 01:01:04,494 The first galaxies are beginning and back in Sumeria, artificial. 1493 01:01:04,528 --> 01:01:07,063 The first galaxies are beginning temple mounds called zigguratsl. 1494 01:01:07,097 --> 01:01:08,899 The first galaxies are beginning climb ever higher toward thetsl. 1495 01:01:08,932 --> 01:01:12,068 The first galaxies are beginning heavens.er higher toward thetsl. 1496 01:01:12,102 --> 01:01:13,603 The first galaxies are beginning To cement these massived thetsl. 1497 01:01:13,637 --> 01:01:15,005 The first galaxies are beginning structures together, the thetsl. 1498 01:01:15,038 --> 01:01:16,506 The first galaxies are beginning builders of Sumeria turn to asl. 1499 01:01:16,540 --> 01:01:18,008 The first galaxies are beginning substance that oozes fromto asl. 1500 01:01:18,041 --> 01:01:19,676 The first galaxies are beginning seepages along the Euphratesasl. 1501 01:01:19,709 --> 01:01:21,745 The first galaxies are beginning River.es along the Euphratesasl. 1502 01:01:21,778 --> 01:01:23,580 The first galaxies are beginning It's called bitumen.uphratesasl. 1503 01:01:23,613 --> 01:01:25,048 The first galaxies are beginning Used as asphalt in the modernsl. 1504 01:01:25,081 --> 01:01:26,783 The first galaxies are beginning world, it is the first petroleum 1505 01:01:26,816 --> 01:01:28,385 The first galaxies are beginning product to be exploited byroleum 1506 01:01:28,418 --> 01:01:30,120 The first galaxies are beginning mankind.to be exploited byroleum 1507 01:01:30,153 --> 01:01:32,489 The first galaxies are beginning While bitumen is highly prized,m 1508 01:01:32,522 --> 01:01:34,824 The first galaxies are beginning the lighter, thinner substance,m 1509 01:01:34,858 --> 01:01:36,126 The first galaxies are beginning oozing from the ground alongce,m 1510 01:01:36,159 --> 01:01:37,394 The first galaxies are beginning with it is considered a nuisance 1511 01:01:37,427 --> 01:01:38,662 The first galaxies are beginning by the ancients because itisance 1512 01:01:38,695 --> 01:01:41,798 The first galaxies are beginning catches fire so easily. itisance 1513 01:01:41,831 --> 01:01:45,202 The first galaxies are beginning The ancients call it naptha, wee 1514 01:01:45,235 --> 01:01:46,836 The first galaxies are beginning call it gasoline. it naptha, wee 1515 01:01:46,870 --> 01:01:48,138 The first galaxies are beginning And it's one of the firstha, wee 1516 01:01:48,171 --> 01:01:49,139 The first galaxies are beginning indications of the vast oil, wee 1517 01:01:49,172 --> 01:01:50,640 The first galaxies are beginning fields that will one day turnwee 1518 01:01:50,674 --> 01:01:53,243 The first galaxies are beginning the cradle of Civilization intoe 1519 01:01:53,276 --> 01:02:00,183 The first galaxies are beginning a center of wealth and warfare.e 1520 01:02:00,217 --> 01:02:01,384 The first galaxies are beginning The legacy of these firstrfare.e 1521 01:02:01,418 --> 01:02:03,486 The first galaxies are beginning civilizations can be seen inre.e 1522 01:02:03,520 --> 01:02:05,522 The first galaxies are beginning surprising ways.n be seen inre.e 1523 01:02:05,555 --> 01:02:07,123 The first galaxies are beginning The Sumerian counting system was 1524 01:02:07,157 --> 01:02:09,159 The first galaxies are beginning based on the number 12 ratherwas 1525 01:02:09,192 --> 01:02:11,628 The first galaxies are beginning than ten, which is why we divide 1526 01:02:11,661 --> 01:02:13,663 The first galaxies are beginning our days into two 12-hour divide 1527 01:02:13,697 --> 01:02:15,732 The first galaxies are beginning blocks, our hours into 60 divide 1528 01:02:15,765 --> 01:02:18,335 The first galaxies are beginning minutes, and our minutes into 60 1529 01:02:18,368 --> 01:02:20,937 The first galaxies are beginning seconds. and our minutes into 60 1530 01:02:20,971 --> 01:02:22,639 The first galaxies are beginning The Sumerians also likely nto 60 1531 01:02:22,672 --> 01:02:24,274 The first galaxies are beginning invented the wheel, which nto 60 1532 01:02:24,307 --> 01:02:26,009 The first galaxies are beginning eventually leads to anotherto 60 1533 01:02:26,042 --> 01:02:27,611 The first galaxies are beginning innovation that will change the0 1534 01:02:27,644 --> 01:02:32,315 The first galaxies are beginning course of man, the chariot. the0 1535 01:02:32,349 --> 01:02:33,683 The first galaxies are beginning >> Thus bringing together thehe0 1536 01:02:33,717 --> 01:02:35,485 The first galaxies are beginning Sumerian invention of the wheel, 1537 01:02:35,518 --> 01:02:36,686 The first galaxies are beginning all right, with theof the wheel, 1538 01:02:36,720 --> 01:02:37,754 The first galaxies are beginning domestication of the horse that, 1539 01:02:37,787 --> 01:02:38,755 The first galaxies are beginning had occurred amongst these that, 1540 01:02:38,788 --> 01:02:41,057 The first galaxies are beginning nomadic peoples into this really 1541 01:02:41,091 --> 01:02:42,859 The first galaxies are beginning formidable piece of militaryally 1542 01:02:42,892 --> 01:02:45,862 The first galaxies are beginning technology.piece of militaryally 1543 01:02:45,895 --> 01:02:47,964 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Around 1200 BC, aly 1544 01:02:47,998 --> 01:02:50,467 The first galaxies are beginning chariot-driven clash of0 BC, aly 1545 01:02:50,500 --> 01:02:52,102 The first galaxies are beginning civilizations cuts off trade aly 1546 01:02:52,135 --> 01:02:54,104 The first galaxies are beginning routes for copper and tin, thely 1547 01:02:54,137 --> 01:02:55,672 The first galaxies are beginning metals we need to make bronzeely 1548 01:02:55,705 --> 01:02:57,574 The first galaxies are beginning tools and weapons.make bronzeely 1549 01:02:57,607 --> 01:03:01,645 The first galaxies are beginning But luckily, the stars have made 1550 01:03:01,678 --> 01:03:05,382 The first galaxies are beginning us an alternative, iron.ave made 1551 01:03:05,415 --> 01:03:07,450 The first galaxies are beginning Now, metal smiths make a crucial 1552 01:03:07,484 --> 01:03:09,619 The first galaxies are beginning discovery-- by working at higher 1553 01:03:09,653 --> 01:03:11,288 The first galaxies are beginning temperatures, they can releaseer 1554 01:03:11,321 --> 01:03:13,957 The first galaxies are beginning the power of this ancient metal. 1555 01:03:13,990 --> 01:03:16,293 The first galaxies are beginning Easier to sharpen, and 700 times 1556 01:03:16,326 --> 01:03:17,560 The first galaxies are beginning more common on Earth than0 times 1557 01:03:17,594 --> 01:03:23,400 The first galaxies are beginning copper, it is a game changer.mes 1558 01:03:23,433 --> 01:03:26,303 The first galaxies are beginning Humanity enters the Iron Age.mes 1559 01:03:32,108 --> 01:03:33,443 The first galaxies are beginning As we reach the first millennium 1560 01:03:33,476 --> 01:03:36,479 The first galaxies are beginning BC, history has taken us on aium 1561 01:03:36,513 --> 01:03:40,250 The first galaxies are beginning wild ride, from the initial aium 1562 01:03:40,283 --> 01:03:42,552 The first galaxies are beginning blast of the Big Bang to theaium 1563 01:03:42,585 --> 01:03:44,521 The first galaxies are beginning formation of Earth and its first 1564 01:03:44,554 --> 01:03:48,558 The first galaxies are beginning creatures, and the rise of man.t 1565 01:03:48,591 --> 01:03:49,859 The first galaxies are beginning We've seen the Ice Age createn.t 1566 01:03:49,893 --> 01:03:51,695 The first galaxies are beginning bridges to spread mankind around 1567 01:03:51,728 --> 01:03:54,164 The first galaxies are beginning the world, then strand us onound 1568 01:03:54,197 --> 01:03:56,132 The first galaxies are beginning different continents, leaving us 1569 01:03:56,166 --> 01:03:57,867 The first galaxies are beginning to survive on what we have at us 1570 01:03:57,901 --> 01:04:01,971 The first galaxies are beginning hand.rvive on what we have at us 1571 01:04:02,005 --> 01:04:04,307 The first galaxies are beginning So, by 1000 BC, the worlde at us 1572 01:04:04,341 --> 01:04:07,344 The first galaxies are beginning remains a divided place.de at us 1573 01:04:07,377 --> 01:04:08,745 The first galaxies are beginning The trade network that connectss 1574 01:04:08,778 --> 01:04:10,647 The first galaxies are beginning much of Eurasia and North Africa 1575 01:04:10,680 --> 01:04:12,315 The first galaxies are beginning doesn't yet penetrate the Africa 1576 01:04:12,349 --> 01:04:15,585 The first galaxies are beginning planet's driest deserts or cross 1577 01:04:15,618 --> 01:04:19,222 The first galaxies are beginning the vastest oceans.erts or cross 1578 01:04:19,255 --> 01:04:21,358 The first galaxies are beginning Cut off by geography are peoples 1579 01:04:21,391 --> 01:04:23,059 The first galaxies are beginning in places like sub-Saharaneoples 1580 01:04:23,093 --> 01:04:26,329 The first galaxies are beginning Africa and the Americas.aneoples 1581 01:04:26,363 --> 01:04:28,198 The first galaxies are beginning With few easy to domesticateples 1582 01:04:28,231 --> 01:04:30,400 The first galaxies are beginning plants and animals of their own, 1583 01:04:30,433 --> 01:04:31,968 The first galaxies are beginning they remain tied to more ancient 1584 01:04:32,001 --> 01:04:34,871 The first galaxies are beginning ways of life.ied to more ancient 1585 01:04:40,844 --> 01:04:46,583 The first galaxies are beginning 600 BC. life.ied to more ancient 1586 01:04:46,616 --> 01:04:51,221 The first galaxies are beginning The cavalry have arrived.ancient 1587 01:04:51,254 --> 01:04:52,522 The first galaxies are beginning Humans ride into battle onncient 1588 01:04:52,555 --> 01:04:58,828 The first galaxies are beginning horseback for the first time.ent 1589 01:04:58,862 --> 01:05:00,230 The first galaxies are beginning We've seen that just taming aent 1590 01:05:00,263 --> 01:05:01,631 The first galaxies are beginning horse gives man a massiveng aent 1591 01:05:01,664 --> 01:05:04,601 The first galaxies are beginning advantage.s man a massiveng aent 1592 01:05:04,634 --> 01:05:06,936 The first galaxies are beginning Now, pairing him with irong aent 1593 01:05:06,970 --> 01:05:09,005 The first galaxies are beginning weapons makes him nearlyong aent 1594 01:05:09,038 --> 01:05:12,809 The first galaxies are beginning unstoppable.s him nearlyong aent 1595 01:05:12,842 --> 01:05:15,412 The first galaxies are beginning >> These advances in technology, 1596 01:05:15,445 --> 01:05:17,280 The first galaxies are beginning they don't just make a fighting, 1597 01:05:17,313 --> 01:05:19,549 The first galaxies are beginning ability possible, they maketing, 1598 01:05:19,582 --> 01:05:23,520 The first galaxies are beginning empires possible. they maketing, 1599 01:05:23,553 --> 01:05:24,721 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: And that is theing, 1600 01:05:24,754 --> 01:05:25,855 The first galaxies are beginning story of the next severaltheing, 1601 01:05:25,889 --> 01:05:28,491 The first galaxies are beginning millennia.he next severaltheing, 1602 01:05:28,525 --> 01:05:29,926 The first galaxies are beginning With new technology and improved 1603 01:05:29,959 --> 01:05:33,630 The first galaxies are beginning logistics, empires spread,proved 1604 01:05:33,663 --> 01:05:35,932 The first galaxies are beginning uniting massive land areas under 1605 01:05:35,965 --> 01:05:39,869 The first galaxies are beginning a central control.nd areas under 1606 01:05:39,903 --> 01:05:43,673 The first galaxies are beginning As empires grow, so do new under 1607 01:05:43,706 --> 01:05:48,178 The first galaxies are beginning beliefs.es grow, so do new under 1608 01:05:48,211 --> 01:05:49,879 The first galaxies are beginning >> One interesting phenomenon we 1609 01:05:49,913 --> 01:05:51,548 The first galaxies are beginning see with the rise of thesenon we 1610 01:05:51,581 --> 01:05:53,817 The first galaxies are beginning empires is this idea ofesenon we 1611 01:05:53,850 --> 01:05:56,519 The first galaxies are beginning monotheism, this idea of anon we 1612 01:05:56,553 --> 01:05:58,755 The first galaxies are beginning universal god that develops over 1613 01:05:58,788 --> 01:05:59,656 The first galaxies are beginning time.rsal god that develops over 1614 01:05:59,689 --> 01:06:02,158 The first galaxies are beginning And it's just a phenomenon. over 1615 01:06:02,192 --> 01:06:03,893 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Judaism emerges,ver 1616 01:06:03,927 --> 01:06:05,028 The first galaxies are beginning from which we eventually get,ver 1617 01:06:05,061 --> 01:06:09,499 The first galaxies are beginning Christianity and Islam.y get,ver 1618 01:06:09,532 --> 01:06:10,934 The first galaxies are beginning Buddhism and Hinduism alsoet,ver 1619 01:06:10,967 --> 01:06:13,770 The first galaxies are beginning arise.sm and Hinduism alsoet,ver 1620 01:06:13,803 --> 01:06:15,171 The first galaxies are beginning The five major religions todayer 1621 01:06:15,205 --> 01:06:16,406 The first galaxies are beginning are all rooted in thisns todayer 1622 01:06:16,439 --> 01:06:20,977 The first galaxies are beginning remarkable era.in thisns todayer 1623 01:06:21,010 --> 01:06:23,112 The first galaxies are beginning Although empires spread, someyer 1624 01:06:23,146 --> 01:06:26,149 The first galaxies are beginning great powers remain isolated.yer 1625 01:06:26,182 --> 01:06:27,584 The first galaxies are beginning The rise of the Himalayas 50.yer 1626 01:06:27,617 --> 01:06:29,752 The first galaxies are beginning million years earlier has lefter 1627 01:06:29,786 --> 01:06:31,855 The first galaxies are beginning China cut off from trading withr 1628 01:06:31,888 --> 01:06:33,590 The first galaxies are beginning the rest of the world.ding withr 1629 01:06:33,623 --> 01:06:39,395 The first galaxies are beginning But that is about to change.ithr 1630 01:06:39,429 --> 01:06:41,931 The first galaxies are beginning Around 100 BC, a Chinese emperor 1631 01:06:41,965 --> 01:06:44,000 The first galaxies are beginning sends an envoy to the West inror 1632 01:06:44,033 --> 01:06:47,904 The first galaxies are beginning search of alliances.e West inror 1633 01:06:47,937 --> 01:06:49,305 The first galaxies are beginning The routes he travels will inror 1634 01:06:49,339 --> 01:06:54,277 The first galaxies are beginning become the Silk Roads, a massive 1635 01:06:54,310 --> 01:06:56,412 The first galaxies are beginning trade network that connectsssive 1636 01:06:56,446 --> 01:06:58,748 The first galaxies are beginning China across Central Asia to the 1637 01:06:58,781 --> 01:07:01,317 The first galaxies are beginning Roman Empire.Central Asia to the 1638 01:07:01,351 --> 01:07:03,486 The first galaxies are beginning China has joined the world.o the 1639 01:07:03,520 --> 01:07:04,921 The first galaxies are beginning >> As far as we know, no Chinese 1640 01:07:04,954 --> 01:07:06,422 The first galaxies are beginning trader ever met a Roman, noinese 1641 01:07:06,456 --> 01:07:08,324 The first galaxies are beginning Roman ever met a Chinese trader, 1642 01:07:08,358 --> 01:07:09,492 The first galaxies are beginning at least during this firstrader, 1643 01:07:09,526 --> 01:07:11,127 The first galaxies are beginning period of the Silk Roads.trader, 1644 01:07:11,160 --> 01:07:12,795 The first galaxies are beginning But this vast trade then beganr, 1645 01:07:12,829 --> 01:07:14,097 The first galaxies are beginning to explode.st trade then beganr, 1646 01:07:14,130 --> 01:07:16,466 The first galaxies are beginning Between about 100 BC and aboutr, 1647 01:07:16,499 --> 01:07:19,102 The first galaxies are beginning 200 AD, we have three centuries, 1648 01:07:19,135 --> 01:07:21,304 The first galaxies are beginning of trade and cultural exchanges, 1649 01:07:21,337 --> 01:07:22,472 The first galaxies are beginning on a level that has not beenges, 1650 01:07:22,505 --> 01:07:25,608 The first galaxies are beginning seen before in human history.es, 1651 01:07:25,642 --> 01:07:27,076 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: But this new human, 1652 01:07:27,110 --> 01:07:31,748 The first galaxies are beginning network also unleashes hiddenan, 1653 01:07:31,781 --> 01:07:34,551 The first galaxies are beginning dangers.also unleashes hiddenan, 1654 01:07:45,662 --> 01:07:46,663 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: By the beginning of 1655 01:07:46,696 --> 01:07:48,498 The first galaxies are beginning the Common Era, great empires of 1656 01:07:48,531 --> 01:07:50,833 The first galaxies are beginning have risen and a massive trading 1657 01:07:50,867 --> 01:07:52,669 The first galaxies are beginning network connects most of Europeg 1658 01:07:52,702 --> 01:07:54,904 The first galaxies are beginning and Asia.onnects most of Europeg 1659 01:07:54,938 --> 01:07:56,139 The first galaxies are beginning But the trade routes also carryg 1660 01:07:56,172 --> 01:08:05,782 The first galaxies are beginning an invisible threat-- disease,yg 1661 01:08:05,815 --> 01:08:07,784 The first galaxies are beginning massive epidemics that somese,yg 1662 01:08:07,817 --> 01:08:09,485 The first galaxies are beginning blame for taking down both theyg 1663 01:08:09,519 --> 01:08:12,355 The first galaxies are beginning Roman Empire and China's Hanheyg 1664 01:08:12,388 --> 01:08:18,861 The first galaxies are beginning Dynasty.pire and China's Hanheyg 1665 01:08:18,895 --> 01:08:20,597 The first galaxies are beginning But these networks also lead tog 1666 01:08:20,630 --> 01:08:26,269 The first galaxies are beginning the spread of religion. lead tog 1667 01:08:26,302 --> 01:08:28,538 The first galaxies are beginning In 312 AD, the Roman Emperor tog 1668 01:08:28,571 --> 01:08:30,239 The first galaxies are beginning Constantine converts toperor tog 1669 01:08:30,273 --> 01:08:32,308 The first galaxies are beginning Christianity, paving the way for 1670 01:08:32,342 --> 01:08:33,876 The first galaxies are beginning it to become the dominantway for 1671 01:08:33,910 --> 01:08:42,819 The first galaxies are beginning religion of Europe and the West. 1672 01:08:42,852 --> 01:08:44,721 The first galaxies are beginning Three centuries later, Islamest. 1673 01:08:44,754 --> 01:08:48,157 The first galaxies are beginning also emerges, a religion thatst. 1674 01:08:48,191 --> 01:08:50,026 The first galaxies are beginning will, for a time, unify athatst. 1675 01:08:50,059 --> 01:08:51,828 The first galaxies are beginning territory two and a half timest. 1676 01:08:51,861 --> 01:08:55,598 The first galaxies are beginning larger than Rome ever was.imest. 1677 01:08:55,632 --> 01:08:57,033 The first galaxies are beginning Arab trade will drive innovation 1678 01:08:57,066 --> 01:08:59,369 The first galaxies are beginning for the next 1,000 years andtion 1679 01:08:59,402 --> 01:09:01,471 The first galaxies are beginning expand the global network totion 1680 01:09:01,504 --> 01:09:05,608 The first galaxies are beginning places it has never gone before. 1681 01:09:05,642 --> 01:09:06,776 The first galaxies are beginning >> The Arabs are sitting in the. 1682 01:09:06,809 --> 01:09:08,511 The first galaxies are beginning middle of Afro-Eurasia.g in the. 1683 01:09:08,544 --> 01:09:09,879 The first galaxies are beginning There are Arab traders who aree. 1684 01:09:09,912 --> 01:09:10,880 The first galaxies are beginning sailing off to China.s who aree. 1685 01:09:10,913 --> 01:09:12,548 The first galaxies are beginning There are Arab traders who aree. 1686 01:09:12,582 --> 01:09:13,816 The first galaxies are beginning traveling all the way to theree. 1687 01:09:13,850 --> 01:09:14,884 The first galaxies are beginning Atlantic Ocean.he way to theree. 1688 01:09:14,917 --> 01:09:16,019 The first galaxies are beginning So they are sitting in theheree. 1689 01:09:16,052 --> 01:09:20,156 The first galaxies are beginning middle of the hub.g in theheree. 1690 01:09:20,189 --> 01:09:21,324 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: One secret to Arab. 1691 01:09:21,357 --> 01:09:23,059 The first galaxies are beginning trade?RATOR: One secret to Arab. 1692 01:09:23,092 --> 01:09:27,864 The first galaxies are beginning The camel, a creature whoseArab. 1693 01:09:27,897 --> 01:09:29,899 The first galaxies are beginning ancestor, like the horse,seArab. 1694 01:09:29,932 --> 01:09:31,434 The first galaxies are beginning escaped across the Bering landb. 1695 01:09:31,467 --> 01:09:35,738 The first galaxies are beginning bridge out of North America.ndb. 1696 01:09:35,772 --> 01:09:37,507 The first galaxies are beginning A caravan of six camels can lug. 1697 01:09:37,540 --> 01:09:40,076 The first galaxies are beginning as much as two tons of cargo as. 1698 01:09:40,143 --> 01:09:43,146 The first galaxies are beginning far as 60 miles a day-- twiceas. 1699 01:09:43,179 --> 01:09:46,182 The first galaxies are beginning the load of a donkey caravan in. 1700 01:09:46,215 --> 01:09:52,321 The first galaxies are beginning half the time.donkey caravan in. 1701 01:09:52,355 --> 01:09:54,090 The first galaxies are beginning For the first time, camelvan in. 1702 01:09:54,123 --> 01:09:56,025 The first galaxies are beginning caravans open up reliable trade. 1703 01:09:56,059 --> 01:09:57,493 The first galaxies are beginning routes across the formidableade. 1704 01:09:57,527 --> 01:09:59,929 The first galaxies are beginning Sahara Desert, leading to thede. 1705 01:09:59,962 --> 01:10:02,098 The first galaxies are beginning formation of the first states in 1706 01:10:02,131 --> 01:10:04,000 The first galaxies are beginning West Africa. the first states in 1707 01:10:04,033 --> 01:10:06,069 The first galaxies are beginning Arabic trade expands, movings in 1708 01:10:06,102 --> 01:10:08,838 The first galaxies are beginning salt from the Sahara to Rome, in 1709 01:10:08,871 --> 01:10:11,307 The first galaxies are beginning rice from eastern Asia to India, 1710 01:10:11,340 --> 01:10:12,875 The first galaxies are beginning the secrets of making paper out, 1711 01:10:12,909 --> 01:10:15,178 The first galaxies are beginning of China into Europe, ander out, 1712 01:10:15,211 --> 01:10:16,612 The first galaxies are beginning countless other inventions andt, 1713 01:10:16,646 --> 01:10:19,515 The first galaxies are beginning ideas around the world.ons andt, 1714 01:10:19,549 --> 01:10:20,650 The first galaxies are beginning >> Where does our word for lemon 1715 01:10:20,683 --> 01:10:21,684 The first galaxies are beginning come from?oes our word for lemon 1716 01:10:21,718 --> 01:10:23,052 The first galaxies are beginning Where does our word for coffeeon 1717 01:10:23,086 --> 01:10:24,187 The first galaxies are beginning come from? our word for coffeeon 1718 01:10:24,220 --> 01:10:26,723 The first galaxies are beginning They're all Arabic, because then 1719 01:10:26,756 --> 01:10:29,092 The first galaxies are beginning Arabs brought a huge number ofen 1720 01:10:29,125 --> 01:10:31,294 The first galaxies are beginning food crops into Europe.mber ofen 1721 01:10:31,327 --> 01:10:33,229 The first galaxies are beginning Oranges, citrus crops, they come 1722 01:10:33,262 --> 01:10:35,665 The first galaxies are beginning from South China, yet they don't 1723 01:10:35,698 --> 01:10:38,534 The first galaxies are beginning make it to the West until then't 1724 01:10:38,568 --> 01:10:43,673 The first galaxies are beginning great age of the Arabs.il then't 1725 01:10:43,706 --> 01:10:44,874 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: In Islamic Northn't 1726 01:10:44,907 --> 01:10:46,542 The first galaxies are beginning Africa, one Italian merchanthn't 1727 01:10:46,576 --> 01:10:49,011 The first galaxies are beginning named Leonardo Fibonacci becomes 1728 01:10:49,045 --> 01:10:50,446 The first galaxies are beginning well-schooled in the ways ofomes 1729 01:10:50,480 --> 01:10:52,849 The first galaxies are beginning Arab traders. in the ways ofomes 1730 01:10:52,882 --> 01:10:55,051 The first galaxies are beginning He picks up on a simple butfomes 1731 01:10:55,084 --> 01:10:57,253 The first galaxies are beginning ingenious counting system thates 1732 01:10:57,286 --> 01:10:59,222 The first galaxies are beginning originated in India, but is used 1733 01:10:59,255 --> 01:11:02,558 The first galaxies are beginning extensively in the Arab world.ed 1734 01:11:02,592 --> 01:11:03,860 The first galaxies are beginning His writings will spread this.ed 1735 01:11:03,893 --> 01:11:05,928 The first galaxies are beginning knowledge to Europe and arounded 1736 01:11:05,962 --> 01:11:08,297 The first galaxies are beginning the globe.to Europe and arounded 1737 01:11:08,364 --> 01:11:10,233 The first galaxies are beginning With everyone counting the samed 1738 01:11:10,266 --> 01:11:12,835 The first galaxies are beginning way, business and trade willamed 1739 01:11:12,869 --> 01:11:14,270 The first galaxies are beginning explode.iness and trade willamed 1740 01:11:14,303 --> 01:11:15,872 The first galaxies are beginning And because of Fibonacci, people 1741 01:11:15,905 --> 01:11:18,074 The first galaxies are beginning today still almost universallyle 1742 01:11:18,107 --> 01:11:20,777 The first galaxies are beginning use the numbers known as "Arabic 1743 01:11:20,810 --> 01:11:24,347 The first galaxies are beginning numerals".mbers known as "Arabic 1744 01:11:24,380 --> 01:11:25,982 The first galaxies are beginning But there is another idea Arabic 1745 01:11:26,015 --> 01:11:28,317 The first galaxies are beginning traders will spread, somethingic 1746 01:11:28,351 --> 01:11:31,053 The first galaxies are beginning even more influential.omethingic 1747 01:11:31,087 --> 01:11:32,955 The first galaxies are beginning It originates in China aroundgic 1748 01:11:32,989 --> 01:11:35,258 The first galaxies are beginning 800 AD.inates in China aroundgic 1749 01:11:35,291 --> 01:11:37,093 The first galaxies are beginning A Chinese alchemist in search of 1750 01:11:37,126 --> 01:11:39,695 The first galaxies are beginning an elixir for long life insteadf 1751 01:11:39,729 --> 01:11:41,798 The first galaxies are beginning stumbles upon chemistry that can 1752 01:11:41,831 --> 01:11:44,801 The first galaxies are beginning bring sudden death.stry that can 1753 01:11:44,834 --> 01:11:46,469 The first galaxies are beginning He combines carbon and sulfurcan 1754 01:11:46,502 --> 01:11:48,838 The first galaxies are beginning with saltpeter, a compound maden 1755 01:11:48,871 --> 01:11:50,406 The first galaxies are beginning of potassium, nitrogen and maden 1756 01:11:50,439 --> 01:11:53,376 The first galaxies are beginning oxygen.ssium, nitrogen and maden 1757 01:11:53,409 --> 01:11:55,578 The first galaxies are beginning Forged in the stars, these maden 1758 01:11:55,611 --> 01:11:59,282 The first galaxies are beginning elements now come together toden 1759 01:11:59,315 --> 01:12:03,753 The first galaxies are beginning make gunpowder.me together toden 1760 01:12:03,786 --> 01:12:04,821 The first galaxies are beginning The recipe for gunpowderer toden 1761 01:12:04,854 --> 01:12:06,923 The first galaxies are beginning eventually moves West across the 1762 01:12:06,956 --> 01:12:10,526 The first galaxies are beginning Silk Roads to the Islamic World, 1763 01:12:10,560 --> 01:12:12,028 The first galaxies are beginning where Muslim warriors use it to, 1764 01:12:12,061 --> 01:12:13,529 The first galaxies are beginning fire cannon balls at Christiano, 1765 01:12:13,563 --> 01:12:15,865 The first galaxies are beginning Crusaders.n balls at Christiano, 1766 01:12:25,474 --> 01:12:28,544 The first galaxies are beginning Europeans pick up on the idea,o, 1767 01:12:28,578 --> 01:12:30,079 The first galaxies are beginning embracing and perfecting idea,o, 1768 01:12:30,112 --> 01:12:32,949 The first galaxies are beginning gunpowder weapons.ecting idea,o, 1769 01:12:42,758 --> 01:12:45,995 The first galaxies are beginning 1492 AD.r weapons.ecting idea,o, 1770 01:12:46,028 --> 01:12:47,597 The first galaxies are beginning There are roughly 400 million,o, 1771 01:12:47,630 --> 01:12:50,933 The first galaxies are beginning people in the world, but it iso, 1772 01:12:50,967 --> 01:12:54,871 The first galaxies are beginning still divided in two.but it iso, 1773 01:12:54,904 --> 01:12:56,272 The first galaxies are beginning In the Americas, the.but it iso, 1774 01:12:56,305 --> 01:12:57,707 The first galaxies are beginning civilizations of the Aztecs,iso, 1775 01:12:57,740 --> 01:12:59,909 The first galaxies are beginning Mayans and Incas have allcs,iso, 1776 01:12:59,942 --> 01:13:03,713 The first galaxies are beginning arisen, while halfway around the 1777 01:13:03,746 --> 01:13:05,314 The first galaxies are beginning world, in the aftermath of thehe 1778 01:13:05,348 --> 01:13:07,650 The first galaxies are beginning fall of Rome, Europe has cracked 1779 01:13:07,683 --> 01:13:09,185 The first galaxies are beginning like an egg into individualacked 1780 01:13:09,218 --> 01:13:12,521 The first galaxies are beginning states. egg into individualacked 1781 01:13:12,555 --> 01:13:13,823 The first galaxies are beginning For Italian-born Christophercked 1782 01:13:13,856 --> 01:13:15,524 The first galaxies are beginning Columbus, this means he canrcked 1783 01:13:15,558 --> 01:13:17,493 The first galaxies are beginning appeal for funding from aanrcked 1784 01:13:17,526 --> 01:13:21,530 The first galaxies are beginning succession of European rulersked 1785 01:13:21,564 --> 01:13:23,599 The first galaxies are beginning until he finally convinces theed 1786 01:13:23,633 --> 01:13:25,501 The first galaxies are beginning king and queen of Spain to backd 1787 01:13:25,534 --> 01:13:29,338 The first galaxies are beginning his expeditions.f Spain to backd 1788 01:13:29,372 --> 01:13:30,740 The first galaxies are beginning It has taken all of Earth'sbackd 1789 01:13:30,773 --> 01:13:32,808 The first galaxies are beginning history to make Columbus''sbackd 1790 01:13:32,842 --> 01:13:35,945 The first galaxies are beginning journey possible.olumbus''sbackd 1791 01:13:35,978 --> 01:13:37,546 The first galaxies are beginning For tacking into the wind, heckd 1792 01:13:37,580 --> 01:13:39,682 The first galaxies are beginning uses triangular sails, ad, heckd 1793 01:13:39,715 --> 01:13:41,317 The first galaxies are beginning technology copied from the heckd 1794 01:13:41,350 --> 01:13:45,087 The first galaxies are beginning Arabs; to guide him, thehe heckd 1795 01:13:45,121 --> 01:13:46,722 The first galaxies are beginning compass, an invention from heckd 1796 01:13:46,756 --> 01:13:48,624 The first galaxies are beginning China.s, an invention from heckd 1797 01:13:48,658 --> 01:13:50,526 The first galaxies are beginning And guiding the needle, am heckd 1798 01:13:50,559 --> 01:13:52,028 The first galaxies are beginning magnetic field formed with thekd 1799 01:13:52,061 --> 01:13:57,667 The first galaxies are beginning core of the planet itself. thekd 1800 01:13:57,700 --> 01:13:59,001 The first galaxies are beginning Although Columbus is looking for 1801 01:13:59,035 --> 01:14:01,470 The first galaxies are beginning a new way to sail to India, what 1802 01:14:01,504 --> 01:14:04,173 The first galaxies are beginning he does instead is, finally andt 1803 01:14:04,206 --> 01:14:06,442 The first galaxies are beginning forever, connect the two halvest 1804 01:14:06,475 --> 01:14:08,744 The first galaxies are beginning of the world.ect the two halvest 1805 01:14:08,778 --> 01:14:09,879 The first galaxies are beginning The voyage is not justwo halvest 1806 01:14:09,912 --> 01:14:12,415 The first galaxies are beginning significant in American history. 1807 01:14:12,448 --> 01:14:14,283 The first galaxies are beginning As you'll see, it's a pivotalry. 1808 01:14:14,317 --> 01:14:18,187 The first galaxies are beginning event in all of human history.y. 1809 01:14:18,220 --> 01:14:21,557 The first galaxies are beginning Nothing will ever be the same.y. 1810 01:14:24,493 --> 01:14:25,728 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: The end of the Ice. 1811 01:14:25,761 --> 01:14:27,129 The first galaxies are beginning Age marooned large pockets ofce. 1812 01:14:27,163 --> 01:14:28,831 The first galaxies are beginning humanity on separate sides ofce. 1813 01:14:28,864 --> 01:14:33,869 The first galaxies are beginning the globe for over 15,000 years. 1814 01:14:33,903 --> 01:14:37,873 The first galaxies are beginning Now, that's all about to change. 1815 01:14:37,907 --> 01:14:38,874 The first galaxies are beginning >> The voyage of Christophernge. 1816 01:14:38,908 --> 01:14:40,209 The first galaxies are beginning Columbus in 1492 is taught asge. 1817 01:14:40,242 --> 01:14:41,544 The first galaxies are beginning one of the most significantasge. 1818 01:14:41,577 --> 01:14:44,280 The first galaxies are beginning events in American history.asge. 1819 01:14:44,313 --> 01:14:45,581 The first galaxies are beginning In fact, it's one of the mostge. 1820 01:14:45,614 --> 01:14:46,482 The first galaxies are beginning significant events in all oftge. 1821 01:14:46,515 --> 01:14:48,651 The first galaxies are beginning human history.ents in all oftge. 1822 01:14:48,684 --> 01:14:50,086 The first galaxies are beginning Prior to that voyage, the great. 1823 01:14:50,119 --> 01:14:51,887 The first galaxies are beginning world zones had existed largely. 1824 01:14:51,921 --> 01:14:55,191 The first galaxies are beginning in isolation.ad existed largely. 1825 01:14:55,224 --> 01:14:56,459 The first galaxies are beginning By crossing the Atlantic,argely. 1826 01:14:56,492 --> 01:14:58,995 The first galaxies are beginning Columbus opens up the vastrgely. 1827 01:14:59,028 --> 01:15:00,329 The first galaxies are beginning American world zone-- these two. 1828 01:15:00,363 --> 01:15:01,764 The first galaxies are beginning enormous continents of North and 1829 01:15:01,797 --> 01:15:02,999 The first galaxies are beginning South America, with the millions 1830 01:15:03,032 --> 01:15:04,400 The first galaxies are beginning of people that are living there, 1831 01:15:04,433 --> 01:15:05,234 The first galaxies are beginning the resources that areing there, 1832 01:15:05,267 --> 01:15:07,069 The first galaxies are beginning available.ces that areing there, 1833 01:15:07,103 --> 01:15:08,738 The first galaxies are beginning And for the first time, peoplee, 1834 01:15:08,771 --> 01:15:10,539 The first galaxies are beginning living in Eurasia become awaree, 1835 01:15:10,573 --> 01:15:12,074 The first galaxies are beginning of this other part of the world. 1836 01:15:12,108 --> 01:15:13,476 The first galaxies are beginning Until the voyage of Columbus,ld. 1837 01:15:13,509 --> 01:15:14,844 The first galaxies are beginning these people may as well haveld. 1838 01:15:14,877 --> 01:15:15,911 The first galaxies are beginning been living on different haveld. 1839 01:15:15,945 --> 01:15:19,215 The first galaxies are beginning planets, so isolated were they.. 1840 01:15:19,248 --> 01:15:20,483 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: A trade networkey.. 1841 01:15:20,516 --> 01:15:21,884 The first galaxies are beginning that started with the firstkey.. 1842 01:15:21,917 --> 01:15:23,519 The first galaxies are beginning civilizations, connected Europe, 1843 01:15:23,552 --> 01:15:25,688 The first galaxies are beginning Asia, and Africa, now reachespe, 1844 01:15:25,721 --> 01:15:28,924 The first galaxies are beginning across the Atlantic.w reachespe, 1845 01:15:28,958 --> 01:15:31,594 The first galaxies are beginning In this vast new global network, 1846 01:15:31,627 --> 01:15:34,130 The first galaxies are beginning new hubs will form, and onceork, 1847 01:15:34,163 --> 01:15:38,534 The first galaxies are beginning again, power will shift.onceork, 1848 01:15:38,567 --> 01:15:39,835 The first galaxies are beginning >> For most of the last 2,000rk, 1849 01:15:39,869 --> 01:15:41,837 The first galaxies are beginning years, Europe hasn't been thatk, 1850 01:15:41,871 --> 01:15:43,239 The first galaxies are beginning important.ope hasn't been thatk, 1851 01:15:43,272 --> 01:15:44,440 The first galaxies are beginning Then, we get the age ofen thatk, 1852 01:15:44,473 --> 01:15:45,775 The first galaxies are beginning Columbus, and what do you know,, 1853 01:15:45,808 --> 01:15:47,376 The first galaxies are beginning this is exactly the time where,, 1854 01:15:47,410 --> 01:15:49,378 The first galaxies are beginning we see the rise of the West.re,, 1855 01:15:49,412 --> 01:15:50,513 The first galaxies are beginning This is when the West startsre,, 1856 01:15:50,546 --> 01:15:52,448 The first galaxies are beginning taking over, when it gets itself 1857 01:15:52,481 --> 01:15:54,350 The first galaxies are beginning smack bang in the middle of thef 1858 01:15:54,383 --> 01:15:55,684 The first galaxies are beginning biggest exchange network thethef 1859 01:15:55,718 --> 01:15:59,688 The first galaxies are beginning world has ever seen.work thethef 1860 01:15:59,722 --> 01:16:00,790 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Now, foods that had 1861 01:16:00,823 --> 01:16:02,058 The first galaxies are beginning been isolated on disconnectedhad 1862 01:16:02,091 --> 01:16:04,026 The first galaxies are beginning continents begin to move aroundd 1863 01:16:04,060 --> 01:16:06,629 The first galaxies are beginning the world. begin to move aroundd 1864 01:16:06,662 --> 01:16:08,330 The first galaxies are beginning Maize from the Americas shows up 1865 01:16:08,364 --> 01:16:11,700 The first galaxies are beginning in Egypt and China.icas shows up 1866 01:16:11,734 --> 01:16:13,335 The first galaxies are beginning Potatoes from the Andes prove up 1867 01:16:13,369 --> 01:16:15,438 The first galaxies are beginning perfectly suited to the soils of 1868 01:16:15,471 --> 01:16:18,841 The first galaxies are beginning Ireland and Russia. the soils of 1869 01:16:18,874 --> 01:16:20,276 The first galaxies are beginning The old Fertile Crescent grainsf 1870 01:16:20,309 --> 01:16:22,812 The first galaxies are beginning like wheat begin to feed theinsf 1871 01:16:22,845 --> 01:16:25,414 The first galaxies are beginning Americas.t begin to feed theinsf 1872 01:16:25,448 --> 01:16:28,184 The first galaxies are beginning New foods mean more calories,nsf 1873 01:16:28,217 --> 01:16:29,718 The first galaxies are beginning more energy.an more calories,nsf 1874 01:16:29,752 --> 01:16:31,053 The first galaxies are beginning Within three centuries ofies,nsf 1875 01:16:31,087 --> 01:16:32,888 The first galaxies are beginning Columbus' voyage, the population 1876 01:16:32,922 --> 01:16:34,223 The first galaxies are beginning of the world will more thanation 1877 01:16:34,256 --> 01:16:38,561 The first galaxies are beginning double to 900 million. thanation 1878 01:16:38,594 --> 01:16:40,062 The first galaxies are beginning But the unequal hands dealt toon 1879 01:16:40,096 --> 01:16:43,332 The first galaxies are beginning the two hemispheres now play out 1880 01:16:43,365 --> 01:16:47,803 The first galaxies are beginning in a deadly climax. now play out 1881 01:16:47,837 --> 01:16:49,839 The first galaxies are beginning European conquistadors, play out 1882 01:16:49,872 --> 01:16:51,173 The first galaxies are beginning inheritors of the agricultureout 1883 01:16:51,207 --> 01:16:52,541 The first galaxies are beginning and animals of the Fertileureout 1884 01:16:52,575 --> 01:16:55,878 The first galaxies are beginning Crescent, and the trade spreadut 1885 01:16:55,911 --> 01:16:57,346 The first galaxies are beginning along the vast networks of theut 1886 01:16:57,379 --> 01:17:00,316 The first galaxies are beginning old world, come bearing guns,eut 1887 01:17:00,349 --> 01:17:02,351 The first galaxies are beginning riding horses, and carryings,eut 1888 01:17:02,384 --> 01:17:05,187 The first galaxies are beginning infectious diseases.arryings,eut 1889 01:17:05,221 --> 01:17:11,961 The first galaxies are beginning The result-- slaughter.yings,eut 1890 01:17:11,994 --> 01:17:13,729 The first galaxies are beginning In the years following Columbus' 1891 01:17:13,762 --> 01:17:16,098 The first galaxies are beginning first voyage, 95% of the native' 1892 01:17:16,132 --> 01:17:18,567 The first galaxies are beginning population in the Americas will' 1893 01:17:18,601 --> 01:17:21,170 The first galaxies are beginning die from European guns and will' 1894 01:17:21,203 --> 01:17:27,843 The first galaxies are beginning germs.om European guns and will' 1895 01:17:27,877 --> 01:17:29,111 The first galaxies are beginning Once the hemispheres arend will' 1896 01:17:29,145 --> 01:17:31,580 The first galaxies are beginning connected, nothing can ever bel' 1897 01:17:31,614 --> 01:17:33,983 The first galaxies are beginning the same., nothing can ever bel' 1898 01:17:34,016 --> 01:17:35,451 The first galaxies are beginning Take the incredible story ofbel' 1899 01:17:35,484 --> 01:17:36,886 The first galaxies are beginning sugar.he incredible story ofbel' 1900 01:17:36,919 --> 01:17:38,587 The first galaxies are beginning Chemically, it's the only source 1901 01:17:38,621 --> 01:17:40,956 The first galaxies are beginning of fuel for our brains, a source 1902 01:17:40,990 --> 01:17:43,025 The first galaxies are beginning substance we are programmed toce 1903 01:17:43,058 --> 01:17:45,794 The first galaxies are beginning crave.nce we are programmed toce 1904 01:17:45,828 --> 01:17:47,329 The first galaxies are beginning Raw sugar comes mostly from toce 1905 01:17:47,363 --> 01:17:49,031 The first galaxies are beginning sugar cane.omes mostly from toce 1906 01:17:49,064 --> 01:17:51,200 The first galaxies are beginning Once again, a grass will play ae 1907 01:17:51,233 --> 01:17:52,868 The first galaxies are beginning central role in the story ofy ae 1908 01:17:52,902 --> 01:17:56,805 The first galaxies are beginning mankind.role in the story ofy ae 1909 01:17:56,839 --> 01:17:58,374 The first galaxies are beginning First cultivated more than 6,000 1910 01:17:58,407 --> 01:18:00,509 The first galaxies are beginning years ago in Asia, Europeans,000 1911 01:18:00,543 --> 01:18:02,211 The first galaxies are beginning discovered sugar in the Middle00 1912 01:18:02,244 --> 01:18:05,781 The first galaxies are beginning East during the Crusades andle00 1913 01:18:05,814 --> 01:18:07,016 The first galaxies are beginning carried it home.Crusades andle00 1914 01:18:07,049 --> 01:18:08,651 The first galaxies are beginning Europe was hooked.usades andle00 1915 01:18:08,684 --> 01:18:10,286 The first galaxies are beginning But there's virtually nowhere in 1916 01:18:10,319 --> 01:18:13,355 The first galaxies are beginning Europe where sugar can grow.e in 1917 01:18:13,389 --> 01:18:14,490 The first galaxies are beginning >> Then, we have Christophere in 1918 01:18:14,523 --> 01:18:15,791 The first galaxies are beginning Columbus and the discovery of in 1919 01:18:15,824 --> 01:18:16,825 The first galaxies are beginning the New World.he discovery of in 1920 01:18:16,859 --> 01:18:18,160 The first galaxies are beginning And the Spanish conquistadors,in 1921 01:18:18,194 --> 01:18:20,829 The first galaxies are beginning yes, they initially are verys,in 1922 01:18:20,863 --> 01:18:21,864 The first galaxies are beginning interested in the gold and thein 1923 01:18:21,897 --> 01:18:22,898 The first galaxies are beginning silver.ted in the gold and thein 1924 01:18:22,932 --> 01:18:24,333 The first galaxies are beginning But really, they just want toein 1925 01:18:24,366 --> 01:18:25,434 The first galaxies are beginning make it rich, they don't careein 1926 01:18:25,467 --> 01:18:26,302 The first galaxies are beginning how they're going to make iteein 1927 01:18:26,335 --> 01:18:27,469 The first galaxies are beginning rich.hey're going to make iteein 1928 01:18:27,503 --> 01:18:28,370 The first galaxies are beginning And once the gold and the silver 1929 01:18:28,404 --> 01:18:30,673 The first galaxies are beginning has been looted, the next steper 1930 01:18:30,706 --> 01:18:34,944 The first galaxies are beginning is to open sugar plantations.per 1931 01:18:34,977 --> 01:18:36,178 The first galaxies are beginning The Spanish themselves don't.per 1932 01:18:36,212 --> 01:18:37,046 The first galaxies are beginning want to work in the sugarn't.per 1933 01:18:37,079 --> 01:18:38,113 The first galaxies are beginning plantations. in the sugarn't.per 1934 01:18:38,147 --> 01:18:39,348 The first galaxies are beginning They start looking around for ar 1935 01:18:39,381 --> 01:18:41,283 The first galaxies are beginning new labor force.ng around for ar 1936 01:18:41,317 --> 01:18:42,718 The first galaxies are beginning And over on the other side of ar 1937 01:18:42,751 --> 01:18:44,587 The first galaxies are beginning the Atlantic, there is a placear 1938 01:18:44,620 --> 01:18:46,388 The first galaxies are beginning where they can buy slaves.lacear 1939 01:18:46,422 --> 01:18:48,958 The first galaxies are beginning And if we look at the history of 1940 01:18:48,991 --> 01:18:50,426 The first galaxies are beginning slavery, the number oneistory of 1941 01:18:50,459 --> 01:18:51,727 The first galaxies are beginning destination of slaves fromory of 1942 01:18:51,760 --> 01:18:54,129 The first galaxies are beginning Africa are sugar plantations. of 1943 01:18:54,163 --> 01:18:57,066 The first galaxies are beginning So the history of sugar shapesof 1944 01:18:57,099 --> 01:18:59,034 The first galaxies are beginning the development of historyapesof 1945 01:18:59,068 --> 01:19:00,402 The first galaxies are beginning through the Middle East, through 1946 01:19:00,436 --> 01:19:03,072 The first galaxies are beginning the Crusades, through thethrough 1947 01:19:03,105 --> 01:19:05,507 The first galaxies are beginning conquest of Meso-America, andugh 1948 01:19:05,541 --> 01:19:07,876 The first galaxies are beginning even the history of slavery from 1949 01:19:07,910 --> 01:19:11,013 The first galaxies are beginning Africa to the Americas.very from 1950 01:19:18,687 --> 01:19:20,522 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: In the year 1700,om 1951 01:19:20,556 --> 01:19:23,592 The first galaxies are beginning mankind has hit a wall.r 1700,om 1952 01:19:23,626 --> 01:19:25,027 The first galaxies are beginning Most humans continue to live0,om 1953 01:19:25,060 --> 01:19:27,062 The first galaxies are beginning simple lives more like ourve0,om 1954 01:19:27,096 --> 01:19:30,232 The first galaxies are beginning ancient ancestors' than our own. 1955 01:19:30,266 --> 01:19:31,667 The first galaxies are beginning >> When you think back to thewn. 1956 01:19:31,700 --> 01:19:33,836 The first galaxies are beginning world in 1700, most people were. 1957 01:19:33,869 --> 01:19:35,337 The first galaxies are beginning farmers, most people practicede. 1958 01:19:35,371 --> 01:19:36,972 The first galaxies are beginning small scale subsistenceacticede. 1959 01:19:37,006 --> 01:19:38,040 The first galaxies are beginning agriculture.subsistenceacticede. 1960 01:19:38,073 --> 01:19:39,208 The first galaxies are beginning Most manufacturing was done ine. 1961 01:19:39,241 --> 01:19:41,677 The first galaxies are beginning workshops.acturing was done ine. 1962 01:19:41,710 --> 01:19:43,679 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: In 1700, it takese. 1963 01:19:43,712 --> 01:19:45,781 The first galaxies are beginning over a year for cargo andtakese. 1964 01:19:45,814 --> 01:19:47,082 The first galaxies are beginning information to circle thetakese. 1965 01:19:47,116 --> 01:19:48,984 The first galaxies are beginning planet, longer than it wouldese. 1966 01:19:49,018 --> 01:19:55,958 The first galaxies are beginning take us today to get to Mars.se. 1967 01:19:55,991 --> 01:19:58,427 The first galaxies are beginning What's holding us back is how we 1968 01:19:58,460 --> 01:20:03,032 The first galaxies are beginning power our lives.s back is how we 1969 01:20:03,065 --> 01:20:05,801 The first galaxies are beginning In Egypt of 2000 BC, 90% of alle 1970 01:20:05,834 --> 01:20:08,270 The first galaxies are beginning work was done by human muscle,le 1971 01:20:08,304 --> 01:20:09,872 The first galaxies are beginning with animals kicking in thele,le 1972 01:20:09,905 --> 01:20:13,375 The first galaxies are beginning rest.animals kicking in thele,le 1973 01:20:13,409 --> 01:20:15,811 The first galaxies are beginning By 1700, in Europe, the majority 1974 01:20:15,844 --> 01:20:18,747 The first galaxies are beginning of work, 70%, is still driven by 1975 01:20:18,781 --> 01:20:24,687 The first galaxies are beginning human muscle. is still driven by 1976 01:20:24,720 --> 01:20:25,888 The first galaxies are beginning Muscle power alone can't clearby 1977 01:20:25,921 --> 01:20:28,424 The first galaxies are beginning the path to the modern age.earby 1978 01:20:28,457 --> 01:20:30,693 The first galaxies are beginning But there is a breakthroughearby 1979 01:20:30,726 --> 01:20:33,395 The first galaxies are beginning hidden deep within the Earth.rby 1980 01:20:39,018 --> 01:20:40,019 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: As our history ofby 1981 01:20:40,052 --> 01:20:41,453 The first galaxies are beginning the world in two hours racesofby 1982 01:20:41,487 --> 01:20:44,590 The first galaxies are beginning towards a close, mankind has hit 1983 01:20:44,623 --> 01:20:46,992 The first galaxies are beginning a wall. a close, mankind has hit 1984 01:20:47,026 --> 01:20:48,627 The first galaxies are beginning Human progress is stalled by the 1985 01:20:48,660 --> 01:20:50,863 The first galaxies are beginning limits of our muscle.lled by the 1986 01:20:50,896 --> 01:20:51,797 The first galaxies are beginning To break through, we'll need ahe 1987 01:20:51,830 --> 01:20:55,167 The first galaxies are beginning new way to power our lives andhe 1988 01:20:55,200 --> 01:20:59,738 The first galaxies are beginning the entire history of the world. 1989 01:20:59,772 --> 01:21:01,240 The first galaxies are beginning Remember that, billions of years 1990 01:21:01,273 --> 01:21:03,809 The first galaxies are beginning ago, iron from exploding starsrs 1991 01:21:03,842 --> 01:21:05,444 The first galaxies are beginning was gathered up into planetarsrs 1992 01:21:05,477 --> 01:21:07,813 The first galaxies are beginning Earth during its formation.arsrs 1993 01:21:07,846 --> 01:21:10,282 The first galaxies are beginning Thousands of years ago, manarsrs 1994 01:21:10,315 --> 01:21:12,017 The first galaxies are beginning started using this iron forarsrs 1995 01:21:12,051 --> 01:21:16,255 The first galaxies are beginning tools and weapons. iron forarsrs 1996 01:21:16,288 --> 01:21:18,257 The first galaxies are beginning To keep our forges burning, wers 1997 01:21:18,290 --> 01:21:21,193 The first galaxies are beginning began cutting down our forests.s 1998 01:21:21,226 --> 01:21:23,228 The first galaxies are beginning Now, 300 years ago, in Britain,s 1999 01:21:23,262 --> 01:21:26,031 The first galaxies are beginning iron is in high demand and the,s 2000 01:21:26,065 --> 01:21:29,401 The first galaxies are beginning trees are running out. and the,s 2001 01:21:29,435 --> 01:21:30,569 The first galaxies are beginning The British need a new source of 2002 01:21:30,602 --> 01:21:32,504 The first galaxies are beginning fuel, and thanks to the decayedf 2003 01:21:32,538 --> 01:21:34,840 The first galaxies are beginning remains of ancient ferns, theydf 2004 01:21:34,873 --> 01:21:39,578 The first galaxies are beginning have one-- coal.nt ferns, theydf 2005 01:21:39,611 --> 01:21:40,946 The first galaxies are beginning But coal itself won't powerheydf 2006 01:21:40,979 --> 01:21:43,382 The first galaxies are beginning mankind into the modern world.df 2007 01:21:43,415 --> 01:21:45,350 The first galaxies are beginning There's one more fateful twistdf 2008 01:21:45,384 --> 01:21:47,052 The first galaxies are beginning in the story.ore fateful twistdf 2009 01:21:47,086 --> 01:21:48,320 The first galaxies are beginning As the quest for coal takesistdf 2010 01:21:48,353 --> 01:21:49,788 The first galaxies are beginning miners ever deeper into theistdf 2011 01:21:49,822 --> 01:21:51,757 The first galaxies are beginning ground, water begins floodingtdf 2012 01:21:51,790 --> 01:21:54,560 The first galaxies are beginning the tunnels.r begins floodingtdf 2013 01:21:54,593 --> 01:21:56,328 The first galaxies are beginning To pump out the water, a newgtdf 2014 01:21:56,361 --> 01:21:59,898 The first galaxies are beginning invention is needed.r, a newgtdf 2015 01:21:59,932 --> 01:22:02,167 The first galaxies are beginning In 1712, Thomas Newcomen newgtdf 2016 01:22:02,201 --> 01:22:04,303 The first galaxies are beginning produces a pump powered byewgtdf 2017 01:22:04,336 --> 01:22:06,105 The first galaxies are beginning burning coal and driven byewgtdf 2018 01:22:06,138 --> 01:22:08,740 The first galaxies are beginning steam.g coal and driven byewgtdf 2019 01:22:08,774 --> 01:22:10,676 The first galaxies are beginning Newcomen's machine is the firstf 2020 01:22:10,709 --> 01:22:12,878 The first galaxies are beginning practical steam engine.he firstf 2021 01:22:12,911 --> 01:22:16,415 The first galaxies are beginning It is this combination-- energyf 2022 01:22:16,448 --> 01:22:19,118 The first galaxies are beginning and engine, fuel and machine--yf 2023 01:22:19,151 --> 01:22:20,552 The first galaxies are beginning that will free man from thee--yf 2024 01:22:20,586 --> 01:22:23,889 The first galaxies are beginning limits of his own muscle and--yf 2025 01:22:23,922 --> 01:22:26,191 The first galaxies are beginning change the world. muscle and--yf 2026 01:22:26,225 --> 01:22:27,826 The first galaxies are beginning The Industrial Revolutionand--yf 2027 01:22:27,860 --> 01:22:30,662 The first galaxies are beginning begins.ustrial Revolutionand--yf 2028 01:22:30,696 --> 01:22:32,197 The first galaxies are beginning Along with political revolutions 2029 01:22:32,231 --> 01:22:35,134 The first galaxies are beginning in America and, later, France,ns 2030 01:22:35,167 --> 01:22:36,902 The first galaxies are beginning this technological revolution,ns 2031 01:22:36,935 --> 01:22:40,339 The first galaxies are beginning forever transforms the landscape 2032 01:22:40,372 --> 01:22:42,474 The first galaxies are beginning of the world.forms the landscape 2033 01:22:42,508 --> 01:22:43,709 The first galaxies are beginning >> And before long, the Atlantic 2034 01:22:43,742 --> 01:22:45,310 The first galaxies are beginning World has become the newAtlantic 2035 01:22:45,344 --> 01:22:47,479 The first galaxies are beginning economic, therefore cultural,tic 2036 01:22:47,513 --> 01:22:48,747 The first galaxies are beginning therefore political, thereforeic 2037 01:22:48,780 --> 01:22:50,282 The first galaxies are beginning military, leader and willeforeic 2038 01:22:50,315 --> 01:22:51,650 The first galaxies are beginning utterly dominate globallleforeic 2039 01:22:51,683 --> 01:22:52,951 The first galaxies are beginning geopolitics from that moment toc 2040 01:22:52,985 --> 01:22:56,688 The first galaxies are beginning this.litics from that moment toc 2041 01:22:56,722 --> 01:22:57,689 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Trains thundert toc 2042 01:22:57,723 --> 01:23:01,693 The first galaxies are beginning across the countryside.ndert toc 2043 01:23:01,727 --> 01:23:03,795 The first galaxies are beginning By the 1870s, the internalrt toc 2044 01:23:03,829 --> 01:23:06,165 The first galaxies are beginning combustion engine has arrived,oc 2045 01:23:06,198 --> 01:23:07,366 The first galaxies are beginning and the Germans invent itsved,oc 2046 01:23:07,399 --> 01:23:13,906 The first galaxies are beginning killer app, the automobile.ed,oc 2047 01:23:13,939 --> 01:23:15,240 The first galaxies are beginning Oil, the substance which thed,oc 2048 01:23:15,274 --> 01:23:16,708 The first galaxies are beginning ancients considered tooh thed,oc 2049 01:23:16,742 --> 01:23:18,810 The first galaxies are beginning flammable to be of any use,ed,oc 2050 01:23:18,844 --> 01:23:20,412 The first galaxies are beginning becomes the most important,ed,oc 2051 01:23:20,445 --> 01:23:22,848 The first galaxies are beginning commodity on the planet, fueling 2052 01:23:22,881 --> 01:23:30,189 The first galaxies are beginning even more innovation.et, fueling 2053 01:23:30,222 --> 01:23:31,523 The first galaxies are beginning The telegraph and telephone move 2054 01:23:31,557 --> 01:23:32,691 The first galaxies are beginning messages at lightning speed.move 2055 01:23:32,724 --> 01:23:34,826 The first galaxies are beginning With electricity, mankinded.move 2056 01:23:34,860 --> 01:23:36,562 The first galaxies are beginning reclaims the night fromnded.move 2057 01:23:36,595 --> 01:23:39,998 The first galaxies are beginning darkness.the night fromnded.move 2058 01:23:40,032 --> 01:23:43,535 The first galaxies are beginning The hub of power has shifted.ove 2059 01:23:43,569 --> 01:23:46,038 The first galaxies are beginning In 1800, Europeans and their.ove 2060 01:23:46,071 --> 01:23:48,707 The first galaxies are beginning descendants controlled 35% ofove 2061 01:23:48,740 --> 01:23:50,943 The first galaxies are beginning the land on Earth.lled 35% ofove 2062 01:23:50,976 --> 01:23:54,613 The first galaxies are beginning By 1900, they control 85%. ofove 2063 01:23:59,885 --> 01:24:01,887 The first galaxies are beginning By the 20th century, fossilofove 2064 01:24:01,920 --> 01:24:03,021 The first galaxies are beginning fuels and the internalossilofove 2065 01:24:03,055 --> 01:24:05,057 The first galaxies are beginning combustion engine have amplified 2066 01:24:05,090 --> 01:24:12,397 The first galaxies are beginning everything, including warfare.ed 2067 01:24:12,431 --> 01:24:13,865 The first galaxies are beginning >> That technology meant that.ed 2068 01:24:13,899 --> 01:24:15,701 The first galaxies are beginning military power and militaryat.ed 2069 01:24:15,734 --> 01:24:17,035 The first galaxies are beginning conquest was something thatat.ed 2070 01:24:17,069 --> 01:24:19,538 The first galaxies are beginning could be international--hatat.ed 2071 01:24:19,571 --> 01:24:20,973 The first galaxies are beginning international in a way that ited 2072 01:24:21,006 --> 01:24:23,141 The first galaxies are beginning had never been before. that ited 2073 01:24:23,175 --> 01:24:24,610 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: In the 20thhat ited 2074 01:24:24,643 --> 01:24:26,278 The first galaxies are beginning century, almost three times ased 2075 01:24:26,311 --> 01:24:28,013 The first galaxies are beginning many people are killed as a ased 2076 01:24:28,046 --> 01:24:30,282 The first galaxies are beginning result of war as in the previous 2077 01:24:30,315 --> 01:24:33,051 The first galaxies are beginning 2,000 years of human historyious 2078 01:24:33,085 --> 01:24:37,356 The first galaxies are beginning combined.rs of human historyious 2079 01:24:37,389 --> 01:24:38,357 The first galaxies are beginning >> The application of theoryious 2080 01:24:38,390 --> 01:24:40,125 The first galaxies are beginning industrial skills, thetheoryious 2081 01:24:40,158 --> 01:24:41,093 The first galaxies are beginning industrial technologies of theus 2082 01:24:41,126 --> 01:24:42,194 The first galaxies are beginning inventors of the 18th centuryeus 2083 01:24:42,227 --> 01:24:43,195 The first galaxies are beginning reach their culmination, Iuryeus 2084 01:24:43,228 --> 01:24:44,463 The first galaxies are beginning think, with these extraordinarys 2085 01:24:44,496 --> 01:24:45,931 The first galaxies are beginning events.with these extraordinarys 2086 01:24:45,964 --> 01:24:47,266 The first galaxies are beginning And it's all being driven agains 2087 01:24:47,299 --> 01:24:49,101 The first galaxies are beginning by the micro-fossilized bodiesns 2088 01:24:49,134 --> 01:24:50,335 The first galaxies are beginning of organic entities thatbodiesns 2089 01:24:50,369 --> 01:24:51,737 The first galaxies are beginning disappeared into ancient swampss 2090 01:24:51,770 --> 01:24:53,739 The first galaxies are beginning millions and millions of yearsss 2091 01:24:53,772 --> 01:24:56,575 The first galaxies are beginning ago.ions and millions of yearsss 2092 01:24:56,608 --> 01:24:57,876 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: The Industrialarsss 2093 01:24:57,909 --> 01:24:59,111 The first galaxies are beginning Revolution also allows the human 2094 01:24:59,144 --> 01:25:02,514 The first galaxies are beginning population to explode. the human 2095 01:25:02,547 --> 01:25:04,449 The first galaxies are beginning It has taken 200,000 years ofman 2096 01:25:04,483 --> 01:25:06,318 The first galaxies are beginning human history-- from the dawn of 2097 01:25:06,351 --> 01:25:09,721 The first galaxies are beginning man to the year 1900-- for theof 2098 01:25:09,755 --> 01:25:13,759 The first galaxies are beginning population to reach 1.6 billion. 2099 01:25:13,792 --> 01:25:15,394 The first galaxies are beginning Now, within the 100 years of the 2100 01:25:15,427 --> 01:25:17,529 The first galaxies are beginning 20th century, it nearlyrs of the 2101 01:25:17,562 --> 01:25:19,665 The first galaxies are beginning quadruples to more than sixf the 2102 01:25:19,698 --> 01:25:21,566 The first galaxies are beginning billion.es to more than sixf the 2103 01:25:21,600 --> 01:25:23,402 The first galaxies are beginning >> The 20th century is the moste 2104 01:25:23,435 --> 01:25:25,170 The first galaxies are beginning extraordinary moment in humanste 2105 01:25:25,203 --> 01:25:26,204 The first galaxies are beginning history.inary moment in humanste 2106 01:25:26,238 --> 01:25:27,773 The first galaxies are beginning Never before have we seen change 2107 01:25:27,806 --> 01:25:30,475 The first galaxies are beginning on such a scale.e we seen change 2108 01:25:34,713 --> 01:25:35,981 The first galaxies are beginning >> NARRATOR: Today, humanschange 2109 01:25:36,014 --> 01:25:38,850 The first galaxies are beginning number close to seven billion.ge 2110 01:25:38,884 --> 01:25:40,385 The first galaxies are beginning We are the dominant players onge 2111 01:25:40,419 --> 01:25:45,290 The first galaxies are beginning the planet.dominant players onge 2112 01:25:45,324 --> 01:25:46,625 The first galaxies are beginning We have learned to harnesss onge 2113 01:25:46,658 --> 01:25:48,327 The first galaxies are beginning 50,000 times more energy thannge 2114 01:25:48,360 --> 01:25:51,196 The first galaxies are beginning our ancestors just 10,000 yearse 2115 01:25:51,229 --> 01:25:52,998 The first galaxies are beginning ago.ancestors just 10,000 yearse 2116 01:25:53,031 --> 01:25:54,499 The first galaxies are beginning This energy drives our fast-arse 2117 01:25:54,533 --> 01:25:57,369 The first galaxies are beginning paced lives and a literalst-arse 2118 01:25:57,402 --> 01:26:00,105 The first galaxies are beginning worldwide web, a network that,se 2119 01:26:00,138 --> 01:26:01,973 The first galaxies are beginning as we have seen, has been in the 2120 01:26:02,007 --> 01:26:03,875 The first galaxies are beginning making for as long as humans the 2121 01:26:03,909 --> 01:26:07,479 The first galaxies are beginning have walked the Earth.humans the 2122 01:26:07,512 --> 01:26:10,115 The first galaxies are beginning Our two-hour story is coming toe 2123 01:26:10,148 --> 01:26:12,184 The first galaxies are beginning an end, a story that reallyg toe 2124 01:26:12,217 --> 01:26:15,620 The first galaxies are beginning began 14 billion years ago withe 2125 01:26:15,654 --> 01:26:17,789 The first galaxies are beginning a tiny universe where everything 2126 01:26:17,823 --> 01:26:20,992 The first galaxies are beginning was all in one place. everything 2127 01:26:21,026 --> 01:26:23,662 The first galaxies are beginning Then, the Big Bang-- all thehing 2128 01:26:23,695 --> 01:26:25,931 The first galaxies are beginning energy that has ever existedhing 2129 01:26:25,964 --> 01:26:28,800 The first galaxies are beginning created in an instant.xistedhing 2130 01:26:28,834 --> 01:26:32,204 The first galaxies are beginning Gravity sculpted our universe.ng 2131 01:26:32,237 --> 01:26:33,472 The first galaxies are beginning For billions of years, stars and 2132 01:26:33,505 --> 01:26:34,840 The first galaxies are beginning supernovas created all thers and 2133 01:26:34,873 --> 01:26:36,108 The first galaxies are beginning elements we would eventually and 2134 01:26:36,141 --> 01:26:37,542 The first galaxies are beginning need.nts we would eventually and 2135 01:26:37,576 --> 01:26:39,077 The first galaxies are beginning Then, an extreme Earth tooky and 2136 01:26:39,111 --> 01:26:41,012 The first galaxies are beginning shape and settled into just thed 2137 01:26:41,046 --> 01:26:42,781 The first galaxies are beginning right conditions to support thed 2138 01:26:42,814 --> 01:26:44,583 The first galaxies are beginning life. conditions to support thed 2139 01:26:44,616 --> 01:26:46,351 The first galaxies are beginning As the planet evolved, life thed 2140 01:26:46,385 --> 01:26:48,120 The first galaxies are beginning competed for energy, and grewhed 2141 01:26:48,153 --> 01:26:50,389 The first galaxies are beginning more and more complex.nd grewhed 2142 01:26:50,422 --> 01:26:51,923 The first galaxies are beginning Eventually, the conditions wered 2143 01:26:51,990 --> 01:26:55,394 The first galaxies are beginning right for our species to rise.ed 2144 01:26:55,427 --> 01:26:57,496 The first galaxies are beginning We mastered stone and fire.se.ed 2145 01:26:57,529 --> 01:26:59,164 The first galaxies are beginning When the Ice Age came, we spread 2146 01:26:59,197 --> 01:27:00,732 The first galaxies are beginning around the planet.ame, we spread 2147 01:27:00,766 --> 01:27:03,135 The first galaxies are beginning And when the ice melted, we were 2148 01:27:03,168 --> 01:27:04,603 The first galaxies are beginning stranded on differented, we were 2149 01:27:04,636 --> 01:27:05,670 The first galaxies are beginning continents. differented, we were 2150 01:27:05,704 --> 01:27:06,905 The first galaxies are beginning We learned to bend plants andere 2151 01:27:06,938 --> 01:27:09,941 The first galaxies are beginning animals to our will.lants andere 2152 01:27:09,975 --> 01:27:12,411 The first galaxies are beginning We built cities, thenants andere 2153 01:27:12,444 --> 01:27:14,045 The first galaxies are beginning civilizations.s, thenants andere 2154 01:27:14,079 --> 01:27:16,114 The first galaxies are beginning We created a vast network thatre 2155 01:27:16,148 --> 01:27:18,183 The first galaxies are beginning linked empires, joinedork thatre 2156 01:27:18,216 --> 01:27:22,320 The first galaxies are beginning continents, then crossed oceans. 2157 01:27:22,354 --> 01:27:23,488 The first galaxies are beginning Just when it seemed we hadceans. 2158 01:27:23,522 --> 01:27:25,023 The first galaxies are beginning reached our human limit, weeans. 2159 01:27:25,056 --> 01:27:26,491 The first galaxies are beginning found the energy and technology. 2160 01:27:26,525 --> 01:27:29,728 The first galaxies are beginning to carry us into the future.ogy. 2161 01:27:29,761 --> 01:27:31,863 The first galaxies are beginning On Earth, the seeds of the past. 2162 01:27:31,897 --> 01:27:33,598 The first galaxies are beginning have bloomed into a presentpast. 2163 01:27:33,632 --> 01:27:35,867 The first galaxies are beginning filled with energy andesentpast. 2164 01:27:35,901 --> 01:27:37,669 The first galaxies are beginning creativity. energy andesentpast. 2165 01:27:37,702 --> 01:27:39,137 The first galaxies are beginning The stories of billions of lives 2166 01:27:39,171 --> 01:27:40,572 The first galaxies are beginning have played out against thelives 2167 01:27:40,605 --> 01:27:43,408 The first galaxies are beginning backdrop of a universe almostves 2168 01:27:43,442 --> 01:27:47,279 The first galaxies are beginning too vast to comprehend.almostves 2169 01:27:47,312 --> 01:27:48,313 The first galaxies are beginning In everything that we do, in all 2170 01:27:48,346 --> 01:27:49,781 The first galaxies are beginning that we are, we remain livingall 2171 01:27:49,815 --> 01:27:51,850 The first galaxies are beginning monuments to the past as wengall 2172 01:27:51,883 --> 01:27:54,085 The first galaxies are beginning continue to make history everyll 2173 01:27:54,119 --> 01:27:55,954 The first galaxies are beginning day.inue to make history everyll 2174 01:27:55,987 --> 01:27:56,721 The first galaxies are beginning .Captioning sponsored by everyll 230590