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1
00:00:09,920 --> 00:00:12,280
Not much bigger than an orange,
2
00:00:12,280 --> 00:00:16,000
the pygmy marmoset is the smallest
monkey in the world.
3
00:00:19,120 --> 00:00:22,760
They live in the largest tropical
forest on our planet -
4
00:00:22,760 --> 00:00:25,120
the Amazon rainforest.
5
00:00:27,560 --> 00:00:31,040
Their lives are full of
huge obstacles
6
00:00:31,040 --> 00:00:34,280
but they don't let size
be a barrier to success.
7
00:00:37,800 --> 00:00:41,840
With chisel-like teeth, they've
learned to tap into the trees,
8
00:00:41,840 --> 00:00:44,760
feeding on their energy-rich sap.
9
00:00:47,440 --> 00:00:50,760
These micro-monkeys
are the miners of the Amazon...
10
00:00:55,280 --> 00:00:58,520
..leaving their mark
across the forest.
11
00:01:08,000 --> 00:01:11,440
Too often in life
we overlook the little guys.
12
00:01:13,280 --> 00:01:18,160
Overshadowed by bigger beasts,
their lives simply pass us by.
13
00:01:19,160 --> 00:01:22,280
But if we stop and get down
to their level,
14
00:01:22,280 --> 00:01:25,320
a remarkable world is revealed.
15
00:01:27,520 --> 00:01:31,520
Take this gecko,
the size of just a few raindrops,
16
00:01:31,520 --> 00:01:35,040
but somehow able to weather
the greatest of storms.
17
00:01:37,040 --> 00:01:40,520
Or this bird,
the weight of a 20 pence piece,
18
00:01:40,520 --> 00:01:43,520
who flies thousands of miles
for a meal.
19
00:01:45,760 --> 00:01:48,880
What about this rather
plain little fish?
20
00:01:48,880 --> 00:01:54,040
Well, he's a passionate artist
whose work deserves its own gallery.
21
00:01:58,040 --> 00:02:00,280
So, while they may be small,
22
00:02:00,280 --> 00:02:04,040
these creatures and others like them
have survival secrets
23
00:02:04,040 --> 00:02:07,920
that are amongst the biggest and
most surprising on planet earth.
24
00:02:11,880 --> 00:02:15,360
And now, at last,
they're taking centre stage.
25
00:02:16,360 --> 00:02:20,040
It's time to meet
nature's miniature miracles.
26
00:02:29,520 --> 00:02:32,040
The world is a big place...
27
00:02:34,440 --> 00:02:36,760
..home to some huge animals...
28
00:02:39,480 --> 00:02:42,440
..and exposed to wild weather.
29
00:02:42,440 --> 00:02:44,480
RUMBLE OF THUNDER
30
00:02:47,280 --> 00:02:51,040
So what does that mean if you're
one of the planet's small folk?
31
00:02:52,800 --> 00:02:56,600
How are you supposed to make a
living in this big, bad world?
32
00:02:57,600 --> 00:03:00,040
Well, you need to adapt.
33
00:03:01,120 --> 00:03:04,280
You must develop extraordinary
skills.
34
00:03:06,200 --> 00:03:10,040
And you've got to achieve
some pretty mind-boggling feats,
35
00:03:10,040 --> 00:03:12,600
like coming back from the dead.
36
00:03:15,040 --> 00:03:18,920
And, let's face it, there's no
greater miracle than that.
37
00:03:26,200 --> 00:03:28,040
But whether big or small,
38
00:03:28,040 --> 00:03:31,520
all living creatures have the same
basic needs -
39
00:03:31,520 --> 00:03:34,240
food, finding a mate...
40
00:03:35,240 --> 00:03:37,280
..and a safe place to live.
41
00:03:43,520 --> 00:03:46,040
On an island in the Caribbean,
42
00:03:46,040 --> 00:03:49,200
a tiny crab's biggest issue
is home security.
43
00:03:57,280 --> 00:04:01,040
Hermit crabs have soft bodies that
make them vulnerable to attack
44
00:04:01,040 --> 00:04:04,040
from predators and the elements.
45
00:04:06,040 --> 00:04:10,040
A naked crab would quickly cook
in the intense tropical sun...
46
00:04:13,040 --> 00:04:17,240
..so these miniature miracles have
come up with an incredible solution.
47
00:04:17,240 --> 00:04:21,040
They use abandoned seashells
as mobile homes.
48
00:04:22,040 --> 00:04:24,040
24/7 protection.
49
00:04:28,040 --> 00:04:30,040
But there's a problem.
50
00:04:30,040 --> 00:04:34,040
Right now, this chap is no bigger
than a dice,
51
00:04:34,040 --> 00:04:37,040
but he'll continue to grow
throughout his life.
52
00:04:38,040 --> 00:04:42,040
So if he wants to stay safe,
he must always be on the lookout
53
00:04:42,040 --> 00:04:44,680
for a new larger shell to move into.
54
00:04:45,680 --> 00:04:49,520
But finding a new home isn't
as easy as you might think.
55
00:04:49,520 --> 00:04:53,840
On this paradise island, there's
a surprising shortage of shells.
56
00:05:02,040 --> 00:05:06,720
Unless this is the opportunity
the small crab's been waiting for.
57
00:05:10,760 --> 00:05:15,040
Unfortunately, it's probably a bit
too much to take on right now.
58
00:05:16,760 --> 00:05:20,040
And he's not the only prospective
buyer in the area.
59
00:05:26,040 --> 00:05:29,280
Hermit crabs can be anything
from a few millimetres long
60
00:05:29,280 --> 00:05:31,280
to the size of a coconut...
61
00:05:32,280 --> 00:05:36,040
..so there's a chance this new home
might suit someone else.
62
00:05:37,760 --> 00:05:40,520
With housing stock
in such short supply,
63
00:05:40,520 --> 00:05:43,040
the local crabs have learned
to do something
64
00:05:43,040 --> 00:05:45,040
really quite extraordinary.
65
00:05:46,040 --> 00:05:49,760
They've joined forces to set up
their own property market.
66
00:06:06,040 --> 00:06:09,040
Each crab is looking for
the perfect property
67
00:06:09,040 --> 00:06:12,280
with the right shape,
opening and weight.
68
00:06:16,520 --> 00:06:19,760
Somehow the crabs reach an agreement
69
00:06:19,760 --> 00:06:22,920
and, incredibly, they start to
assemble in a chain...
70
00:06:23,920 --> 00:06:26,040
..largest at one end...
71
00:06:27,040 --> 00:06:29,040
..smallest at the other.
72
00:06:36,520 --> 00:06:39,520
All lined up,
they're ready to exchange,
73
00:06:39,520 --> 00:06:42,040
and not an estate agent in sight.
74
00:06:47,520 --> 00:06:50,080
The biggest crab is first to move.
75
00:07:00,040 --> 00:07:03,480
So far, so good.
The chain's holding together.
76
00:07:08,720 --> 00:07:12,840
Our little crab gets in position,
ready to make his big move.
77
00:07:14,840 --> 00:07:17,440
His size means he's at the bottom
of the chain.
78
00:07:20,040 --> 00:07:23,040
But just as he vacates
his old shell,
79
00:07:23,040 --> 00:07:27,280
a newcomer arrives on the scene
to try and gazump him.
80
00:07:40,280 --> 00:07:42,760
He can't afford to be left homeless.
81
00:07:46,520 --> 00:07:49,280
A death sentence
in this tropical heat.
82
00:08:04,520 --> 00:08:07,040
But fortune's on his side.
83
00:08:07,040 --> 00:08:10,760
After all the swapping,
there's one empty shell left over.
84
00:08:15,520 --> 00:08:20,040
And he wastes no time settling
into his spacious new home.
85
00:08:26,760 --> 00:08:28,640
From the perfect beach hut
86
00:08:28,640 --> 00:08:32,760
to a treehouse hiding one of
the world's smallest mammals.
87
00:08:35,280 --> 00:08:37,520
Our second miniature miracle
88
00:08:37,520 --> 00:08:40,960
lives in the giant bamboo forests
of south-west China.
89
00:08:55,040 --> 00:08:58,040
Bamboo is the tallest
of all our grasses,
90
00:08:58,040 --> 00:09:02,040
with some species capable
of growing up to 40 metres.
91
00:09:05,040 --> 00:09:07,720
But this isn't just a big world,
92
00:09:07,720 --> 00:09:11,040
it's also home
to some rather bad sorts.
93
00:09:11,040 --> 00:09:12,840
HISSING
94
00:09:16,040 --> 00:09:20,760
So if you're really small, how do
you survive in a place like this?
95
00:09:24,040 --> 00:09:25,760
You hide.
96
00:09:27,760 --> 00:09:31,520
A tiny slit in the bamboo stem
reveals the bijou home
97
00:09:31,520 --> 00:09:33,320
of the bamboo bat.
98
00:09:39,760 --> 00:09:44,040
A colony of 25 living in a space
the size of a teacup.
99
00:09:49,280 --> 00:09:52,280
Each bat is not much bigger
than a bumblebee
100
00:09:52,280 --> 00:09:54,600
but it's still a squeeze...
101
00:09:56,520 --> 00:09:58,520
..which is hardly surprising
102
00:09:58,520 --> 00:10:01,520
when you imagine a teacup
full of bumblebees.
103
00:10:01,520 --> 00:10:03,560
BUZZING
104
00:10:11,280 --> 00:10:14,520
These micro bats have evolved
special adhesive pads
105
00:10:14,520 --> 00:10:17,040
on their thumbs, wrists and feet,
106
00:10:17,040 --> 00:10:21,040
which help them make the most of
every corner of their secret home.
107
00:10:24,240 --> 00:10:28,760
But what good is that
against what lurks outside?
108
00:10:33,520 --> 00:10:38,280
If it got the chance, this snake
would devour the entire colony.
109
00:10:48,040 --> 00:10:51,280
But that's where a miniature home
with a miniature front door
110
00:10:51,280 --> 00:10:53,280
comes into its own.
111
00:10:53,280 --> 00:10:57,520
At just six millimetres across,
no wider than a pencil,
112
00:10:57,520 --> 00:11:00,760
there's no way the snake's
getting inside.
113
00:11:09,040 --> 00:11:11,040
But what about the bats?
114
00:11:11,040 --> 00:11:13,760
How do they come and go
through what is possibly
115
00:11:13,760 --> 00:11:17,040
the smallest front door
in the animal kingdom?
116
00:11:23,040 --> 00:11:27,520
Well, they've evolved super-thin
flattened skulls
117
00:11:27,520 --> 00:11:29,760
and, while it may still be a squash,
118
00:11:29,760 --> 00:11:33,280
they're able to squeeze themselves
through the tiny gap.
119
00:11:33,280 --> 00:11:36,040
It's another miracle manoeuvre.
120
00:11:42,760 --> 00:11:47,520
Once the coast is clear, the bats
go hunting for insects, like flies,
121
00:11:47,520 --> 00:11:50,280
beetles and winged termites.
122
00:11:50,280 --> 00:11:54,040
And that's where a more well-known
miracle comes into play.
123
00:11:59,040 --> 00:12:02,040
Bats are the only mammal
that can fly
124
00:12:02,040 --> 00:12:06,040
and one of the few to use
echolocation to find food,
125
00:12:06,040 --> 00:12:10,040
sending out sound waves
that detect prey in the darkness.
126
00:12:22,760 --> 00:12:25,040
And it's these miraculous skills,
127
00:12:25,040 --> 00:12:27,520
combined with a canny choice of
home,
128
00:12:27,520 --> 00:12:32,280
that are the key to the bamboo bat's
success in this forest of giants.
129
00:12:42,040 --> 00:12:45,280
But what if surviving means
you need to protect yourself
130
00:12:45,280 --> 00:12:47,040
from your own kind?
131
00:12:59,640 --> 00:13:02,000
On the east coast of Australia,
132
00:13:02,000 --> 00:13:05,840
over a hundred species of shark
inhabits the tropical waters
133
00:13:05,840 --> 00:13:08,040
of the Great Barrier Reef...
134
00:13:10,640 --> 00:13:13,760
..including the largest shark of
all.
135
00:13:15,280 --> 00:13:19,760
The 12-metre-long whale shark
is the biggest fish in the world.
136
00:13:21,520 --> 00:13:23,760
Sharing the reef with this giant
137
00:13:23,760 --> 00:13:28,040
is one of the smallest members of
the shark family - the epaulette.
138
00:13:29,040 --> 00:13:31,040
He's less than one metre long...
139
00:13:34,040 --> 00:13:37,040
..which, unfortunately,
makes him ideal prey
140
00:13:37,040 --> 00:13:39,280
for some of the other larger sharks.
141
00:13:44,040 --> 00:13:47,040
So in a world of bigger,
badder sharks,
142
00:13:47,040 --> 00:13:50,040
how does the tiny epaulette
stay off the menu?
143
00:13:51,280 --> 00:13:56,040
Without a safe home to escape to,
he keeps a low profile
144
00:13:56,040 --> 00:13:57,760
and waits.
145
00:14:01,520 --> 00:14:03,760
Twice a day the tide goes out,
146
00:14:03,760 --> 00:14:07,040
which means conditions on the reef
change dramatically.
147
00:14:29,280 --> 00:14:32,760
As the water departs,
so do the big sharks.
148
00:14:37,640 --> 00:14:41,040
The water is far too shallow
for them now.
149
00:14:44,040 --> 00:14:47,280
But the epaulette's size means
he's able to make the most
150
00:14:47,280 --> 00:14:50,440
of this brief moment
in the life cycle of the reef.
151
00:14:52,040 --> 00:14:56,040
At last he can stop worrying
about being someone else's dinner
152
00:14:56,040 --> 00:14:58,160
and focus on finding his own.
153
00:15:06,280 --> 00:15:08,280
But it doesn't last long.
154
00:15:15,280 --> 00:15:17,960
The tide's still dropping
155
00:15:23,040 --> 00:15:26,120
And soon the epaulette
is left high and dry.
156
00:15:31,760 --> 00:15:37,040
If he's not careful, he'll barbecue
in the scorching Australian sun.
157
00:15:40,760 --> 00:15:46,280
Even more worryingly, this fish out
of water is struggling to breathe.
158
00:15:49,040 --> 00:15:53,040
But the miraculous epaulette has
evolved an extraordinary strategy
159
00:15:53,040 --> 00:15:54,880
to cope with this.
160
00:16:00,360 --> 00:16:05,040
By slowing his breathing and heart
rate and powering down his brain,
161
00:16:05,040 --> 00:16:09,040
he can survive on his last breath
for up to an hour.
162
00:16:15,040 --> 00:16:17,520
When the oxygen levels get critical,
163
00:16:17,520 --> 00:16:21,280
another incredible survival strategy
kicks in.
164
00:16:29,040 --> 00:16:32,040
His fins turn into prototype legs.
165
00:16:52,080 --> 00:16:55,040
This cunning fish
breaks all the rules...
166
00:17:02,040 --> 00:17:06,280
..and is the only shark that can
walk himself out of danger.
167
00:17:24,040 --> 00:17:27,040
The epaulette shark isn't the only
miniature miracle
168
00:17:27,040 --> 00:17:30,040
to have evolved remarkable
superpowers.
169
00:17:35,760 --> 00:17:39,040
High on a remote rocky plateaux
in Venezuela
170
00:17:39,040 --> 00:17:42,040
lives the three-centimetre-long
pebble toad.
171
00:17:46,040 --> 00:17:49,040
Unusually for an amphibian,
he can't hop.
172
00:17:52,040 --> 00:17:54,520
So, camouflaged to his surroundings,
173
00:17:54,520 --> 00:17:58,160
this hopless toad creeps around
looking for insects to eat.
174
00:18:03,280 --> 00:18:05,760
But he's not the only hunter
up here.
175
00:18:12,000 --> 00:18:13,960
A toad-eating tarantula.
176
00:18:17,920 --> 00:18:19,760
Faced with the enemy,
177
00:18:19,760 --> 00:18:23,040
the toad employs an unexpected
escape strategy.
178
00:18:27,080 --> 00:18:30,760
He transforms himself
into a toad-like ball.
179
00:18:33,040 --> 00:18:37,280
Tensing all his muscles,
he becomes rigid like rubber.
180
00:18:40,640 --> 00:18:44,760
Perfect for bouncing down
the mountain out of danger.
181
00:18:51,760 --> 00:18:56,040
He's safe and, remarkably,
completely unharmed.
182
00:19:02,040 --> 00:19:05,040
A female Arabian fat-tailed scorpion
183
00:19:05,040 --> 00:19:08,040
on its regular night-time hunt
for beetles.
184
00:19:10,160 --> 00:19:12,280
But while she's looking for food,
185
00:19:12,280 --> 00:19:14,960
someone's eyeing her up
as a potential meal.
186
00:19:15,960 --> 00:19:17,520
A desert fox.
187
00:19:22,280 --> 00:19:26,280
Once the moon comes up,
its soft light could expose her.
188
00:19:30,040 --> 00:19:34,280
So this scorpion has
an extraordinary super sense -
189
00:19:34,280 --> 00:19:36,400
an early warning detection system
190
00:19:36,400 --> 00:19:39,760
that gives her an edge
in this nocturnal world.
191
00:19:42,760 --> 00:19:45,360
UV sensitive cells on her shell
192
00:19:45,360 --> 00:19:48,280
warn her it's an hour
until moonrise...
193
00:19:52,760 --> 00:19:55,400
..which gives her plenty of time
to run and hide
194
00:19:55,400 --> 00:19:57,520
before it blows her cover.
195
00:20:08,040 --> 00:20:12,040
When you're small, life's worries
extend beyond just being eaten.
196
00:20:15,520 --> 00:20:20,480
You'd think a single raindrop might
drown a tiny Brazilian pygmy gecko.
197
00:20:25,040 --> 00:20:27,520
Tricky when you live
in a rainforest.
198
00:20:29,520 --> 00:20:33,280
But these geckos have evolved
super hydrophobic skin.
199
00:20:34,280 --> 00:20:35,960
Water doesn't wet them.
200
00:20:43,040 --> 00:20:45,280
Their skin is so water repellent
201
00:20:45,280 --> 00:20:48,360
that even a tumble into a puddle
isn't fatal.
202
00:21:00,520 --> 00:21:04,400
These miniature marvels
can literally walk on water.
203
00:21:14,760 --> 00:21:18,520
But sometimes even remarkable
physical adaptations
204
00:21:18,520 --> 00:21:21,040
aren't enough to help you survive.
205
00:21:27,760 --> 00:21:29,520
East Africa.
206
00:21:36,400 --> 00:21:39,400
Home to some of the world's
largest mammals...
207
00:21:42,040 --> 00:21:44,760
..as well as one of its smallest.
208
00:21:45,760 --> 00:21:48,040
A female elephant shrew,
209
00:21:48,040 --> 00:21:52,280
more commonly known by
her African name of sengi.
210
00:21:54,040 --> 00:21:56,520
She's 300 times smaller than a
lion...
211
00:21:59,040 --> 00:22:02,040
..and 8,000 times smaller
than an elephant...
212
00:22:05,520 --> 00:22:10,040
..which makes the vast savannah
a very dangerous place to live.
213
00:22:12,040 --> 00:22:16,400
How on earth does she stay safe
out here without being trampled?
214
00:22:19,040 --> 00:22:21,280
By living her life at top speed
215
00:22:21,280 --> 00:22:24,760
and with brainpower
far beyond her size.
216
00:22:30,040 --> 00:22:33,280
This miniature mastermind
has designed and built
217
00:22:33,280 --> 00:22:36,040
a hidden network of trails
to get around.
218
00:22:39,160 --> 00:22:42,000
Even when she does
encounter danger...
219
00:22:43,000 --> 00:22:47,040
..these trails can mean the
difference between life and death.
220
00:22:50,120 --> 00:22:51,880
A monitor lizard.
221
00:23:02,800 --> 00:23:05,040
Drawing on a mental map
of her network,
222
00:23:05,040 --> 00:23:09,040
the clever sengi is able to
figure out the best escape route.
223
00:23:17,040 --> 00:23:21,360
Our fast-footed fugitive is built
for high-speed getaways too.
224
00:23:22,360 --> 00:23:25,040
Like most mammals
and unlike reptiles,
225
00:23:25,040 --> 00:23:28,040
her legs are directly
beneath her body...
226
00:23:34,480 --> 00:23:36,520
..which makes her less stable
227
00:23:36,520 --> 00:23:39,800
but much faster and more agile
than the lizard.
228
00:23:46,760 --> 00:23:52,040
Astonishingly, this tiny tearaway,
who weighs less than half a kilo,
229
00:23:52,040 --> 00:23:55,760
can reach speeds
of nearly 18 miles an hour.
230
00:23:58,760 --> 00:24:02,280
For her size, she's twice as fast
as a cheetah...
231
00:24:16,520 --> 00:24:18,400
..which definitely qualifies her
232
00:24:18,400 --> 00:24:21,040
as one of our miniature miracles
of nature.
233
00:24:32,520 --> 00:24:35,960
Life in the fast lane
requires a lot of fuel.
234
00:24:39,040 --> 00:24:42,760
But while the sengi's secret network
allows her to find food efficiently
235
00:24:42,760 --> 00:24:46,280
and discretely,
not everyone has it so easy.
236
00:24:59,760 --> 00:25:03,280
We've all heard of the world's
great animal migrations...
237
00:25:07,520 --> 00:25:09,520
..like the massive herds of caribou
238
00:25:09,520 --> 00:25:13,040
who trek 1,500 miles through
the Arctic wilderness every year
239
00:25:13,040 --> 00:25:14,760
to find food.
240
00:25:17,320 --> 00:25:19,040
GEESE SQUAWK
241
00:25:19,040 --> 00:25:24,040
And the five million snow geese
who fly en mass to northern Canada
242
00:25:24,040 --> 00:25:27,600
looking for a summer feast
fit to feed a family.
243
00:25:29,520 --> 00:25:33,480
But these are big animals
travelling in gigantic groups.
244
00:25:34,480 --> 00:25:36,760
There's another, much less-known,
245
00:25:36,760 --> 00:25:40,040
but perhaps even more impressive
annual migration,
246
00:25:40,040 --> 00:25:43,040
and this one isn't migration
on a miniature scale.
247
00:25:43,040 --> 00:25:47,040
This is a miniature miracle
on a mammoth migration.
248
00:25:48,040 --> 00:25:49,840
Meet the rufous hummingbird.
249
00:25:56,040 --> 00:25:59,760
This tiny bird weighs less
than a 20 pence piece
250
00:25:59,760 --> 00:26:02,520
and yet every spring she flies over
251
00:26:02,520 --> 00:26:05,520
4,000 miles from Mexico to Alaska...
252
00:26:06,760 --> 00:26:08,280
..on her own.
253
00:26:12,520 --> 00:26:15,280
Her destination - Tongass,
254
00:26:15,280 --> 00:26:18,760
part of the largest temperate
rainforest in the world.
255
00:26:21,280 --> 00:26:24,040
In spring, when the forest wakes up,
256
00:26:24,040 --> 00:26:27,040
it offers the promise
of a seasonal banquet.
257
00:26:35,040 --> 00:26:38,040
Rufous hummingbirds spend
the winter in the tropics,
258
00:26:38,040 --> 00:26:41,040
where competition for food
is fierce.
259
00:26:41,040 --> 00:26:44,240
Here, they get the place
to themselves.
260
00:26:46,800 --> 00:26:50,280
They're the only hummingbird to
make this epic annual migration
261
00:26:50,280 --> 00:26:52,200
to Alaska.
262
00:26:53,200 --> 00:26:56,400
But when they get here,
they can't afford to rest.
263
00:26:58,760 --> 00:27:03,520
Hummingbirds can flap their wings
an unbelievable 50 times a second.
264
00:27:03,520 --> 00:27:05,760
Blink and you can miss it.
265
00:27:09,280 --> 00:27:13,080
Great for hovering but, like any
racy sports car,
266
00:27:13,080 --> 00:27:14,640
it's heavy on fuel -
267
00:27:14,640 --> 00:27:17,760
one thing this female
doesn't have much of.
268
00:27:18,760 --> 00:27:22,000
After the long trip here,
she's running on empty.
269
00:27:28,280 --> 00:27:32,040
If she doesn't eat soon,
she might not last the day.
270
00:27:37,280 --> 00:27:40,280
And if it wasn't enough that
this mini marathon flyer
271
00:27:40,280 --> 00:27:42,560
has flown all the way from Mexico,
272
00:27:42,560 --> 00:27:45,280
it looks like she's arrived too
early.
273
00:27:46,280 --> 00:27:50,520
The flowers she's hoping to drink
nectar from haven't opened yet.
274
00:27:57,760 --> 00:28:02,400
But being a mini miracle, our little
heroine doesn't get in a flap,
275
00:28:02,400 --> 00:28:05,280
for she has brains
as well as stamina.
276
00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:14,080
TAPPING SOUND
277
00:28:14,080 --> 00:28:18,040
The distinctive tapping
of someone else hard at work.
278
00:28:25,520 --> 00:28:30,040
A red-breasted sap sucker is busy
drilling holes in the trees
279
00:28:30,040 --> 00:28:33,280
to release the sweet syrup
running inside.
280
00:28:38,120 --> 00:28:41,000
Tree sap is quite similar
to flower nectar
281
00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:43,880
as they both contain sugar
and protein.
282
00:28:44,880 --> 00:28:47,520
It's exactly what the hungry
hummingbird needs
283
00:28:47,520 --> 00:28:50,520
but is she brave enough
to steal from a bird
284
00:28:50,520 --> 00:28:52,440
two-and-a-half times her size?
285
00:28:55,760 --> 00:28:58,280
The sap sucker moves on
to a neighbouring tree
286
00:28:58,280 --> 00:28:59,880
to continue drilling.
287
00:29:00,880 --> 00:29:04,640
He'll be back to this one later,
once the sap is running freely.
288
00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:20,320
The cunning hummingbird spots an
opportunity and makes her move.
289
00:29:24,120 --> 00:29:28,040
Her tongue darts in and out
around 13 times a second.
290
00:29:31,040 --> 00:29:33,760
If she's going to replenish
her energy levels,
291
00:29:33,760 --> 00:29:36,600
she'll need to eat like this
every 20 minutes.
292
00:29:47,520 --> 00:29:51,280
The hummingbird will rely on
this sneaky strategy to survive,
293
00:29:51,280 --> 00:29:54,760
stealing food from right under
the sap sucker's nose
294
00:29:54,760 --> 00:29:58,040
until the forest flowers bloom
in a few weeks' time.
295
00:30:05,320 --> 00:30:08,520
Then, finally, she'll be able
to enjoy the benefits
296
00:30:08,520 --> 00:30:10,480
of her long-distance journey.
297
00:30:21,040 --> 00:30:23,520
But what if travel isn't an option
298
00:30:23,520 --> 00:30:28,040
and the only food available in your
world is something you can't digest?
299
00:30:29,520 --> 00:30:33,320
That's the situation our next
miniature hero finds itself in.
300
00:30:37,280 --> 00:30:43,800
The Argentinian pampas covers over
150,000 square miles of grassland.
301
00:30:54,280 --> 00:30:57,480
Every day, the industrious
grasscutter ant
302
00:30:57,480 --> 00:31:02,040
toils in the fields, harvesting
a crop it can't actually stomach.
303
00:31:10,520 --> 00:31:13,520
A single colony can contain
millions of ants
304
00:31:13,520 --> 00:31:16,040
of many different shapes and sizes.
305
00:31:17,760 --> 00:31:20,760
Those with the biggest jaws
do all the cutting...
306
00:31:22,240 --> 00:31:25,760
..climbing high into the canopy
to carry out their work.
307
00:31:29,000 --> 00:31:32,280
Down on the ground,
the smaller ones are the porters.
308
00:31:36,280 --> 00:31:39,280
Incredibly, each
one-and-a-half-centimetre ant
309
00:31:39,280 --> 00:31:43,040
can carry 50 times
its own bodyweight in grass,
310
00:31:43,040 --> 00:31:47,040
which is like a human carrying
a medium-sized van on its back.
311
00:31:50,520 --> 00:31:54,040
Believe it or not,
the ant's superhuman strength
312
00:31:54,040 --> 00:31:56,520
actually comes from
their small size.
313
00:31:57,520 --> 00:32:00,760
They have thicker muscles
relative to the size of their body
314
00:32:00,760 --> 00:32:04,760
than larger animals, which means
they can produce more force.
315
00:32:09,280 --> 00:32:12,040
But being able to lift
the equivalent of a van
316
00:32:12,040 --> 00:32:15,040
is all very well
if you can balance it.
317
00:32:18,120 --> 00:32:21,280
Not to mention the freeloaders
trying to shirk duties.
318
00:32:33,520 --> 00:32:38,040
The ants work tirelessly,
ferrying grass back to their nest.
319
00:32:46,280 --> 00:32:49,040
Each year, a single colony
will harvest
320
00:32:49,040 --> 00:32:51,920
over half a tonne of grass cuttings.
321
00:32:56,040 --> 00:32:59,760
But what for, when they
don't even eat grass?
322
00:32:59,760 --> 00:33:03,520
What on earth are they doing
with their indigestible crop
323
00:33:03,520 --> 00:33:06,040
and what are they actually eating?
324
00:33:11,760 --> 00:33:14,040
The answer lies deep underground,
325
00:33:14,040 --> 00:33:17,280
where the ants have built
their very own food factory.
326
00:33:22,520 --> 00:33:27,040
Down here, they're feeding their
harvest to a very special fungus.
327
00:33:32,760 --> 00:33:35,760
This fungus is found nowhere else
on earth.
328
00:33:42,080 --> 00:33:44,760
When the ants feed it grass,
it grows,
329
00:33:44,760 --> 00:33:47,520
producing edible fungus gardens.
330
00:33:51,520 --> 00:33:56,040
Enough to feed an entire colony
of up to five million ants.
331
00:34:01,280 --> 00:34:05,520
These ants have been producing food
like this for millions of years,
332
00:34:05,520 --> 00:34:09,760
way before humans ever dreamt of
even cultivating their own food.
333
00:34:16,040 --> 00:34:18,280
But there's a twist to this story.
334
00:34:18,280 --> 00:34:22,040
The ants' special fungus
is also dangerous to them.
335
00:34:22,040 --> 00:34:25,760
It produces carbon dioxide
which, when trapped underground,
336
00:34:25,760 --> 00:34:27,880
could suffocate the entire colony.
337
00:34:32,360 --> 00:34:36,320
So the ants have come up with
an astonishing solution.
338
00:34:38,760 --> 00:34:41,280
They've built giant
ventilation units
339
00:34:41,280 --> 00:34:44,520
that remove the potentially
deadly carbon dioxide
340
00:34:44,520 --> 00:34:48,520
and draw in fresh air
for the busy factory workers below.
341
00:34:52,240 --> 00:34:56,520
These humble heroes have not only
learnt how to produce their own food
342
00:34:56,520 --> 00:35:00,520
but also how to remove dangerous
waste from their environment.
343
00:35:04,760 --> 00:35:09,080
Two highly sophisticated behaviours
of a civilised society.
344
00:35:13,040 --> 00:35:15,120
For a creature so small,
345
00:35:15,120 --> 00:35:19,040
it really is a miniature miracle
on an industrial scale.
346
00:35:30,040 --> 00:35:33,520
Finding ingenious ways to adapt
to their environment
347
00:35:33,520 --> 00:35:36,280
is something our miniature miracles
do best.
348
00:35:41,040 --> 00:35:44,040
The tropical forests
of Southeast Asia.
349
00:35:49,520 --> 00:35:53,840
As night falls, some mini monkeys
are starting to stir.
350
00:36:04,520 --> 00:36:07,280
12-centimetre-tall tarsiers.
351
00:36:14,120 --> 00:36:17,760
The ancestors of these primates
were daytime hunters,
352
00:36:17,760 --> 00:36:20,520
but there was so much competition
for food
353
00:36:20,520 --> 00:36:23,040
they were forced into the shadows,
354
00:36:23,040 --> 00:36:25,280
where they could have disappeared.
355
00:36:29,520 --> 00:36:31,520
But they didn't surrender.
356
00:36:32,520 --> 00:36:35,520
They evolved huge
gremlin-like eyes -
357
00:36:35,520 --> 00:36:38,600
the largest of any mammal
relative to their body size...
358
00:36:40,600 --> 00:36:43,760
..which helped them see
in the faintest light.
359
00:36:56,960 --> 00:36:59,000
INSECTS CREAK
360
00:37:00,560 --> 00:37:04,040
And enormous ears that seem to have
a life of their own...
361
00:37:06,040 --> 00:37:08,520
..but give them ultrasonic hearing.
362
00:37:12,520 --> 00:37:16,520
These two extraordinary
super senses opened up the night,
363
00:37:16,520 --> 00:37:20,160
allowing tarsiers to home in
on almost anything that moves.
364
00:37:30,760 --> 00:37:35,040
Tarsiers are the only
exclusively carnivorous primate.
365
00:37:35,040 --> 00:37:37,520
They eat mostly flying insects,
366
00:37:37,520 --> 00:37:42,280
including moths, locusts,
beetles and cicadas -
367
00:37:42,280 --> 00:37:44,520
not the easiest of prey.
368
00:37:49,520 --> 00:37:52,040
Once they've got dinner
in their sights,
369
00:37:52,040 --> 00:37:55,280
they've got just milliseconds
to ambush and catch it.
370
00:37:57,520 --> 00:38:00,040
But with a genuine spring
in their step,
371
00:38:00,040 --> 00:38:04,040
these miniature assassins have no
problem taking a leap in the dark.
372
00:38:06,040 --> 00:38:09,360
You see, they've also got
enormously long legs,
373
00:38:09,360 --> 00:38:13,040
which they use to jump 40 times
their own body length.
374
00:38:17,680 --> 00:38:21,040
And they're armed with long,
slender fingers,
375
00:38:21,040 --> 00:38:23,040
ideal for snatching prey.
376
00:38:30,040 --> 00:38:32,520
It's as if these
pocket-sized hunters
377
00:38:32,520 --> 00:38:35,040
always belonged to
the rainforest night.
378
00:38:51,440 --> 00:38:55,760
Perhaps the ultimate survivor in our
list of miniature miracles
379
00:38:55,760 --> 00:38:59,760
is a plant that lives in one
of the harshest places on earth.
380
00:39:08,080 --> 00:39:10,040
The vast Sahara Desert.
381
00:39:11,040 --> 00:39:15,040
Life here has far more to worry
about than just finding food.
382
00:39:16,040 --> 00:39:18,920
Where on earth do you find water?
383
00:39:22,760 --> 00:39:27,040
Lots of plants can tolerate
a few hours or days without water.
384
00:39:27,040 --> 00:39:31,040
Think about all the house plants
that get neglected yet survive.
385
00:39:34,520 --> 00:39:38,760
But most will die if they're
subjected to prolonged drought.
386
00:39:44,040 --> 00:39:49,040
This small dried-out ball of twigs
may have been dead for 100 years.
387
00:39:54,040 --> 00:39:57,840
And yet, despite appearances,
all is not lost.
388
00:40:01,040 --> 00:40:02,680
Because this plant...
389
00:40:04,280 --> 00:40:06,520
..is the resurrection plant.
390
00:40:14,480 --> 00:40:18,560
Blown by the wind, it's in
desperate need of a drink.
391
00:40:22,000 --> 00:40:26,040
But around here, rain only falls
once or twice a year...
392
00:40:28,280 --> 00:40:30,760
..and in the world's biggest desert,
393
00:40:30,760 --> 00:40:33,280
you have to be very lucky
to find it.
394
00:40:45,280 --> 00:40:49,040
So will this puddle be enough
to raise it from the dead?
395
00:40:58,920 --> 00:41:02,480
Gradually, lifeless limbs
lap up the precious water.
396
00:41:02,480 --> 00:41:05,040
Its resurrection has begun.
397
00:41:10,560 --> 00:41:12,600
RUMBLE OF THUNDER
398
00:41:14,760 --> 00:41:16,760
Now it's come back to life,
399
00:41:16,760 --> 00:41:20,160
it must snatch this opportunity
to reproduce.
400
00:41:25,480 --> 00:41:29,040
But this special plant
needs yet another miracle...
401
00:41:33,800 --> 00:41:35,280
..rain.
402
00:41:41,520 --> 00:41:43,520
The trigger for new life.
403
00:41:44,520 --> 00:41:47,040
A chance for its seeds to germinate.
404
00:42:03,040 --> 00:42:06,040
In just a few hours,
new shoots emerge.
405
00:42:22,280 --> 00:42:26,520
And within weeks, these offspring
of the original plant flower,
406
00:42:26,520 --> 00:42:29,040
producing seeds of their own.
407
00:42:33,880 --> 00:42:38,520
Sadly, it's not long before the
burning African sun kills them.
408
00:42:43,520 --> 00:42:47,040
But the seeds within their
withered branches live on,
409
00:42:47,040 --> 00:42:49,760
ready for when they find rain,
410
00:42:49,760 --> 00:42:52,280
even if it's a century from now.
411
00:42:55,840 --> 00:42:57,880
RUMBLE OF THUNDER
412
00:43:06,280 --> 00:43:10,040
In southern India,
rain is a more predictable event.
413
00:43:13,040 --> 00:43:15,480
Monsoon clouds are building.
414
00:43:26,480 --> 00:43:29,520
This annual phenomenon
triggers the breeding season
415
00:43:29,520 --> 00:43:31,560
for our next miniature miracle.
416
00:43:35,520 --> 00:43:38,520
Traditionally, male frogs
rely on their croak
417
00:43:38,520 --> 00:43:40,520
to attract the opposite sex
418
00:43:40,520 --> 00:43:44,760
but, unfortunately, their chorus
is falling on deaf ears.
419
00:43:44,760 --> 00:43:48,360
They're struggling to be heard
over the noise of all this water.
420
00:43:50,520 --> 00:43:54,520
So these tiny frogs, each one
no bigger than a paperclip,
421
00:43:54,520 --> 00:43:57,280
have claimed a rock for their castle
422
00:43:57,280 --> 00:43:59,760
and now they're using
a different technique
423
00:43:59,760 --> 00:44:02,040
to impress the opposite sex.
424
00:44:04,040 --> 00:44:06,280
These mini monarchs wave.
425
00:44:13,760 --> 00:44:17,760
The more testosterone they have,
the more waving they do.
426
00:44:25,040 --> 00:44:29,760
All of which helps these frog
princes attract a frog princess.
427
00:44:39,280 --> 00:44:42,280
The tiny frogs' distinctive
courtship behaviour
428
00:44:42,280 --> 00:44:44,880
has earned them their name.
429
00:44:44,880 --> 00:44:48,040
These are foot-flagging frogs.
430
00:44:51,520 --> 00:44:53,520
Yet another stroke of genius
431
00:44:53,520 --> 00:44:56,120
from a small animal
facing a big problem.
432
00:45:00,040 --> 00:45:02,080
BIRDS SING
433
00:45:03,520 --> 00:45:06,040
But our little frogs' romantic woes
434
00:45:06,040 --> 00:45:10,040
are nothing compared to those
of our next miniature miracle.
435
00:45:13,040 --> 00:45:17,520
He's embarking on possibly the most
dangerous journey of his life
436
00:45:17,520 --> 00:45:20,920
and all for the sake of trying to
find a partner.
437
00:45:23,760 --> 00:45:27,080
This is the Australian
peacock jumping spider...
438
00:45:28,080 --> 00:45:31,520
..a miracle mover who can't afford
to put a foot wrong.
439
00:45:35,760 --> 00:45:39,040
He's only the size of a grain of
rice.
440
00:45:40,760 --> 00:45:43,040
Yes, he's that small.
441
00:45:46,520 --> 00:45:51,320
Which, in a place like this, means
almost anything could be dangerous.
442
00:46:00,280 --> 00:46:05,040
But, in fact, the biggest threat
of all is the female he's after.
443
00:46:09,760 --> 00:46:11,640
The silken road to finding her
444
00:46:11,640 --> 00:46:15,040
is littered with the remains
of unsuccessful suitors.
445
00:46:18,320 --> 00:46:21,520
A stark warning that,
if he doesn't get this right,
446
00:46:21,520 --> 00:46:24,040
it could be his last day
on the planet.
447
00:46:37,040 --> 00:46:39,520
She ambushes him from behind.
448
00:46:41,760 --> 00:46:45,040
Now, what can he do to win her over?
449
00:46:52,760 --> 00:46:54,280
Dance.
450
00:46:54,280 --> 00:46:56,160
Dance for his life.
451
00:47:01,040 --> 00:47:05,480
He unfurls his striking fan
and begins his routine.
452
00:47:12,520 --> 00:47:16,840
Its elaborate shape and vibrant
colours resemble a peacock's tale.
453
00:47:25,920 --> 00:47:30,040
But even his party outfit and his
best moves aren't impressing her.
454
00:47:31,520 --> 00:47:33,360
Time to step it up a level.
455
00:47:44,280 --> 00:47:47,040
As is so often the case
in the mating game,
456
00:47:47,040 --> 00:47:50,760
it's not the males but the females
who call the shots.
457
00:47:54,960 --> 00:47:57,040
The more unique the dance,
458
00:47:57,040 --> 00:48:00,040
the more likely she is
to accept his advances.
459
00:48:04,040 --> 00:48:07,280
This mating ritual can go on
for up to 50 minutes.
460
00:48:11,760 --> 00:48:15,680
But at last his performance
is rewarded and they mate.
461
00:48:24,360 --> 00:48:27,520
He's done his bit
and satisfied her needs,
462
00:48:27,520 --> 00:48:30,040
but now her need is over...
463
00:48:32,360 --> 00:48:34,280
..so she kills him anyway.
464
00:48:35,840 --> 00:48:40,520
After all, his body will be the
perfect nourishment for their eggs.
465
00:48:46,040 --> 00:48:50,520
Our next mini marvel wasn't blessed
with a vibrant party outfit
466
00:48:50,520 --> 00:48:53,280
or even disco dance moves
467
00:48:53,280 --> 00:48:57,040
and yet, somehow, he's still
got to attract the ladies.
468
00:49:02,520 --> 00:49:06,040
The world's oceans are filled
with brilliant colours,
469
00:49:06,040 --> 00:49:09,040
all designed to make their wearers
conspicuous.
470
00:49:13,280 --> 00:49:16,760
But the tiny Japanese puffer fish
is so dull
471
00:49:16,760 --> 00:49:19,280
he almost fades into the background.
472
00:49:22,760 --> 00:49:26,040
If he's going to have any success
with the opposite sex,
473
00:49:26,040 --> 00:49:29,400
he needs to perform a miracle
that defies belief.
474
00:49:38,280 --> 00:49:41,040
He is nature's finest artist.
475
00:49:54,760 --> 00:49:58,440
With a design of mathematical
precision in his head
476
00:49:58,440 --> 00:50:03,040
and only fins for tools,
he starts to plough the sand.
477
00:50:06,760 --> 00:50:09,760
He's sculpting it into
geometric shapes.
478
00:50:20,760 --> 00:50:26,040
This dedicated artist works 24 hours
a day for a entire week.
479
00:50:26,040 --> 00:50:30,520
There's no time for rest or the
current will destroy his creation.
480
00:50:45,040 --> 00:50:47,280
He adds shells for decoration
481
00:50:56,760 --> 00:50:58,760
Before a final tidy up.
482
00:51:02,040 --> 00:51:05,040
At last, his vision is complete.
483
00:51:24,280 --> 00:51:27,040
Using only what was available
to him,
484
00:51:27,040 --> 00:51:32,040
this 12-centimetre fish has created
a masterpiece two metres across.
485
00:51:43,760 --> 00:51:47,040
Nowhere else in nature does
an animal construct something
486
00:51:47,040 --> 00:51:49,520
as complex and perfect as this.
487
00:51:55,280 --> 00:51:58,520
If this doesn't get him noticed,
nothing will.
488
00:52:02,040 --> 00:52:05,520
A female swollen with eggs
and ready to partner up
489
00:52:05,520 --> 00:52:07,760
is tempted over to have a look.
490
00:52:15,040 --> 00:52:19,520
He entices her into the centre
to get the best possible view.
491
00:52:24,280 --> 00:52:29,040
Impressed, she retreats,
leaving him to make one alteration.
492
00:52:42,760 --> 00:52:46,040
By the next morning,
the centre of the sculpture
493
00:52:46,040 --> 00:52:50,040
has been flattened and all
the soft sand is in the middle.
494
00:52:50,040 --> 00:52:53,040
He's created the perfect nest.
495
00:52:58,520 --> 00:53:01,040
Right on cue, she arrives.
496
00:53:09,040 --> 00:53:12,040
The male holds her cheek
and fertilises her eggs
497
00:53:12,040 --> 00:53:13,800
as she releases them.
498
00:53:19,760 --> 00:53:23,880
A quick flick of his fin
and he buries them in this sand.
499
00:53:38,520 --> 00:53:40,800
Eggs laid, she departs...
500
00:53:43,760 --> 00:53:47,040
..while he stays behind to fan them
until they hatch...
501
00:53:48,040 --> 00:53:51,760
..his extraordinary work of art
fading away around him.
502
00:54:03,760 --> 00:54:07,760
The Japanese puffer fish isn't
the only miraculous mini creature
503
00:54:07,760 --> 00:54:09,520
beneath the waves.
504
00:54:10,760 --> 00:54:13,040
We can't see them with the naked eye
505
00:54:13,040 --> 00:54:16,760
but our seas are literally brimming
with hidden heroes.
506
00:54:18,280 --> 00:54:20,040
Plankton.
507
00:54:25,280 --> 00:54:28,280
Thousands of different types
and different species
508
00:54:28,280 --> 00:54:30,280
you'd need a microscope to see.
509
00:54:36,360 --> 00:54:40,400
Anything that drifts in the current
is classified as plankton.
510
00:54:40,400 --> 00:54:44,040
The smallest are the plant-like
phytoplankton,
511
00:54:44,040 --> 00:54:47,280
followed by the more animal-like
zooplankton.
512
00:54:50,040 --> 00:54:52,760
Individually,
they're not that exciting,
513
00:54:52,760 --> 00:54:55,040
but believe me, collectively,
514
00:54:55,040 --> 00:54:59,040
these critters are some of the most
important species on our planet.
515
00:55:02,760 --> 00:55:05,280
They're the bedrock
of the ocean food web.
516
00:55:08,040 --> 00:55:10,760
Breakfast, lunch and dinner
for the krill...
517
00:55:13,520 --> 00:55:15,760
..who get eaten by the fish.
518
00:55:18,400 --> 00:55:20,760
Then in come the diving birds.
519
00:55:21,760 --> 00:55:23,520
Agile sea lions.
520
00:55:28,080 --> 00:55:29,520
Dolphins.
521
00:55:31,160 --> 00:55:33,040
Sharks.
522
00:55:36,440 --> 00:55:41,200
And all the way up to the biggest
mammals on earth - whales.
523
00:55:58,280 --> 00:56:00,280
But that's not all.
524
00:56:00,280 --> 00:56:04,520
The tiny phytoplankton perform
an even greater miracle still.
525
00:56:09,280 --> 00:56:11,520
Just like terrestrial plants,
526
00:56:11,520 --> 00:56:14,520
they use light from the sun
to photosynthesise
527
00:56:14,520 --> 00:56:16,760
and produce energy for themselves.
528
00:56:20,760 --> 00:56:24,040
One of the by-products
of that process is oxygen -
529
00:56:24,040 --> 00:56:27,520
a gas required by almost
all life on earth.
530
00:56:31,040 --> 00:56:34,280
There are so many phytoplankton
in our oceans
531
00:56:34,280 --> 00:56:39,040
that they literally produce over
half of all the oxygen we breathe...
532
00:56:43,280 --> 00:56:47,280
..which is surely the biggest
and most important miracle
533
00:56:47,280 --> 00:56:49,520
of all our miniature heroes.
534
00:56:53,520 --> 00:56:57,040
Without plankton, it's thought
that much of life on Earth
535
00:56:57,040 --> 00:56:58,760
would disappear.
536
00:57:06,040 --> 00:57:08,480
So there you have it.
537
00:57:08,480 --> 00:57:10,960
We've seen a walking fish,
538
00:57:10,960 --> 00:57:13,440
a dancing spider
539
00:57:13,440 --> 00:57:17,040
and even a plant that can raise
itself from the dead.
540
00:57:20,200 --> 00:57:24,280
A little-known and often unseen
world of miraculous beings.
541
00:57:27,040 --> 00:57:28,760
They've adapted...
542
00:57:29,760 --> 00:57:32,040
..developed extraordinary skills...
543
00:57:33,040 --> 00:57:37,040
..and pulled off some astounding
feats just to survive.
544
00:57:39,520 --> 00:57:41,840
And, finally, consider this.
545
00:57:42,840 --> 00:57:45,520
90% of all our planet's creatures
546
00:57:45,520 --> 00:57:48,520
are no bigger than
a human fingertip.
547
00:57:50,040 --> 00:57:55,040
Without us knowing it, these tiny
superstars dominate our world...
548
00:57:56,520 --> 00:58:00,040
..and we can't afford to overlook
a single one of them.
72573
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