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We look around and what do we see?
We see businesses going on as usual,
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we see governments - at best -
thinking four years down the road
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when they really need to be thinking
seven generations down the road.
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We need positive visions for humanity and the planet.
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Around the world I actually see
more hope than hopelessness.
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The future with less oil could be preferable
to the present with lots of oil.
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Ladakh, or "Little Tibet", in the Western Himalayas,
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one of the highest inhabited places on Earth.
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This is a remote land, and was for
centuries isolated from the outside world.
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Until recently, the Ladakhis sustained themselves
through farming and regional trade.
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It was a way of life that was finely
tuned to the local environment.
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Economic analyst and author Helena Norberg-Hodge
knows Ladakh from the inside.
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She believes that the Ladakhis' story can shed light
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on the root causes of the crises
nowfacing the planet.
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I have spent much of the last 35 years in Ladakh,
working with the people to find
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ways of strengthening their culture
as it confronts the modern world.
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Over the years, Ladakh became a second
home to me - almost like a first home.
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It was a huge source of inspiration.
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I learned about social, ecological, and personal
well-being, about the roots ofhappiness.
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I was also forced to reconsider
many of the basic assumptions
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that I had always taken for granted, and to
look at my own Western culture in a different light.
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There was this sort of radiance and vitality
that I had never experienced anywhere else.
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Even the material standard of living was high.
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They had large, spacious houses,
plenty of leisure time.
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There was no unemployment - it had never existed.
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And no one went hungry.
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Of course they didn't have our comforts and luxuries,
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but what they did have was a way of life that
was vastly more sustainable than ours,
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and that was also far more joyous and rich.
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In the mid-1970s Ladakh was suddenly
thrown open to the outside world.
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Cheap subsidized food, trucked in on subsidized
roads, by vehicles running on subsidized fuel
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undermined Ladakh's local economy.
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At the same time, the Ladakhis were
bombarded with advertising and media images
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that romanticized western-style consumerism,
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and made their own culture
seem pitiful by comparison.
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As the area was increasingly
exposed to the consumer culture,
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I sawhow people started to think of themselves
as backward, primitive, and poor.
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In the early years I went to this beautiful village,
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and just out of curiosity I asked a young man
from the village to showme the poorest house.
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He thought for a bit and then said,
"We don't have any poor houses here."
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The same young man I heard
ten years later saying to a tourist,
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"Oh, if you could only help
us Ladakhis, we're so poor."
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Today, Ladakh faces a wide range of problems
that were unknown in the traditional culture.
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The changes in Ladakh were so clear-cut,
and I saw with my own eyes cause and effect.
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One minute you've got vital people
and a really sustainable culture.
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The next you've got pollution, both air and water,
you've got unemployment,
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a widening gap between rich and poor,
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and perhaps most shockingly of all, in a
people who had been so spiritually grounded,
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divisiveness and depression.
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These changes weren't the result of innate human
greed or some sort of evolutionary force;
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they happened far too suddenly for that.
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They were clearly the direct result of
exposure to outside economic pressures.
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And I witnessed howthese pressures
created intense competition,
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breaking down community and the connection
to nature that had been the cornerstone
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of Ladakhi culture for centuries.
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This was Ladakh's introduction to globalization.
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Globalization is the most powerful force
for change in the world today,
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affecting not only remote populations like Ladakhis,
but societies across the planet.
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For some people, globalizing economic
activity is our biggest hope for the future -
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the solution to world poverty in particular.
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For others, it's a fundamental cause of many of the
problems we face today, and an ongoing threat.
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People often think of globalization as
something that brings us all closer together
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through faster communication,
easiertravel, and so on.
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But at it's core it's an economic process.
It's about deregulation,
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and that means freeing up big banks and
big businesses to enter local markets worldwide.
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The focus in on profit, not people.
That doesn't bring us together.
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On the contrary, it's leading to
increased competition and division.
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Globalization is the rapid expansion of a
process that started about 500 years ago.
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At that time Europeans conquered and
colonized much of the world.
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They dismantled self-reliant economies
and enslaved their populations -
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forcing them to work in mines,
cotton fields and tea planations.
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In the mid-twentieth century colonialism gave way
to a more subtle form of enslavement: Debt.
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Shackled by so-called 'aid'
packages and crippling loans,
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nation after nation fell deeper into poverty, making it
easier for corporations and financial institutions,
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the successors of the colonial merchants, to
extract money, resources and cheap labor.
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00:10:01,901 --> 00:10:08,007
Today those transnational businesses have grown so
large and powerful that they effectively
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control governments, dictate economic policy,
and shape people's opinions and worldviews.
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00:10:16,415 --> 00:10:22,376
Yet the push for growth, through global trade
in both goods and finance, continues.
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00:10:23,022 --> 00:10:29,195
In orderto compete, the big corporations are
demanding ever more deregulation,
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00:10:29,195 --> 00:10:32,096
still further globalization.
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It's an agenda that has major implications for both
ecosystems and people around the world.
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It's hard to get your head around globalization.
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It's tempting to ignore it, to leave it to the experts.
But we simply can't afford to.
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00:11:00,926 --> 00:11:03,759
Even though it's something that happens 'out there',
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it has a profound effect on every aspect
of our lives, even our sense of self.
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00:11:11,137 --> 00:11:14,538
What we're seeing is rising levels
of depression in the West.
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00:11:14,640 --> 00:11:20,044
Some studies show rises as doubling,
other studies show rising as much as tenfold.
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The stresses on the average household
have increased enormously.
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Theirjobs are much more demanding.
More travel, more work at home.
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More access at any time.
Longer commutes for many people.
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And all the time we're exposed to images
of a certain level of material success,
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a certain level oflooks, a certain lifestyle
that we are measuring ourselves up to
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and seeing ourselves not as good as.
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00:11:49,508 --> 00:11:54,480
There is a constant pressure on people
to have bigger, better, more.
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But, of course, in the end what does that
bring us? It doesn't bring us happiness.
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00:11:58,551 --> 00:12:01,418
Material reward has never brought us happiness.
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00:12:01,821 --> 00:12:06,392
Every year since the end of World War II one of
the big polling firms has asked Americans,
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"Are you happy with your life?"
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The number of Americans who say,
"Yes, I'm very happy with my life"
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the percentage peaks in 1956, and goes
slowly but steadily downhill ever since.
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That's interesting because in that same 50 years
we have gotten immeasurably richer.
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We have three times as much stuff.
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00:12:25,778 --> 00:12:31,978
Somehowit hasn't worked, because that same
affluence tends to undermine community.
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00:12:32,918 --> 00:12:39,792
I think the only people who are happy, deeply happy,
and deeply secure are people who know
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they can rely on someone else in life, people
who knowthey are not alone in this world.
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00:12:45,664 --> 00:12:51,830
Lonely people have never been happy people.
Globalization is creating a very lonely planet.
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00:13:10,890 --> 00:13:13,882
It's corporations who are raising our children.
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00:13:14,393 --> 00:13:18,831
Who's driving the food choices of childern?
Who's driving the entertainment choices of children,
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00:13:18,831 --> 00:13:22,323
who's driving what they want to buy
and what they care about?
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More and more it's a set of
corporations that sell to kids.
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00:13:30,910 --> 00:13:33,037
Human greed is very easy to exploit.
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The method of exploiting greed is also very cruel -
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Comparison and competition.
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People lose their own identity right from childhood.
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00:13:52,965 --> 00:13:55,467
Our children don't want to speak
their languages anymore,
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00:13:55,467 --> 00:14:00,336
they no longer want to be
associated with their own culture.
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00:14:00,806 --> 00:14:05,505
It's cool to wear designerjeans.
It's cool to eat at McDonald's.
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00:14:05,945 --> 00:14:10,015
Our children learn to reject
their own culture in school.
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00:14:10,015 --> 00:14:12,711
Why? Because the teacher tells them,
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00:14:13,185 --> 00:14:16,712
"If you don't learn multiplication,
you'll go to feed the pigs."
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"If you don't learn multiplication,
you'll go to farm like your father."
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As if to farm would be an offense
or a crime or something bad.
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00:14:28,467 --> 00:14:32,538
Young people are looking for
acceptance; they want to belong.
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00:14:32,538 --> 00:14:36,304
And they're nowbeing told that if they
want the respect of their peer group,
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they've got to have the latest running shoes,
the latest gadgets, the latest clothing.
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00:14:42,314 --> 00:14:45,351
And, of course, as they go down that consumer path
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it leads to separation and envy,
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not to the sense of connection -to the love -
that at a deep level they're really looking for.
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00:14:57,897 --> 00:15:03,903
In a previous era, before the modern era of
consumer capitalism, people's sense of self,
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their personal identities, were shaped largely
through their communities, their neighborhoods.
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00:15:10,576 --> 00:15:15,247
Nowadays, where all those
supports have fallen away,
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the gap that was left has been filled by
the marketers, who came in and said:
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"Don't worry if you don't knowwho you are.
We will provide you with a packaged identity
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which you can use - by buying
our products, of course -
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to create a sense of self, which you can
then project onto the world."
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The role models that are beamed
across the world today
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look very different from people in
Africa, South America, or Asia.
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They marginalize the majority
of the global population.
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And even if you are blonde, blue-eyed and beautiful,
you're never quite beautiful enough.
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Around the world sales of blue contact lenses are
escalating and more and more people are
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using chemicals to lighten their skin and hair.
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If you look at what's currently motivating
industrial growth, not only in the US but in the
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so-called emerging, developing nations
- China, India, South Korea, and others -
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it has a great deal to do with the desire
to emulate the American way of life.
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I think Americans are very interesting.
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I admire them.
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They are so different from
Chinese people in every way.
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They are tasteful and fashionable.
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Encouraging consumerism threatens
the ecological fabric of the entire planet.
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Natural resources are already stretched to
breaking point by population pressures.
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And yet we have an economic system
that encourages each and every one of us
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to consume more and more and more.
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It's a terrific onslaught of marketing,
merchandising, advertising, brainwashing.
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So we are on a big consumptive splurge.
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But we have four times the population of the US
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and if we start consuming, and all the
consumption levels reach like America,
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then we'll be consuming all the
resources of the planet right in India.
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The consumer culture that globalization
promotes is increasingly urban.
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At first glance, high density urban living might appear
to reduce per capita use of resources.
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But this is only true when compared
with life in the suburbs.
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Compared to more genuinely
decentralized living patterns,
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urbanization is extremely resource intensive.
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This is particularly clear in the global South.
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The moment a person moves into the city,
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the energy use shoots up, the water use shoots up.
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The infrastructure to run a city per capita
is much bigger than the infrastructure to
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produce a high quality of life in a village.
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When hundreds of millions of
rural people are pulled into cities,
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the food they once grewthemselves
must nowbe grown for them,
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typically on giant, chemical-intensive farms.
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All this food must then be brought into the cities
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on roads purpose-built to accommodate
larger and larger trucks.
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Providing water involves enormous
dams and man-made reservoirs.
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00:19:06,912 --> 00:19:13,852
Energy production means huge, centralized
power plants, coal and uranium mines,
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and thousands of miles of transmission lines.
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Meanwhile, much of the waste that is produced,
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including countless tons of
potentially valuable compost,
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must be trucked out of the city to be treated,
buried, incinerated, or dumped at sea.
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The end result is that urban
dwellers typically consume
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significantly more non-renewable resources
than their land-based relatives.
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We've gotten to the end of the
supply chain, and there is no more.
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If we decide in the name of fairness
to try to industrialize the entire world,
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the result will be universal starvation,
universal famine.
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Ecosystems will collapse and we'll
ultimately see the end of our species.
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The globalization of the economy is having an
ever-increasing impact on the earth's climate,
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not only through the waste and excesses
inherent in the consumer culture
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and the escalation in resource use
that results from urbanization,
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but because the very logic of globalization
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requires that goods travel ever longer
distances from producer to consumer.
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Because ofhidden subsidies and skewed
regulations, food from the other side of the world
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tends to cost less than food from a mile away.
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00:21:03,629 --> 00:21:07,399
In the UK, butter from New Zealand
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costs significantly less than butter
from the farm down the road.
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And in Ladakh, buttertrucked in over the Himalayas
for several days costs half as much as local butter.
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We often hear about efficiencies of scale,
but actually the truth is
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what we've developed today is a system
that could not be more wasteful.
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We have tuna fish caught on the east coast of
America, flown to Japan, processed,
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flown back to America and sold to consumers.
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We have English apples flown to
South Africa to be waxed,
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flown back again to be sold to consumers.
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The whole process involves
incredible quanitities of waste.
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A series of treaties, new ones almost every year,
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promote economic growth
through international trade.
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As a consequence, countries today
routinely import and export
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nearly identical quantities of identical products.
206
00:22:10,262 --> 00:22:15,500
Every day of the year, grain, meat,
live animals, canned goods,
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and a whole range of manufactured products,
not to mention waste - even used batteries -
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00:22:21,873 --> 00:22:23,773
crisscross the planet.
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All of this at a time when rising CO2 emissions
are threatening our very survival.
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00:22:38,123 --> 00:22:46,189
The global economy has become a casino, and we're
all potential losers. One major casualty is ourjobs.
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00:22:46,431 --> 00:22:51,869
Corporate mergers, takeovers,
relocation to lower wage countries
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00:22:51,970 --> 00:22:55,107
threaten the livelihood of virtually all of us:
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00:22:55,107 --> 00:22:58,873
Accountants, assembly line workers, even CEOs.
214
00:22:59,177 --> 00:23:03,682
And when we retire it gets no better;
as we've seen recently,
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00:23:03,682 --> 00:23:07,550
pension funds are at the mercy
of uncontrolled speculation.
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It's notjust in the West that
livelihoods are underthreat.
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In the less industrialized parts of the world,
218
00:23:16,328 --> 00:23:21,299
finding and holding onto ajob is
becoming increasingly difficult.
219
00:23:21,299 --> 00:23:24,666
The first victims are small farmers.
220
00:23:26,104 --> 00:23:32,339
The present development model
encourages urbanization
221
00:23:32,544 --> 00:23:40,018
and intentionally works to
reduce the number of farmers.
222
00:23:40,018 --> 00:23:45,357
All those displaced farmers
have nowhere to go but the city
223
00:23:45,357 --> 00:23:51,455
where they become cheap laborfor
industry, for investment from abroad.
224
00:23:53,165 --> 00:23:55,233
All we want is our land!
225
00:23:55,233 --> 00:23:59,226
Give us some land and we'll work hard
to make something, to make a life.
226
00:23:59,738 --> 00:24:04,176
Removing people from the land
is the root of all unemployment.
227
00:24:04,176 --> 00:24:09,614
It is the root of the creation of slums
and the rural-urban migration.
228
00:24:10,282 --> 00:24:13,615
I don't want to be a beggar!
229
00:24:14,052 --> 00:24:20,719
Lfl could have my land back, I'd go
back to my main business, farming.
230
00:24:22,260 --> 00:24:25,297
Making people disposable in
terms of working with the land
231
00:24:25,297 --> 00:24:29,000
is creating probably the biggest human crisis.
232
00:24:29,000 --> 00:24:33,572
No human rights community is noticing it,
no Amnesty has noticed it,
233
00:24:33,572 --> 00:24:37,474
but 100,000 Indian farmers
have been driven to suicide.
234
00:24:47,786 --> 00:24:51,389
When people are pushed off
the land into crowded cities,
235
00:24:51,389 --> 00:24:55,160
members of diverse ethnic and religious groups
236
00:24:55,160 --> 00:24:59,290
are forced into intense competition
for the few available jobs.
237
00:25:00,799 --> 00:25:08,604
Differences that were once accepted become
a source of fear, fundamentalism, and conflict.
238
00:25:12,143 --> 00:25:17,482
Globalization, which is creating
the gap between the rich and poor,
239
00:25:17,482 --> 00:25:23,622
is directly affecting the survival
of certain people - a lot of people -
240
00:25:23,622 --> 00:25:28,627
and this gives them only few options.
241
00:25:28,627 --> 00:25:34,463
And people will have to take options
when it is a life and death situation.
242
00:25:35,166 --> 00:25:40,695
It will create terrorism. It will
create a lot of disharmony.
243
00:25:49,114 --> 00:25:55,453
You destroy language, you destroy the roots
of who you are, you destroy the history,
244
00:25:55,453 --> 00:25:58,354
and you become nobody in the world.
245
00:25:58,523 --> 00:26:04,029
Globalization with its homogenous
way oflooking at the world
246
00:26:04,029 --> 00:26:09,401
and that we must have one
worldviewis extremely dangerous.
247
00:26:09,401 --> 00:26:16,773
It is dangerous for diversity.
This is not healthy for harmonizing our societies.
248
00:26:17,742 --> 00:26:24,773
In Ladakh, Buddhists and Muslims had lived
side by side for 500 years without any conflict.
249
00:26:25,083 --> 00:26:30,953
But with the advent of the neweconomy,
unemployment increased exponentially,
250
00:26:31,156 --> 00:26:36,561
and so did competition forthe
narrowrange of new commodities,
251
00:26:36,561 --> 00:26:40,292
like kerosene and coal, cement and plastic.
252
00:26:40,832 --> 00:26:45,462
The end result was friction,
conflict, and ultimately violence.
253
00:26:46,338 --> 00:26:51,799
After only about a decade, Buddhists and
Muslims were literally killing each other.
254
00:27:03,588 --> 00:27:11,427
It's widely believed that whatever the social and
environmental costs, globalization is unstoppable.
255
00:27:12,030 --> 00:27:18,236
It's seen as an inevitable, almost natural
process driven by 'free markets'
256
00:27:18,236 --> 00:27:23,037
and the so-called 'efficiencies of scale'
enjoyed by bigger businesses.
257
00:27:23,942 --> 00:27:28,480
If there's one thing that political parties from
the left to the right seem to agree on today,
258
00:27:28,480 --> 00:27:31,449
it's the power and value of the free market.
259
00:27:31,449 --> 00:27:35,987
But the irony is that the majority of really
polluting things that are happening today
260
00:27:35,987 --> 00:27:38,857
would not exist within a genuine free market.
261
00:27:38,857 --> 00:27:42,793
Nuclear power couldn't exist, for example,
without massive state support.
262
00:27:43,361 --> 00:27:51,268
There are billions and billions of dollars being
poured into continuing business as usual,
263
00:27:51,670 --> 00:27:57,666
whether that's subsidizing fossil fuels,
whether it's subsidizing huge monocultures,
264
00:27:57,842 --> 00:28:04,247
whether it's giving corporate welfare to some of the
largest and most powerful corporations around.
265
00:28:04,516 --> 00:28:10,021
It would be impossible to maintain the current
global economy as it is today without enormous
266
00:28:10,021 --> 00:28:13,354
support from governments around the world.
267
00:28:13,425 --> 00:28:16,360
We're about as far away from a
free market as it is possible to be.
268
00:28:16,695 --> 00:28:22,100
Support for big business comes not only in the
form of subsidies but through the increasing
269
00:28:22,100 --> 00:28:29,768
deregulation of trade and finance under
the auspices of such bodies as the WTO.
270
00:28:30,775 --> 00:28:35,680
At the global level regulations are
being increasingly stripped away
271
00:28:35,680 --> 00:28:43,177
with the effect that transnational corporations and
banks are free to operate across the entire planet.
272
00:28:43,855 --> 00:28:49,816
Meanwhile, at the national level there's
ever more red tape and bureaucracy.
273
00:28:50,128 --> 00:28:56,863
This places an unfair, disproportionate burden
on small and medium sized businesses,
274
00:28:57,168 --> 00:29:02,401
and every year hundreds of thousands
of them are going out ofbusiness.
275
00:29:03,842 --> 00:29:09,147
It's basically a system which criminalizes
the small producer and processor
276
00:29:09,147 --> 00:29:12,776
and deregulates the giant business.
277
00:29:14,419 --> 00:29:19,049
The leverage ofinternational financial
agreements and the world trade agreements
278
00:29:19,624 --> 00:29:29,200
levers people, often against their will,
into a beggar-thy-neighbor, dog-eat-dog,
279
00:29:29,200 --> 00:29:34,105
global commodity market
in which speculation is king,
280
00:29:34,105 --> 00:29:38,166
and real people and local
communities are an afterthought.
281
00:29:49,754 --> 00:29:56,182
If the global economy is such a destructive force,
why do policymakers continue to promote it?
282
00:29:57,328 --> 00:30:01,199
More than anything, perhaps, it's because
they believe that the world needs
283
00:30:01,199 --> 00:30:05,693
what globalization is supposed to deliver:
Economic growth.
284
00:30:06,070 --> 00:30:08,231
Economic growth means strength and vitality.
285
00:30:08,339 --> 00:30:13,511
Not only our economies, but our societies,
our political systems, the entire culture
286
00:30:13,511 --> 00:30:19,507
is focused on making sure that
our GDP grows as fast as possible.
287
00:30:20,018 --> 00:30:22,680
And I stand for programs that
will mean growth and progress.
288
00:30:22,754 --> 00:30:29,057
It's as if every problem we have
can be solved by increasing GDP.
289
00:30:29,260 --> 00:30:32,931
Economic growth is the key
to the future of this country.
290
00:30:32,931 --> 00:30:36,801
Poverty is the problem -
more economic growth is the answer.
291
00:30:36,801 --> 00:30:40,605
Unemployment is the problem -
more economic growth is the answer.
292
00:30:40,605 --> 00:30:45,133
Environmental decline is the problem -
more economic growth is the answer.
293
00:30:45,343 --> 00:30:50,747
Afiscal stimulus plan that will jump-start
economic growth is long overdue.
294
00:30:50,949 --> 00:30:56,410
Using GDP as a measure of
societal progress is little short of madness.
295
00:30:56,821 --> 00:30:59,984
If there's an oil spill, GDP goes up.
296
00:31:00,391 --> 00:31:04,885
If the water is so polluted we have
to buy it in bottles, GDP goes up.
297
00:31:05,163 --> 00:31:13,400
War, cancer, epidemic illnesses -
all of these things involve an exchange of money
298
00:31:13,938 --> 00:31:17,567
and that means that they end up on the
positive side of the balance sheet.
299
00:31:19,777 --> 00:31:23,042
It's not only the measure of growth
that is coming under scrutiny;
300
00:31:23,314 --> 00:31:26,283
it's whole concept of growth itself.
301
00:31:27,585 --> 00:31:30,383
You cannot have infinite growth on a finite planet.
302
00:31:33,024 --> 00:31:37,085
No matter how you dress it up
the whole thing stares you in the face.
303
00:31:37,862 --> 00:31:40,831
There isn't enough resources for growth.
304
00:31:41,833 --> 00:31:46,361
The evidence is clear that we as a species are now
beyond the carrying capacity of the planet.
305
00:31:47,005 --> 00:31:49,908
And this shift has happened within the last 20 years.
306
00:31:49,908 --> 00:31:53,969
I mean, this hasn't happened in the four-and-a-half
billion year history of the planet Earth.
307
00:31:58,583 --> 00:32:04,215
Concerns over climate change, coupled with the near
meltdown of the global financial system,
308
00:32:04,589 --> 00:32:08,889
have ensured that alarm bells
are finally beginning to ring.
309
00:32:09,427 --> 00:32:13,796
The response of governments, however,
has been essentially more of the same.
310
00:32:14,365 --> 00:32:19,671
Whether it's bailouts to big banks, stimulus
packages to encourage consumer spending,
311
00:32:19,671 --> 00:32:22,540
or carbon trading schemes -
312
00:32:22,540 --> 00:32:27,578
all these supposed solutions
actually reinforce the system
313
00:32:27,578 --> 00:32:29,739
that created the problems in the first place.
314
00:32:30,648 --> 00:32:35,711
In the meanwhile Big Business is
spending hundreds of millions of dollars
315
00:32:35,820 --> 00:32:40,154
to convince us that they are
leading the way to a green economy.
316
00:32:40,792 --> 00:32:44,159
"Industry is ready for the green revolution."
317
00:32:44,595 --> 00:32:48,998
Superficial solutions extend
to the general public as well.
318
00:32:49,233 --> 00:32:53,260
The emphasis is on changing
individual consumer behavior.
319
00:32:53,504 --> 00:32:57,642
We should drive less, screw in
more efficient light bulbs,
320
00:32:57,642 --> 00:33:01,078
consume more environmentally-friendly products.
321
00:33:01,412 --> 00:33:07,385
There are things that we can do as individuals,
but I worry a great deal that all of those,
322
00:33:07,385 --> 00:33:12,755
including enlightened well-meaning environmental
groups, who urge us to take individual action,
323
00:33:12,991 --> 00:33:15,926
try to persuade us that we
personally can solve the problem.
324
00:33:16,894 --> 00:33:22,166
You can turn off the television in your house;
you can say no to McDonalds and Nike.
325
00:33:22,166 --> 00:33:27,238
You can decide not to work in ajob
that doesn't have meaning foryou
326
00:33:27,238 --> 00:33:30,908
or isn't making the world a
better place, and live on less.
327
00:33:30,908 --> 00:33:37,115
But there's a limit to howfar we can
go with those solutions as a society.
328
00:33:37,115 --> 00:33:41,279
We have to do something about the institutions
that are at the root of the problem.
329
00:33:41,819 --> 00:33:46,984
And those are primarily the large
corporations which drive our system.
330
00:33:47,091 --> 00:33:52,154
They have enormous political power.
It's a system run amok.
331
00:33:53,631 --> 00:33:56,267
In the end, the only power
332
00:33:56,267 --> 00:33:58,970
that any of these institutions of empire
333
00:33:58,970 --> 00:34:04,942
or plutocracy or whatever have are the
power that we as citizens yield to them.
334
00:34:04,942 --> 00:34:08,513
And they remain in power because
we accept their legitimacy.
335
00:34:08,513 --> 00:34:12,779
And if we withdrawthat legitimacy,
they lose their power over us.
336
00:34:13,718 --> 00:34:18,423
We shall have to raise our voice and unite ourselves
337
00:34:18,423 --> 00:34:21,119
and help those people who are telling the truth.
338
00:34:22,193 --> 00:34:27,432
We're here to support folks who are
trying to fight against the world's largest,
339
00:34:27,432 --> 00:34:29,900
richest, and probably meanest corporation.
340
00:34:32,170 --> 00:34:39,243
I think we need to start imagining an economy
that isn't obsessed with economic growth -
341
00:34:39,243 --> 00:34:47,518
one whose purpose is not to maximize profits,
but to provide high quality, satisfyingjobs,
342
00:34:47,518 --> 00:34:51,318
producing goods and services
that people really do need.
343
00:34:52,890 --> 00:34:59,523
In 1972 the then King of Bhutan coined
the term "Gross National Happiness"
344
00:35:00,064 --> 00:35:03,966
and embedded the concept in the
country's development policy.
345
00:35:05,169 --> 00:35:10,174
Following his lead, economists across the world
have begun to develop more meaningful ways
346
00:35:10,174 --> 00:35:12,870
of measuring well-being and prosperity.
347
00:35:13,544 --> 00:35:18,948
One such measure is the GPI,
or Genuine Progress Index.
348
00:35:20,518 --> 00:35:27,658
The purpose of the Genuine Progress Indexis to count
things more accurately, more comprehensively,
349
00:35:27,658 --> 00:35:33,221
to take into account our human,
social, community, natural wealth
350
00:35:33,798 --> 00:35:37,235
in addition to our produced and material wealth
351
00:35:37,235 --> 00:35:43,765
and actually count full social, environmental
and economic benefits and costs.
352
00:35:44,242 --> 00:35:50,948
Only with a full cost accounting system will we
begin to understand that goods that are shipped
353
00:35:50,948 --> 00:35:56,887
from 10,000 miles away are actually far more
expensive than goods produced locally.
354
00:35:57,221 --> 00:35:59,357
If you look at the current system,
355
00:35:59,357 --> 00:36:04,262
we're seeing the distance between production
and consumption continue to increase.
356
00:36:04,262 --> 00:36:07,498
We're seeing the distance between
people and power continue to increase.
357
00:36:07,498 --> 00:36:11,502
I think economic globalization is responsible
for that - it's increasing those trends.
358
00:36:11,502 --> 00:36:15,768
And the obvious answer for me is the opposite -
and that is economic localization.
359
00:36:16,073 --> 00:36:25,983
We've got to begin localizing our politics,
localizing our economies, localizing our cultures
360
00:36:25,983 --> 00:36:29,612
localizing our spirits, you know,
even our spiritual natures.
361
00:36:30,087 --> 00:36:32,612
There is only one economics that will make sense.
362
00:36:32,957 --> 00:36:34,859
That is local economics.
363
00:36:34,859 --> 00:36:36,019
Everywhere.
364
00:36:59,417 --> 00:37:06,653
Localization is a systemic, far-reaching
alternative to corporate capitalism.
365
00:37:07,058 --> 00:37:12,121
Fundamentally, it's about reducing
the scale of economic activity.
366
00:37:12,196 --> 00:37:19,193
That doesn't mean eliminating international trade
or striving for some kind of absolute self reliance.
367
00:37:19,437 --> 00:37:25,176
It's simply about creating more accountable
and more sustainable economies
368
00:37:25,176 --> 00:37:28,612
by producing what we need closer to home.
369
00:37:29,213 --> 00:37:33,149
No-one's saying there's going to be a
complete end to international trade.
370
00:37:33,618 --> 00:37:38,954
But at the very least we should be saying,
"local needs should come first."
371
00:37:39,123 --> 00:37:43,694
At a policy level the first step is
to start the process of bringing
372
00:37:43,694 --> 00:37:47,898
transnational corporations
under democratic control.
373
00:37:47,898 --> 00:37:54,428
We need to focus on three key mechanisms that
governments use to shape the economy:
374
00:37:55,206 --> 00:38:02,179
What they choose to regulate, both at the national
level, and internationally through trade treaties;
375
00:38:02,179 --> 00:38:07,708
what they choose to tax; and
what they choose to subsidize.
376
00:38:08,319 --> 00:38:14,725
At the moment governments of every
political color are using these mechanisms
377
00:38:14,725 --> 00:38:18,354
to favorthe big and the global.
378
00:38:18,796 --> 00:38:24,468
If there is to be any chance of averting further
social and environmental breakdown,
379
00:38:24,468 --> 00:38:26,698
we need to level the playing field.
380
00:38:26,804 --> 00:38:32,143
In the United States right nowlocal
governments are giving 50 billion dollars a year
381
00:38:32,143 --> 00:38:34,912
to attract and retain non-local businesses
382
00:38:34,912 --> 00:38:40,217
and we've calculated that the federal
government is giving another 63 billion dollars.
383
00:38:40,217 --> 00:38:47,358
That is 113 billion dollars a year that is
making local businesses less competitive.
384
00:38:47,358 --> 00:38:54,899
Lf, for example, a fraction of the subsidies that
have gone into nuclear power or fossil fuels
385
00:38:54,899 --> 00:38:57,601
were to go into renewable energies,
386
00:38:57,601 --> 00:39:01,806
if a fraction of the subsidies that have
gone into the whole infrastructure
387
00:39:01,806 --> 00:39:07,545
that supports the private car was
to go into mass transit systems,
388
00:39:07,545 --> 00:39:09,843
it's incredible what we could achieve.
389
00:39:16,754 --> 00:39:20,691
One of the initiatives I'm involved in is the Business
Alliance for Local Living Economies,
390
00:39:20,691 --> 00:39:24,495
and it's about bringing together
local independent businesses
391
00:39:24,495 --> 00:39:29,100
to withdrawtheir dependence on
the corporate global economy
392
00:39:29,100 --> 00:39:31,936
and begin to weave together the
relationships of a neweconomy
393
00:39:31,936 --> 00:39:35,929
that is really grounded in community
and works by community values.
394
00:39:37,375 --> 00:39:40,978
In the global economy it's as though
our arms have become so long
395
00:39:40,978 --> 00:39:42,809
that we can't see what our hands are doing.
396
00:39:43,214 --> 00:39:46,350
But when the economy is operating
on a more human scale,
397
00:39:46,350 --> 00:39:50,286
it becomes easier for us to see
the impact of our choices.
398
00:39:50,488 --> 00:39:56,449
We can see if the environment has been polluted with
chemicals or if workers have been exploited.
399
00:39:56,727 --> 00:39:59,628
And so business becomes
much more accountable.
400
00:40:00,097 --> 00:40:04,702
Across the United States communities
thought that their pathway to prosperity
401
00:40:04,702 --> 00:40:07,838
was to attract and retain non-local business.
402
00:40:07,838 --> 00:40:11,330
And they've come to realize that
this is a fundamental dead end.
403
00:40:11,475 --> 00:40:16,814
So instead they are now working with their
local businesses to nurture local jobs
404
00:40:16,814 --> 00:40:20,618
and helping those businesses
connect with local markets.
405
00:40:20,618 --> 00:40:24,889
By redefining their economic problem as a local one,
406
00:40:24,889 --> 00:40:30,350
they have been able to take control over forces
that previously seemed overwhelming.
407
00:40:33,130 --> 00:40:39,660
Global business creates enormous wealth for the few,
but leaves the great majority worse off.
408
00:40:40,604 --> 00:40:45,643
Small businesses and local economies, on the
other hand, can generate wealth in ways that
409
00:40:45,643 --> 00:40:48,612
are both more equitable and sustainable.
410
00:40:49,880 --> 00:40:54,442
One of the most important studies that
we have on the effects oflocal business
411
00:40:54,518 --> 00:41:01,592
compared the impacts of $100 spent at a
local bookstore versus $100 spent at a chain.
412
00:41:01,592 --> 00:41:09,867
$100 spent at the local bookstore left $45 in the local
economy. $100 spent at the chain left $13.
413
00:41:09,867 --> 00:41:14,271
So you get three times the income effects,
three times the jobs,
414
00:41:14,271 --> 00:41:18,275
three times the tax proceeds for local governments.
415
00:41:18,275 --> 00:41:24,582
The principal difference was that the local bookstore
had a local, high-level management team,
416
00:41:24,582 --> 00:41:30,680
it used local lawyers and accountants,
it advertised on local radio and TV.
417
00:41:30,888 --> 00:41:33,379
None of those things were true of the chain store.
418
00:41:34,325 --> 00:41:40,594
There are movements to localize not only
business, but banking and finance as well.
419
00:41:41,398 --> 00:41:47,238
One of the things we have to do
is put finance back into its box.
420
00:41:47,238 --> 00:41:50,975
So the re-regulation of the banking sector is vital.
421
00:41:50,975 --> 00:41:56,080
Breaking up banks that are too big to fail -
or were called "too big to fail"
422
00:41:56,080 --> 00:42:02,653
Separating speculative functions from high street,
mainstream, retail functions of banking,
423
00:42:02,653 --> 00:42:07,716
so that money becomes our servant
once more, rather than our master.
424
00:42:07,858 --> 00:42:15,799
The financial crisis has actually given us a
reminder that local banking and local pensions
425
00:42:15,799 --> 00:42:18,893
are, in fact, more stable financial institutions.
426
00:42:19,770 --> 00:42:23,874
We can have our money at credit unions -
where that money is available to the community
427
00:42:23,874 --> 00:42:27,144
for community reinvestment and the
profits are reinvested in the community -
428
00:42:27,144 --> 00:42:31,877
rather than these huge speculative bubbles
caused by financial shenaniganry by big banks.
429
00:42:33,817 --> 00:42:38,845
Turning away from global business has nothing
to do with turning away from the world,
430
00:42:39,056 --> 00:42:43,652
turning away from international
collaboration or cultural exchange.
431
00:42:43,827 --> 00:42:50,892
More than ever today, with our global
problems, we need global cooperation,
432
00:42:51,168 --> 00:42:55,468
but that is very different from the
globalization of the economy.
433
00:43:06,650 --> 00:43:13,988
Agriculture and food production is one area
where not only is localization desirable,
434
00:43:14,558 --> 00:43:17,186
in fact it is necessary.
435
00:43:17,995 --> 00:43:20,998
If you shorten the distance between
producers and consumers,
436
00:43:20,998 --> 00:43:25,135
you're cutting out your food miles, you're cutting out
your emissions, your oil dependency,
437
00:43:25,135 --> 00:43:29,094
you're putting money straight back into the
local economy where it's desperately needed.
438
00:43:30,007 --> 00:43:36,970
In a local food economy consumers often
pay less while farmers' earnings increase.
439
00:43:38,015 --> 00:43:43,612
What's more, local food systems
actively benefit the environment.
440
00:43:44,188 --> 00:43:51,390
Localization is structurally, inextricably linked
to the revitalization of diversity on the land.
441
00:43:51,962 --> 00:43:54,932
When farmers sell in the global market,
442
00:43:54,932 --> 00:43:59,494
they are forced to specialize in a very
narrowrange of standardized products.
443
00:43:59,837 --> 00:44:02,306
Whereas when they sell in the local market
444
00:44:02,306 --> 00:44:08,006
it's actually in their economic interest to
increase the variety of their products.
445
00:44:09,046 --> 00:44:12,880
A whole array of food-based
movements is emerging:
446
00:44:13,150 --> 00:44:19,578
Farmers' markets, consumer/producer cooperatives,
community supported agriculture,
447
00:44:20,190 --> 00:44:27,824
edible schoolyards, slowfood,
permaculture, and urban gardens.
448
00:44:28,699 --> 00:44:32,970
Let's take the example of a farmers' market.
It's good because it uses less energy.
449
00:44:32,970 --> 00:44:36,098
It's really good because it builds more community.
450
00:44:36,173 --> 00:44:40,007
The average shopper at the farmers' market
has ten times as many conversations
451
00:44:40,110 --> 00:44:42,943
as the average shopper at the supermarket.
452
00:44:43,180 --> 00:44:46,517
You know howyou go into the supermarket and
you just run in and grab something and run out.
453
00:44:46,517 --> 00:44:50,749
You come shopping here and you just go, "Ahhh."
454
00:44:52,022 --> 00:44:57,528
Paradoxically, many of the most effective
initiatives to rebuild local food economies
455
00:44:57,528 --> 00:45:01,259
are happening in big cities, from London to Sydney.
456
00:45:02,032 --> 00:45:07,060
In San Francisco, government policy
now requires all public institutions
457
00:45:07,304 --> 00:45:13,766
- from schools and hospitals to prisons -
to obtain their food from local sources.
458
00:45:15,946 --> 00:45:21,942
It goes without saying that most of the food that's
consumed in this country is consumed by cities.
459
00:45:22,086 --> 00:45:25,456
So by definition citizens within those urban centers
460
00:45:25,456 --> 00:45:30,758
should be designing and directing
policy around food procurement.
461
00:45:31,528 --> 00:45:37,167
So we have an executive order that is
advancing a series of principles.
462
00:45:37,167 --> 00:45:41,797
One is we want to see more gardens like this
throughout at least our city and county.
463
00:45:41,972 --> 00:45:45,840
Second, we want to establish new procurement
strategies, newpurchasing strategies.
464
00:45:46,043 --> 00:45:49,604
If we're going to buy food in
San Francisco, let's buy it regionally.
465
00:45:51,048 --> 00:45:56,019
In Detroit, a city hit hard by
the collapsing car industry,
466
00:45:56,019 --> 00:46:01,582
a focus on local food is helping people
regain control over their own lives.
467
00:46:06,864 --> 00:46:12,803
We went from a situation where
this area was fully populated.
468
00:46:12,803 --> 00:46:15,829
Today most of the land is vacant.
469
00:46:16,974 --> 00:46:24,081
The grocery stores that we have are basically
liquor stores that have a little food in them,
470
00:46:24,081 --> 00:46:28,950
but the food is old, old, old and terrible quality.
471
00:46:29,353 --> 00:46:35,690
And since we have so many people who need food,
it's only logical for us to use the land to raise food.
472
00:46:35,893 --> 00:46:38,162
The garden feeds any and everybody,
473
00:46:38,162 --> 00:46:40,731
from that person who comes down
here every day in herJaguar
474
00:46:40,731 --> 00:46:43,427
to the person who comes down here
asking if we have any cans.
475
00:46:44,301 --> 00:46:48,294
So any and everybody can eat, but the
only thing we ask is, "Come and get dirty...
476
00:46:48,839 --> 00:46:52,639
If you see a weed, pick a weed,
and you can always eat."
477
00:46:52,876 --> 00:46:55,979
I mean people come looking forthe garden.
"I see your tomatoes over there - looking good -
478
00:46:55,979 --> 00:46:58,812
can I get a couple of those?"
"Yeah, man, c'mon."
479
00:46:59,082 --> 00:47:07,956
If you want one to grow, you gotta put water,
seeds, and sunshine and water on them too.
480
00:47:08,358 --> 00:47:12,996
We should have something to share with the rest of
the country and with people who are middle class
481
00:47:12,996 --> 00:47:19,492
about what needs to be changed in society:
Changes in values, changing in ways of surviving.
482
00:47:19,570 --> 00:47:24,675
You know, just as a prophetic message, I think that
Detroit might need to look into agriculture again -
483
00:47:24,675 --> 00:47:29,246
We have no choice, with the state of
our economy and where we're headed,
484
00:47:29,246 --> 00:47:34,218
the Big Three no longer, so there are
no factories to take care of people,
485
00:47:34,218 --> 00:47:37,287
you're going to see a lot more people actually
getting back and attempting to reclaim
486
00:47:37,287 --> 00:47:39,278
that which was once theirs.
487
00:47:42,392 --> 00:47:49,298
The rapidly growing local food movement represents
a powerful challenge to the corporate order.
488
00:47:49,566 --> 00:47:56,369
Increasingly, big businesses are attempting to jump
on the bandwagon by painting themselves as "local".
489
00:47:56,840 --> 00:48:00,503
I've been growing potatoes for Lay's since 1964.
490
00:48:00,811 --> 00:48:05,111
We grow potatoes in Texas.
Lay's makes potato chips in Texas.
491
00:48:05,482 --> 00:48:07,245
So it's a natural fit.
492
00:48:13,724 --> 00:48:18,996
At the same time it's commonly argued
that if we in the West localize,
493
00:48:18,996 --> 00:48:23,734
we'll be depriving the Third World
of an important export market.
494
00:48:23,734 --> 00:48:27,295
The reality, however, is very different.
495
00:48:28,071 --> 00:48:33,510
The idea that poverty reduction in the South
depends on market access to northern markets
496
00:48:33,510 --> 00:48:35,341
is a child of globalization.
497
00:48:35,512 --> 00:48:41,781
We have limited resources. There's limited land,
there's limited water, there's limited energy.
498
00:48:42,386 --> 00:48:45,555
And if we have to use that land and water and energy
499
00:48:45,555 --> 00:48:51,795
to produce one extra lettuce head
for a British household,
500
00:48:51,795 --> 00:48:55,856
we can be sure we are robbing Indian
peasants of their rice and their wheat.
501
00:48:56,566 --> 00:49:01,738
We are robbing India of her water.
We are, in fact, creating a situation
502
00:49:01,738 --> 00:49:06,607
where we are exporting to the Third World
and the South famine and drought.
503
00:49:08,312 --> 00:49:15,319
The smarterthing to do is to help communities
in the global South achieve food self-reliance
504
00:49:15,319 --> 00:49:17,549
and other forms of self-reliance.
505
00:49:17,988 --> 00:49:22,584
That's a vision for eliminating global
poverty I think we can stand behind.
506
00:49:23,760 --> 00:49:28,332
Proponents of globalization argue
that on a crowded planet,
507
00:49:28,332 --> 00:49:33,292
only large-scale industrial farms can feed the world.
508
00:49:34,404 --> 00:49:40,240
But smaller, locally-adapted farms are much
more 'efficient' in two very important ways.
509
00:49:40,911 --> 00:49:43,880
First, because they are less mechanized,
510
00:49:43,880 --> 00:49:47,509
they provide far more jobs than
their industrial counterparts.
511
00:49:48,251 --> 00:49:53,587
And second, they are able to produce
substantially more food per acre.
512
00:49:54,825 --> 00:49:59,728
This is our vegetable garden. It's 100% organic.
You can see the yield of these...
513
00:50:00,063 --> 00:50:04,067
Basically, we get very good yields
because we don't use fertilizers.
514
00:50:04,067 --> 00:50:08,470
The soil, ifit is managed well,
the productivity is unbelievable.
515
00:50:08,672 --> 00:50:12,909
For 15 years we have been
analyzing small farms in India:
516
00:50:12,909 --> 00:50:17,881
In the wet areas of Kerala, in the high
Himalayas, in the deserts of Rajasthan.
517
00:50:17,881 --> 00:50:24,087
And our research has shown again and again
and again that bio-diverse, small farms
518
00:50:24,087 --> 00:50:32,517
using ecological inputs produce 3 to 5 times
more food than industrial monocultures.
519
00:50:32,796 --> 00:50:37,834
All I need is a complete integrated farm
of one acre and I can feed 20 people.
520
00:50:37,834 --> 00:50:41,571
We don't need agricultural scientists, we don't
need hybrid seeds, we don't need GM,
521
00:50:41,571 --> 00:50:45,268
we don't need anything. We just need
to be left alone to do ourfarming.
522
00:50:52,282 --> 00:50:58,118
Global warming is already here,
and the era of cheap oil will soon be over.
523
00:50:58,989 --> 00:51:02,125
But projections of energy needs for the future
524
00:51:02,125 --> 00:51:08,462
almost always assume the continued growth
of global business and long-distance trade -
525
00:51:08,965 --> 00:51:13,197
and that means a continued
large-scale use of fossil fuels.
526
00:51:14,504 --> 00:51:19,373
We need to get back to basics, to
see what our real energy needs are.
527
00:51:19,810 --> 00:51:24,514
Do we really need the stuff that the
consumer culture is foisting on us?
528
00:51:24,514 --> 00:51:31,521
And couldn't most of our real needs -
for clothing and housing, forfood and drink -
529
00:51:31,521 --> 00:51:34,217
be produced far closerto home?
530
00:51:34,991 --> 00:51:39,663
If we cut out the outrageous waste
inherent in the current system,
531
00:51:39,663 --> 00:51:45,035
we'd be able to meet a far higher
proportion of our energy requirements
532
00:51:45,035 --> 00:51:48,027
from decentralized, renewable sources.
533
00:51:48,805 --> 00:51:54,111
We have wind power, we have photovoltaics.
We knowhowto save energy,
534
00:51:54,111 --> 00:52:00,778
we can cut energy consumption in halfin the next few
years by some strategic investments at no cost.
535
00:52:01,151 --> 00:52:06,783
The wide range of renewable energy technologies,
small, medium, and large scale,
536
00:52:07,190 --> 00:52:13,830
will pound for pound, dollar for dollar, yen for yen
give you between 2 and 4 times as many jobs
537
00:52:13,830 --> 00:52:20,065
as the kind of centralized, old-fashioned energy
technologies we've got at the moment.
538
00:52:20,370 --> 00:52:23,464
There 's a win - win -win.
539
00:52:24,641 --> 00:52:28,011
The argument for pursuing a
more localized energy path
540
00:52:28,011 --> 00:52:31,913
is particularly strong when
applied to the global South.
541
00:52:32,215 --> 00:52:39,621
In the less industrialized world most people still live
in relatively decentralized towns and villages
542
00:52:39,789 --> 00:52:43,316
and are far less dependent on fossil fuels
543
00:52:43,960 --> 00:52:46,258
It's not a question of "no development".
544
00:52:46,630 --> 00:52:49,366
In Ladakh we've been working with local NGOs
545
00:52:49,366 --> 00:52:53,427
to demonstrate a range of
renewable energy technologies
546
00:52:53,837 --> 00:52:59,969
from photovoltaics to passive solar,
small-scale hydro and some wind.
547
00:53:00,377 --> 00:53:05,649
We've been able to showthat it's
far less expensive and much easier
548
00:53:05,649 --> 00:53:10,353
to introduce a decentralized,
renewable energy infrastructure,
549
00:53:10,353 --> 00:53:15,222
than it is to build up the conventional
fossil fuel-based infrastructure.
550
00:53:15,692 --> 00:53:21,426
And it also allows the fabric of community
and social cohesion to continue.
551
00:53:33,443 --> 00:53:44,421
When we localize, we give our children
role models and a standard they can live by
552
00:53:44,421 --> 00:53:49,993
that affirms them, and affirms who they are in society
553
00:53:49,993 --> 00:53:57,434
without having to look outside their culture
to find imagery or symbols, to emulate.
554
00:53:57,434 --> 00:54:02,098
The symbols, the standards, the values
are right here amongst them.
555
00:54:02,706 --> 00:54:06,109
When people turn away from
the global consumer culture
556
00:54:06,109 --> 00:54:10,747
and start reconnecting with each other
in their own local communities,
557
00:54:10,747 --> 00:54:14,183
they're providing very different
role models fortheir children.
558
00:54:15,118 --> 00:54:23,693
The distant images of perfection in the global media
and in advertising create feelings of inferiority
559
00:54:23,693 --> 00:54:31,301
which all too often in later life translate
into fear, small-mindedness, and prejudice.
560
00:54:31,301 --> 00:54:35,972
On the other hand, when children identify
with real, flesh-and-blood people
561
00:54:35,972 --> 00:54:39,276
who all have their strengths and weaknesses,
562
00:54:39,276 --> 00:54:44,578
they get a much more realistic sense
of who they are, of who they can be.
563
00:54:46,316 --> 00:54:49,286
I sawthis so clearly in Ladakh.
564
00:54:49,286 --> 00:54:55,425
There were no 'celebrities' there.
Everyone was seen, heard, and appreciated.
565
00:54:55,425 --> 00:55:02,098
In effect, everybody was 'somebody'.
And that sense ofbelonging built confidence
566
00:55:02,098 --> 00:55:08,901
and a deep sense of self-respect, which
in turn generated respect for others.
567
00:55:09,272 --> 00:55:15,578
Local economies create a more secure identity
not only by strengthening community,
568
00:55:15,578 --> 00:55:18,945
but by nurturing a deeper connection with the earth.
569
00:55:22,185 --> 00:55:31,184
Young people are now desperately looking for
something else than what they learn in universities.
570
00:55:31,561 --> 00:55:36,021
They were desperately looking
for contact with nature.
571
00:55:36,900 --> 00:55:40,036
It's important to learn traditional
farming, but at the same time
572
00:55:40,036 --> 00:55:45,269
just being in the mud, having fun working like this...
573
00:55:45,475 --> 00:55:48,171
They are learning what it means to live.
574
00:55:48,445 --> 00:55:55,544
They eat rice everyday and nowthey're learning,
"Hey, this is where rice is coming from."
575
00:55:55,885 --> 00:56:00,481
Local knowledge is knowledge that
tells you about life. It is about living.
576
00:56:00,623 --> 00:56:03,626
I call it "grandmothers' knowledge"
and I think the biggest thing we need,
577
00:56:03,626 --> 00:56:07,330
the task for today, is to create
"grandmothers' universities" everywhere,
578
00:56:07,330 --> 00:56:09,890
so that local knowledge never disappears.
579
00:56:16,639 --> 00:56:22,908
Sometimes we get an impression that it's all doom
and gloom, that absolutely nothing is happening.
580
00:56:23,747 --> 00:56:25,681
That's both complacent and wrong.
581
00:56:25,915 --> 00:56:30,453
Wherever you look, there are things
happening at the local level that
582
00:56:30,453 --> 00:56:35,492
if they were identified and supported,
could rapidly accelerate the change
583
00:56:35,492 --> 00:56:39,223
to a more sustainable way of doing things.
584
00:56:39,529 --> 00:56:45,034
In 'eco-villages', 'transition towns',
and 'post-carbon cities'
585
00:56:45,034 --> 00:56:49,266
people are working to rebuild their
economies from the ground up
586
00:56:49,672 --> 00:56:56,100
by favoring local production for
local needs over long-distance trade.
587
00:56:58,648 --> 00:57:03,686
The transition town movement in Britain
and in other countries around the world
588
00:57:03,686 --> 00:57:08,680
has been described as one of the fastest
growing social experiments we've ever seen.
589
00:57:09,325 --> 00:57:14,230
We're going to be looking much, much more
towards the local, towards urban agriculture,
590
00:57:14,230 --> 00:57:19,930
realigning our local agriculture towards
local markets rather than international markets.
591
00:57:20,537 --> 00:57:25,041
Building will move much more
back towards local materials -
592
00:57:25,041 --> 00:57:29,412
using strawbale, cob, clay plasters, hemp, timber,
593
00:57:29,412 --> 00:57:33,610
using the best of modern design,
but using those local materials.
594
00:57:35,118 --> 00:57:41,224
In the Japanese town of Ogawamachi
an organic waste recycling scheme
595
00:57:41,224 --> 00:57:45,354
is the starting point for a whole
range oflocally run projects.
596
00:57:46,663 --> 00:57:51,327
A collectively-owned biodigester
produces both energy for the community
597
00:57:51,701 --> 00:57:54,727
and compost for a nearby farm.
598
00:57:55,438 --> 00:58:01,866
The farm, in turn, sells its produce to local
residents and a local food restaurant.
599
00:58:02,378 --> 00:58:07,338
Purchases within the community can
be made in the town's own currency.
600
00:58:08,751 --> 00:58:13,056
All over the world, money leaks
out of the local economy
601
00:58:13,056 --> 00:58:16,860
like something falling through the mesh of a basket.
602
00:58:16,860 --> 00:58:21,498
What we're trying to do here in
Ogawamachi is to cover the mesh,
603
00:58:21,498 --> 00:58:24,524
to prevent those leaks from happening.
604
00:58:25,134 --> 00:58:28,505
On every continent a pattern is emerging.
605
00:58:28,505 --> 00:58:33,499
We are seeing the beginnings of a
worldwide localization movement.
606
00:58:34,477 --> 00:58:40,550
One organization alone, Via Campesina,
which both opposes globalization
607
00:58:40,550 --> 00:58:44,721
and campaigns for food sovereignty
and local self-reliance,
608
00:58:44,721 --> 00:58:49,624
represents more than 400 million
small farmers worldwide.
609
00:58:52,695 --> 00:58:57,767
It's a very big change we've had
on account of these gardens.
610
00:58:57,767 --> 00:59:00,759
We've got tomatoes, and cabbage!
611
00:59:01,337 --> 00:59:04,101
People are much happier.
612
00:59:04,774 --> 00:59:09,979
Our aim is to defend our own cultures.
613
00:59:09,979 --> 00:59:17,909
Our very existence is a barrier, a form
of resistance to the industrial model.
614
00:59:22,292 --> 00:59:27,628
In some communities even the government
is supporting a shift toward the local.
615
00:59:27,964 --> 00:59:30,432
Local governments realized in recent years
616
00:59:31,701 --> 00:59:35,939
that we have a much bigger role to
play in what goes on in the world.
617
00:59:35,939 --> 00:59:40,310
And what we've encouraged is local business
- local people supporting each other
618
00:59:40,310 --> 00:59:43,609
rather than relying on the multinationals.
619
00:59:44,013 --> 00:59:46,641
It's about building community
as well as a strong economy.
620
00:59:46,716 --> 00:59:53,053
We can do this, and do it well,
and enjoy a quality oflife that is far superior
621
00:59:53,256 --> 00:59:58,216
to a homogenized, corporate way of life
that's imposed on people.
622
00:59:58,461 --> 01:00:02,732
Local communities are gaining strength
by linking up across the world
623
01:00:02,732 --> 01:00:05,565
to collaborate and share information.
624
01:00:06,436 --> 01:00:11,975
In exchanges with the less industrialized world,
westerners can play an important role
625
01:00:11,975 --> 01:00:18,175
by exposing the reality behind the
romanticized images of the consumer culture.
626
01:00:18,815 --> 01:00:25,050
People often say, "How can we tell them in the
Third World not to consume, not to drive cars?
627
01:00:25,288 --> 01:00:27,223
We're doing it."
628
01:00:27,223 --> 01:00:32,490
And, of course, that's absolutely true. We have
no right to tell people howto live their lives.
629
01:00:32,996 --> 01:00:39,401
But we can tell them that they are not stupid and
backward or primitive if they live on they land,
630
01:00:40,336 --> 01:00:47,242
and that there's no need to blindly emulate a
consumer culture in order to feel that you're worthy.
631
01:00:47,944 --> 01:00:52,972
We can provide more real information
about the situation in the West:
632
01:00:53,216 --> 01:00:58,087
About our social and environmental
problems, and also about our search
633
01:00:58,087 --> 01:01:01,079
for more ecological and sustainable solutions.
634
01:01:02,558 --> 01:01:05,186
We've been doing this in our work in Ladakh.
635
01:01:05,561 --> 01:01:10,566
We've also been providing community
leaders with 'reality tours' to Europe
636
01:01:10,566 --> 01:01:16,472
where they can see with their own eyes that, yes,
there are certain comforts and technologies
637
01:01:16,472 --> 01:01:21,432
that can improve life, but
there are also huge problems.
638
01:01:28,618 --> 01:01:32,452
We've lost so many of the things
that the Ladakhis take for granted:
639
01:01:33,122 --> 01:01:38,219
We've lost our connection with community,
our connection with nature,
640
01:01:38,528 --> 01:01:44,091
we don't have time - something
that the Ladakhis have plenty of.
641
01:01:45,535 --> 01:01:49,494
So there's a reality there that needs to be conveyed.
642
01:01:51,340 --> 01:01:53,740
Have you got any grandchildren, Albert?
643
01:01:53,876 --> 01:01:56,174
No. Not married.
644
01:02:09,358 --> 01:02:16,992
The global consumer culture is failing us, but we're
told it's the only way - that there's no alternative.
645
01:02:20,503 --> 01:02:25,975
For an increasing number of people across the world,
however, there is an alternative,
646
01:02:25,975 --> 01:02:30,810
and one that offers the prospect
of real and lasting prosperity.
647
01:02:35,685 --> 01:02:38,955
Bringing the local economy back home,
back to the local level, isn't about sacrifice,
648
01:02:38,955 --> 01:02:43,255
it's not about returning to the Dark Ages and
asking people to do things they wouldn't want to do.
649
01:02:44,060 --> 01:02:46,528
On the contrary, it's about enriching our lives.
650
01:02:46,729 --> 01:02:51,801
It could be more vibrant and diverse and
abundant; and people working closer to home,
651
01:02:51,801 --> 01:02:56,500
spending more time with their families,
breathing cleaner air, eating better food...
652
01:02:57,073 --> 01:03:01,010
...rediscovering the values of
community and mutual caring,
653
01:03:01,010 --> 01:03:05,379
that's where the real happiness,
the real well-being lies.
654
01:03:05,581 --> 01:03:11,020
Consumerism has got us weighed down with
carbon chains, and I suppose the message would be
655
01:03:11,020 --> 01:03:16,014
"Break your carbon chains, be free,
have a better quality oflife."
656
01:03:16,793 --> 01:03:22,698
The wonderful thing is that as we
decrease the scale of economic activity,
657
01:03:22,698 --> 01:03:26,293
we actually increase our own well-being.
658
01:03:27,370 --> 01:03:33,509
That's because at the deepest level
localization is about connection.
659
01:03:33,509 --> 01:03:38,347
It's about re-establishing our sense
of interdependence with others
660
01:03:38,347 --> 01:03:40,440
and with the natural world.
661
01:03:40,583 --> 01:03:45,350
And this connection is a fundamental human need.
662
01:04:57,827 --> 01:05:03,766
English subtitles by David Berrian
Raven Productions, Seattle, WA USA
70797
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