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The oceans, seemingly limitless,
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invoke in us a sense of awe
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00:00:34,880 --> 00:00:38,400
and wonder, and also sometimes fear.
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00:00:38,400 --> 00:00:42,480
They cover 70% of the
surface of our planet,
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00:00:42,480 --> 00:00:45,800
and yet they are still
the least explored.
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00:00:47,880 --> 00:00:52,200
Hidden beneath the waves,
right beneath my feet,
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00:00:52,200 --> 00:00:55,160
there are creatures
beyond our imagination.
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00:01:10,160 --> 00:01:14,280
With revolutionary technology,
we can enter new worlds...
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00:01:20,680 --> 00:01:23,680
..and shine a light on behaviours in
ways that were impossible
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00:01:23,680 --> 00:01:25,920
just a generation ago.
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00:01:33,160 --> 00:01:36,280
In this extended special,
we celebrate
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00:01:36,280 --> 00:01:38,680
some of the highlights
from the series.
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00:01:40,960 --> 00:01:43,560
We will journey across the globe...
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00:01:49,680 --> 00:01:52,800
..from the warm waters of the
tropics...
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..to the coldest seas around the
poles...
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00:02:02,680 --> 00:02:05,840
..and down into the unexplored
depths...
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00:02:05,840 --> 00:02:08,160
WHOOSHING
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..to bring us a new understanding of
life beneath the waves.
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00:02:14,040 --> 00:02:15,680
BIRDS SQUAWK
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00:02:22,600 --> 00:02:25,440
This is Blue Planet II.
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00:03:24,120 --> 00:03:27,960
The surface of the ocean conceals
the many creatures that
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live beneath.
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But not all.
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Bottlenose dolphins.
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00:03:51,320 --> 00:03:53,960
They are extremely intelligent.
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00:04:04,680 --> 00:04:07,520
And with this intelligence
comes playfulness.
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00:04:14,360 --> 00:04:16,160
They surf...
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..and as far as we can tell,
they do so for the sheer joy of it.
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00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:53,600
But to properly
appreciate their true character...
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00:04:53,600 --> 00:04:55,920
DOLPHINS SING
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..you have to travel with them
into THEIR world.
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A pod of bottlenose dolphins
is visiting a
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coral reef in the Red Sea.
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For the youngsters,
there are things to be learned here.
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00:05:24,160 --> 00:05:26,840
DOLPHINS SING
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00:05:32,880 --> 00:05:36,760
The adults lead a calf to
a particular bush-like coral
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called a gorgonian.
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00:05:47,440 --> 00:05:50,680
And here the adults behave rather
strangely.
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They deliberately rub
themselves through the fronds.
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00:06:14,080 --> 00:06:17,040
Their calf seems reluctant to do so.
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00:06:29,000 --> 00:06:31,440
By watching his elders,
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00:06:31,440 --> 00:06:35,680
he may be realising that this is
something he ought to do.
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00:06:42,000 --> 00:06:45,520
Gorgonian fronds, in fact,
are covered with a mucus
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that can have anti-inflammatory
and anti-microbial properties.
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So maybe the adult
dolphins are doing this to protect
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themselves from infection.
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00:07:10,440 --> 00:07:15,880
The dolphins' intimate
knowledge of the reef is spurring us
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to search for new medicines here,
too.
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Tropical coral reefs occupy only a
tenth of 1% of the ocean floor.
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But their shallow warm waters
and stable year-round conditions
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support some of the most crowded
and varied communities
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to be found anywhere in the oceans.
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And there are new discoveries to
be made on every one of them.
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00:08:15,440 --> 00:08:18,840
One creature
on Australia's Great Barrier Reef
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is challenging our understanding of
fish intelligence.
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00:08:24,960 --> 00:08:29,200
A tusk fish, and you can see why it
gets its name.
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He does something few would have
believed a fish could do.
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00:08:44,440 --> 00:08:48,680
Every morning,
he travels to the edge of the reef.
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He's searching for something special
to eat amongst the coral rubble
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and sand.
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Here's one.
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A small clam.
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00:09:23,480 --> 00:09:27,320
But how to crack it open
and get to the meat?
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He takes it all the way
back to his special kitchen...
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..a bowl-shaped coral that has
a particular bump on the inside
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that he always uses.
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00:10:16,000 --> 00:10:17,920
It's not easy
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if you have no hands.
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Oops!
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There it goes again.
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But he's got great determination...
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..and surprising accuracy.
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At last.
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00:11:09,880 --> 00:11:12,960
So here is a fish that uses tools.
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Some fish are much cleverer than
you might suppose.
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The density of the animals
on tropical reefs makes
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competition inevitable and
extreme...
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..not only for those that live
within the reefs,
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but for the birds that
fly above them.
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BIRDS SQUAWK
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During the dry season, over half a
million terns crowd onto
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this remote atoll in the
Indian Ocean.
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Their chicks are still
in their dark juvenile plumage.
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Those just starting to
learn to fly use the
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shallow lagoon that occupies
the centre of the atoll
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as their training ground.
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It's difficult for some of them
to stay aloft for long.
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Giant trevallies!
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Usually,
they are solitary hunters,
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00:13:26,400 --> 00:13:30,040
but about 50 of them have come
here from neighbouring reefs,
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attracted by this abundance
of potential prey.
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The fledglings stay out of the water
if they can.
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They even drink on the wing.
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If the trevally are to catch one
now, they have to up their game.
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00:14:21,480 --> 00:14:25,800
So there is a fish here that,
amazingly, has a brain
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capable of calculating
the air speed,
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altitude and trajectory
of a bird.
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00:15:03,120 --> 00:15:06,120
The time comes
when every fledgling has
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to take to the air and collect food
for itself.
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Their parents lead them to the
training grounds.
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00:16:04,200 --> 00:16:06,680
BIRDS SQUAWK
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If they are to survive,
they must learn quickly.
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00:17:23,880 --> 00:17:28,200
After a month of practising over
the lagoon, the youngsters start
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to leave and take their chances
out over the open sea.
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00:17:39,920 --> 00:17:45,080
The oceans hold 97%
of all the water in the world.
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00:17:48,240 --> 00:17:50,840
As the sun warms their surface,
water evaporates.
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00:17:52,680 --> 00:17:54,640
The vapour rises into the sky
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00:17:54,640 --> 00:17:58,920
until it cools
and condenses into towering clouds.
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00:17:58,920 --> 00:18:01,840
THUNDER CRASHES
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And they generate huge storms.
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The spin of the Earth deflects these
storms, north and south,
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into cooler latitudes.
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As they travel across the sea,
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storm-driven winds
create huge swells.
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When the swells reach
shallower water,
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they rise into gigantic waves.
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00:18:56,360 --> 00:18:59,320
In its lifetime, a large
storm can release
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energy that is the equivalent of
10,000 nuclear bombs.
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These are the seasonal seas.
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00:19:34,600 --> 00:19:39,120
And when they warm in spring,
they can suddenly explode with life.
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Mobula rays have
gathered in Mexico's
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Sea of Cortez in vast numbers.
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00:20:07,280 --> 00:20:09,440
Why do they leap?
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Is it to tell others
that they're here?
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00:20:17,160 --> 00:20:19,880
No-one knows.
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00:20:22,800 --> 00:20:24,880
They feed mostly at night,
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00:20:24,880 --> 00:20:29,520
for that is when vast swarms
of plankton rise from the depths.
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The disturbance in the water
stimulates
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many of the planktonic creatures to
luminesce.
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00:20:43,960 --> 00:20:46,400
Only now do
we have the technology to
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record their faint glow.
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The feasting rays swim through them,
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creating an extraordinary
ballet of life and death.
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The richness of these waters
is based on microscopic plants,
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phytoplankton, which bloom on
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such a massive scale,
they benefit us all.
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They, together with seaweeds
and seagrasses,
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produce as much oxygen as
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all the forests
and grassy plains on land.
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00:22:27,360 --> 00:22:30,360
In the shallow
waters of the seasonal seas
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lie great undersea forests.
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Giant kelp towers 60 metres high.
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These enchanted
forests are crowded with life.
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Creatures jostle for space and food.
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In the fiercely competitive kelp
forests off Southern Africa,
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survival can demand great ingenuity.
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A common octopus.
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She is waiting for prey
to pass by.
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A crab will do.
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The octopus sets off in pursuit...
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..and then lurks with
the patience of an ambush hunter.
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00:24:37,120 --> 00:24:40,400
But the octopus shares the Cape
waters with a great
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concentration of other predators.
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Fur seals...
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..and sharks.
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They all eat octopus...
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..if they can find one.
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And pyjama sharks are experts...
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..at hunting in the undergrowth.
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Time to disappear.
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But these tough-skinned
little sharks are
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small enough to reach
deep into crevices.
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But the octopus is
far from finished.
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She slips her
tentacles into the shark's gills.
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That prevents the shark from
breathing.
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So the shark HAS to let go.
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When caught out in the open
and vulnerable,
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this octopus does something
truly extraordinary...
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..and never recorded before.
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She disguises herself...
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..with a protective armour
of shells.
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She's hiding in plain sight.
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The shark can sense its prey.
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But the shells confuse it.
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In a forest full of hungry mouths,
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superior wits allow this octopus
to stay alive.
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In the underwater
forests off northern Japan...
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..the residents of this sunken wreck
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are waiting for the summer
temperatures to reach
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16 degrees Celsius.
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That, for some,
is the time for mating.
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A kind of giant wrasse
called a kobudai.
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This is a male...
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..and in female terms,
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he's particularly handsome.
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He's a metre long
and weighs 15 kilos...
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..much larger than
the diminutive female.
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And he is ready to breed.
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He attempts to mate with her,
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and with any of the other
dozen or so females
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that live in his territory...
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..whenever he gets the chance.
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But females from around ten
years old take
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little notice of his advances.
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00:30:31,440 --> 00:30:34,640
This is because, when any large
female reaches a critical
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body size, she can begin
a dramatic transformation.
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Over just a few months,
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particular enzymes inside her body
cease to work...
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..and male hormones start to
circulate.
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As time passes, her head expands
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and her chin gets longer.
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A "she" has changed into a "he".
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And with this comes
a change in temperament.
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The old male who ruled all
the females here...
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..is challenged to a face-off.
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00:32:00,320 --> 00:32:05,680
The more bulbous the head, the more
it intimidates an opponent.
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The territory has a new ruler.
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Only the largest females transform
themselves in this way.
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But the change enables them to have
more mates,
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so they will have many more
offspring carrying their genes.
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00:33:11,080 --> 00:33:13,920
But a new male can't afford to
be complacent.
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Inside the body of every
kobudai female
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there is a new male-in-waiting.
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00:33:41,320 --> 00:33:43,120
At the height of summer, there is an
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explosion in the population
of another forest resident.
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00:33:49,040 --> 00:33:53,120
But this one is out to
attack the very forest itself.
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Off the Pacific
coast of North America,
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00:33:59,800 --> 00:34:03,440
armies of sea urchins
cut through the kelp fronds.
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Protected by a coat of spines,
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00:34:13,840 --> 00:34:18,000
with their mouths full of razor
teeth, they fell the great stalks.
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Behind them, they leave a wasteland,
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00:34:39,760 --> 00:34:42,240
known as an urchin barren.
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00:34:57,200 --> 00:34:59,240
But help is at hand.
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Sea otters.
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00:35:13,960 --> 00:35:16,880
All other kinds of otters
spend much of
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00:35:16,880 --> 00:35:20,280
their lives on land,
but sea otters rarely
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00:35:20,280 --> 00:35:21,840
leave the water.
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00:35:25,960 --> 00:35:30,280
At first, a newly born pup is not
a very good swimmer,
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00:35:30,280 --> 00:35:34,480
so its mother spends hours
grooming its fur to make it buoyant.
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00:35:41,760 --> 00:35:45,720
But to provide her youngster with
milk and keep herself warm,
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00:35:45,720 --> 00:35:49,680
she must eat up to 30%
of her body weight every day.
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00:36:09,160 --> 00:36:12,040
She does that by eating shellfish.
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00:36:17,960 --> 00:36:22,000
And urchins are among a sea otter's
favourite delicacies.
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00:36:40,840 --> 00:36:44,520
In the past, sea otters were
hunted so intensively
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00:36:44,520 --> 00:36:47,600
for their fur that they came
close to extinction.
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With them gone, many kelp forests
were replaced with urchin barrens.
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Today, sea otters are protected.
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00:37:14,240 --> 00:37:17,360
And as their numbers slowly return,
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00:37:17,360 --> 00:37:20,400
many of the kelp forests are
recovering, too.
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00:37:35,920 --> 00:37:40,360
Now, in some remote places,
sea otters are so numerous,
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00:37:40,360 --> 00:37:43,760
they assemble in huge rafts...
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00:37:48,840 --> 00:37:52,360
..something that hasn't been
seen for over a century.
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00:38:25,360 --> 00:38:29,920
Coasts are the most swiftly
changing of all ocean habitats...
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00:38:37,280 --> 00:38:39,480
..because of the tides.
245
00:38:51,840 --> 00:38:56,200
Tides are created as the moon's
gravity pulls at the sea.
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00:39:06,640 --> 00:39:11,160
As the moon circles our planet,
the seas rise and fall...
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00:39:13,200 --> 00:39:15,160
..typically twice a day...
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00:39:17,320 --> 00:39:21,120
..creating the most constantly
dynamic landscapes on Earth.
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00:39:31,920 --> 00:39:36,080
Nowhere else do sea-living creatures
face such changeable conditions...
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00:39:40,240 --> 00:39:44,960
..with the daily risk of drying out
and being scorched by the sun.
251
00:39:51,280 --> 00:39:54,440
Where the tide
retreats across a rocky shore,
252
00:39:54,440 --> 00:39:57,320
it can leave behind
a temporary oasis.
253
00:40:05,720 --> 00:40:07,480
A rock pool.
254
00:40:17,520 --> 00:40:20,880
Seemingly, it's a haven of calm.
255
00:40:23,480 --> 00:40:25,120
But not for long.
256
00:40:27,360 --> 00:40:29,800
Turning minutes into seconds reveals
257
00:40:29,800 --> 00:40:31,760
unexpected dramas.
258
00:40:45,360 --> 00:40:47,480
In rock pools, grazers,
259
00:40:47,480 --> 00:40:50,840
scavengers and filter-feeders must
all make the most of
260
00:40:50,840 --> 00:40:54,160
the few short hours before the tide
returns.
261
00:41:11,720 --> 00:41:15,080
Anemones gulp down anything they
can reach...
262
00:41:17,200 --> 00:41:20,000
..though some meals are harder to
digest than others.
263
00:41:20,000 --> 00:41:21,960
LOW RUMBLING
264
00:41:29,640 --> 00:41:33,760
These magical worlds soon become
battlegrounds.
265
00:41:36,640 --> 00:41:42,520
A deadly predator with five arms
and, on the underside, a mouth.
266
00:41:45,400 --> 00:41:48,160
The ochre starfish.
267
00:41:52,880 --> 00:41:55,720
And it's in search of limpets.
268
00:42:14,600 --> 00:42:17,440
For some, there is no escape.
269
00:42:17,440 --> 00:42:19,600
It engulfs them.
270
00:42:27,800 --> 00:42:30,480
But other limpets have a
secret defence.
271
00:42:32,920 --> 00:42:35,760
They deploy a slippery shield...
272
00:42:38,680 --> 00:42:41,640
..which allows them
to slide to safety.
273
00:42:46,960 --> 00:42:50,880
And this limpet has its own personal
bodyguard.
274
00:42:59,520 --> 00:43:01,960
A scale worm, with a nasty nip!
275
00:43:07,800 --> 00:43:12,280
The starfish prefers food that
doesn't bite back.
276
00:43:14,320 --> 00:43:15,760
The limpet carries on,
277
00:43:15,760 --> 00:43:19,680
its bodyguard tucked safe
under its shell.
278
00:43:21,880 --> 00:43:26,760
But there is one creature that
limpets have no defence against.
279
00:43:30,240 --> 00:43:32,200
A clingfish.
280
00:43:34,360 --> 00:43:37,120
It has teeth that can lever
under the shell..
281
00:43:39,320 --> 00:43:42,160
..and twist the limpet
off like a bottle top.
282
00:43:46,920 --> 00:43:50,800
The clingfish then swallows it,
shell and all.
283
00:43:59,520 --> 00:44:03,240
Rock pool dramas like these
last just a few short hours
284
00:44:03,240 --> 00:44:05,920
before the tide returns.
285
00:44:10,360 --> 00:44:12,600
Every day, the sea becomes land,
286
00:44:12,600 --> 00:44:14,960
and the land becomes sea...
287
00:44:23,000 --> 00:44:25,200
..bringing new opportunities.
288
00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:30,920
A Sally Lightfoot crab.
289
00:44:34,600 --> 00:44:38,720
One of thousands of shore crabs just
waiting for their moment.
290
00:44:41,360 --> 00:44:44,960
Every day, they gather on the
rocky shores of Brazil...
291
00:44:48,560 --> 00:44:51,200
..waiting for the tide to go out...
292
00:45:00,040 --> 00:45:03,640
..which exposes their
feeding grounds...
293
00:45:03,640 --> 00:45:08,080
..seaweed-covered rocks,
100 metres from the shore.
294
00:45:17,440 --> 00:45:20,480
Getting there is
a race against the tide.
295
00:45:26,760 --> 00:45:29,800
They leap from rock to rock.
296
00:45:43,840 --> 00:45:47,160
These crabs seem to be afraid
of the water.
297
00:45:59,840 --> 00:46:02,520
And for good reason.
298
00:46:13,680 --> 00:46:15,720
A moray eel.
299
00:46:17,160 --> 00:46:21,120
The chain moray is a specialist
crab-hunter.
300
00:46:26,880 --> 00:46:31,080
Its blunt teeth can easily grip
and crush a crab's shell.
301
00:46:37,480 --> 00:46:40,280
It's the crab's deadliest enemy.
302
00:46:50,480 --> 00:46:53,880
But the crabs' feeding grounds are
still a long way off.
303
00:47:00,840 --> 00:47:03,040
They must press on.
304
00:47:25,400 --> 00:47:27,200
Halfway.
305
00:47:31,200 --> 00:47:33,920
But their enemy has other ideas...
306
00:47:40,200 --> 00:47:42,440
..crossing the land...
307
00:47:48,080 --> 00:47:50,960
..to reset the ambush.
308
00:47:54,240 --> 00:47:57,080
To feed, the crabs must keep going.
309
00:48:03,840 --> 00:48:05,720
But nowhere is safe.
310
00:48:10,040 --> 00:48:12,720
An octopus, also a crab-killer.
311
00:48:38,280 --> 00:48:40,560
The crabs make a dash for it.
312
00:49:06,920 --> 00:49:08,400
Made it!
313
00:49:17,680 --> 00:49:22,320
Risking life and limb to graze on
these seaweed pastures.
314
00:49:26,280 --> 00:49:30,760
But in two hours' time,
when the tide starts to turn,
315
00:49:30,760 --> 00:49:33,880
they will have to run
the gauntlet all over again.
316
00:49:53,080 --> 00:49:57,520
As we leave our coasts and
head for the high seas,
317
00:49:57,520 --> 00:49:59,800
we enter the big blue.
318
00:50:08,560 --> 00:50:11,240
Covering over half our planet's
surface,
319
00:50:11,240 --> 00:50:13,800
it's the world's greatest
wilderness.
320
00:50:24,560 --> 00:50:28,400
Here, there is nowhere to hide
and little to eat.
321
00:50:32,920 --> 00:50:35,520
It's the marine
equivalent of a desert.
322
00:50:40,400 --> 00:50:42,840
But there are rare moments
323
00:50:42,840 --> 00:50:46,480
when these empty
seas are filled with life.
324
00:50:55,840 --> 00:50:59,920
Lanternfish, off the Pacific coast
of Costa Rica.
325
00:50:59,920 --> 00:51:03,840
They're scarcely bigger than
minnows, but what they lack in size,
326
00:51:03,840 --> 00:51:06,600
they make up for in numbers.
327
00:51:09,880 --> 00:51:13,200
They are one of the most
numerous fish anywhere.
328
00:51:20,240 --> 00:51:23,160
Normally, they only come to the
surface at night,
329
00:51:23,160 --> 00:51:25,080
to feed on plankton,
330
00:51:25,080 --> 00:51:28,160
but this immense shoal has
risen during the day,
331
00:51:28,160 --> 00:51:30,800
almost certainly in order to spawn.
332
00:51:39,800 --> 00:51:43,560
For open-ocean hunters,
this would be a bonanza.
333
00:51:48,000 --> 00:51:50,280
DOLPHINS SING
334
00:51:53,520 --> 00:51:55,360
Spinner dolphins.
335
00:51:59,360 --> 00:52:02,040
They're named
after their acrobatic leaps.
336
00:52:07,160 --> 00:52:10,360
They stick together in a super-pod,
5,000 strong.
337
00:52:14,240 --> 00:52:18,480
And now they have located the shoal,
using their echo-sounding calls.
338
00:52:19,960 --> 00:52:22,680
But they have to get to it quickly.
339
00:52:25,200 --> 00:52:27,880
They are not the only hunters here.
340
00:52:27,880 --> 00:52:31,280
Yellowfin tuna have also
detected the shoal.
341
00:52:40,160 --> 00:52:44,480
And behind them, with their
two-metre wingspans, mobula rays.
342
00:52:54,480 --> 00:52:58,040
Now sailfish,
one of the fastest fish in the sea,
343
00:52:58,040 --> 00:52:59,960
have joined the chase.
344
00:53:06,280 --> 00:53:09,960
The lanternfish may return to the
deep at any moment.
345
00:53:16,960 --> 00:53:20,280
But now the dolphins have got here.
346
00:53:20,280 --> 00:53:23,080
DOLPHINS SING
347
00:53:47,720 --> 00:53:50,960
They swim beneath the shoal,
pinning it to the surface
348
00:53:50,960 --> 00:53:54,520
and forcing the lanternfish to
pack more closely together.
349
00:54:01,880 --> 00:54:04,760
And now the sea begins to boil.
350
00:54:13,360 --> 00:54:17,520
The tuna charge into the shoal
at over 40mph.
351
00:54:48,040 --> 00:54:51,080
The slower-swimming rays
arrive at last.
352
00:54:58,080 --> 00:55:00,240
With their immense mouths agape,
353
00:55:00,240 --> 00:55:03,040
they scoop up the lanternfish
by the hundred.
354
00:55:06,920 --> 00:55:10,800
The shoal has now been
largely dispersed,
355
00:55:10,800 --> 00:55:13,200
and the sailfish pick off
the survivors.
356
00:55:16,120 --> 00:55:19,880
In just 15 minutes,
all that's left is a
357
00:55:19,880 --> 00:55:22,440
silvery confetti of scales.
358
00:55:34,120 --> 00:55:38,240
But here,
such feasts are only too infrequent.
359
00:55:46,520 --> 00:55:49,960
Whilst the dolphins perform great
feats of endurance,
360
00:55:49,960 --> 00:55:52,800
others are driven to even greater
extremes
361
00:55:52,800 --> 00:55:56,160
to find food in this ocean desert.
362
00:56:14,120 --> 00:56:16,120
A sleeping giant.
363
00:56:20,360 --> 00:56:22,240
A sperm whale.
364
00:56:29,600 --> 00:56:33,560
This family is
resting between bouts of feeding.
365
00:56:40,840 --> 00:56:44,000
Who knows what the owners
of the biggest brain in the planet
366
00:56:44,000 --> 00:56:46,000
dream about?
367
00:56:52,720 --> 00:56:54,760
One has a calf.
368
00:56:56,360 --> 00:57:00,640
It's about two weeks old, but still
dependent on its mother's milk.
369
00:57:00,640 --> 00:57:02,680
It's hungry.
370
00:57:06,040 --> 00:57:08,920
It communicates
with its mother using a
371
00:57:08,920 --> 00:57:11,200
pattern of clicks.
372
00:57:11,200 --> 00:57:13,440
CLICKING
373
00:57:16,280 --> 00:57:19,160
But its mother slumbers on.
374
00:57:24,640 --> 00:57:29,680
The calf, covered in suckerfish,
of which it can't yet rid itself,
375
00:57:29,680 --> 00:57:31,680
has to be patient.
376
00:57:58,160 --> 00:58:00,920
Sleep over and refreshed,
377
00:58:00,920 --> 00:58:03,000
the whales move on.
378
00:58:05,480 --> 00:58:08,120
Sperm whales don't
wait for their prey to
379
00:58:08,120 --> 00:58:09,920
rise to the surface.
380
00:58:09,920 --> 00:58:13,360
They swim down into
the depths to find it.
381
00:58:18,280 --> 00:58:21,200
They take a series of
heavy breaths...
382
00:58:24,560 --> 00:58:26,760
..to saturate their blood with
oxygen...
383
00:58:29,240 --> 00:58:31,840
..then down they go.
384
00:58:40,200 --> 00:58:43,600
This entire family dives
together in search of squid.
385
00:58:52,200 --> 00:58:55,440
A mother will push her body to the
limits of her endurance,
386
00:58:55,440 --> 00:58:59,880
and already it's hard for her
calf to keep up with her.
387
00:58:59,880 --> 00:59:02,280
CLICKING
388
00:59:10,080 --> 00:59:13,280
The calf sticks to its mother
as closely as it can...
389
00:59:13,280 --> 00:59:15,320
CLICKING
390
00:59:15,320 --> 00:59:17,240
..touching her frequently...
391
00:59:19,400 --> 00:59:21,400
..as if for reassurance.
392
00:59:34,400 --> 00:59:37,200
But 300 metres down,
393
00:59:37,200 --> 00:59:40,280
it seems the calf can't
hold its breath any longer.
394
01:00:04,880 --> 01:00:09,160
In their early years, calves
are forced to sit out the hunt.
395
01:00:14,840 --> 01:00:17,320
The adults continue their dive.
396
01:00:30,480 --> 01:00:34,520
The mother changes her
calls into a series of louder
397
01:00:34,520 --> 01:00:36,720
and more rapid clicks.
398
01:00:36,720 --> 01:00:39,280
CLICKING
399
01:00:42,480 --> 01:00:46,320
She's now using sonar to
hunt down shoals of squid.
400
01:00:54,560 --> 01:00:57,520
At 800 metres, a burst of clicks.
401
01:00:57,520 --> 01:01:00,160
CLICKING QUICKENS
402
01:01:06,920 --> 01:01:08,840
Then silence.
403
01:01:11,680 --> 01:01:13,840
She's made a catch.
404
01:01:25,600 --> 01:01:28,360
A calf can have a long
wait at the surface.
405
01:01:34,760 --> 01:01:39,120
A mother returns from the deep
after as much as an hour.
406
01:01:41,800 --> 01:01:44,240
She has a stomach full of squid.
407
01:02:03,760 --> 01:02:06,960
Finally, this hungry calf can
take some milk.
408
01:02:13,080 --> 01:02:16,600
It's one of the richest
produced by any mammal,
409
01:02:16,600 --> 01:02:20,800
and the calf guzzles a bath full
of it a day.
410
01:02:36,840 --> 01:02:42,280
It may be six years before a calf
masters the art of deep diving
411
01:02:42,280 --> 01:02:45,600
and is able to find food for itself.
412
01:03:06,360 --> 01:03:11,680
Over half of all animals in the
open ocean drift in currents.
413
01:03:27,640 --> 01:03:30,360
Jellyfish cross entire oceans,
414
01:03:30,360 --> 01:03:32,680
feeding on whatever happens
415
01:03:32,680 --> 01:03:35,040
to tangle with their tentacles.
416
01:03:44,240 --> 01:03:46,520
And when, by lucky chance,
417
01:03:46,520 --> 01:03:49,560
they encounter a patch of sea
rich in plankton...
418
01:03:52,400 --> 01:03:54,400
..their numbers explode.
419
01:04:05,880 --> 01:04:09,280
It's such a successful strategy that
jellies are
420
01:04:09,280 --> 01:04:12,880
one of the most common life forms
on the planet.
421
01:04:26,120 --> 01:04:29,600
But among the jellies,
and looking somewhat like them,
422
01:04:29,600 --> 01:04:32,800
is a rather more complex
and sinister creature.
423
01:04:38,640 --> 01:04:40,920
The Portuguese man o' war.
424
01:04:45,640 --> 01:04:48,880
It floats with the help
of a gas-filled bladder,
425
01:04:48,880 --> 01:04:51,520
topped by a vertical membrane.
426
01:04:52,960 --> 01:04:55,960
With that serving as a sail,
it maintains a
427
01:04:55,960 --> 01:04:58,600
steady course through the waves.
428
01:05:01,160 --> 01:05:03,720
Long tentacles trail behind it.
429
01:05:06,160 --> 01:05:10,960
Each is armed with many thousands of
stinging cells.
430
01:05:13,520 --> 01:05:17,800
A single tentacle could kill a fish
or, in rare cases, a human.
431
01:05:28,880 --> 01:05:31,920
A tentacle has caught this one
and reels it in.
432
01:05:39,000 --> 01:05:41,040
It's already paralysed.
433
01:05:45,160 --> 01:05:47,760
This voracious man o' war
may collect
434
01:05:47,760 --> 01:05:50,640
over 100 small fish in a day.
435
01:05:57,720 --> 01:05:59,960
BIRDS SQUAWK
436
01:06:09,360 --> 01:06:13,000
Parts of the open ocean are deeper
than the highest mountains
437
01:06:13,000 --> 01:06:14,880
that rise on the land.
438
01:06:23,320 --> 01:06:27,560
Now we can dive these uncharted
depths to discover what
439
01:06:27,560 --> 01:06:29,520
secrets lie beneath.
440
01:06:43,800 --> 01:06:48,400
The deep ocean is as challenging
to explore as space.
441
01:06:56,440 --> 01:06:59,640
Ready to carry on with the launch.
All clear.
442
01:07:01,320 --> 01:07:03,760
We know more
about the surface of Mars
443
01:07:03,760 --> 01:07:06,960
than we do about the deepest
parts of our seas.
444
01:07:15,840 --> 01:07:18,320
As we descend into the deep,
445
01:07:18,320 --> 01:07:20,200
the pressure increases...
446
01:07:22,040 --> 01:07:26,160
..and the lights from above
all but disappears.
447
01:07:28,240 --> 01:07:31,040
INDISTINCT RADIO CHATTER
448
01:07:31,040 --> 01:07:34,480
200 metres down,
we enter an alien world...
449
01:07:37,760 --> 01:07:40,400
..the twilight zone,
450
01:07:40,400 --> 01:07:42,760
a sea of eternal gloom.
451
01:07:53,400 --> 01:07:57,320
Survival here means making
the most of every last glimmer.
452
01:08:01,440 --> 01:08:04,680
A squid, but this is one that lives
only here.
453
01:08:06,320 --> 01:08:08,960
Its right eye looks
permanently downwards.
454
01:08:11,880 --> 01:08:15,160
But its left eye is much bigger and
trained upwards to detect the
455
01:08:15,160 --> 01:08:18,280
silhouettes of prey swimming
nearer the surface.
456
01:08:20,280 --> 01:08:24,360
No wonder it's nicknamed
"the cockeyed squid".
457
01:08:30,480 --> 01:08:32,200
And even stranger...
458
01:08:34,840 --> 01:08:36,880
this is barreleye...
459
01:08:39,840 --> 01:08:42,280
..a fish with a transparent head,
460
01:08:42,280 --> 01:08:46,240
filled with jelly,
so that it can look up
461
01:08:46,240 --> 01:08:47,960
through its skull.
462
01:09:02,320 --> 01:09:05,240
We now know that the
twilight zone is a
463
01:09:05,240 --> 01:09:10,040
refuge for an incredible 90%
of all fish in the ocean.
464
01:09:13,800 --> 01:09:15,600
CRASHING THUD
465
01:09:17,560 --> 01:09:19,600
Humboldt squid.
466
01:09:31,000 --> 01:09:33,120
Two metres long
467
01:09:33,120 --> 01:09:34,640
and 50 kilos in weight.
468
01:09:40,200 --> 01:09:43,160
Like most squid,
they're voracious hunters.
469
01:09:49,080 --> 01:09:52,000
They've found
a shoal of lanternfish,
470
01:09:52,000 --> 01:09:55,920
hiding 800 metres down,
off the coast of South America.
471
01:10:07,960 --> 01:10:11,040
Their tentacles are armed with
powerful suckers
472
01:10:11,040 --> 01:10:13,080
with which they grab their prey.
473
01:10:29,520 --> 01:10:33,280
And when there are no more
lanternfish to be found,
474
01:10:33,280 --> 01:10:36,440
they turn on each other.
475
01:10:47,800 --> 01:10:50,920
This squid has caught a smaller
one in its tentacles.
476
01:10:56,080 --> 01:10:58,160
To hide its capture from the rest,
477
01:10:58,160 --> 01:11:00,880
it releases
a smokescreen of black ink.
478
01:11:13,600 --> 01:11:16,440
But then an even bigger one
challenges it...
479
01:11:22,520 --> 01:11:25,080
..and steals its catch.
480
01:11:35,400 --> 01:11:38,200
Below the twilight zone
lies a world
481
01:11:38,200 --> 01:11:40,240
of perpetual blackness...
482
01:11:49,960 --> 01:11:53,200
..leading, eventually,
to the deep sea floor.
483
01:11:59,080 --> 01:12:03,160
Here, there is a layer of mud,
in places a mile thick.
484
01:12:25,920 --> 01:12:29,720
The deep seabed may at first
appear lifeless...
485
01:12:32,200 --> 01:12:36,040
..but it's home to a unique
cast of mud-dwellers.
486
01:12:42,400 --> 01:12:44,440
The sea toad.
487
01:12:48,880 --> 01:12:53,880
This fish has been living for
so long here that its fins have
488
01:12:53,880 --> 01:12:56,760
changed into something
more useful.
489
01:13:01,240 --> 01:13:03,040
Feet.
490
01:13:07,640 --> 01:13:11,400
They help it
shuffle about on the sea floor.
491
01:13:29,480 --> 01:13:32,080
The flapjack octopus.
492
01:13:36,560 --> 01:13:39,480
It hovers just
above the surface of the mud
493
01:13:39,480 --> 01:13:43,680
as it delicately sifts through it,
searching for worms.
494
01:13:59,160 --> 01:14:03,920
Down here, over time, organic matter
slowly decays...
495
01:14:06,560 --> 01:14:08,880
WHOOSHING
496
01:14:08,880 --> 01:14:12,440
..creating a volcano of methane gas.
497
01:14:14,040 --> 01:14:18,040
RUMBLING AND WHOOSHING
498
01:14:51,000 --> 01:14:52,960
In the Gulf of Mexico,
499
01:14:52,960 --> 01:14:57,360
these eruptions also release
a super-salty liquid.
500
01:15:01,480 --> 01:15:02,960
Brine.
501
01:15:14,400 --> 01:15:16,360
Heavier than seawater,
502
01:15:16,360 --> 01:15:19,800
it accumulates in great
pools on the sea floor.
503
01:15:24,880 --> 01:15:29,320
A lake of concentrated saltwater,
15 metres deep,
504
01:15:29,320 --> 01:15:32,000
at the bottom of the sea.
505
01:15:45,800 --> 01:15:48,560
Cut-throat eels, scavengers,
506
01:15:48,560 --> 01:15:51,080
come to the shores of the brine lake
507
01:15:51,080 --> 01:15:53,240
in search of something edible.
508
01:16:24,800 --> 01:16:29,080
Spending too long in it can send
an eel into toxic shock.
509
01:16:41,200 --> 01:16:43,840
Its only hope is to rise above it.
510
01:16:58,480 --> 01:17:00,640
It manages to escape.
511
01:17:09,680 --> 01:17:12,720
Conditions in the deep sea
may be hostile...
512
01:17:19,240 --> 01:17:22,640
..but, astonishingly,
there is more life
513
01:17:22,640 --> 01:17:25,640
down here than anywhere
else on Earth.
514
01:17:39,920 --> 01:17:43,840
As far down as 3½ miles,
there are more
515
01:17:43,840 --> 01:17:48,080
species of coral in the deep
than on the shallow tropical reefs.
516
01:17:55,760 --> 01:17:58,840
The deep may be full of alien-like
creatures,
517
01:17:58,840 --> 01:18:01,640
but we are more closely
connected to it
518
01:18:01,640 --> 01:18:04,000
than we ever thought possible...
519
01:18:10,360 --> 01:18:12,840
..thanks to great ocean currents.
520
01:18:25,120 --> 01:18:29,080
These currents
begin in the frozen poles.
521
01:18:40,080 --> 01:18:41,680
Antarctica.
522
01:18:56,560 --> 01:19:00,800
Here, the surface waters are so cold
and heavy that they sink...
523
01:19:04,720 --> 01:19:09,400
..and that creates immense rivers
of water that flow into the deep.
524
01:19:12,600 --> 01:19:16,240
This is the start of a giant
network of currents...
525
01:19:18,960 --> 01:19:22,160
..that flow from the
poles to the tropics
526
01:19:22,160 --> 01:19:23,760
and back again...
527
01:19:25,960 --> 01:19:28,200
..linking every ocean.
528
01:19:33,120 --> 01:19:37,160
These currents are in fact crucial
to the wellbeing of our planet.
529
01:19:40,360 --> 01:19:42,640
They distribute the sun's heat,
530
01:19:42,640 --> 01:19:46,120
maintaining a favourable
climate for life on Earth.
531
01:19:51,240 --> 01:19:54,440
From creating the weather
to producing oxygen,
532
01:19:54,440 --> 01:19:56,840
the seas keep our world healthy.
533
01:20:05,160 --> 01:20:09,480
But just as we are discovering
how dependent we are on the oceans,
534
01:20:09,480 --> 01:20:14,200
there are worrying signs that they
are warming at a faster rate than
535
01:20:14,200 --> 01:20:17,400
ever before in human history.
536
01:20:21,240 --> 01:20:24,440
And nowhere is this more
extreme than in the Arctic.
537
01:20:28,320 --> 01:20:30,600
Here, in the past 30 years,
538
01:20:30,600 --> 01:20:34,880
the extent of the ice in summer has
been reduced by 40%.
539
01:20:36,680 --> 01:20:38,640
This sudden warming,
540
01:20:38,640 --> 01:20:41,120
most likely a consequence
of human activity,
541
01:20:41,120 --> 01:20:45,240
is having a profound
impact on its wildlife.
542
01:20:49,480 --> 01:20:53,840
Walruses are among those
that are seriously affected.
543
01:20:55,960 --> 01:20:58,120
LOW GROWLING
544
01:20:58,120 --> 01:21:02,840
The sea ice is retreating from much
of the walrus's traditional range,
545
01:21:02,840 --> 01:21:05,720
so they now have to haul out
on dry land.
546
01:21:05,720 --> 01:21:09,560
But a herd of hundreds
of quarrelsome mothers,
547
01:21:09,560 --> 01:21:14,040
some weighing almost a ton,
is not an ideal nursery.
548
01:21:14,040 --> 01:21:17,360
THEY GRUNT AND GROWL
549
01:21:23,000 --> 01:21:27,200
Walruses on land stick
together for good reason.
550
01:21:29,800 --> 01:21:31,960
Polar bears.
551
01:21:34,920 --> 01:21:38,240
A full-grown male walrus
is gigantic -
552
01:21:38,240 --> 01:21:41,440
too big for even
a polar bear to tackle.
553
01:21:43,920 --> 01:21:47,520
So the bear is
looking for a walrus baby.
554
01:21:50,000 --> 01:21:53,640
THEY SNARL
555
01:21:53,640 --> 01:21:56,480
The scent of the bear spreads alarm
through the colony.
556
01:22:03,200 --> 01:22:06,080
The walruses retreat into the sea.
557
01:22:24,560 --> 01:22:27,960
The bear knows it won't be able to
catch them there.
558
01:22:37,800 --> 01:22:40,360
But she too has young ones to feed.
559
01:22:47,080 --> 01:22:50,320
What is a mother to do?
560
01:22:58,680 --> 01:23:00,880
WALRUS BARKS
561
01:23:00,880 --> 01:23:03,320
A mother walrus still
needs to find a place
562
01:23:03,320 --> 01:23:05,440
where her young can rest.
563
01:23:13,000 --> 01:23:14,920
A melting iceberg might do.
564
01:23:16,760 --> 01:23:19,560
But she is not
the first to find this one.
565
01:23:27,120 --> 01:23:29,400
Suitable places are already taken.
566
01:24:03,440 --> 01:24:05,720
Other mothers don't want to share.
567
01:24:10,320 --> 01:24:13,120
They too need
a patch of ice where they
568
01:24:13,120 --> 01:24:15,040
can protect their young.
569
01:24:19,920 --> 01:24:24,600
The desperate mother has no choice
but to barge her way in.
570
01:24:24,600 --> 01:24:28,440
THEY GROWL AND SNARL
571
01:24:48,320 --> 01:24:51,360
So, this time, everyone loses.
572
01:25:16,520 --> 01:25:19,160
Finding the right
place on these melting shores
573
01:25:19,160 --> 01:25:21,800
gets harder and harder.
574
01:25:57,360 --> 01:26:02,480
Solving these problems together
helps create a bond so strong that
575
01:26:02,480 --> 01:26:07,160
the mother will stay in contact with
her young for the rest of her life.
576
01:26:19,280 --> 01:26:23,240
But who knows now
what their future will be?
577
01:26:36,840 --> 01:26:40,040
As we understand more about the
complexity of the lives
578
01:26:40,040 --> 01:26:42,800
of sea creatures,
579
01:26:42,800 --> 01:26:47,160
so we begin to appreciate the
fragility of their home.
580
01:26:56,320 --> 01:26:59,760
We are at a unique
stage in our history.
581
01:26:59,760 --> 01:27:04,400
Never before have we had such
an awareness of what we are
582
01:27:04,400 --> 01:27:06,680
doing to the planet,
583
01:27:06,680 --> 01:27:10,680
and never before have we
had the power
584
01:27:10,680 --> 01:27:12,600
to do something about that.
585
01:27:14,160 --> 01:27:17,640
Surely we have a responsibility to
care for our Blue Planet.
586
01:27:19,400 --> 01:27:21,680
The future of humanity,
587
01:27:21,680 --> 01:27:24,720
and indeed all life on Earth,
588
01:27:24,720 --> 01:27:27,160
now depends on us.
589
01:27:31,040 --> 01:27:33,520
To find out
more about our oceans with
590
01:27:33,520 --> 01:27:38,760
this free poster, call...
591
01:27:38,760 --> 01:27:42,920
..or go to...
592
01:27:42,920 --> 01:27:46,080
..and follow
the links to the Open University.
46368
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