Would you like to inspect the original subtitles? These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated:
1
00:00:30,997 --> 00:00:33,482
Summer 1941.
Hitler has launched Operation Barbarossa,
2
00:00:33,507 --> 00:00:35,507
his long-awaited invasion
of the Soviet Union.
3
00:00:35,532 --> 00:00:39,366
The city of Leningrad is a key objective.
4
00:00:40,322 --> 00:00:41,865
The struggle for Leningrad will lead
5
00:00:41,889 --> 00:00:44,277
to One of the longest
and bloodiest sieges in history,
6
00:00:44,302 --> 00:00:48,406
With appalling consequences
for its civilian population.
7
00:00:53,154 --> 00:00:57,006
6 weeks into the war,
near the town of Staraya Russia,
8
00:00:57,053 --> 00:01:01,992
German soldiers pondered a strange
contraption captured in recent fighting.
9
00:01:02,728 --> 00:01:06,412
It was an artillery system,
but not like anything of their own.
10
00:01:11,925 --> 00:01:16,792
Each truck carried a crude looking frame,
onto which rockets were loaded.
11
00:01:22,332 --> 00:01:24,228
The Soviet counter-attack here
12
00:01:24,252 --> 00:01:27,705
had been supported
by dozens of these rocket launchers.
13
00:01:27,783 --> 00:01:32,064
It had helped to stall the advance
of the entire German Army Group North,
14
00:01:32,088 --> 00:01:34,346
striking towards Leningrad.
15
00:01:34,496 --> 00:01:38,651
They had bought time –
time that would prove crucial.
16
00:01:53,664 --> 00:01:56,832
The BM-13 multiple rocket launch system,
17
00:01:56,863 --> 00:01:59,587
given the girl"s name
“Katyusha” by the troops,
18
00:01:59,634 --> 00:02:02,805
was a rail-launch rack on a truck chassis.
19
00:02:04,983 --> 00:02:10,074
Gears elevated and rotated the launcher
rack into the correct firing position,
20
00:02:10,130 --> 00:02:12,870
as determined by an artillery sight.
21
00:02:13,259 --> 00:02:18,010
The rockets were very inaccurate
and would rain down over a wide area.
22
00:02:18,176 --> 00:02:22,283
But the Katyusha made up for this
with a fearsome rate of fire.
23
00:02:22,713 --> 00:02:27,420
One Katyusha could launch 16 rockets
in less than 10 seconds.
24
00:02:27,555 --> 00:02:32,493
Firing en masse, they could devastate
a massive area in the blink of an eye.
25
00:02:35,450 --> 00:02:41,425
Leningrad, Russia"s Baltic Sea port,
was a key objective of the German invasion.
26
00:02:43,306 --> 00:02:46,471
From here Soviet submarines
and the Baltic Fleet
27
00:02:46,518 --> 00:02:51,777
threatened Germany"s supply of iron ore,
which came by sea from neutral Sweden.
28
00:02:58,220 --> 00:03:02,560
The plans for the German invasion
stated that the assault on Moscow
29
00:03:02,655 --> 00:03:08,364
could proceed only after Leningrad and its
naval base at Kronstadt had been captured.
30
00:03:12,260 --> 00:03:15,687
Hitler, with growing confidence in
his own military genius,
31
00:03:15,765 --> 00:03:18,758
was increasingly involved
in strategic planning.
32
00:03:19,044 --> 00:03:21,422
He was now determined that if necessary,
33
00:03:21,461 --> 00:03:25,979
the armoured forces assaulting Moscow
should be diverted to Leningrad.
34
00:03:29,974 --> 00:03:33,037
Army Group North, advancing on Leningrad,
35
00:03:33,147 --> 00:03:37,006
had been stopped
at the so-called Luga Line in July.
36
00:03:40,781 --> 00:03:44,470
This 175 kilometre line of fortifications
37
00:03:44,533 --> 00:03:49,242
had been hastily built by soldiers
of the reserve and citizens of Leningrad.
38
00:03:57,133 --> 00:04:01,528
In August, Army Group North was reinforced
with tanks and dive bombers
39
00:04:01,613 --> 00:04:03,613
from Army Group Centre.
40
00:04:03,653 --> 00:04:08,389
They crashed through the Luga Line,
and encircled the troops defending it.
41
00:04:12,862 --> 00:04:17,590
The Red Army fed its new
KV heavy tanks into the battle.
42
00:04:18,605 --> 00:04:22,563
They were produced in Leningrad itself,
at the Kirov Factory.
43
00:04:29,157 --> 00:04:33,514
The front armour of a KV-1
was 75 millimetres thick.
44
00:04:33,736 --> 00:04:38,389
The German 37 millimetre antitank gun
barely made a scratch.
45
00:04:38,896 --> 00:04:41,751
But early in the war, fuel shortages —
46
00:04:41,893 --> 00:04:45,414
and poorly trained crews who didn"t know
how to repair their vehicle,
47
00:04:45,660 --> 00:04:51,363
meant many KV-1s and other Soviet vehicles
ended up abandoned at the roadside.
48
00:04:55,399 --> 00:05:00,995
On 19th August, a company of KV"s commanded
by Senior Lieutenant Kolobanov
49
00:05:01,257 --> 00:05:05,061
took up an ambush position
near the town of Krasnogvardeysk.
50
00:05:06,672 --> 00:05:09,069
Kolobanov picked the position himself,
51
00:05:09,156 --> 00:05:12,466
overlooking the highway
as it wove through the marshes.
52
00:05:13,013 --> 00:05:15,311
When a column of German tanks appeared,
53
00:05:15,405 --> 00:05:18,218
his tanks took out the lead
and rear vehicles,
54
00:05:18,530 --> 00:05:22,363
and proceeded to destroy
all 22 enemy machines.
55
00:05:30,354 --> 00:05:35,181
After the battle, Kolobanov"s crews
counted 156 marks
56
00:05:35,252 --> 00:05:39,597
where German shells had hit their tank,
but failed to penetrate.
57
00:05:42,451 --> 00:05:45,042
After hearing reports about the KV tanks,
58
00:05:45,160 --> 00:05:48,067
Hitler once more demanded
the capture of Leningrad,
59
00:05:48,162 --> 00:05:52,006
and its factory that was
churning out these monsters.
60
00:05:55,181 --> 00:05:59,315
But there weren"t enough KV-1s
to stop the Germans everywhere.
61
00:06:04,220 --> 00:06:07,425
While one German corps
was held at Krasnogvardeysk,
62
00:06:07,679 --> 00:06:10,783
others broke though near Lyuban, and Tosno.
63
00:06:11,639 --> 00:06:15,504
On 30th August, the Germans cut
the railway and the highway
64
00:06:15,559 --> 00:06:18,354
connecting Leningrad
with the rest of the country.
65
00:06:18,719 --> 00:06:22,698
Finnish troops, allies of the Germans,
approached from the north.
66
00:06:23,150 --> 00:06:28,943
The city"s electricity supply began to fail,
but still no civilians were evacuated,
67
00:06:29,020 --> 00:06:31,826
an act which might appear "defeatist".
68
00:06:33,140 --> 00:06:36,732
On 8th September the Germans
captured Shlisselburg
69
00:06:36,819 --> 00:06:41,097
on the shore of Lake Ladoga –
the final act of encirclement.
70
00:06:41,469 --> 00:06:45,777
It was the beginning of a siege
that was to last 882 days.
71
00:06:50,723 --> 00:06:55,203
When the siege began, the city"s
population was more than 2.5 million,
72
00:06:55,259 --> 00:06:58,357
including approximately 400,000 children.
73
00:06:58,721 --> 00:07:04,456
The city contained 300,000 refugees from
the Baltic Republics and surrounding area.
74
00:07:04,789 --> 00:07:09,984
The city"s supplies of food
and fuel were sufficient for just 30 days.
75
00:07:16,033 --> 00:07:20,410
Soviet counterattacks aimed at lifting
the siege were all unsuccessful.
76
00:07:28,761 --> 00:07:33,702
The German encirclement near Shlisselburg
was only about 12 km wide.
77
00:07:34,019 --> 00:07:38,269
This sector was the focus of Soviet
attempts to lift the blockade.
78
00:07:44,879 --> 00:07:50,108
That summer, Soviet counterattacks had
robbed Army Group North of valuable weeks.
79
00:07:50,465 --> 00:07:52,905
It was time that could not be got back.
80
00:07:53,270 --> 00:07:57,959
Now the attack on Moscow would rob
Army Group North of its best units.
81
00:07:58,967 --> 00:08:03,749
In his diary the commander of Army Group
North, Field Marshal von Leeb, wrote:
82
00:08:03,963 --> 00:08:07,203
“11th September.
Desperate shortage of time.
83
00:08:07,401 --> 00:08:10,500
The Army High Command
demands seven mobile divisions
84
00:08:10,555 --> 00:08:13,878
be handed over to its control
on 15th September.”
85
00:08:15,800 --> 00:08:18,620
His tanks were on their way towards Moscow.
86
00:08:18,913 --> 00:08:22,131
It was a desperately needed
respite for Leningrad.
87
00:08:23,027 --> 00:08:27,463
The same day General Zhukov was appointed
Commander of the Leningrad Front.
88
00:08:28,018 --> 00:08:32,179
His deputy, Major General Fedyuninsky,
came with him.
89
00:08:33,804 --> 00:08:39,084
Ivan Ivanovich Fedyuninsky spent most of
his military career in the Russian Far East.
90
00:08:39,534 --> 00:08:43,026
In 1939 he was made
a Hero of the Soviet Union
91
00:08:43,073 --> 00:08:47,246
for his bravery fighting the Japanese
at the Battle of Khalkhin Gol.
92
00:08:47,928 --> 00:08:54,180
In 1941 he commanded a Soviet Rifle Corps
in Belorussia, where he was badly wounded.
93
00:08:54,955 --> 00:08:59,421
Zhukov"s appointment immediately
inspired the defenders of the city.
94
00:08:59,659 --> 00:09:03,876
There was new confidence
that Leningrad would be saved.
95
00:09:14,277 --> 00:09:19,142
With characteristic energy, Zhukov
began to organise the city"s defences.
96
00:09:19,382 --> 00:09:22,794
Artillery was to be the key.
And his secret weapon,
97
00:09:22,937 --> 00:09:26,671
would be the massive guns
of the Red Banner Baltic Fleet.
98
00:09:32,519 --> 00:09:36,189
Powerful naval gunnery
halted the first German offensive
99
00:09:36,276 --> 00:09:38,833
just 7 kilometres from the city.
100
00:09:42,667 --> 00:09:46,590
The 12 inch guns of the coastal
fort of Krasnaya Gorka
101
00:09:46,653 --> 00:09:49,473
also served to hold the German army at bay.
102
00:09:57,407 --> 00:10:00,185
The shock waves from their exploding shells
103
00:10:00,296 --> 00:10:04,345
were powerful enough
to hurl German tanks into the air.
104
00:10:13,443 --> 00:10:19,614
But where the German army had failed,
the Luftwaffe might still succeed.
105
00:10:22,997 --> 00:10:26,339
Three months into the German
invasion of the Soviet Union,
106
00:10:26,403 --> 00:10:29,675
Army Group North
was held up outside Leningrad
107
00:10:29,723 --> 00:10:32,691
by the heavy guns
of the Soviet Baltic Fleet.
108
00:10:33,263 --> 00:10:38,632
So Field Marshal von Leeb turned to his
dive-bombers to sink the enemy warships.
109
00:10:43,044 --> 00:10:46,244
Their first victim was
the old battleship Marat.
110
00:10:48,579 --> 00:10:52,184
Two 1000-kilogram bombs struck her bow,
111
00:10:52,294 --> 00:10:55,305
causing her forward turret
magazine to explode.
112
00:10:55,677 --> 00:11:00,495
She quickly sank to the bottom of the bay.
Three warships were sunk in total,
113
00:11:00,677 --> 00:11:04,818
depriving the city"s
defences of 35 powerful guns.
114
00:11:07,880 --> 00:11:13,329
Around the city, 1,500 loudspeakers
broadcast Leningrad City Radio.
115
00:11:13,821 --> 00:11:16,969
Now it was also used
to issue air raid warnings.
116
00:11:20,743 --> 00:11:24,789
When there were no radio programmes,
a metronome was put on the air.
117
00:11:25,122 --> 00:11:30,617
Slow ticking meant "all clear",
fast ticking meant "take cover".
118
00:11:31,125 --> 00:11:34,526
It became known
as "the beating heart of Leningrad".
119
00:11:37,943 --> 00:11:42,609
Above the city, German bombers were met
with heavy anti-aircraft fire.
120
00:11:42,664 --> 00:11:46,324
But the Luftwaffe only made
a few large-scale raids.
121
00:11:51,062 --> 00:11:55,108
Shelling by German heavy artillery
proved much more lethal.
122
00:11:55,369 --> 00:11:59,498
Signs went up on street corners,
with the warning: “Citizens!
123
00:11:59,656 --> 00:12:03,001
This side of the street is more
dangerous during shelling.”
124
00:12:05,800 --> 00:12:10,592
The Germans didn"t target Leningrad"s
tallest buildings or church spires.
125
00:12:10,672 --> 00:12:13,942
They were needed as reference points
by the artillery spotters,
126
00:12:14,179 --> 00:12:19,033
who instead guided shells onto
the city"s bridges, houses and shops.
127
00:12:20,317 --> 00:12:24,160
Leningrad was truly
a city on the front line.
128
00:12:28,205 --> 00:12:32,009
Monuments were protected
by sandbags and wooden screens.
129
00:12:32,350 --> 00:12:35,908
But many would not survive
the German bombardment.
130
00:12:37,037 --> 00:12:40,853
On the city"s outskirts,
the Germans captured the Catherine Palace
131
00:12:40,924 --> 00:12:45,818
and the Grand Petergof Palace.
Both were looted and destroyed.
132
00:12:46,257 --> 00:12:49,416
The world-famous Amber Room
was shipped to Germany.
133
00:12:49,463 --> 00:12:52,681
Today, its whereabouts remain a mystery.
134
00:12:56,227 --> 00:13:01,120
On 8th September German bombers
targeted the wooden Badayev Warehouses,
135
00:13:01,238 --> 00:13:03,970
where the city"s food reserves were stored.
136
00:13:04,299 --> 00:13:07,113
The glow of the fires
could be seen across the city.
137
00:13:07,168 --> 00:13:11,678
Soon everyone knew that the flour
and sugar supplies had been destroyed.
138
00:13:11,908 --> 00:13:15,966
But the situation was even worse
than many feared.
139
00:13:16,447 --> 00:13:20,793
The city needed 1,000 tons of food
every day to prevent starvation.
140
00:13:21,007 --> 00:13:24,517
But less than 200 tons were
getting through the blockade.
141
00:13:26,909 --> 00:13:30,230
The little that could be brought in
by air was nowhere near enough
142
00:13:30,285 --> 00:13:32,708
to feed the city"s population.
143
00:13:38,776 --> 00:13:43,086
The main supply route into Leningrad
now lay across Lake Ladoga —
144
00:13:43,427 --> 00:13:46,015
50 kilometres of open water.
145
00:13:48,739 --> 00:13:54,215
But the lake was notorious for
its strong winds and sudden storms.
146
00:13:56,994 --> 00:14:00,376
It was why, in 1718, Peter the Great
147
00:14:00,503 --> 00:14:05,376
had ordered the construction of the Ladoga
canal along the lake"s southern shore,
148
00:14:05,503 --> 00:14:08,268
to provide a safe waterway to the city.
149
00:14:08,755 --> 00:14:11,770
But the Germans had reached
the southern shore of Lake Ladoga,
150
00:14:11,920 --> 00:14:14,746
cutting the canal
and rail links into the city.
151
00:14:15,047 --> 00:14:18,797
The people of Leningrad had to build
a new port from scratch
152
00:14:18,876 --> 00:14:20,876
on the lake"s western shore.
153
00:14:21,924 --> 00:14:26,355
In the first week of the siege, barges
were unloaded straight onto the beach.
154
00:14:27,252 --> 00:14:29,096
It was the beginning of a supply route
155
00:14:29,136 --> 00:14:32,636
that would come to be known
as the “Road of Life”.
156
00:14:37,836 --> 00:14:41,275
Food rationing had been introduced
at the start of the war.
157
00:14:41,457 --> 00:14:45,157
Leningrad workers received
800 grams of bread a day,
158
00:14:45,212 --> 00:14:48,113
their dependants received 400 grams.
159
00:14:49,233 --> 00:14:52,979
By the beginning of October,
it had been reduced to half that amount.
160
00:14:53,265 --> 00:14:58,146
It wasn"t nearly enough to sustain
those required to do physical work.
161
00:15:00,106 --> 00:15:03,645
At the end of November,
the city was on the brink of starvation.
162
00:15:03,740 --> 00:15:05,611
Bread rations were cut further:
163
00:15:05,635 --> 00:15:10,587
250 grams for a worker,
125 grams for everyone else.
164
00:15:12,178 --> 00:15:14,636
The quality of the bread was falling too,
165
00:15:14,667 --> 00:15:18,858
as the authorities turned to unlikely
ingredients to increase its bulk.
166
00:15:19,323 --> 00:15:23,884
Bakers used burnt flour recovered
from the ruins of the Badayev Warehouses.
167
00:15:24,226 --> 00:15:28,512
They used oats intended
for the horses, soya, barley,
168
00:15:28,583 --> 00:15:32,048
and even cellulose
from the Goznak paper mill.
169
00:15:32,704 --> 00:15:34,557
People often had to queue for hours
170
00:15:34,581 --> 00:15:37,914
in the freezing cold to receive
these meagre rations.
171
00:15:39,625 --> 00:15:46,095
In November, 11,000 died
from starvation – 350 each day.
172
00:15:47,246 --> 00:15:50,297
The medical staff could
only look on helplessly.
173
00:15:53,451 --> 00:15:57,689
The early winter led to hopes that
Lake Ladoga would quickly freeze solid,
174
00:15:58,022 --> 00:16:01,882
allowing trucks to bring in supplies
across its frozen surface.
175
00:16:02,183 --> 00:16:04,646
But the ice took time to harden.
176
00:16:09,658 --> 00:16:13,041
The Soviets had hoped to establish
a road bridge across the ice
177
00:16:13,128 --> 00:16:15,128
using the shortest route.
178
00:16:15,357 --> 00:16:19,115
But this would put convoys within range
of the German artillery batteries
179
00:16:19,178 --> 00:16:21,178
on the southern shore.
180
00:16:22,895 --> 00:16:28,872
Slowly the ice thickened. On 20th November,
across 180 millimetres of ice,
181
00:16:28,975 --> 00:16:32,350
the first horse-drawn sleighs
crossed the lake.
182
00:16:33,598 --> 00:16:36,331
Two days later, the first trucks crossed.
183
00:16:38,117 --> 00:16:40,339
It was a perilous crossing.
184
00:16:40,394 --> 00:16:44,808
The 2-ton vehicles carried
much less than their full load.
185
00:16:45,117 --> 00:16:50,472
But several still crashed through the ice,
disappearing into the frozen depths.
186
00:16:54,831 --> 00:17:00,547
Drivers stood on their running boards, ready
to leap clear if the ice began to crack.
187
00:17:02,712 --> 00:17:06,124
On their return journey,
the same trucks were used to evacuate
188
00:17:06,186 --> 00:17:08,458
as many civilians as possible.
189
00:17:11,656 --> 00:17:14,628
The Road of Life was 30 kilometres long.
190
00:17:15,048 --> 00:17:18,995
It included garages, rest stops,
and field hospitals.
191
00:17:20,233 --> 00:17:25,169
There were several alternative routes,
depending on the ice and driving conditions.
192
00:17:27,734 --> 00:17:32,487
To defend the road, two defensive lines
were constructed on top of the ice,
193
00:17:32,557 --> 00:17:35,568
8 kilometres from the German-held shore.
194
00:17:35,925 --> 00:17:39,484
They included machinegun nests
and ice trenches.
195
00:17:40,110 --> 00:17:44,498
The road was also protected
by anti-aircraft guns and air cover.
196
00:17:47,632 --> 00:17:51,919
But German bombs
and shells still claimed many victims.
197
00:17:56,672 --> 00:18:00,594
In the first week alone,
52 trucks were lost.
198
00:18:14,647 --> 00:18:18,386
Despite these extraordinary
efforts to keep the city supplied,
199
00:18:18,473 --> 00:18:20,473
and to get the civilians out,
200
00:18:21,059 --> 00:18:26,791
53,000 Leningraders died in December —
most from starvation.
201
00:18:28,529 --> 00:18:32,735
There were reports of people dropping dead
in the street without warning.
202
00:18:33,092 --> 00:18:38,445
Each day, burial detachments had to remove
100 corpses from Leningrad"s pavements.
203
00:18:39,823 --> 00:18:44,882
The diary of one Leningrader recorded
how despair gave way to apathy.
204
00:18:45,841 --> 00:18:51,600
“People now die in a very simple manner:
first, they lose interest in everything.
205
00:18:52,139 --> 00:18:58,409
Then, they lie in bed, and never
rise again. They die as if falling asleep.
206
00:18:58,941 --> 00:19:04,313
And the surrounding people, half-dead
themselves, pay them no attention.”
207
00:19:08,366 --> 00:19:14,768
Many drivers on the Road of Life made two
trips every day – one by day, one by night.
208
00:19:15,716 --> 00:19:18,455
Dozens of trucks were wrecked
in traffic accidents,
209
00:19:18,638 --> 00:19:22,054
more than were destroyed
by German aircraft.
210
00:19:22,149 --> 00:19:26,081
So the order was given for vehicles
to start using their headlights.
211
00:19:28,421 --> 00:19:32,144
Trucks that crashed
through the ice sank so fast,
212
00:19:32,286 --> 00:19:35,999
that for several minutes
the ghostly glow of their headlights
213
00:19:36,094 --> 00:19:38,621
could be seen at the bottom of the lake.
214
00:19:42,831 --> 00:19:47,128
Almost 300 trucks were lost
in the first month of the Road.
215
00:19:47,573 --> 00:19:50,526
But they had kept the city alive.
216
00:19:57,496 --> 00:20:01,834
Hundreds of thousands perished
from starvation in that first winter.
217
00:20:02,183 --> 00:20:06,297
The scale of the suffering
was almost beyond imagination.
218
00:20:11,809 --> 00:20:15,238
More than a million would die before this,
219
00:20:15,388 --> 00:20:20,938
the most devastating siege in history,
was finally over.
220
00:20:32,809 --> 00:20:36,475
Leningrad, encircled
by German and Finnish forces,
221
00:20:36,630 --> 00:20:39,636
witnessed hundreds of civilian
deaths every day.
222
00:20:39,866 --> 00:20:42,512
But these were not collateral casualties.
223
00:20:42,607 --> 00:20:46,214
Hitler had decided that Leningrad
should be wiped off the map.
224
00:20:46,578 --> 00:20:49,934
Secret orders entitled
"The Future of Leningrad", stated:
225
00:20:50,100 --> 00:20:52,579
“After Soviet Russia has been defeated,
226
00:20:52,626 --> 00:20:56,248
the further existence of this population
centre is of no interest.
227
00:20:56,684 --> 00:20:58,484
In this war for existence,
228
00:20:58,531 --> 00:21:03,048
we have no interest in keeping
even part of this great city"s population.”
229
00:21:06,399 --> 00:21:11,154
For the Soviet Union, it was vital
that Leningrad be held at all costs.
230
00:21:12,383 --> 00:21:15,968
It was an important industrial city
with many factories,
231
00:21:16,023 --> 00:21:18,591
and the home base of the Baltic Fleet.
232
00:21:20,392 --> 00:21:23,954
Its loss would mean the loss
of the northern port of Murmansk,
233
00:21:23,993 --> 00:21:28,744
where the Arctic convoys arrived carrying
military aid from Britain and America.
234
00:21:30,780 --> 00:21:36,800
And for many, Leningrad remained the
cultural and spiritual capital of the USSR.
235
00:21:37,172 --> 00:21:40,953
Its fate was watched by people
from across the Soviet Union.
236
00:21:42,723 --> 00:21:46,331
They came to see their fate entwined
with that of the city.
237
00:21:48,622 --> 00:21:53,676
The Soviet High Command decided to breach
the encirclement at its thinnest point,
238
00:21:53,794 --> 00:21:57,169
the Shlisselburg-Sinyavino corridor.
239
00:21:58,359 --> 00:22:03,001
Here, only 10km separated troops
of the Red Army"s Leningrad Front,
240
00:22:03,128 --> 00:22:06,107
from the front line of the Volkhov Front.
241
00:22:07,090 --> 00:22:11,724
But it was heavily defended,
with three lines of fortifications.
242
00:22:14,708 --> 00:22:16,901
On the night of 19th September,
243
00:22:17,036 --> 00:22:22,648
a small force led by Captain Vasiliy Dubik
crossed the Neva river in fishing boats.
244
00:22:25,743 --> 00:22:30,860
His men quietly landed on the far bank,
and took the German trenches by surprise.
245
00:22:31,328 --> 00:22:33,454
With this foothold across the river,
246
00:22:33,478 --> 00:22:38,384
a Soviet Marine brigade moved
rapidly to reinforce Dubik"s position.
247
00:22:42,485 --> 00:22:46,853
This strip of land, called
by the soldiers the “Nevsky Pyatachok”,
248
00:22:46,940 --> 00:22:49,834
the "Neva Patch" would become legendary.
249
00:22:53,119 --> 00:22:56,874
Two German parachute regiments,
redeployed from Crete,
250
00:22:56,937 --> 00:23:00,915
were amongst the reinforcements
sent to crush the Soviet bridgehead.
251
00:23:01,129 --> 00:23:04,723
They were plunged straight
into the ferocious fighting.
252
00:23:08,412 --> 00:23:11,694
They failed to eliminate the bridgehead,
253
00:23:11,805 --> 00:23:17,441
but had squeezed it until it was just
2 kilometres long, and 500 metres deep.
254
00:23:19,113 --> 00:23:22,038
In October, this tiny strip of land
255
00:23:22,062 --> 00:23:25,086
was the only hope
for lifting the siege of Leningrad.
256
00:23:25,808 --> 00:23:28,765
All Red Army reserves were on
their way to Moscow,
257
00:23:28,828 --> 00:23:31,337
were another desperate battle raged.
258
00:23:34,082 --> 00:23:38,164
The struggle at the bridgehead was brutal,
attritional warfare.
259
00:23:38,290 --> 00:23:41,722
German shells swept back
and forth across the whole area,
260
00:23:41,919 --> 00:23:45,908
forcing the Soviet soldiers
to dig deep to find cover.
261
00:23:52,809 --> 00:23:56,539
Another attempt to break through
was planned for November.
262
00:23:56,618 --> 00:24:01,518
By now bread rations in the city
were down to 125 grams.
263
00:24:01,676 --> 00:24:04,978
They weren"t much more
for front-line soldiers.
264
00:24:05,732 --> 00:24:09,976
One commander conducted an exercise
to test the strength of his men.
265
00:24:10,182 --> 00:24:14,081
Most were exhausted after walking
just 400 metres.
266
00:24:20,379 --> 00:24:24,435
In a speech at Munich on 8th November,
Hitler declared:
267
00:24:24,530 --> 00:24:29,492
“Leningrad has nothing to count upon.
It will fall, sooner or later.
268
00:24:29,698 --> 00:24:32,348
There are no forces to raise the siege.
269
00:24:32,522 --> 00:24:36,031
Leningrad is doomed to die
from starvation.”
270
00:24:37,936 --> 00:24:41,895
At the beginning of November,
the Red Army got tanks across the Neva,
271
00:24:41,942 --> 00:24:44,516
and captured more German trenches.
272
00:24:44,777 --> 00:24:48,607
In turn the Germans fed
in their own reinforcements.
273
00:24:51,571 --> 00:24:57,164
In November, the Red Army
lost 5,000 men killed in the Neva Patch.
274
00:24:57,497 --> 00:25:00,198
The Germans too suffered heavy losses.
275
00:25:00,801 --> 00:25:04,021
The tiny bridgehead
had become a slaughterhouse.
276
00:25:04,780 --> 00:25:09,844
In Leningrad itself, 4,000 were dying
every day from starvation.
277
00:25:10,962 --> 00:25:14,420
On some days this figure rose to 7,000.
278
00:25:16,178 --> 00:25:20,707
January 1942 became the worst
month of the entire Siege.
279
00:25:20,897 --> 00:25:24,398
Non-workers had their food
ration stopped entirely.
280
00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:27,000
The electricity supply failed.
281
00:25:27,381 --> 00:25:32,255
Water pipes froze solid in temperatures
of minus 30 degrees centigrade.
282
00:25:33,262 --> 00:25:38,930
Furniture, wooden fences, anything
that would burn was used for firewood.
283
00:25:42,564 --> 00:25:47,052
One Leningrader,
Yelena Skriabina wrote in her diary:
284
00:25:47,290 --> 00:25:51,064
“Death has become a phenomenon
observed at every turn.
285
00:25:51,482 --> 00:25:53,637
When you step outside in the morning,
286
00:25:53,731 --> 00:25:58,011
you stumble over corpses
lying in the gateway, in the street.
287
00:25:59,138 --> 00:26:04,853
The dead bodies lie there for a long time,
because there"s nobody to dispose of them.”
288
00:27:32,248 --> 00:27:37,603
Even in the worst months of the siege,
the people of Leningrad still went to work.
289
00:27:37,849 --> 00:27:41,471
The Kirov Factory,
just 4 kilometres from the frontline,
290
00:27:41,597 --> 00:27:44,911
didn"t stop producing tanks
for a single day.
291
00:27:45,354 --> 00:27:50,051
Half-assembled tanks were even used to fire
on the enemy from the factory floor.
292
00:27:51,010 --> 00:27:53,242
The Leningrad Institute of Plant Industry
293
00:27:53,400 --> 00:27:56,321
was dedicated
to the research of commercial crops.
294
00:27:56,416 --> 00:27:59,394
It contained the world"s largest seedbank.
295
00:27:59,632 --> 00:28:04,077
28 Institute workers died from starvation
during the Siege.
296
00:28:04,132 --> 00:28:07,817
But the plant breeding collection
containing several tons of crops,
297
00:28:07,873 --> 00:28:11,326
rice and potatoes, remained intact.
298
00:28:14,589 --> 00:28:19,932
In February 1942, the food situation
gradually began to improve.
299
00:28:20,170 --> 00:28:23,752
The ration was increased
to 500 grams for workers,
300
00:28:23,950 --> 00:28:29,583
400 grams for office workers, 300 grams
for children and non-workers.
301
00:28:32,043 --> 00:28:35,854
The revolting additives to the bread
were used less and less.
302
00:28:36,203 --> 00:28:41,253
People now received their rations
on time, and, almost, in full.
303
00:28:42,202 --> 00:28:46,782
On 16th February meat, in the form
of frozen beef and mutton,
304
00:28:46,869 --> 00:28:50,450
was distributed amongst the population
for the first time in months.
305
00:28:50,799 --> 00:28:52,799
Things were starting to look up.
306
00:28:55,122 --> 00:28:59,609
So far in the war, the Red Army"s prospects
of lifting the Leningrad Siege
307
00:28:59,634 --> 00:29:02,585
had been limited,
because the fighting around Moscow
308
00:29:02,672 --> 00:29:05,070
had sucked up all available reserves.
309
00:29:05,231 --> 00:29:10,082
But by January 1942, the German army
was retreating from Moscow.
310
00:29:10,312 --> 00:29:14,496
Now a large-scale operation
was possible at Leningrad.
311
00:29:14,808 --> 00:29:17,068
Soviet divisions on the Volkhov River
312
00:29:17,092 --> 00:29:21,187
prepared to assault the flank
and rear of German Army Group North.
313
00:29:24,242 --> 00:29:28,527
Swampy, broken ground meant
that tanks were of little use.
314
00:29:28,836 --> 00:29:33,765
The success of this offensive would be down
to the infantry and the artillery.
315
00:29:38,832 --> 00:29:43,389
Meanwhile General Fedyuninsky
was put in command of the 54th Army,
316
00:29:43,571 --> 00:29:46,978
tasked with breaking
through to the besieged city.
317
00:29:48,422 --> 00:29:51,200
The Germans turned
the high railway embankment
318
00:29:51,239 --> 00:29:54,678
near the village of Pogostye
into a formidable earthwork.
319
00:30:05,290 --> 00:30:09,956
Red Army losses were horrendous —
their progress, minimal.
320
00:30:16,031 --> 00:30:20,508
The 2nd Shock Army under General Klykov
attacked German positions
321
00:30:20,533 --> 00:30:24,360
near the town of Lyuban,
to the south of the fortified corridor.
322
00:30:29,037 --> 00:30:31,395
But in their haste to raise the siege,
323
00:30:31,465 --> 00:30:35,476
the Stavka High Command ordered attacks
that were not properly planned,
324
00:30:35,602 --> 00:30:38,016
and lacked proper artillery support.
325
00:30:41,310 --> 00:30:45,154
One divisional commander,
General Antyufeyev, reported:
326
00:30:45,217 --> 00:30:48,096
“After crossing the river
and climbing the left bank,
327
00:30:48,225 --> 00:30:52,008
our infantry came under intense
machinegun and mortar fire.
328
00:30:52,301 --> 00:30:55,432
Our artillery couldn"t suppress
the enemy fire.
329
00:30:55,702 --> 00:31:00,009
It couldn"t even make a proper ranging,
and didn"t have enough ammunition.”
330
00:31:01,973 --> 00:31:05,707
The survivors had to return
to their starting positions.
331
00:31:08,883 --> 00:31:13,966
Red Army units had advanced 30 kilometres
through the frozen forests and swamps.
332
00:31:14,307 --> 00:31:17,852
It was the same distance
again to reach Leningrad.
333
00:31:20,867 --> 00:31:24,344
The threat of encirclement hovered
over the German troops.
334
00:31:24,597 --> 00:31:27,879
The logical decision seemed
to be to order a retreat.
335
00:31:28,030 --> 00:31:31,248
But Hitler had forbidden any more retreats.
336
00:31:31,533 --> 00:31:34,639
Field Marshal Von Leeb,
Commander of Army Group North,
337
00:31:34,742 --> 00:31:40,164
asked to be relieved of command.
General Von Kuchler was now in charge.
338
00:31:41,277 --> 00:31:45,363
Von Kuchler concentrated on
holding key roads and railways.
339
00:31:45,688 --> 00:31:48,332
This approach was the Germans" salvation.
340
00:31:48,570 --> 00:31:51,886
Army Group North was able to keep
its units resupplied,
341
00:31:51,981 --> 00:31:55,596
and reserves could be moved
quickly to threatened areas.
342
00:31:59,958 --> 00:32:03,176
Meanwhile, the lead units
of the 2nd Shock Army
343
00:32:03,223 --> 00:32:06,656
had to be supplied by the only road
that ran along a corridor,
344
00:32:06,735 --> 00:32:12,337
just 5 kilometres wide, between the
villages of Zamoshye and Spasskaya Polist.
345
00:32:15,282 --> 00:32:19,472
The forward units were short
of ammunition, food and fuel.
346
00:32:19,614 --> 00:32:22,975
The Soviet offensive
was called off in February.
347
00:32:23,554 --> 00:32:26,914
Now the men prepared to defend
the ground they"d captured.
348
00:32:27,191 --> 00:32:30,777
But it wasn"t easy digging-in
in the middle of a swamp.
349
00:32:30,848 --> 00:32:35,789
And the supply problems meant many
soldiers began to suffer from malnutrition.
350
00:32:36,656 --> 00:32:39,494
In March, Hitler demanded that von Kuchler
351
00:32:39,565 --> 00:32:43,577
encircle the Soviet troops
that had dented the German line.
352
00:32:43,814 --> 00:32:47,302
The operation was codenamed “Wild Beast”.
353
00:32:48,354 --> 00:32:51,671
A simultaneous assault
by five German divisions
354
00:32:51,710 --> 00:32:54,770
effectively sealed off
the Soviet penetration.
355
00:32:55,836 --> 00:33:00,293
The Soviet 2nd Shock Army was virtually
cut off from the rest of the army –
356
00:33:00,341 --> 00:33:05,445
just a tiny corridor, 1.5 to 2
kilometres wide, was left open.
357
00:33:05,786 --> 00:33:10,507
All that remained was for the Germans
to crush the encircled Soviet units.
358
00:33:15,426 --> 00:33:18,991
But first, they launched a fresh assault
against the Neva Patch.
359
00:33:19,253 --> 00:33:23,159
By April, 1,000 Soviet soldiers
were dug in there.
360
00:33:23,800 --> 00:33:27,160
The Germans waited until
the River Neva was full of drifting ice,
361
00:33:27,302 --> 00:33:31,054
making it impossible for the Soviets
to reinforce the bridgehead.
362
00:33:31,173 --> 00:33:34,617
Then they unleashed
a torrential artillery barrage.
363
00:33:34,712 --> 00:33:37,321
The last sign of life seen
from across the river
364
00:33:37,368 --> 00:33:41,332
was a crude banner bearing
the single word, "Help".
365
00:33:47,206 --> 00:33:51,660
Meanwhile, the encircled 2nd Shock Army
received a new commander,
366
00:33:51,828 --> 00:33:54,688
Lieutenant General Andrey Vlasov.
367
00:33:54,950 --> 00:33:58,676
By the beginning of May, the Stavka
had decided to try to extricate
368
00:33:58,724 --> 00:34:01,234
the remnants of this battered force.
369
00:34:02,075 --> 00:34:06,342
But the day before the planned withdrawal,
the Germans attacked.
370
00:34:10,020 --> 00:34:12,859
The Soviets fought desperately
to hold the perimeter,
371
00:34:12,898 --> 00:34:17,504
as units began to withdraw through
the tiny corridor back to the front line.
372
00:34:17,924 --> 00:34:21,183
But it was slow progress.
And four days later,
373
00:34:21,257 --> 00:34:25,410
the Germans finally cut off
the 2nd Shock Army.
374
00:34:27,040 --> 00:34:31,434
A Soviet artillery officer recorded
conditions inside the pocket:
375
00:34:32,074 --> 00:34:37,403
“The entire area was swept by German fire.
The dead and wounded lay all around.
376
00:34:37,641 --> 00:34:41,566
Some were delirious,
others cried out for water to drink,
377
00:34:41,661 --> 00:34:45,783
some even asked us to shoot them,
because they couldn"t do it themselves.
378
00:34:46,123 --> 00:34:49,327
The Germans didn"t attack.
They kept us trapped,
379
00:34:49,462 --> 00:34:54,643
like an animal in its lair, and bombed
and shelled without mercy.”
380
00:34:57,435 --> 00:35:01,659
The last soldiers to escape slipped out
under cover of darkness.
381
00:35:01,738 --> 00:35:08,377
By the end of June, 10,000 had got away.
But the Germans had 30,000 prisoners.
382
00:35:11,805 --> 00:35:17,536
Amongst them was the Commander of the
2nd Shock Army, General Andrey Vlasov.
383
00:35:21,568 --> 00:35:25,166
Vlasov agreed to cooperate
with his German captors,
384
00:35:25,308 --> 00:35:31,316
and became a willing tool of Nazi
propaganda. He wrote pamphlets entitled,
385
00:35:31,444 --> 00:35:34,180
“The Appeal of The Russian
Liberation Committee
386
00:35:34,227 --> 00:35:37,331
to Soldiers and Commanders
of the Red Army”,
387
00:35:37,732 --> 00:35:41,826
and, “Why have I taken up the struggle
against Bolshevism?”.
388
00:35:42,858 --> 00:35:47,088
In them, he appealed
to Red Army soldiers to join a new,
389
00:35:47,151 --> 00:35:50,391
anti-Bolshevik Russian Liberation Army.
390
00:35:51,757 --> 00:35:56,764
Vlasov helped to recruit Russian
prisoners of war to fight against Stalin..
391
00:35:58,263 --> 00:36:00,742
General Vlasov became so notorious,
392
00:36:00,798 --> 00:36:06,172
that Russians referred to all Soviets
who sided with the Germans as "Vlasovtsy".
393
00:36:07,060 --> 00:36:10,225
But most had no allegiance
to General Vlasov.
394
00:36:10,415 --> 00:36:13,518
The so-called "Hiwis"
were Soviet prisoners-of-war
395
00:36:13,739 --> 00:36:16,788
who helped the Germans in non-combat roles.
396
00:36:17,113 --> 00:36:21,014
And many anti-Bolsheviks
and nationalists from the USSR
397
00:36:21,053 --> 00:36:25,688
fought in their own Wehrmacht units,
known as the Eastern Legions.
398
00:36:27,031 --> 00:36:32,757
Most of Vlasov"s Russian Liberation Army
was captured near Prague in 1945.
399
00:36:32,971 --> 00:36:38,904
Its men were sent to the Gulag — Vlasov
and other officers were hanged as traitors.
400
00:36:43,096 --> 00:36:48,346
The Red Army had failed to break
the Leningrad Siege in the spring of 1942.
401
00:36:48,599 --> 00:36:52,968
Now the Road of Life
across Lake Ladoga began to melt.
402
00:36:57,960 --> 00:37:03,517
On just one day, 20th April, about 80
trucks were lost through the thinning ice.
403
00:37:03,604 --> 00:37:06,684
The Road of Life was closed
to heavy vehicles.
404
00:37:06,913 --> 00:37:10,142
The Russians waited anxiously
for the lake to open to shipping.
405
00:37:10,388 --> 00:37:12,098
They knew that when it did,
406
00:37:12,145 --> 00:37:15,598
ships and ports would come
under heavy air and artillery attack.
407
00:37:17,369 --> 00:37:20,609
The severe winter meant it
wasn"t until the 22nd May
408
00:37:20,680 --> 00:37:25,418
that the lake was clear of drifting ice.
The first ships made their crossings,
409
00:37:25,552 --> 00:37:28,659
evacuating civilians
and bringing in supplies.
410
00:37:29,307 --> 00:37:32,307
Soviet air defences proved
highly effective.
411
00:37:32,387 --> 00:37:36,800
Only one per cent of incoming supplies
were lost to German air attack.
412
00:37:37,695 --> 00:37:41,179
The Germans sent
for Italian MAS torpedo boats,
413
00:37:41,242 --> 00:37:45,477
which had proved effective in the
Mediterranean, and Siebel armed ferries,
414
00:37:45,667 --> 00:37:48,743
which had been designed
for the invasion of England.
415
00:37:49,114 --> 00:37:54,296
But despite grand expectations,
Axis naval forces failed to make an impact.
416
00:37:54,593 --> 00:37:58,356
Russian tugs and barges
had an extremely shallow draft,
417
00:37:58,443 --> 00:38:01,747
so torpedoes passed
harmlessly underneath them.
418
00:38:02,929 --> 00:38:08,026
Their naval bases and ships were hit
hard by the Red Army air force.
419
00:38:11,029 --> 00:38:14,044
Axis naval operations were abandoned.
420
00:38:18,117 --> 00:38:21,687
It remained critical to break
the siege of Leningrad.
421
00:38:21,846 --> 00:38:27,177
The Road of Life, by water or ice, brought
in the bare minimum to keep the city fed,
422
00:38:27,309 --> 00:38:30,626
and the troops supplied
with fuel and ammunition.
423
00:38:32,339 --> 00:38:36,625
Six months later, in November 1942,
the Front Commanders
424
00:38:36,704 --> 00:38:42,527
and General Zhukov and Marshal Voroshilov
began to plan Operation Iskra.
425
00:38:43,067 --> 00:38:46,445
It was decided to attack once more
at the "bottleneck",
426
00:38:46,469 --> 00:38:49,040
where the German encirclement was thinnest.
427
00:38:49,271 --> 00:38:52,386
Units of the Volkhov Front
would attack from without,
428
00:38:52,418 --> 00:38:56,364
as troops of the Leningrad front
attacked from within.
429
00:38:57,361 --> 00:39:03,188
The artillery barrage began
at dawn on 12th January 1943.
430
00:39:08,233 --> 00:39:12,353
As the last shells whistled overhead,
the assault began.
431
00:39:12,720 --> 00:39:15,700
But everywhere, the Red Army
ran into fierce resistance
432
00:39:15,763 --> 00:39:18,232
from well-entrenched German troops.
433
00:39:19,998 --> 00:39:26,159
T-34s could only crawl across what was
effectively a heavily cratered peat bog.
434
00:39:28,325 --> 00:39:31,686
They were easy pickings
for the German antitank guns.
435
00:39:33,054 --> 00:39:36,729
But the simultaneous attack on
both fronts began to bear fruit.
436
00:39:36,793 --> 00:39:41,103
After two days, just 2 kilometres
separated the Soviet troops.
437
00:39:43,416 --> 00:39:45,559
These final metres proved the hardest.
438
00:39:45,732 --> 00:39:48,908
Soviet tanks were knocked out
or got stuck in the bog.
439
00:39:49,020 --> 00:39:52,710
It was up to the infantry to storm
the German positions.
440
00:39:57,814 --> 00:40:00,923
General Fedyuninsky,
now Deputy Front Commander,
441
00:40:00,978 --> 00:40:04,631
repeatedly visited the front line
to urge his men on.
442
00:40:04,702 --> 00:40:07,032
He ordered attacks around the clock.
443
00:40:07,111 --> 00:40:10,574
There was to be no let up
for the German defenders.
444
00:40:12,885 --> 00:40:18,186
The German tactic, as before, was to hold
key positions along the transport network.
445
00:40:18,670 --> 00:40:21,311
Work Settlements Number 1 and Number 5,
446
00:40:21,335 --> 00:40:26,415
on the only road between the Lake and the
rail terminus, were turned into fortresses.
447
00:40:26,596 --> 00:40:31,619
If the Red Army could just cut the road,
the German defence was doomed.
448
00:40:34,052 --> 00:40:39,073
Von Kuchler had to decide whether to hold
on, or withdraw from the “bottleneck”.
449
00:40:39,851 --> 00:40:42,117
He opted to hold on.
450
00:40:54,315 --> 00:41:00,048
Under unrelenting assault from both sides,
the German defences began to crumble.
451
00:41:04,889 --> 00:41:08,750
The Red Army, sustaining
massive losses all the way,
452
00:41:08,806 --> 00:41:12,887
fought through the intricate German
defences. At the last moment,
453
00:41:12,974 --> 00:41:18,591
German units at Shlisselburg made a dash
for safety, but not many made it.
454
00:41:19,846 --> 00:41:24,909
At midnight on 18th January 1943,
Yuri Levitan,
455
00:41:24,988 --> 00:41:28,935
the voice of Soviet wartime radio,
was able to announce:
456
00:41:29,093 --> 00:41:33,585
“After seven days of fighting,
troops of the Volkhov and Leningrad Fronts
457
00:41:33,625 --> 00:41:38,518
met on the 18th January
and raised the Siege of Leningrad!”
458
00:41:40,696 --> 00:41:46,319
In just 3 weeks a railway was built across
the cratered landscape of the bottleneck.
459
00:41:48,811 --> 00:41:53,889
It was just 5 kilometres from the German
lines, and under constant shellfire.
460
00:41:55,952 --> 00:41:59,232
Leningrad was still on the front line.
461
00:41:59,637 --> 00:42:03,165
But at last it was getting
enough food and fuel.
462
00:42:03,947 --> 00:42:07,916
The Red Army lacked the strength
to push the Germans back any further.
463
00:42:08,027 --> 00:42:10,917
The reserves of German
Army Group North had arrived,
464
00:42:11,012 --> 00:42:13,229
and were dug in on the high ground.
465
00:42:14,534 --> 00:42:20,941
German defences were traditionally built
around the MG-34 or the MG-42 machinegun.
466
00:42:21,099 --> 00:42:25,717
The rest of the infantry were effectively
there to support the machinegun team.
467
00:42:25,805 --> 00:42:31,403
By autumn 1943, the Red Army had developed
tactics for attacking German infantry.
468
00:42:31,546 --> 00:42:35,533
Soviet rifle platoons, supported
by artillery and mortars,
469
00:42:35,620 --> 00:42:40,899
aimed to wipe out enemy machinegun positions
in the first few minutes of the assault.
470
00:42:41,159 --> 00:42:45,885
The remaining rifle-armed Germans would be
seriously outgunned by Soviet troops,
471
00:42:45,995 --> 00:42:47,995
armed with submachine-guns.
472
00:42:50,673 --> 00:42:55,645
But from late 1943, the Germans began
to change the balance once more,
473
00:42:55,677 --> 00:42:58,862
with the introduction of the MP-43.
474
00:42:58,956 --> 00:43:02,416
Now if the infantry squad"s machine
gun team was knocked out,
475
00:43:02,441 --> 00:43:06,782
a squad armed with the new MP-43s
could still provide heavy,
476
00:43:06,814 --> 00:43:09,340
accurate fire against enemy attackers.
477
00:43:09,557 --> 00:43:12,210
Hitler himself gave
the new weapon its name —
478
00:43:12,257 --> 00:43:14,561
Sturmgewehr — the assault rifle.
479
00:43:17,220 --> 00:43:20,353
It wasn"t until the beginning of 1944
480
00:43:20,424 --> 00:43:26,007
that the Stavka launched the operation that
would finally end the siege of Leningrad.
481
00:43:27,841 --> 00:43:31,571
By then, German Army Group North
had had nearly two years
482
00:43:31,627 --> 00:43:33,851
to dig in on the outskirts of the city.
483
00:43:35,849 --> 00:43:40,389
The Stavka planned to begin the operation
at the Oranienbaum bridgehead,
484
00:43:40,476 --> 00:43:42,979
which had stubbornly held out
against the Germans
485
00:43:43,003 --> 00:43:45,947
thanks to the heavy guns of
its coastal fort.
486
00:43:46,778 --> 00:43:49,124
From here, the Red Army would launch itself
487
00:43:49,156 --> 00:43:51,711
against the flank
of German Army Group North.
488
00:43:52,233 --> 00:43:54,731
Leading the attack
would be General Fedyuninsky
489
00:43:54,755 --> 00:43:56,755
at the head of the 2nd Shock Army,
490
00:43:56,807 --> 00:44:01,116
which had been secretly redeployed to the
bridgehead under cover of darkness.
491
00:44:01,738 --> 00:44:05,576
By attacking from the coast,
the massive firepower of the Baltic Fleet
492
00:44:05,623 --> 00:44:10,148
could be used to support the assault –
more than a 100 heavy naval guns
493
00:44:10,235 --> 00:44:12,235
were available for the operation.
494
00:44:13,192 --> 00:44:15,771
They included the guns of
the battleship Marat,
495
00:44:15,905 --> 00:44:19,391
refloated after being sunk
by Stukas in 1941.
496
00:44:19,763 --> 00:44:23,981
And the enormous coastal guns
of the Krasnaya Gorka fort.
497
00:44:24,309 --> 00:44:28,020
The assault began on 14th January 1944.
498
00:44:28,146 --> 00:44:32,418
Soviet newspapers and radio carried
no reports about the operation.
499
00:44:32,600 --> 00:44:36,885
But the people of Leningrad could hear
the distant thunder of the bombardment.
500
00:44:37,028 --> 00:44:41,340
They knew what it meant –
that the final offensive was underway,
501
00:44:41,459 --> 00:44:44,677
the one that would end the siege
once and for all.
502
00:44:44,748 --> 00:44:47,086
No one doubted its success.
503
00:44:48,817 --> 00:44:53,014
The attack from Oranienbaum caught
Army Group North by surprise.
504
00:44:53,196 --> 00:44:57,920
In the face of an overwhelming Soviet
assault, German defences collapsed.
505
00:44:58,324 --> 00:45:02,284
A week later, Soviet troops,
laden with captured trophies,
506
00:45:02,371 --> 00:45:04,685
met at the town of Ropsha.
507
00:45:05,516 --> 00:45:08,546
German Army Group North"s
retreat became a rout.
508
00:45:08,649 --> 00:45:11,594
The frontline raced away from Leningrad.
509
00:45:12,266 --> 00:45:15,398
The rumble of guns receded
into the distance.
510
00:45:15,762 --> 00:45:20,901
At long last, silence descended
over the city of Leningrad.
511
00:45:21,654 --> 00:45:23,605
According to official reports,
512
00:45:23,629 --> 00:45:27,993
642.000 civilians died during
the Siege of Leningrad.
513
00:45:28,675 --> 00:45:31,855
But many deaths never made it
into an official report.
514
00:45:32,243 --> 00:45:35,953
The real total was probably
nearer one million.
515
00:45:36,246 --> 00:45:42,379
3% were caused by bombs
and shells. 97% by starvation.
516
00:45:42,981 --> 00:45:48,063
About 1.8 million people were evacuated
from Leningrad during the war.
517
00:45:48,158 --> 00:45:52,731
By 1945, the city"s population
was just one-fifth
518
00:45:52,755 --> 00:45:55,759
of what it had been
at the start of the war.
519
00:45:57,020 --> 00:46:01,633
This was the longest siege
of a large city in World War Two,
520
00:46:01,775 --> 00:46:04,420
and the costliest siege in history.
521
00:46:05,937 --> 00:46:09,906
Army Group North was bogged down
in the forests and swamps around Leningrad
522
00:46:10,001 --> 00:46:11,687
for more than 2 years.
523
00:46:11,734 --> 00:46:15,989
It comprised one fifth of German
strength on the Eastern Front.
524
00:46:16,302 --> 00:46:21,414
But pinned outside Leningrad, it was unable
to influence the war"s decisive battles,
525
00:46:21,525 --> 00:46:24,157
all of which were fought on other fronts.
526
00:46:26,722 --> 00:46:31,761
Far to the south, in the vast open expanse
between Kharkov and the Volga River,
527
00:46:31,903 --> 00:46:35,683
the Red Army would have to learn
to fight another kind of war –
528
00:46:36,000 --> 00:46:39,044
highly mobile armoured warfare.
529
00:46:39,603 --> 00:46:45,488
And it was here in the south, in 1942, the
that world would learn the name of another
51506
Can't find what you're looking for?
Get subtitles in any language from opensubtitles.com, and translate them here.