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[light music]
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[machinery beeping]
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[light electronic music]
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- [Bryan] We are
about to enter into
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the most consequential
revolution
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in the history of
the human race.
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Where we can take control
of our cognitive evolution.
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- [Sara] We're talking
about technologies
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that could radically alter the
way we are as human beings.
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[whirring]
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- [Dr. Nicolelis] What
we're seeing is that
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technology is
becoming part of us.
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Because we're linking
biological brains
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directly to machines.
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- [Nita] What if we could
expand your capabilities beyond
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what we as humans
have never had before?
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- [Ramez] There are a set of
people who are going to say,
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this is unnatural,
this is inhuman,
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we shouldn't allow
this to happen.
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00:02:04,054 --> 00:02:06,333
- [Man] The fact is, is
that, we are transforming
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into a new species,
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a technological species.
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00:02:10,440 --> 00:02:12,546
- [Bryan] You don't know what
the outcome is going to be.
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00:02:12,580 --> 00:02:14,341
You don't know how
it will be used.
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- [Nita] But if we start
tinkering with the brain,
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if we start changing it...
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Are we about to
fundamentally change
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what it means to be human?
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And if so, are we
okay with that?
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[beeping]
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00:03:07,117 --> 00:03:08,360
- [Bill] Wake up.
- [Computer] Wake up.
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- [Bill] Drapes.
- [Computer] Drapes.
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00:03:11,363 --> 00:03:12,916
- [Bill] One.
- [Computer] One.
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- [Bill] Open.
- [Computer] Open.
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[machinery whirring]
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00:03:21,442 --> 00:03:24,825
- [Bill] I was riding a
bicycle in a charity event...
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it was raining really badly,
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and I was following
a mail truck.
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And then all of a
sudden it stopped
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and I didn't.
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00:03:43,153 --> 00:03:45,949
[machine beeping]
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Drapes
- [Computer] Drapes.
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- Two.
- [Computer] Two.
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- Open.
- [Computer] Open.
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[machinery whirring]
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- Head up.
- [Computer] Head up.
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- Do it.
- [Computer] Head up.
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00:04:04,589 --> 00:04:06,315
- Do it.
- [Computer] Head up.
49
00:04:14,323 --> 00:04:17,291
- [Bill] Things
are different now.
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00:04:25,817 --> 00:04:27,370
- [Danielle] Good
morning Mr. Kochevar.
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00:04:27,405 --> 00:04:29,027
- [Bill] Hi, Danielle.
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- [Danielle] I'm gonna go ahead
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and get you up in
the chair, okay?
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[somber music]
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- I'm a tetraplegic,
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00:04:51,152 --> 00:04:53,258
which means I can't
move my arms or legs
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00:04:55,225 --> 00:04:58,401
and I only have feeling
from my mid-chest up.
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00:04:59,816 --> 00:05:02,923
[machinery whirring]
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00:05:05,235 --> 00:05:08,100
It's okay that I can't
feel anything but
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sometimes I wish I could.
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After my injury
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I lived with my parents then
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when my mother and father both
passed away, I moved here.
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00:05:27,810 --> 00:05:29,708
- [Yvonne] Good
morning Mr. Kochevar.
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00:05:29,743 --> 00:05:31,503
- [Bill] Morning Yvonne.
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- [Yvonne] Well hello.
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00:05:32,780 --> 00:05:34,057
- [Bill] How are
you this morning?
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- [Yvonne] I am
just lovely, Bill.
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00:05:37,785 --> 00:05:40,029
- [Robert] In people
that have paralysis,
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the nerves to their
muscles are still intact,
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but they're cut
off from the brain.
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00:05:44,620 --> 00:05:47,036
- [Yvonne] Let's get
you up on your side.
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00:05:47,070 --> 00:05:49,556
- [Robert] So they lose
the ability to voluntarily
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control their movements.
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00:05:50,867 --> 00:05:52,282
- [Yvonne] Got
your glasses here.
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00:05:54,975 --> 00:05:56,217
- [Bolu] If we can
understand the brain's
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internal code of movement,
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it would significantly
assist us in
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00:06:00,290 --> 00:06:03,397
better treating a wide
range of medical issues.
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00:06:06,607 --> 00:06:08,022
But we're not quite there.
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[machinery whirring]
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- [Announcer] Dr.
Carradine, pick up at 2185.
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00:06:14,788 --> 00:06:17,307
- [Bill] People in my situation,
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00:06:17,342 --> 00:06:19,379
you know, they just
never move again.
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00:06:23,866 --> 00:06:26,696
It's hard sometimes
to think about that.
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00:06:27,870 --> 00:06:29,389
I always want to do more.
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Like, I wanna move
from this point
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to that point without help.
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[light music]
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I don't know, probably
eat something by myself.
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If it ever happens.
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You know, have somebody bring
me a plate of something,
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00:06:50,271 --> 00:06:53,343
and then I'll say
"Okay, you can go away,
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"I'm gonna eat this.
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"Come back in about
half an hour."
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But I don't think about it a lot
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00:07:02,145 --> 00:07:04,389
because I know there's
a lot of research
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yet to go before that happens.
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- [Bryan] Everything
we're trying to do,
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00:07:22,890 --> 00:07:25,410
everything we're
trying to become,
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everything we're trying to fix,
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sits on the other
side of the brain.
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The brain is the single
highest potential
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area of focus we
have in existence.
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It is our best tool to
do the things we want
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to achieve in life,
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00:07:54,197 --> 00:07:57,235
it is also the biggest
limiter we have.
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- [Ramez] This three pounds,
is our entire universe.
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Our senses, our emotions.
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00:08:05,208 --> 00:08:07,383
- [Chantel] Love,
hate, fear, jealousy,
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00:08:07,417 --> 00:08:09,281
- [Dustin] The way we move,
the way we control our body.
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00:08:09,316 --> 00:08:10,662
- [Scientist 1] Our
culture, our language,
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00:08:10,697 --> 00:08:12,664
- [Scientist 2] Our hopes,
our dreams, our aspirations
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00:08:12,699 --> 00:08:15,460
- [Chantel] Motivation,
pride, wonder.
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00:08:17,635 --> 00:08:19,740
- [Manuel] The brain
defines what we are.
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00:08:22,087 --> 00:08:24,849
- [David] But because the
brain runs so efficiently
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00:08:24,883 --> 00:08:26,436
behind the scenes,
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00:08:27,299 --> 00:08:30,061
it's typically only when
something goes wrong
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00:08:30,095 --> 00:08:32,339
that we appreciate the magnitude
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00:08:32,373 --> 00:08:34,272
of what's actually
happening there.
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[birds chirping]
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00:09:08,444 --> 00:09:11,620
- [Anne] I'm not really sure
what's happening in my brain.
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Anxiety, insomnia, paralysis.
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Parkinson's is
different for everybody.
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Just depends on what you get.
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[Anne struggles]
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- [Stan] That's a
cardinal, right?
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00:09:57,286 --> 00:09:59,771
The one with that
whistle, that one.
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00:10:01,393 --> 00:10:02,153
- [Anne] Yeah.
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00:10:06,053 --> 00:10:07,917
- [Stan] Anne and I have
been married for 38 years.
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00:10:07,952 --> 00:10:12,439
- [Anne] Look, the
hydrangeas, it hasn't bloomed.
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00:10:12,473 --> 00:10:15,545
- [Stan] I think Anne has one of
the most gentle hearts on earth.
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00:10:21,206 --> 00:10:24,485
Things have gradually
changed over the years.
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00:10:29,111 --> 00:10:30,526
She used to be an artist.
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00:10:31,561 --> 00:10:35,255
She was a hospice volunteer.
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00:10:38,879 --> 00:10:41,088
All that had to be left behind.
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00:10:42,745 --> 00:10:45,299
[somber music]
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00:10:45,334 --> 00:10:47,267
- [Anne] When I was diagnosed,
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00:10:51,547 --> 00:10:53,929
I think the biggest
thing for me was that
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00:10:55,033 --> 00:10:57,001
I would become useless.
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00:10:58,347 --> 00:11:01,384
You know, I'll be a burden
to my to my children,
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00:11:02,696 --> 00:11:03,870
and to my husband.
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00:11:05,561 --> 00:11:08,253
And a burden just in the world.
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00:11:11,498 --> 00:11:13,017
[beeping]
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00:11:13,051 --> 00:11:14,294
One of the Parkinson's symptoms
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00:11:14,328 --> 00:11:15,985
that I was always afraid of
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00:11:18,401 --> 00:11:20,438
was that you couldn't smile
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00:11:20,472 --> 00:11:24,131
and you smiled you had
a stony expression.
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00:11:27,756 --> 00:11:29,516
It's hard to
connect with people.
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00:11:32,553 --> 00:11:37,248
I'm just way too exhausted and
way too disorganized mentally
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00:11:38,767 --> 00:11:40,561
to be with people
the way I used to.
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00:11:43,806 --> 00:11:47,499
This illness, you know,
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00:11:50,433 --> 00:11:52,815
all you can do is accept it.
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00:12:03,619 --> 00:12:06,208
- [Bryan] There's
nothing more dehumanizing
155
00:12:06,242 --> 00:12:10,074
than watching someone you love
slowly lose their humanhood
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00:12:12,559 --> 00:12:15,942
and yet if you look at the
state of neuroscience right now,
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00:12:17,391 --> 00:12:20,394
we still have an
incredibly long way to go.
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00:12:25,296 --> 00:12:28,748
- [Ramez] The brain has
always been a black box to us.
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00:12:30,301 --> 00:12:33,718
In the past, we've
had rudimentary ideas
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00:12:33,753 --> 00:12:34,754
of how it works.
161
00:12:36,272 --> 00:12:39,241
- We know that there
are circuits that
control your vision,
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00:12:39,275 --> 00:12:41,657
your memory, your movement.
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00:12:43,624 --> 00:12:45,316
- But we still
don't know the code.
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00:12:47,145 --> 00:12:48,768
We don't know the
internal language.
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00:12:51,425 --> 00:12:55,222
That's because the brain is
the most complicated object
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00:12:55,257 --> 00:12:57,880
we've ever
encountered in nature.
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00:12:59,088 --> 00:13:00,849
- [Dr. Nicolelis] You
know, think about it
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00:13:00,883 --> 00:13:02,989
we have in each human brain,
169
00:13:04,231 --> 00:13:05,957
roughly a hundred
billion neurons.
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00:13:07,303 --> 00:13:09,409
100 billion was the old estimate
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00:13:09,443 --> 00:13:11,549
of the number of
galaxies in the universe.
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00:13:13,620 --> 00:13:15,864
- [David] Each neuron
is as complicated
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00:13:15,898 --> 00:13:17,797
as the city of Los Angeles.
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00:13:19,315 --> 00:13:22,836
It's connecting to about
10,000 of its neighbors
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00:13:22,871 --> 00:13:26,253
so you have, 500
trillion connections.
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00:13:27,772 --> 00:13:30,775
- [Bobby] And these neurons they
communicate with each other.
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00:13:33,467 --> 00:13:36,125
And they're firing electrical
signals to each other
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00:13:37,333 --> 00:13:41,303
the same way our computers
fire zeros and ones
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00:13:41,337 --> 00:13:42,545
inside of themselves.
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00:13:44,064 --> 00:13:47,343
- [Tracy] To think about those
individual neurons firing,
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00:13:47,378 --> 00:13:49,380
at a speed that we can't
even understand yet,
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00:13:49,414 --> 00:13:50,795
it's mind-boggling.
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00:13:52,693 --> 00:13:57,526
- [David] It's so
unbelievably complicated
and yet somehow it is us.
184
00:14:01,323 --> 00:14:03,739
- [Bobby] The electrical
firing of these little neurons
185
00:14:03,773 --> 00:14:05,085
is who you are.
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00:14:08,399 --> 00:14:09,262
What is it saying?
187
00:14:14,439 --> 00:14:16,027
What is it communicating?
188
00:14:37,911 --> 00:14:40,120
- [Narrator] Jim drinks and
hands the flask back to McCoy.
189
00:14:40,155 --> 00:14:42,226
The shuttle rises
among the mass of pipes
190
00:14:42,260 --> 00:14:43,537
and fence in the shipyard
191
00:14:43,572 --> 00:14:45,332
and arcs up into the sky.
192
00:14:47,438 --> 00:14:50,372
[dramatic music]
193
00:14:58,173 --> 00:15:00,451
- [Stephen] I was
born with a condition
194
00:15:03,143 --> 00:15:05,663
that didn't surface
until later in life.
195
00:15:08,977 --> 00:15:09,909
Everything's white.
196
00:15:11,841 --> 00:15:12,704
It's blank.
197
00:15:14,154 --> 00:15:15,259
It's like having
a book, you know?
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00:15:15,293 --> 00:15:16,294
You've got a written page
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00:15:16,329 --> 00:15:17,744
and then you've
got a blank page.
200
00:15:20,333 --> 00:15:21,817
So I'm looking at a blank page.
201
00:15:32,690 --> 00:15:34,002
I live on my own.
202
00:15:35,279 --> 00:15:36,556
I have a cat.
203
00:15:36,590 --> 00:15:37,350
Come on, Angie.
204
00:15:37,384 --> 00:15:39,248
It's a second-hand cat.
205
00:15:39,283 --> 00:15:40,077
Treat time.
206
00:15:42,044 --> 00:15:43,252
Oh, look at that.
207
00:15:44,736 --> 00:15:46,876
Her name originally was Angel.
208
00:15:46,911 --> 00:15:48,430
And I said, "Nah,
she's not an angel,"
209
00:15:48,464 --> 00:15:50,225
so I gave her Angie.
210
00:15:51,467 --> 00:15:53,055
Yeah, she's hiding somewhere.
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00:15:55,955 --> 00:15:58,267
[knocking]
212
00:15:58,302 --> 00:16:00,062
When I lost my vision,
213
00:16:01,236 --> 00:16:02,962
it's like the whole
world collapsed.
214
00:16:04,273 --> 00:16:07,518
And probably one of the
most difficult thing to do
215
00:16:07,552 --> 00:16:09,382
is to ask for help.
216
00:16:12,385 --> 00:16:14,007
You want a coffee, Denise?
217
00:16:14,042 --> 00:16:15,560
- [Denise] Yeah,
that'd be great.
218
00:16:17,217 --> 00:16:18,253
- [Stephen] Is Dark Roast fine?
219
00:16:18,287 --> 00:16:19,495
- [Denise] That's
good, sounds good.
220
00:16:19,530 --> 00:16:21,187
- [Stephen] Good,
cause that's all I got.
221
00:16:21,221 --> 00:16:23,154
- [Denise] [laughs] As
long as it's coffee.
222
00:16:23,189 --> 00:16:26,399
- [Stephen] Okay let's see
what else we have here.
223
00:16:26,433 --> 00:16:28,884
- [Denise] We fight like
brothers and sisters do.
224
00:16:30,403 --> 00:16:34,510
But in the last couple years
we've got very very close.
225
00:16:36,064 --> 00:16:38,756
- [Stephen] Oh, that's
a toaster Denise.
226
00:16:38,790 --> 00:16:42,863
Yeah I got
distracted. [laughing]
227
00:16:42,898 --> 00:16:45,418
- [Denise] He's had
relationships, he's
had girlfriends.
228
00:16:46,557 --> 00:16:50,043
But through the
years he just sort of
229
00:16:50,078 --> 00:16:51,389
pushed everybody away.
230
00:16:53,460 --> 00:16:55,393
What time did you
tell me tomorrow?
231
00:16:56,360 --> 00:16:58,017
- [Stephen] 11?
232
00:16:58,051 --> 00:17:01,227
It's really very difficult
to have a conversation.
233
00:17:01,261 --> 00:17:04,575
Because you can't see them,
you can't see their expression.
234
00:17:06,646 --> 00:17:08,648
You can only go by
the tone of voice.
235
00:17:12,548 --> 00:17:16,069
- [Denise] The last time
Stephen saw me was probably
236
00:17:16,104 --> 00:17:17,795
a year and a half
to two years ago.
237
00:17:21,523 --> 00:17:23,249
That's been a really sad thing.
238
00:17:24,284 --> 00:17:25,768
- [Denise] Oops, careful.
- [Stephen] I thought you're
239
00:17:25,803 --> 00:17:26,942
gonna grab it.
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00:17:26,976 --> 00:17:28,426
- [Denise] Oop, I got it.
- [Stephen] Okay, thanks.
241
00:17:28,461 --> 00:17:30,359
- [Denise] I'm not as quick
as you are. - [Stephen]
You gotta be quick.
242
00:17:30,394 --> 00:17:31,326
- [Denise] I know.
243
00:17:31,360 --> 00:17:33,397
- [Stephen] I pretty
well depend on her 100%
244
00:17:34,398 --> 00:17:37,090
for emotional support
and as an intervener.
245
00:17:40,507 --> 00:17:41,888
And also to check my mail.
246
00:17:46,237 --> 00:17:48,377
We love each other very much.
247
00:17:49,620 --> 00:17:51,380
- [Clock] 4:06 p.m.
248
00:17:54,280 --> 00:17:57,904
- [Stephen] But I just
miss being independent.
249
00:18:00,769 --> 00:18:03,151
- [Dr. Nicolelis] An
estimated one billion
people around the world
250
00:18:03,185 --> 00:18:05,222
that suffer from some
sort of brain disorder.
251
00:18:05,256 --> 00:18:07,327
- [Maria Shriver] Every
66 seconds a new brain
252
00:18:07,362 --> 00:18:09,812
in this country
develops Alzheimer's.
253
00:18:09,847 --> 00:18:11,124
- [Newscaster] Without
a breakthrough right now
254
00:18:11,159 --> 00:18:13,678
the dementia rate will
double every 20 years.
255
00:18:13,713 --> 00:18:17,579
- [John Oliver] An Estimated
43.8 million American adults
256
00:18:17,613 --> 00:18:18,890
dealt with a mental illness
257
00:18:18,925 --> 00:18:21,514
and an estimated 10
million of them suffer
258
00:18:21,548 --> 00:18:23,619
from a serious mental illness.
259
00:18:23,654 --> 00:18:27,313
- [Bryan] I think
everybody has personal
experience to some degree
260
00:18:28,900 --> 00:18:33,422
with depression or anxiety,
Parkinson's, Alzheimer's.
261
00:18:36,045 --> 00:18:37,599
Whatever the condition is,
262
00:18:39,635 --> 00:18:43,225
it's devastating to that
person, to their loved ones,
263
00:18:43,260 --> 00:18:44,123
and to society.
264
00:18:46,159 --> 00:18:48,713
I experienced a decade
of chronic depression
265
00:18:48,748 --> 00:18:52,993
and I know what it's like to
feel hopelessness at a depth.
266
00:18:56,514 --> 00:19:00,691
Nothing is more important than
addressing a broken brain.
267
00:19:04,281 --> 00:19:08,285
To me, it's the most
important conversation
268
00:19:08,319 --> 00:19:09,769
in the entire world.
269
00:19:12,116 --> 00:19:13,635
- [Man] We have a real
treat for you today,
270
00:19:13,669 --> 00:19:15,188
a great entrepreneur...
271
00:19:15,223 --> 00:19:16,569
- [Podcast] Today's guest
is the modern American
272
00:19:16,603 --> 00:19:17,742
rags to riches story,
273
00:19:17,777 --> 00:19:19,054
he started with nothing.
274
00:19:19,088 --> 00:19:20,366
- [Man] Today Bryan
Johnson is with us
275
00:19:20,400 --> 00:19:22,609
who's investing in some of
the most important areas
276
00:19:22,644 --> 00:19:25,094
of biology and technology.
277
00:19:27,683 --> 00:19:29,340
- [Bryan] Over the
past couple of years
278
00:19:29,375 --> 00:19:32,205
I built a neuroscience company
279
00:19:32,240 --> 00:19:34,966
where I'm pursuing breakthrough
discoveries in the brain.
280
00:19:35,001 --> 00:19:36,899
- [Woman] Bryan Johnson
invested $100 million dollars
281
00:19:36,934 --> 00:19:38,315
in his own neuroscience company.
282
00:19:38,349 --> 00:19:40,972
- [Man] With the belief
that unlocking our brain
283
00:19:41,007 --> 00:19:44,493
is the most significant
opportunity in history.
284
00:19:50,568 --> 00:19:52,260
- [Bryan] Morning everyone.
285
00:19:52,294 --> 00:19:54,434
A lot of times when I talk
to people about the future
286
00:19:54,469 --> 00:19:56,816
they'll take what exists
today and they...[trails off]
287
00:19:56,850 --> 00:19:59,163
I basically spend
every waking moment
288
00:19:59,198 --> 00:20:02,235
trying to convince people
that working on the brain
289
00:20:02,270 --> 00:20:04,237
is the single most
consequential thing
290
00:20:04,272 --> 00:20:06,722
we could be doing as a species.
291
00:20:06,757 --> 00:20:09,691
Today I would like to
try and make the case
292
00:20:09,725 --> 00:20:12,763
on why I think the
brain is important.
293
00:20:12,797 --> 00:20:15,214
We now have the tools
to make attempts
294
00:20:15,248 --> 00:20:16,215
at these breakthroughs.
295
00:20:16,249 --> 00:20:17,664
We're one of the first
generations in the world
296
00:20:17,699 --> 00:20:20,184
that cannot see past 15-20 years
297
00:20:20,219 --> 00:20:24,499
and so as a society, how
do we become interested
298
00:20:24,533 --> 00:20:27,226
in this radical
cognitive evolution?
299
00:20:28,296 --> 00:20:31,333
I've spoken at
countless conferences.
300
00:20:31,368 --> 00:20:34,888
I write an email
newsletter, blog posts,
301
00:20:34,923 --> 00:20:35,889
I'm writing a book,
302
00:20:37,477 --> 00:20:40,722
because I am consumed
with this discussion,
303
00:20:40,756 --> 00:20:42,482
our situation, our potential.
304
00:20:43,828 --> 00:20:46,555
Fortunately there are these
fascinating developments
305
00:20:46,590 --> 00:20:48,419
going on in neuroscience
306
00:20:48,454 --> 00:20:51,284
where our technology is
enabling possibilities
307
00:20:51,319 --> 00:20:53,148
we never had before.
308
00:20:55,875 --> 00:20:57,773
Possibilities that
will undoubtedly
309
00:20:58,774 --> 00:21:00,293
transform the human race.
310
00:21:04,504 --> 00:21:08,267
But the first humans
already walking down
311
00:21:08,301 --> 00:21:09,578
this new evolutionary path
312
00:21:13,513 --> 00:21:16,275
are not who most people expect.
313
00:21:26,250 --> 00:21:28,735
[Anne grunting]
314
00:21:28,770 --> 00:21:31,359
[phone beeping]
315
00:21:33,361 --> 00:21:36,433
[phone ringing]
316
00:21:36,467 --> 00:21:38,573
- [Stan] Oh hi, It's
Stan Shabason speaking.
317
00:21:38,607 --> 00:21:40,333
I'm just calling
to confirm Anne's
318
00:21:40,368 --> 00:21:43,371
appointment this
Tuesday at three p.m.
319
00:21:47,375 --> 00:21:49,031
- [Anne] Someone
who I was seeing
320
00:21:49,066 --> 00:21:51,344
through the movement
disorder clinic
321
00:21:51,379 --> 00:21:56,384
said there's this procedure
called Deep Brain Stimulation
322
00:21:57,385 --> 00:22:00,526
that I should be open to.
323
00:22:00,560 --> 00:22:03,114
- [Stan] Great, thank you
very much, we'll see you then.
324
00:22:04,702 --> 00:22:07,912
She tried alternative therapies.
325
00:22:07,947 --> 00:22:11,675
Everything from
naturopath, osteopaths,
326
00:22:11,709 --> 00:22:13,297
nothing seemed to help.
327
00:22:15,161 --> 00:22:17,474
- [Dr. Lozano] In Parkinson's
disease, the neurons
328
00:22:17,508 --> 00:22:20,339
that produce dopamine
in your brain are dying.
329
00:22:21,995 --> 00:22:27,000
That causes tremor, rigidity,
akinesia or inability to move.
330
00:22:28,899 --> 00:22:31,073
[tense music]
331
00:22:31,108 --> 00:22:34,180
So we implant electrodes
inside the brain
332
00:22:35,595 --> 00:22:37,390
to suppress this
abnormal activity
333
00:22:37,425 --> 00:22:41,360
that is causing the motor
system to shut down.
334
00:22:41,394 --> 00:22:45,364
And we use electrical
stimulation 24 hours a day.
335
00:22:48,436 --> 00:22:53,302
- [Stan] We were told
this operation would
offer her relief.
336
00:22:54,718 --> 00:22:59,723
But Anne's very wary of any
kind of dramatic procedure.
337
00:23:02,415 --> 00:23:04,003
- [Dr. Lozano] Patients
are worried, you know,
338
00:23:04,037 --> 00:23:07,282
"Will I be the same, coming
out, as I was going in?"
339
00:23:08,697 --> 00:23:11,390
- [Anne] Someone's
cutting into your brain.
340
00:23:11,424 --> 00:23:14,220
You don't know what's
going to happen.
341
00:23:14,254 --> 00:23:17,050
- [Dr. Lozano] There's
a tremendous amount
of anxiety about
342
00:23:17,085 --> 00:23:19,639
whether they are going to
change in their outlook,
343
00:23:19,674 --> 00:23:22,539
in their personality, in their
motivation, in their drive.
344
00:23:23,885 --> 00:23:25,127
You know, this is brain surgery.
345
00:23:25,162 --> 00:23:26,819
It's invasive.
346
00:23:26,853 --> 00:23:28,337
It is a scary thought.
347
00:23:32,238 --> 00:23:36,173
- [Anne] They say my
symptoms might improve.
348
00:23:43,422 --> 00:23:46,355
But cutting your body open and
putting things in your body,
349
00:23:48,012 --> 00:23:52,361
I don't think I'm
capable of risking that.
350
00:23:54,433 --> 00:23:57,056
[tense music]
351
00:24:08,032 --> 00:24:11,346
- [John] The idea of
having electrodes that
are in your brain,
352
00:24:11,380 --> 00:24:12,485
that stimulate your brain,
353
00:24:15,039 --> 00:24:17,456
is something that's
a concern for people.
354
00:24:22,288 --> 00:24:26,361
And it just puts the burden
on being extremely careful
355
00:24:26,395 --> 00:24:28,467
in the design of
these electronics.
356
00:24:34,473 --> 00:24:35,404
Here at the Wyss Center...
357
00:24:36,923 --> 00:24:38,062
[machinery beeping]
358
00:24:38,097 --> 00:24:39,754
...we develop
implantable technology
359
00:24:41,618 --> 00:24:43,447
and test it to show
that it's safe,
360
00:24:45,276 --> 00:24:48,245
to show that it's effective.
361
00:24:53,319 --> 00:24:54,734
It's a very complex process
362
00:24:57,461 --> 00:24:59,705
and it's a very
expensive process.
363
00:25:04,088 --> 00:25:08,886
First, we have to develop
this brain electrode
364
00:25:12,580 --> 00:25:14,305
[whirring]
365
00:25:14,340 --> 00:25:16,687
- [Claude] This is a technically
very difficult challenge.
366
00:25:22,831 --> 00:25:27,733
We need to avoid dust,
biological contamination,
367
00:25:27,767 --> 00:25:29,079
ionic contamination.
368
00:25:29,942 --> 00:25:32,289
[whirring]
369
00:25:33,566 --> 00:25:37,674
And so this electrode consists
of very special material.
370
00:25:38,502 --> 00:25:40,746
[whirring, electronic noises]
371
00:25:42,195 --> 00:25:46,337
We are touching a very
sensitive part of the human body
372
00:25:46,372 --> 00:25:48,374
so we can not fool around.
373
00:25:51,895 --> 00:25:54,414
- [John] Anything that's
powered gets warm,
374
00:25:54,449 --> 00:25:57,210
so we use thermal
imaging to understand
375
00:25:57,245 --> 00:25:58,246
how hot does it get
376
00:26:00,006 --> 00:26:01,387
and where does it get hot.
377
00:26:06,012 --> 00:26:09,913
The next step is an extremely
complicated surgical procedure
378
00:26:13,572 --> 00:26:16,298
- [Claude] We need to pass
the barrier of the scalp,
379
00:26:17,127 --> 00:26:18,197
of the skull.
380
00:26:20,820 --> 00:26:24,237
- [John] And implant
the electrode into
or onto the brain.
381
00:26:26,412 --> 00:26:29,104
[light clicking]
382
00:26:34,109 --> 00:26:37,975
Once inside, these
electrodes can pick up
383
00:26:38,010 --> 00:26:40,564
the tiny electrical
impulses of the neurons
384
00:26:41,772 --> 00:26:45,362
and convert them into a
signal we can understand
385
00:26:45,396 --> 00:26:46,432
like a digital code.
386
00:26:48,917 --> 00:26:51,506
- [Ramez] It's a messy
messy messy code.
387
00:26:51,540 --> 00:26:53,853
There's a hundred
billion neurons.
388
00:26:55,061 --> 00:26:57,546
But once you're getting
data out of the brain,
389
00:26:57,581 --> 00:26:59,894
you have digital information.
390
00:26:59,928 --> 00:27:01,965
You can do with it
anything you can do
391
00:27:01,999 --> 00:27:03,414
with digital information.
392
00:27:04,899 --> 00:27:07,004
- [John÷} It's called a
brain computer interface.
393
00:27:08,385 --> 00:27:10,387
- [Claude] Brain
computer interfaces
394
00:27:11,388 --> 00:27:14,702
give us the ability to
understand the brain,
395
00:27:15,944 --> 00:27:19,016
to understand its
electrical signals
396
00:27:19,051 --> 00:27:21,398
in order to replace
lost function.
397
00:27:23,745 --> 00:27:25,885
- [Bobby] Brain science
for the first time
398
00:27:25,920 --> 00:27:28,370
is showing us how we
can understand ourselves
399
00:27:29,717 --> 00:27:31,201
at the level of the machine.
400
00:27:33,617 --> 00:27:36,068
- [John] The spectrum of
areas where you can help
401
00:27:36,102 --> 00:27:40,728
in brain-computer interfaces
is really tremendous.
402
00:27:42,730 --> 00:27:44,593
- [Ramez] Could we
solve mental illness?
403
00:27:46,457 --> 00:27:47,873
Cure people who are sick?
404
00:27:49,564 --> 00:27:51,359
Could we give
sight to the blind,
405
00:27:52,498 --> 00:27:54,327
restore hearing to the deaf?
406
00:27:59,401 --> 00:28:02,681
Could we restore our
unique human capabilities?
407
00:28:05,304 --> 00:28:08,687
The capabilities that
have been taken away?
408
00:28:41,650 --> 00:28:44,446
- [Bill] When my doctor
told me about it,
409
00:28:45,689 --> 00:28:47,691
he said, "We have
a research project
410
00:28:49,279 --> 00:28:51,074
and it's a little Star Treky"
411
00:28:59,047 --> 00:29:00,531
And I perked up and said,
412
00:29:00,566 --> 00:29:02,741
"Oh, well this must
be interesting."
413
00:29:08,436 --> 00:29:12,440
It did seem like something
out of science fiction.
414
00:29:18,411 --> 00:29:19,896
So everything's gonna
work today, right?
415
00:29:19,930 --> 00:29:21,207
- [Robert] That's
up to you, Bill.
416
00:29:21,242 --> 00:29:24,383
[everyone laughing]
417
00:29:26,143 --> 00:29:29,077
[Robert] I met Bill
about, I would say a year
418
00:29:29,112 --> 00:29:32,011
before we did the brain implant.
419
00:29:32,046 --> 00:29:33,979
- [Man] Is that good?
420
00:29:34,013 --> 00:29:36,395
- We said, "You know
there's surgery involved,
421
00:29:36,429 --> 00:29:39,087
and this is experimental.
422
00:29:39,122 --> 00:29:42,159
It's a little bit on the edge
423
00:29:42,194 --> 00:29:45,404
of what our colleagues
are ready to accept."
424
00:29:49,995 --> 00:29:52,238
- [Bill] They had been
looking for a patient
425
00:29:52,273 --> 00:29:53,515
for quite a while.
426
00:29:55,690 --> 00:29:56,829
- [Man] How's that look?
427
00:29:56,864 --> 00:29:58,210
- [Robert] Good.
428
00:29:58,244 --> 00:30:00,453
- [Bill] And I
couldn't understand why
429
00:30:00,488 --> 00:30:03,146
somebody along the way
wouldn't want to do this.
430
00:30:04,457 --> 00:30:05,907
- [Man] Everything's
looking good.
431
00:30:07,702 --> 00:30:10,049
- [Bolu] We have two
microelectrode arrays implanted
432
00:30:10,084 --> 00:30:12,396
into Bill's primary
motor cortex.
433
00:30:12,431 --> 00:30:14,364
Four by four millimeters in size
434
00:30:14,398 --> 00:30:16,780
and ninety-six
recording electrodes.
435
00:30:18,299 --> 00:30:20,819
Each electrode penetrates
the cortical tissue,
436
00:30:20,853 --> 00:30:23,373
1.5 millimeters in depth
437
00:30:23,407 --> 00:30:26,894
and can record the activity
of individual neurons.
438
00:30:26,928 --> 00:30:28,412
So Bill one of the
things we need to do
439
00:30:28,447 --> 00:30:31,553
is we need to
calibrate the decoder,
440
00:30:31,588 --> 00:30:33,624
so watch and then also imagine
441
00:30:33,659 --> 00:30:35,626
you're performing
those same movements.
442
00:30:37,387 --> 00:30:41,046
- We have them watch
an animation of an arm,
443
00:30:41,080 --> 00:30:44,394
imagine themselves as
controlling those movements,
444
00:30:46,775 --> 00:30:48,294
and we'll build this algorithm
445
00:30:48,329 --> 00:30:50,538
decoding the movement intention.
446
00:30:52,333 --> 00:30:53,058
Excellent.
447
00:30:55,405 --> 00:30:56,785
- [Bolu] We then
send that intention
448
00:30:56,820 --> 00:31:00,962
to electrodes implanted
in Bill's arm and hand.
449
00:31:00,997 --> 00:31:03,344
And our goal is to
restore movement.
450
00:31:05,415 --> 00:31:07,831
[light electronic music]
451
00:31:07,866 --> 00:31:09,143
- [Man] Okay Bill,
I'm gonna go ahead
452
00:31:09,177 --> 00:31:10,351
and connect you to
that, all right?
453
00:31:10,385 --> 00:31:11,214
- [Bill] Yes.
454
00:31:12,422 --> 00:31:13,872
- [Man] Okay, it's on.
455
00:31:13,906 --> 00:31:16,322
- [Bolu] If the electrical
activity in Bill's brain
456
00:31:16,357 --> 00:31:18,497
can stimulate in
the right pattern,
457
00:31:18,531 --> 00:31:22,190
you can get an arm to move, a
hand to open, a hand to close.
458
00:31:24,330 --> 00:31:25,849
- [Man] Connect
that to the card.
459
00:31:28,334 --> 00:31:31,027
- [Robert] Imagine reaching
out, imagine reaching up.
460
00:31:32,269 --> 00:31:34,754
- [Man] All right, here we go.
461
00:31:44,143 --> 00:31:45,317
- [Bill] But it may not work.
462
00:31:49,079 --> 00:31:51,392
The signals change in my brain,
463
00:31:51,426 --> 00:31:56,431
so that's a task they
struggle with a lot.
464
00:32:09,410 --> 00:32:11,239
- [Bolu] We believe the
potential is massive.
465
00:32:13,759 --> 00:32:16,727
But there are some
technical challenges
466
00:32:16,762 --> 00:32:18,867
we are working
towards overcoming.
467
00:32:22,526 --> 00:32:25,460
[chair whirring]
468
00:32:34,400 --> 00:32:36,333
- [Bryan] It's
extraordinarily difficult
469
00:32:36,368 --> 00:32:39,164
to make breakthroughs
in neuroscience.
470
00:32:41,131 --> 00:32:44,997
Scientists are tackling these
really complicated problems,
471
00:32:45,032 --> 00:32:46,378
trying to do things
that other people
472
00:32:46,412 --> 00:32:47,827
consider to be impossible.
473
00:32:49,933 --> 00:32:52,418
And it makes it both an
extremely exciting time
474
00:32:52,453 --> 00:32:53,661
but also, it's daunting
475
00:32:53,695 --> 00:32:58,321
because we don't know
the best approach
476
00:32:58,355 --> 00:32:59,287
to make progress.
477
00:33:01,289 --> 00:33:04,465
[lightly tense music]
478
00:33:05,431 --> 00:33:07,192
[Bryan] There's many
reasons why neuroscience
479
00:33:07,226 --> 00:33:09,470
is an extremely difficult
field to build in.
480
00:33:11,368 --> 00:33:13,336
You not only have the
technological challenge
481
00:33:13,370 --> 00:33:15,234
of getting good neural signal,
482
00:33:16,442 --> 00:33:19,445
but then you have the
scientific challenge
483
00:33:19,480 --> 00:33:22,241
of figuring out how
to decode that signal.
484
00:33:23,380 --> 00:33:25,037
Optics, we're
looking at geometries
485
00:33:25,072 --> 00:33:28,385
in our design of the hardware.
486
00:33:28,420 --> 00:33:31,492
Then you have intense capital
requirements often times
487
00:33:31,526 --> 00:33:33,735
in the hundreds of
millions of dollars.
488
00:33:33,770 --> 00:33:36,186
Brandon, how are
we doing on budget?
489
00:33:36,221 --> 00:33:38,223
We need to get this
done in that timeframe.
490
00:33:38,257 --> 00:33:39,569
I know it's gonna be a lot.
491
00:33:39,603 --> 00:33:41,847
And finally, you
have important safety
492
00:33:41,881 --> 00:33:43,400
and ethical considerations.
493
00:33:47,266 --> 00:33:50,338
It's challenging,
to say the least.
494
00:33:53,307 --> 00:33:56,620
[Bryan] But I think it
is absolutely essential
495
00:33:56,655 --> 00:33:58,657
that we make breakthroughs
in the brain.
496
00:34:00,038 --> 00:34:01,246
If we can do that,
497
00:34:02,868 --> 00:34:06,147
we can overcome our
biological limitations.
498
00:34:08,908 --> 00:34:13,499
We can reject the things that
stop us from moving forward.
499
00:34:16,399 --> 00:34:19,195
[tense music]
500
00:34:19,229 --> 00:34:22,681
- [Announcer] Dr.
Ford, please dial 114.
501
00:34:26,409 --> 00:34:28,790
- [Stephen] This procedure
was purely by accident.
502
00:34:31,138 --> 00:34:34,210
- [Denise] Stephen had
been to his eye specialist.
503
00:34:34,244 --> 00:34:38,869
He said, "I know a doctor who
is doing some amazing things."
504
00:34:41,562 --> 00:34:44,047
- [Stephen] It's called
the Argus procedure.
505
00:34:44,082 --> 00:34:46,463
They've done between eight
and ten patients already.
506
00:34:48,534 --> 00:34:51,365
They implant a chip
underneath the eye,
507
00:34:51,399 --> 00:34:54,299
and electrodes are
hooked up to the brain.
508
00:34:54,333 --> 00:34:57,336
- [Dr.Devenyi] Hi, Stephen,
it's Dr. Devenyi, how are you?
509
00:34:57,371 --> 00:35:00,995
This procedure, it's for
sure the most complicated
510
00:35:01,029 --> 00:35:02,100
operation we do.
511
00:35:02,134 --> 00:35:03,308
This won't be bad.
- [Stephen] Sure.
512
00:35:03,342 --> 00:35:04,343
I cleared my schedule today
513
00:35:04,378 --> 00:35:05,827
just for this occasion.
- [Dr. Devenyi] Good.
514
00:35:05,862 --> 00:35:09,314
And it's a significant
intrusion into the eye.
515
00:35:09,348 --> 00:35:11,488
Basically there's a band
that goes around the eye.
516
00:35:11,523 --> 00:35:13,249
Far back, we don't see it.
517
00:35:13,283 --> 00:35:16,183
And that has the receiving
and transmitting electrodes.
518
00:35:16,217 --> 00:35:17,701
And then there's a
portion from that...
519
00:35:17,736 --> 00:35:19,324
- [Stephen] It's
a new technology,
520
00:35:20,256 --> 00:35:22,189
so I'm not like
I got a brochure.
521
00:35:23,914 --> 00:35:25,261
It's not a hundred percent, so
522
00:35:27,194 --> 00:35:28,126
something could go wrong.
523
00:35:28,160 --> 00:35:29,334
- [Dr. Devenyi]
I'll see you soon.
524
00:35:29,368 --> 00:35:30,818
- We'll get this done.
- [Stephen] Thank you very much.
525
00:35:30,852 --> 00:35:31,888
- [Dr. Devenyi] Okay, take care.
526
00:35:33,338 --> 00:35:35,995
- [Stephen] But you reach a
point when you're 55 years old,
527
00:35:37,411 --> 00:35:38,481
you're blind.
528
00:35:41,518 --> 00:35:43,037
Where do you go from there?
529
00:35:45,212 --> 00:35:47,697
So I said, yeah sure, why not?
530
00:35:48,629 --> 00:35:49,561
I got lots of time.
531
00:35:53,358 --> 00:35:55,463
- [Anne] If you
could do this list,
532
00:35:55,498 --> 00:35:58,294
we have to remember to
tell the doctor tomorrow.
533
00:35:58,328 --> 00:35:59,364
- [Stan] Okay.
534
00:36:01,676 --> 00:36:04,058
So half hour before your meds.
535
00:36:04,092 --> 00:36:05,542
- [Anne] Everything slows down.
536
00:36:06,957 --> 00:36:08,407
That writhing of my leg...
537
00:36:08,442 --> 00:36:10,754
- [Stan] It's been
several months.
538
00:36:10,789 --> 00:36:14,344
And this decision
for the surgery,
539
00:36:15,380 --> 00:36:17,520
it's been very difficult
for her of course
540
00:36:19,038 --> 00:36:20,488
and challenging for me.
541
00:36:24,354 --> 00:36:26,184
But my kids and I
542
00:36:27,392 --> 00:36:30,015
are encouraging her more
and more to consider it.
543
00:36:30,049 --> 00:36:31,223
Both legs are cramping
or just your right leg?
544
00:36:31,258 --> 00:36:32,880
- [Anne] No just my right leg.
545
00:36:32,914 --> 00:36:36,194
- [Stan] Right foot
and leg cramping.
546
00:36:37,195 --> 00:36:38,472
[somber music]
547
00:36:38,506 --> 00:36:40,405
Right foot over your left knee.
548
00:36:42,786 --> 00:36:43,925
Let's switch.
549
00:36:43,960 --> 00:36:46,618
Her symptoms are
growing worse and worse.
550
00:36:46,652 --> 00:36:47,826
Come over to the left.
551
00:36:50,484 --> 00:36:51,864
Pull your right leg in,
552
00:36:55,109 --> 00:36:57,249
- [Anne] My husband's
been incredible.
553
00:37:01,357 --> 00:37:05,119
But the thing that I'm
concerned about is that
554
00:37:07,432 --> 00:37:09,365
not only do I have the illness,
555
00:37:12,747 --> 00:37:14,197
he has the illness.
556
00:37:17,649 --> 00:37:19,271
My family has the illness.
557
00:37:23,310 --> 00:37:26,002
- [Stan] Last time that we
were sleeping in the same bed
558
00:37:28,453 --> 00:37:32,767
it's been at least a few years,
I can't remember anymore.
559
00:37:34,976 --> 00:37:37,427
[somber music]
560
00:37:40,223 --> 00:37:42,363
- [Anne] I don't want
to be a masochist
561
00:37:43,916 --> 00:37:46,954
because of my insistence on
one way being the right way.
562
00:37:50,268 --> 00:37:52,753
But when it affects
so many people,
563
00:37:55,618 --> 00:37:58,276
I think you also have a duty
564
00:38:00,139 --> 00:38:03,142
to try what's reasonable.
565
00:38:14,706 --> 00:38:15,500
So...
566
00:38:18,226 --> 00:38:19,918
I've decided to do it.
567
00:38:26,027 --> 00:38:27,443
[music crescendos,
machine beeping]
568
00:38:27,477 --> 00:38:29,307
- [Stephen] I don't
expect a miracle.
569
00:38:35,382 --> 00:38:37,418
I don't expect to
be boarding a plane
570
00:38:37,453 --> 00:38:38,557
and going to Turkey.
571
00:38:43,735 --> 00:38:47,325
But I would like to move
about on my own freely,
572
00:38:50,328 --> 00:38:51,398
within reason.
573
00:38:52,537 --> 00:38:54,124
- [Bill] Drapes.
- [Computer] Drapes.
574
00:38:54,918 --> 00:38:55,747
- [Bill] Open.
- [Computer] Open.
575
00:38:57,127 --> 00:38:59,509
[whirring]
576
00:38:59,544 --> 00:39:01,166
- [Bill] After my accident,
577
00:39:02,236 --> 00:39:03,306
- [Computer] Head up.
578
00:39:06,171 --> 00:39:08,069
- [Bill] They gave me
the diagnosis and told me
579
00:39:08,104 --> 00:39:10,175
"You'll probably
be a tetraplegic
580
00:39:10,209 --> 00:39:11,901
for the rest of your life."
581
00:39:11,935 --> 00:39:13,040
- [Computer] Head up.
582
00:39:16,906 --> 00:39:19,287
- [Bill] But who knows what
breakthroughs will happen?
583
00:39:26,156 --> 00:39:29,884
- [Anne] Before, there didn't
seem to be any other solution
584
00:39:29,919 --> 00:39:33,405
to break out of this except
to make peace with it.
585
00:39:35,890 --> 00:39:38,755
But I'm not so interested in
making peace with it anymore.
586
00:39:41,896 --> 00:39:44,692
- [Stephen] I would like to
be able to live independently
587
00:39:47,212 --> 00:39:48,247
and travel independently.
588
00:39:52,148 --> 00:39:54,253
- [Anne] I would love to
be doing artwork again.
589
00:39:55,565 --> 00:39:58,085
You know, just being able to
express myself artistically.
590
00:39:59,431 --> 00:40:00,467
- [Bill] Maybe I'll be able
591
00:40:00,501 --> 00:40:03,055
to move around in my chair,
592
00:40:03,090 --> 00:40:05,023
pick something
up, eat something.
593
00:40:06,231 --> 00:40:07,750
Yeah I'm hoping for that day.
594
00:40:09,993 --> 00:40:11,754
- [Anne] I don't
need a perfect life.
595
00:40:13,272 --> 00:40:14,929
I don't need the
best of anything.
596
00:40:17,932 --> 00:40:21,349
I just want to feel human again.
597
00:40:23,006 --> 00:40:25,388
[tense music]
598
00:40:28,495 --> 00:40:30,876
- [Dr. Lozano] The first
thing we do is bolt a frame
599
00:40:30,911 --> 00:40:32,326
onto their skull.
600
00:40:32,360 --> 00:40:33,914
What are the
measurements please?
601
00:40:34,984 --> 00:40:36,192
And they have to be awake.
602
00:40:36,226 --> 00:40:38,159
Anne, how are you doing?
603
00:40:38,194 --> 00:40:40,783
[tools hissing]
604
00:40:45,373 --> 00:40:49,550
We then drill two
holes in their head.
605
00:40:49,585 --> 00:40:50,896
Okay, let's go.
606
00:40:51,897 --> 00:40:54,521
[drill whirring]
607
00:40:58,594 --> 00:41:01,700
We then place electrodes
within trouble-making areas
608
00:41:01,735 --> 00:41:02,494
in the brain.
609
00:41:07,188 --> 00:41:10,191
This is a game where you have
to be within one millimeter.
610
00:41:10,226 --> 00:41:11,296
What are the
measurements please?
611
00:41:11,330 --> 00:41:13,298
That one millimeter
means a difference
612
00:41:13,332 --> 00:41:15,196
between success and failure.
613
00:41:15,231 --> 00:41:17,544
We're gonna go down to zero.
614
00:41:19,753 --> 00:41:21,202
We put it about there.
615
00:41:22,410 --> 00:41:23,481
Alright, so we're in.
616
00:41:25,724 --> 00:41:27,519
So we should start
recording neurons.
617
00:41:30,142 --> 00:41:31,454
[clicking]
618
00:41:31,489 --> 00:41:33,007
Anne?
619
00:41:33,042 --> 00:41:34,319
We're starting to hear
some of the neurons
620
00:41:34,353 --> 00:41:35,354
in your brain now.
621
00:41:38,012 --> 00:41:39,531
Once we're inside,
622
00:41:39,566 --> 00:41:42,258
we get the patient to move
their arm or their leg,
623
00:41:44,122 --> 00:41:47,228
and we see whether those
neurons are activated.
624
00:41:47,263 --> 00:41:49,783
So this neurons is involved
with moving the shoulder.
625
00:41:51,785 --> 00:41:53,407
- [Woman] Cleaned?
626
00:41:53,441 --> 00:41:54,477
- [Nurse] Yes.
627
00:41:56,617 --> 00:41:58,792
[beeping, music transition]
628
00:42:03,590 --> 00:42:04,522
[Dr. Devenyi] Forceps?
629
00:42:06,075 --> 00:42:08,353
- Steven's procedure is
truly the most remarkable
630
00:42:08,387 --> 00:42:11,667
development that I've
witnessed in my career
631
00:42:11,701 --> 00:42:13,254
and truly something I
didn't think any of us
632
00:42:13,289 --> 00:42:14,980
would see in our lifetimes.
633
00:42:15,015 --> 00:42:16,672
[Dr. Devenyi] Ready
for the implants.
634
00:42:18,294 --> 00:42:21,228
- It essentially
is a coalescence
635
00:42:21,262 --> 00:42:22,574
of machine and man
636
00:42:22,609 --> 00:42:26,958
in a way that is really
quite hard to fathom.
637
00:42:26,992 --> 00:42:28,097
- We're good.
638
00:42:28,891 --> 00:42:29,823
Calipers please?
639
00:42:31,238 --> 00:42:32,342
- [Dr. Lozano] Anne?
640
00:42:32,377 --> 00:42:34,793
We're now gonna start
to put some electricity
641
00:42:34,828 --> 00:42:36,312
through your electrode.
642
00:42:37,624 --> 00:42:39,833
- [Dr. Nicolelis] What we're
seeing is that technology's
643
00:42:39,867 --> 00:42:41,213
becoming part of us.
644
00:42:41,248 --> 00:42:42,801
- [Dr. Lozano] When
I see three tell me
645
00:42:42,836 --> 00:42:44,216
if you feel anything, ready?
646
00:42:44,251 --> 00:42:47,392
- [Dr. Nicolelis] Because we
are linking biological brains
647
00:42:47,426 --> 00:42:48,738
directly to machines.
648
00:42:49,774 --> 00:42:51,016
- [Dr. Lozano] Look
at her face carefully,
649
00:42:51,051 --> 00:42:52,431
there was a
contraction in her lip.
650
00:42:52,466 --> 00:42:53,467
1, 2, 3.
651
00:42:54,882 --> 00:42:57,402
So four is definitely
moving her face.
652
00:42:57,436 --> 00:42:59,335
- [Dustin] If you
look at machines,
653
00:42:59,369 --> 00:43:00,716
they're capable, right?
654
00:43:00,750 --> 00:43:02,131
- [Dr. Lozano] Still there.
655
00:43:02,165 --> 00:43:03,373
- [Dustin] They're
bigger, they're faster,
they're stronger,
656
00:43:03,408 --> 00:43:04,582
all that stuff.
657
00:43:04,616 --> 00:43:06,100
- [Dr. Devenyi] Go ahead
with the vitrectomy now.
658
00:43:06,135 --> 00:43:07,654
- [Dustin] The human's
a fragile beast,
659
00:43:07,688 --> 00:43:09,759
but it's creative and it's
smart and it can push beyond.
660
00:43:09,794 --> 00:43:11,450
[Dr. Devenyi] Electrodes
are functioning?
661
00:43:11,485 --> 00:43:12,866
[Nurse] Yes.
662
00:43:12,900 --> 00:43:14,350
- [Dustin] Bring 'em
together in symbiosis,
663
00:43:14,384 --> 00:43:16,179
[Dr. Devenyi] Focus on.
664
00:43:16,214 --> 00:43:16,973
That's good.
665
00:43:18,216 --> 00:43:19,493
- [Dustin] Where you
can keep the pieces
666
00:43:19,527 --> 00:43:20,528
that make us human,
667
00:43:21,599 --> 00:43:22,738
but use the advantages
of the machine
668
00:43:22,772 --> 00:43:24,532
in ways we haven't
been able to do before.
669
00:43:24,567 --> 00:43:26,224
[Dr. Devenyi]
Marking pen please.
670
00:43:27,777 --> 00:43:30,435
- By this combination
of electronics
671
00:43:30,469 --> 00:43:31,781
and the human body,
672
00:43:31,816 --> 00:43:33,196
Is the infusion on?
673
00:43:33,231 --> 00:43:36,337
- I would hazard to say
it's one of the most amazing
674
00:43:36,372 --> 00:43:37,856
achievements in all of medicine.
675
00:43:39,720 --> 00:43:41,377
Forceps.
676
00:43:42,550 --> 00:43:44,345
- To be able to
give back abilities
677
00:43:44,380 --> 00:43:47,866
to people that otherwise
had no options whatsoever,
678
00:43:47,901 --> 00:43:49,247
Load the tac.
679
00:43:54,183 --> 00:43:54,942
Secure.
680
00:43:57,876 --> 00:43:59,395
- It's really quite remarkable.
681
00:44:02,881 --> 00:44:04,365
[Dr. Lozano] Anne?
682
00:44:04,400 --> 00:44:06,298
You're going to go to sleep.
683
00:44:06,333 --> 00:44:09,992
And after that we're going to
put the battery in your chest.
684
00:44:10,026 --> 00:44:11,407
Okay.
685
00:44:11,441 --> 00:44:15,273
We are just seeing the very
beginnings of this technology.
686
00:44:15,307 --> 00:44:16,930
So we're gonna leave
an electrode here.
687
00:44:16,964 --> 00:44:19,691
Where there will be a
blurring of the boundary
688
00:44:19,726 --> 00:44:22,867
between machine and biology
689
00:44:24,075 --> 00:44:26,767
and the two will,
one day, merge.
690
00:44:26,802 --> 00:44:27,595
We're done.
691
00:44:45,406 --> 00:44:47,408
- [VOICE] The fact is is
that we are transforming
692
00:44:47,443 --> 00:44:50,273
into a new species, a
technological species.
693
00:44:53,483 --> 00:44:55,002
- [Dustin] It's really
crossing the skin into
694
00:44:55,037 --> 00:44:57,177
the holy grail, the brain,
and all these things
695
00:44:57,211 --> 00:44:59,420
that people associate
with being who we are
696
00:44:59,455 --> 00:45:01,457
that people are somewhat
uncomfortable with.
697
00:45:03,355 --> 00:45:06,013
- [Ramez] If we can change
what our brains can do,
698
00:45:07,394 --> 00:45:08,740
what does that mean?
699
00:45:12,019 --> 00:45:14,573
- [Sara] As we're trying
to intervene in the brain,
700
00:45:14,608 --> 00:45:17,922
we need to be very conscious
of the ripple effects.
701
00:45:20,269 --> 00:45:23,203
- [Voice] We don't know what
the outcome is going to be.
702
00:45:23,237 --> 00:45:27,241
- [Man] For some people,
it's a sci-fi step too far.
703
00:45:32,419 --> 00:45:34,455
- [Bryan] There's a few hundred
thousand people in the world
704
00:45:34,490 --> 00:45:37,251
who currently have implanted
technology in their brain,
705
00:45:40,151 --> 00:45:42,394
and not many people know that.
706
00:45:45,328 --> 00:45:46,847
And knowing that of course
707
00:45:46,882 --> 00:45:48,228
I think changes
people's perspectives
708
00:45:48,262 --> 00:45:50,402
that this has happened....
709
00:45:50,437 --> 00:45:52,128
[Man] Okay we're gonna put
your forearm in a splint.
710
00:45:52,163 --> 00:45:53,233
- [Bryan] It's happening.
711
00:45:54,924 --> 00:45:56,305
[Man] All right, here we go.
712
00:45:56,339 --> 00:45:59,239
- [Bryan] And it's
now moving at a speed
713
00:45:59,273 --> 00:46:00,930
that is much faster than before.
714
00:46:04,209 --> 00:46:05,279
- [Man] That's good.
715
00:46:05,314 --> 00:46:06,694
Try it again.
716
00:46:06,729 --> 00:46:08,248
- [Bryan] But the reality is
717
00:46:08,282 --> 00:46:11,147
implantable technology
is intimidating.
718
00:46:12,183 --> 00:46:14,979
It's expensive, invasive,
719
00:46:15,013 --> 00:46:16,497
and only recommended for people
720
00:46:16,532 --> 00:46:18,776
with severe disease
and dysfunction.
721
00:46:23,608 --> 00:46:25,852
But what if that
wasn't the case?
722
00:46:27,336 --> 00:46:30,408
What if we had brain technology
that was broadly accessible?
723
00:46:33,204 --> 00:46:34,032
And what if...
724
00:46:38,105 --> 00:46:39,762
it didn't require surgery?
725
00:46:43,939 --> 00:46:46,355
[tense music]
726
00:46:47,908 --> 00:46:49,772
Fortunately we are
reaching a point
727
00:46:51,084 --> 00:46:52,706
where these possibilities
are emerging.
728
00:46:57,228 --> 00:46:59,264
Imagine you had
a brain interface
729
00:47:00,369 --> 00:47:01,680
you could just put on your head,
730
00:47:01,715 --> 00:47:04,442
no surgeries required
and you could see
731
00:47:04,476 --> 00:47:05,684
all of your brain activity.
732
00:47:05,719 --> 00:47:06,616
Not just what you're aware of,
733
00:47:06,651 --> 00:47:08,308
but all of your brain activity.
734
00:47:09,274 --> 00:47:11,656
All of your thoughts, concerns,
735
00:47:11,690 --> 00:47:13,416
it was just out in front of you.
736
00:47:15,936 --> 00:47:18,387
So for example if you
struggle with anxiety,
737
00:47:19,215 --> 00:47:20,527
you'd see in your brain activity
738
00:47:20,561 --> 00:47:24,358
that you've had this
thought 94 times today
739
00:47:24,393 --> 00:47:25,877
and it's probably not necessary.
740
00:47:27,741 --> 00:47:29,156
Could this help you
741
00:47:29,191 --> 00:47:31,365
so you don't have
that thought 94 times?
742
00:47:32,366 --> 00:47:34,437
Or can you see in
this thought process
743
00:47:34,472 --> 00:47:36,405
that you were limiting your
ability to do something
744
00:47:36,439 --> 00:47:38,269
because you didn't
believe you could do it?
745
00:47:39,235 --> 00:47:40,202
But that's a limiting belief.
746
00:47:40,236 --> 00:47:41,479
You really can do it.
747
00:47:43,239 --> 00:47:45,621
And if we have the technology
that gives us the ability
748
00:47:45,655 --> 00:47:47,623
to improve how our
brains function,
749
00:47:49,245 --> 00:47:53,111
can we rethink the things
that have always held us back?
750
00:47:57,805 --> 00:48:00,015
As someone who's
building these tools
751
00:48:00,049 --> 00:48:01,292
to interface with the brain,
752
00:48:03,397 --> 00:48:06,262
my hope is that
we get to a point
753
00:48:06,297 --> 00:48:08,851
in technological advancements
754
00:48:08,886 --> 00:48:11,785
where we are not limited
by our technology,
755
00:48:11,819 --> 00:48:15,064
we're empowered by it, so
it is a matter of choice
756
00:48:16,859 --> 00:48:18,205
of what we want to become.
757
00:48:23,659 --> 00:48:25,799
- [Nita] We're at the
moment where there are a lot
758
00:48:25,833 --> 00:48:28,215
of very rapidly
emerging technologies.
759
00:48:29,976 --> 00:48:32,495
Brain computer interfaces
are starting to become part
760
00:48:32,530 --> 00:48:33,807
of mainstream society.
761
00:48:35,464 --> 00:48:38,156
There already is technology
that can pick up simple,
762
00:48:38,191 --> 00:48:40,365
electrical activity
from your brain
763
00:48:40,400 --> 00:48:43,196
through these things,
like consumer EEG devices.
764
00:48:43,230 --> 00:48:45,129
- [Woman] The Emotiv
Insight is a portable,
765
00:48:45,163 --> 00:48:47,096
wearable device
that allows you to
766
00:48:47,131 --> 00:48:49,650
capture what's going on in
your brain in real time.
767
00:48:51,135 --> 00:48:54,345
- [Nita] If I wear one of these
devices I can start to decode
768
00:48:54,379 --> 00:48:56,830
whether or not I'm
drowsy or awake,
769
00:48:56,864 --> 00:49:01,214
whether or not paying
attention or I'm unfocused,
770
00:49:01,248 --> 00:49:04,251
angry or experiencing some
other kind of emotional state.
771
00:49:04,286 --> 00:49:05,839
- [Woman 2] So this
is my brain right now?
772
00:49:05,873 --> 00:49:07,185
- [Woman] This is
your brain right now.
773
00:49:07,220 --> 00:49:08,393
- [Woman 2] Oh my gosh.
- [Woman] In real time.
774
00:49:08,428 --> 00:49:09,601
- [Woman 2] This is wild.
775
00:49:09,636 --> 00:49:12,673
- [Nita] There are also a
number of people using headsets
776
00:49:12,708 --> 00:49:14,468
to focus and perform better.
777
00:49:14,503 --> 00:49:17,161
- [Man] You can buy
a TDCS device online
778
00:49:17,195 --> 00:49:20,267
or you can go to youtube
and build one yourself.
779
00:49:20,302 --> 00:49:21,959
- [YouTuber] I have been
experimenting in an effort
780
00:49:21,993 --> 00:49:26,170
to hopefully see some really
awesome cognitive enhancement.
781
00:49:27,274 --> 00:49:28,689
- [Dr. Nicolelis] The future
of brain interfaces is probably
782
00:49:28,724 --> 00:49:30,415
the most fascinating unknown
783
00:49:32,314 --> 00:49:34,178
because we are at
the infancy of this.
784
00:49:36,594 --> 00:49:39,321
- [Ramez] As we crack
the code of the brain,
785
00:49:39,355 --> 00:49:41,979
we're handing the
reins of our own lives,
786
00:49:42,013 --> 00:49:44,705
of our own minds to us.
787
00:49:44,740 --> 00:49:47,743
We get to choose how
we think, who we are.
788
00:49:53,024 --> 00:49:55,682
- [David] As we get better
and better as a society
789
00:49:55,716 --> 00:49:58,305
at building brain interfaces,
790
00:49:59,203 --> 00:50:01,274
these can be applied
to every aspect
791
00:50:01,308 --> 00:50:02,344
of our biological existence.
792
00:50:06,348 --> 00:50:08,591
[Birds chirping]
793
00:50:08,626 --> 00:50:10,455
- [Ramez] Could we
teach you a new skill?
794
00:50:14,356 --> 00:50:16,530
Could we help you
communicate the emotion
795
00:50:16,565 --> 00:50:18,222
you're feeling to a loved one?
796
00:50:21,363 --> 00:50:23,020
What can and can't we do?
797
00:50:30,958 --> 00:50:32,132
- [Justin] Alright then Preston.
798
00:50:32,167 --> 00:50:33,789
The experiment
will begin shortly.
799
00:50:36,274 --> 00:50:39,346
Once you are asked a question,
look on the left hand side
800
00:50:39,381 --> 00:50:41,831
if the answer to
that question is yes.
801
00:50:41,866 --> 00:50:44,248
Look on the right hand
side if the answer
802
00:50:44,282 --> 00:50:45,525
to that question is no.
803
00:50:46,491 --> 00:50:48,355
Does that make sense to you?
804
00:50:48,390 --> 00:50:49,391
- [Preston] Yes.
805
00:50:49,425 --> 00:50:50,495
- [Justin] Wonderful.
806
00:50:51,910 --> 00:50:53,464
Are you comfortable?
807
00:50:53,498 --> 00:50:54,223
- [Preston] Mm.
808
00:50:58,193 --> 00:51:02,231
- [Man] Subject number
one is wearing an EEG cap
809
00:51:02,266 --> 00:51:04,854
to record electrical
fluctuations
810
00:51:04,889 --> 00:51:05,717
from their brain.
811
00:51:09,273 --> 00:51:12,241
Subject number two is
receiving the information
812
00:51:12,276 --> 00:51:15,382
through a magnetic pulse
to the back of the brain.
813
00:51:18,213 --> 00:51:19,317
- [Chantel] In the
current experiment,
814
00:51:19,352 --> 00:51:22,217
we have two subjects
in two different rooms,
815
00:51:22,251 --> 00:51:24,633
playing a game of 20 questions.
816
00:51:24,667 --> 00:51:27,498
The big difference is
that the two people asking
817
00:51:27,532 --> 00:51:31,329
and answering questions are
doing so using only signals
818
00:51:31,364 --> 00:51:33,090
from their brains.
819
00:51:33,124 --> 00:51:34,884
- [Steven] TMS is armed.
820
00:51:34,919 --> 00:51:36,645
- [Computer] The
category is animals.
821
00:51:36,679 --> 00:51:38,233
There are eight
possible answers.
822
00:51:40,718 --> 00:51:42,340
- [Justin] Data is looking good.
823
00:51:42,375 --> 00:51:43,341
Let's go ahead.
824
00:51:43,376 --> 00:51:45,550
- [Steven] You can send
the first question.
825
00:52:03,050 --> 00:52:04,224
- [Woman] The answer is yes.
826
00:52:06,261 --> 00:52:07,124
- [Justin] Excellent.
827
00:52:11,266 --> 00:52:13,613
- [Chantel] It doesn't matter
if they're in the same room
828
00:52:13,647 --> 00:52:16,063
or on the other
side of the world.
829
00:52:16,098 --> 00:52:19,860
We can extract the
information from one brain,
830
00:52:19,895 --> 00:52:22,069
transmit it to a
device that can encode
831
00:52:22,104 --> 00:52:23,450
information into another brain.
832
00:52:23,485 --> 00:52:25,176
- [Woman] No.
833
00:52:25,211 --> 00:52:26,729
- [Chantel] Ultimately,
the goal of this technology
834
00:52:26,764 --> 00:52:29,042
is to improve the
human experience.
835
00:52:30,181 --> 00:52:33,046
To offer up the
possibility of sharing
836
00:52:33,080 --> 00:52:36,567
the contents of my
mind, my emotional state
837
00:52:37,706 --> 00:52:41,158
into somebody else,
without words.
838
00:52:43,919 --> 00:52:46,197
- [Ramez] When we can
understand someone
839
00:52:46,232 --> 00:52:49,269
without the barrier of
different languages,
840
00:52:49,304 --> 00:52:53,687
we could start to blur
the boundaries between us.
841
00:52:53,722 --> 00:52:56,207
We could start to
see the whole world
842
00:52:56,242 --> 00:52:58,761
as members of our tribe
843
00:52:58,796 --> 00:53:01,626
and have more empathy
and compassion for them.
844
00:53:03,904 --> 00:53:06,735
- [Nita] It's always really
hard in advance to know
845
00:53:06,769 --> 00:53:09,669
when you're at a turning
point in society,
846
00:53:09,703 --> 00:53:12,327
when technology is gonna
be so transformative
847
00:53:12,361 --> 00:53:14,363
that everything will change.
848
00:53:14,398 --> 00:53:16,676
And the question is,
are we there right now?
849
00:53:18,229 --> 00:53:19,713
Are we about to
fundamentally change
850
00:53:19,748 --> 00:53:21,198
what it means to be human?
851
00:53:22,509 --> 00:53:23,579
And if so,
852
00:53:26,341 --> 00:53:27,376
are we okay with that?
853
00:53:33,140 --> 00:53:34,072
- [Woman] Safety test.
854
00:53:43,530 --> 00:53:46,395
- [Dr. Devenyi] Stephen's
implant is a brilliant device
855
00:53:47,327 --> 00:53:49,398
that essentially
has two components.
856
00:53:50,330 --> 00:53:53,368
A band that's sewn
around the eye
857
00:53:53,402 --> 00:53:56,854
with 60 electrodes on it
that stimulate the retina.
858
00:53:57,648 --> 00:53:58,752
- [Woman] Glasses on.
859
00:54:02,100 --> 00:54:03,516
- [Dr. Devenyi] And
a pair of glasses
860
00:54:03,550 --> 00:54:05,207
with a video camera on it
861
00:54:06,657 --> 00:54:08,486
that sends images wirelessly
862
00:54:08,521 --> 00:54:12,007
to the electrodes on the
surface of the eyeball.
863
00:54:13,491 --> 00:54:14,492
- [Woman] Beginning.
864
00:54:16,874 --> 00:54:18,703
- [Devenyi] Those
images then travel along
865
00:54:18,738 --> 00:54:21,741
the natural pathway of the
optic nerve to the brain.
866
00:54:22,742 --> 00:54:24,399
- [Woman] Electrodes activated.
867
00:54:28,368 --> 00:54:30,336
- [Woman] You have
good connection.
868
00:54:31,406 --> 00:54:33,753
We're gonna activate
your device.
869
00:54:35,513 --> 00:54:36,307
Light off.
870
00:54:40,760 --> 00:54:41,795
Big light on please.
871
00:54:49,389 --> 00:54:51,322
Respond yes or no as to whether
872
00:54:51,357 --> 00:54:53,566
you're able to perceive
something or not
873
00:54:53,600 --> 00:54:55,740
using the game controller.
874
00:54:56,914 --> 00:54:58,191
- [Stephen] Okay.
875
00:54:58,225 --> 00:55:00,331
- [Woman] So we wanna
see how much stimulation
876
00:55:00,366 --> 00:55:01,988
each of your electrodes needs.
877
00:55:02,022 --> 00:55:02,885
- [Stephen] Right.
878
00:55:06,026 --> 00:55:07,373
- [Woman] Sending stimulation.
879
00:55:09,927 --> 00:55:12,136
[beeping]
880
00:55:13,275 --> 00:55:14,828
- [Stephen] I see
something flashing.
881
00:55:14,863 --> 00:55:16,416
- [Woman] Got it, okay.
882
00:55:17,624 --> 00:55:19,868
[beeping]
883
00:55:22,388 --> 00:55:23,596
- [Stephen] Another flash.
884
00:55:23,630 --> 00:55:24,976
- [Woman] Okay.
885
00:55:25,874 --> 00:55:27,876
Does it seem any brighter?
886
00:55:27,910 --> 00:55:29,360
- [Stephen] Too bright.
887
00:55:29,395 --> 00:55:30,534
- [Woman] Reset.
888
00:55:33,364 --> 00:55:34,538
- [Woman] Okay then
I'm just gonna tweak
889
00:55:34,572 --> 00:55:35,470
some settings a little bit.
890
00:55:38,300 --> 00:55:40,302
Go ahead and respond
to this last electrode.
891
00:55:43,409 --> 00:55:44,444
- [Stephen] Oh.
892
00:55:47,447 --> 00:55:52,107
Very faintly, I can see
a bit of the hand, yeah.
893
00:55:53,729 --> 00:55:54,868
- [Woman] That's good.
894
00:56:00,426 --> 00:56:02,704
[somber music]
895
00:56:02,738 --> 00:56:04,361
Go ahead and scan and see
896
00:56:04,395 --> 00:56:06,086
what you are able to perceive.
897
00:56:08,434 --> 00:56:11,402
- You know, to the
left, to the right.
898
00:56:11,437 --> 00:56:12,369
There's nothing there.
899
00:56:17,201 --> 00:56:19,030
Yeah I'm not
picking up anything.
900
00:56:21,447 --> 00:56:23,276
- [Woman] Doing some
adjustments right now.
901
00:56:25,209 --> 00:56:26,797
- Setting stimulation.
902
00:56:29,455 --> 00:56:32,078
[pensive music]
903
00:56:33,459 --> 00:56:35,978
- [Stephen] Oh!
904
00:56:36,013 --> 00:56:37,359
I see something there.
905
00:56:37,394 --> 00:56:38,187
- [Woman] Okay.
906
00:56:40,397 --> 00:56:45,402
- I see, I mean, I've got
the silhouette right there.
907
00:56:45,885 --> 00:56:46,575
- [Woman] Okay.
908
00:56:46,610 --> 00:56:47,921
- [Woman] Trigger.
909
00:56:48,957 --> 00:56:50,372
- [Woman] Continue responding.
910
00:56:55,412 --> 00:56:56,516
- [Stephen] I see you.
911
00:56:59,208 --> 00:57:00,071
Am I right?
912
00:57:01,418 --> 00:57:03,385
- It's been a long
time, Stephen.
913
00:57:04,179 --> 00:57:05,283
- Denise?
914
00:57:05,318 --> 00:57:06,319
- [Denise] Yes.
915
00:57:08,701 --> 00:57:10,185
You're looking right at me.
916
00:57:15,190 --> 00:57:15,984
- Sorry.
917
00:57:17,744 --> 00:57:19,436
- [Woman] That's huge, Stephen.
918
00:57:20,575 --> 00:57:21,921
- [Stephen] It's a nice feeling.
919
00:57:23,992 --> 00:57:24,751
- That's great.
920
00:57:27,098 --> 00:57:28,686
- [Woman] Read that.
921
00:57:33,553 --> 00:57:34,381
- Okay.
922
00:57:42,942 --> 00:57:44,081
I see something there.
923
00:57:45,427 --> 00:57:48,326
- [Denise] I think he'll
get out more, he'll do more,
924
00:57:48,361 --> 00:57:49,224
he'll meet people.
925
00:57:50,639 --> 00:57:53,366
- Okay I see her
right in front of me.
926
00:57:53,400 --> 00:57:55,368
- [Denise] It'll open
up a whole new world.
927
00:57:56,403 --> 00:57:57,232
- [Stephen] It's her.
928
00:57:58,233 --> 00:57:59,234
- [Woman] Exactly.
929
00:58:00,580 --> 00:58:02,513
- [Stephen] My, Denise,
how you've grown.
930
00:58:02,548 --> 00:58:04,481
[chuckling]
931
00:58:09,486 --> 00:58:13,006
[light electronic music]
932
00:58:15,319 --> 00:58:18,253
- [Dr. Devenyi] The hope is our
patients see edges of objects,
933
00:58:19,565 --> 00:58:23,361
empty seats on subways,
the outlines of people.
934
00:58:24,362 --> 00:58:25,536
Even fireworks.
935
00:58:28,332 --> 00:58:30,679
But as the technology's
been improving,
936
00:58:30,714 --> 00:58:32,060
they see more and more.
937
00:58:33,233 --> 00:58:34,856
There's no limit to
how much you could
938
00:58:34,890 --> 00:58:36,271
crank up the magnification
939
00:58:36,305 --> 00:58:38,687
and what sort of details
we could potentially see.
940
00:58:40,206 --> 00:58:43,312
- [Ramez] Right now, the
prosthetic eyes that we have
941
00:58:43,347 --> 00:58:46,488
are not anywhere near
as good as human eyes,
942
00:58:47,593 --> 00:58:50,665
but eventually
they'll be better.
943
00:58:50,699 --> 00:58:53,495
And why couldn't we add
infrared vision to them,
944
00:58:53,530 --> 00:58:55,186
or UV vision to them?
945
00:58:58,293 --> 00:58:59,466
- [Man] So one of the
latest experiments
946
00:58:59,501 --> 00:59:00,951
that we've been working on is
947
00:59:00,985 --> 00:59:03,609
using an infrared camera
instead of the regular camera
948
00:59:03,643 --> 00:59:06,577
so patients could
actually see in the dark.
949
00:59:06,612 --> 00:59:09,338
- [David] Our technology right
now is about helping people
950
00:59:09,373 --> 00:59:12,238
with diseases or
deficits of some sort
951
00:59:15,344 --> 00:59:17,174
but it's this exact
same technology
952
00:59:17,208 --> 00:59:20,418
that will allow us
to expand ourselves.
953
00:59:20,453 --> 00:59:22,351
Expand our reality,
expand our senses,
954
00:59:22,386 --> 00:59:24,388
expand what we can
do with our bodies.
955
00:59:31,533 --> 00:59:33,570
- [Dr. Munoz] The left side.
956
00:59:34,605 --> 00:59:38,022
About 130 hertz,
60 microseconds.
957
00:59:39,403 --> 00:59:41,405
Let me check your baseline.
958
00:59:41,439 --> 00:59:42,302
So this is...
959
00:59:43,441 --> 00:59:44,477
Relax.
960
00:59:45,443 --> 00:59:47,342
- [Anne] It was an
extreme procedure.
961
00:59:50,414 --> 00:59:52,589
I mean they sliced my head open,
962
00:59:53,590 --> 00:59:55,039
they stuck tubes in.
963
00:59:58,180 --> 00:59:59,665
It's not for the faint of heart.
964
01:00:05,325 --> 01:00:06,499
- [Dr. Lozano] Deep
Brain Stimulation
965
01:00:06,533 --> 01:00:08,432
is a two part
surgical procedure.
966
01:00:11,608 --> 01:00:13,540
The electrodes are
implanted in the brain
967
01:00:15,059 --> 01:00:17,752
and then connected to a
pacemaker in their chest.
968
01:00:19,546 --> 01:00:20,617
[Dr. Munoz] 3.5 volts.
969
01:00:22,446 --> 01:00:25,345
- [Dr. Lozano] With a remote
control, we are able to adjust
970
01:00:25,380 --> 01:00:27,934
how much current is
delivered to the brain.
971
01:00:27,969 --> 01:00:29,384
Almost no rigidity.
972
01:00:29,418 --> 01:00:31,317
Very much like you
would control the volume
973
01:00:31,351 --> 01:00:34,389
or change the channels
on your television set.
974
01:00:34,423 --> 01:00:38,186
[Dr. Munoz] I will build up the
voltage by .5 volts every step.
975
01:00:38,220 --> 01:00:41,085
In between steps I will
check your rigidity.
976
01:00:41,120 --> 01:00:42,500
And the symptoms.
977
01:00:42,535 --> 01:00:44,710
[beeping]
978
01:00:47,091 --> 01:00:48,506
Did you feel anything?
979
01:00:48,541 --> 01:00:50,129
- Not yet, no.
980
01:00:50,163 --> 01:00:51,820
[Dr. Munoz] - So I'll
go a little higher.
981
01:00:56,860 --> 01:00:59,345
1.5 here and here 1.5.
982
01:01:03,418 --> 01:01:04,177
3.5 volts, 80%.
983
01:01:10,045 --> 01:01:11,288
- Well this, whoa,
984
01:01:11,322 --> 01:01:13,393
my toes are really
pulling on my left foot.
985
01:01:13,428 --> 01:01:15,706
They're going way up like that.
986
01:01:17,190 --> 01:01:19,365
- [Dr. Munoz] It's a good sign.
987
01:01:21,988 --> 01:01:24,025
- I feel my left side.
- Left side?
988
01:01:24,059 --> 01:01:26,579
- Yeah, tingling on
the bottom of my feet.
989
01:01:28,892 --> 01:01:30,548
- [Dr. Lozano] By using
electrical stimulation,
990
01:01:31,688 --> 01:01:34,035
not only can we
suppress the symptoms
991
01:01:35,277 --> 01:01:37,383
but we're able to
discover new areas
992
01:01:37,417 --> 01:01:38,833
and new functions of the brain
993
01:01:38,867 --> 01:01:40,904
where no man has
ever gone before.
994
01:01:42,353 --> 01:01:43,769
- Ugh, my tongue is
getting bigger and bigger.
995
01:01:43,803 --> 01:01:46,185
Feels like, uh, down my throat.
996
01:01:46,219 --> 01:01:48,394
- [Dr. Munoz] Tell me
when it gets better.
997
01:01:48,428 --> 01:01:50,051
- [Dr. Lozano] We're also
realizing that this technique
998
01:01:50,085 --> 01:01:52,122
could be used to
treat other disorders
999
01:01:52,156 --> 01:01:54,503
like Alzheimer's
Disease, like depression,
1000
01:01:54,538 --> 01:01:56,126
maybe even obesity.
1001
01:01:57,679 --> 01:01:59,474
- Oh my goodness, I
can't describe it.
1002
01:01:59,508 --> 01:02:01,372
- Is it better now?
1003
01:02:01,407 --> 01:02:02,304
Improving?
1004
01:02:02,339 --> 01:02:03,236
- It's improving.
- Yeah.
1005
01:02:03,271 --> 01:02:04,893
Okay, all right.
1006
01:02:04,928 --> 01:02:09,242
[Dr. Munoz] Let's just walk
to that corner back and forth.
1007
01:02:09,277 --> 01:02:10,381
Very good.
1008
01:02:10,416 --> 01:02:13,281
Let's see, so we'll
pick contact three.
1009
01:02:15,110 --> 01:02:17,250
- [Dr. Lozano] I am
convinced that in the future,
1010
01:02:17,285 --> 01:02:19,425
I don't know if it'll be
10, 20, 30 years from now,
1011
01:02:19,459 --> 01:02:22,393
if you said I really
would like to be smarter,
1012
01:02:22,428 --> 01:02:25,603
to be happier, I'd like to
have more drive, more ambition.
1013
01:02:27,364 --> 01:02:29,228
There's no reason why,
at least in theory,
1014
01:02:29,262 --> 01:02:32,403
you couldn't go to these
areas and adjust the activity.
1015
01:02:33,680 --> 01:02:35,475
- [Doctor] For emergencies,
you need to turn it off,
1016
01:02:35,510 --> 01:02:36,476
this shuts it off.
1017
01:02:36,511 --> 01:02:37,719
- [Anne] Okay.
1018
01:02:37,754 --> 01:02:39,307
- [Ramez] Imagine you
have a set of dials
1019
01:02:41,309 --> 01:02:43,621
and you can say, "Oh, I
want to be more extroverted,
1020
01:02:43,656 --> 01:02:46,659
more empathetic and
harder working."
1021
01:02:47,867 --> 01:02:50,352
Imagine you could
just do that on-demand
1022
01:02:50,387 --> 01:02:51,388
by pushing a button.
1023
01:02:52,389 --> 01:02:53,770
- [Doctor] Just like that.
1024
01:02:56,842 --> 01:02:59,258
- [Dr. Devenyi] It's very
interesting to contemplate
1025
01:02:59,292 --> 01:03:01,018
where will technology take us.
1026
01:03:02,709 --> 01:03:05,160
And as humans will
it be able to make us
1027
01:03:05,195 --> 01:03:06,506
better than we currently are?
1028
01:03:27,113 --> 01:03:28,183
- [Woman's Voice]
Welcome, class.
1029
01:03:31,048 --> 01:03:34,120
Today's lecture is
about neuroethics.
1030
01:03:36,778 --> 01:03:41,369
We are on the cusp of
being able to truly unlock
1031
01:03:41,403 --> 01:03:45,960
the secrets of the human brain.
1032
01:03:48,963 --> 01:03:50,205
[Nita] But more than that,
1033
01:03:50,240 --> 01:03:52,311
more than being
able to understand
1034
01:03:52,345 --> 01:03:54,900
what's happening in the brain,
1035
01:03:54,934 --> 01:03:59,939
now we're able to make a lot
of very precise changes to it.
1036
01:04:06,256 --> 01:04:07,913
How many of you feel
like your sense of self
1037
01:04:07,947 --> 01:04:08,914
is in your brain?
1038
01:04:11,951 --> 01:04:14,264
Many of you, right?
1039
01:04:15,644 --> 01:04:18,233
Many of you identify
your brain as the place
1040
01:04:18,268 --> 01:04:21,409
that you recognize your
sense of self identity.
1041
01:04:22,893 --> 01:04:26,345
The place that you sort of
think of you as being located.
1042
01:04:30,107 --> 01:04:32,109
And if you change that,
1043
01:04:34,077 --> 01:04:36,734
if you start to
add machines to it,
1044
01:04:36,769 --> 01:04:39,013
if you start to implant
electrodes to it
1045
01:04:41,325 --> 01:04:44,087
at what point does that
start to become problematic?
1046
01:04:47,228 --> 01:04:50,300
There is great benefit
to these technologies,
1047
01:04:50,334 --> 01:04:51,404
but there are risks.
1048
01:04:53,890 --> 01:04:57,238
For example who has
access to those devices?
1049
01:04:59,102 --> 01:05:01,518
Who gets to drive and
change those devices?
1050
01:05:04,555 --> 01:05:07,593
Whether it's hackers,
corporations,
1051
01:05:07,627 --> 01:05:11,355
governments, other people,
1052
01:05:11,390 --> 01:05:15,394
what protections if any
exist within society today?
1053
01:05:18,052 --> 01:05:19,225
It's arriving.
1054
01:05:20,364 --> 01:05:23,402
And unless we start
deciding today
1055
01:05:23,436 --> 01:05:26,336
what kinds of protections
you want for your brain,
1056
01:05:28,510 --> 01:05:29,615
it may be too late.
1057
01:05:33,308 --> 01:05:35,000
Does that make
you uncomfortable?
1058
01:05:39,314 --> 01:05:41,075
Because that's
where we're going.
1059
01:05:46,321 --> 01:05:48,668
[crowd applauding]
1060
01:05:48,703 --> 01:05:49,980
- [Zuckerberg] The work
that we're doing in
1061
01:05:50,015 --> 01:05:51,154
direct brain interfaces
1062
01:05:51,188 --> 01:05:53,501
that are gonna
eventually one day
1063
01:05:53,535 --> 01:05:56,159
let you communicate
using only your mind.
1064
01:05:56,193 --> 01:05:58,437
- [Ramez] In just the last
few years, there's been
1065
01:05:58,471 --> 01:06:02,475
this sudden rush to
fund more aggressive,
1066
01:06:02,510 --> 01:06:05,306
more radical work in
interfacing to the brain.
1067
01:06:05,340 --> 01:06:07,377
- [Newscaster] Elon Musk
is creating a big stir
1068
01:06:07,411 --> 01:06:08,688
on social media this morning.
1069
01:06:08,723 --> 01:06:10,276
- [Newscaster] Elon Musk
has launched Neuralink.
1070
01:06:10,311 --> 01:06:13,176
- They will aim to connect the
human brain with computers.
1071
01:06:13,210 --> 01:06:15,178
- [Elon Musk] That will
enable anyone who wants
1072
01:06:15,212 --> 01:06:17,974
to have super human cognition.
1073
01:06:18,008 --> 01:06:19,320
- [Joe Rogan] But
billions of people
1074
01:06:19,354 --> 01:06:21,736
with enhanced cognitive ability?
1075
01:06:21,770 --> 01:06:23,324
Radically enhanced?
- [Elon] Yes, yes.
1076
01:06:23,358 --> 01:06:24,981
- [Joe] Pass that whiskey.
1077
01:06:25,015 --> 01:06:26,327
This is getting ridiculous.
1078
01:06:26,361 --> 01:06:29,192
- [Ramez] What's happening in
the brain is unprecedented.
1079
01:06:29,226 --> 01:06:31,608
It's moving faster
now than ever before.
1080
01:06:31,642 --> 01:06:34,300
- [Regina] Together we
have a goal of typing,
1081
01:06:34,335 --> 01:06:35,543
five times faster
1082
01:06:35,577 --> 01:06:37,303
than you can type on your phone,
1083
01:06:37,338 --> 01:06:39,202
straight from your brain.
1084
01:06:39,236 --> 01:06:42,032
And we're just getting started.
1085
01:06:42,067 --> 01:06:43,689
- [Bobby] If you
understand the brain,
1086
01:06:43,723 --> 01:06:46,795
you get a tremendous amount
of power to leverage.
1087
01:06:46,830 --> 01:06:49,350
- [Anderson Cooper]
Some programmers
call it brain hacking
1088
01:06:49,384 --> 01:06:51,697
and the tech world
would probably prefer
1089
01:06:51,731 --> 01:06:53,112
you didn't hear about it.
1090
01:06:54,286 --> 01:06:57,047
- [Tristan] We can't
underestimate the incredible
1091
01:06:57,082 --> 01:07:01,120
unchecked power that
Google, Apple, Facebook have
1092
01:07:01,155 --> 01:07:04,365
over what two billion people
are thinking every day.
1093
01:07:04,399 --> 01:07:08,196
That's more than the number
of followers of Christianity.
1094
01:07:08,231 --> 01:07:09,853
These are like
private superpowers
1095
01:07:09,887 --> 01:07:12,614
whose goals are not
the same as our goals.
1096
01:07:12,649 --> 01:07:13,857
- [Chris Hardwick] Last
week Facebook revealed
1097
01:07:13,891 --> 01:07:15,100
that they are working
1098
01:07:15,134 --> 01:07:16,860
on technology to
read people's minds.
1099
01:07:16,894 --> 01:07:18,275
Ah, yeah, we're in
[beep]ing hell you guys,
1100
01:07:18,310 --> 01:07:19,345
I don't know what to say.
1101
01:07:19,380 --> 01:07:20,795
[laughter]
1102
01:07:20,829 --> 01:07:23,073
- [Nita] People are far more
likely to give up information
1103
01:07:23,108 --> 01:07:25,938
about their brain to
what they think are,
1104
01:07:25,972 --> 01:07:28,768
these faceless corporations
1105
01:07:28,803 --> 01:07:31,254
but they're really people
who are driving that.
1106
01:07:32,634 --> 01:07:35,120
- [Bobby] One of the best
algorithms that we have
1107
01:07:35,154 --> 01:07:38,192
for mapping the brain
comes from Google.
1108
01:07:38,226 --> 01:07:40,090
- [Congressman] Google
is able to collect
1109
01:07:40,125 --> 01:07:42,058
an amount of information
about its users
1110
01:07:42,092 --> 01:07:45,475
that would even
make the NSA blush.
1111
01:07:45,509 --> 01:07:47,546
- [Bobby] Do I
want my brain data
1112
01:07:47,580 --> 01:07:49,203
ultimately owned by Google?
1113
01:07:49,237 --> 01:07:51,998
I'm not sure I'm comfortable
with that just yet.
1114
01:07:52,033 --> 01:07:53,172
- [Eric Schmidt]
The Google policy
1115
01:07:53,207 --> 01:07:54,518
about a lot of these things
1116
01:07:54,553 --> 01:07:56,486
is to get right up to the
creepy line but not cross it.
1117
01:07:56,520 --> 01:07:58,522
Implanting things in your brain
1118
01:07:58,557 --> 01:08:00,869
is beyond the creepy line
1119
01:08:00,904 --> 01:08:02,250
at least for the moment.
1120
01:08:02,285 --> 01:08:04,494
[laughing]
1121
01:08:04,528 --> 01:08:06,910
- [Tristan] Whether
we're just using phones
1122
01:08:06,944 --> 01:08:09,119
or we have brain implants,
1123
01:08:09,154 --> 01:08:12,847
history is littered
with good intentions.
1124
01:08:12,881 --> 01:08:15,574
Who's to say where we should go?
1125
01:08:15,608 --> 01:08:17,748
Who's to say what's
best for people?
1126
01:08:17,783 --> 01:08:19,992
- [Anchor] Is it going to
be chancing corporations,
1127
01:08:20,026 --> 01:08:21,683
is it going to be
panicking governments,
1128
01:08:21,718 --> 01:08:23,858
an ill informed public,
over this thing?
1129
01:08:23,892 --> 01:08:26,136
Somebody's got to keep
close watch on this.
1130
01:08:26,171 --> 01:08:27,379
Who's going to do that?
1131
01:08:45,500 --> 01:08:48,365
- [Woman] The risk is we don't
know what the future holds.
1132
01:08:54,199 --> 01:08:56,201
Should we even attempt
to introduce technology
1133
01:08:56,235 --> 01:08:58,893
like this on a mass large scale?
1134
01:09:00,481 --> 01:09:01,240
- [Bryan] That's right.
1135
01:09:04,209 --> 01:09:06,452
These are tricky questions
1136
01:09:06,487 --> 01:09:08,592
that have all kind
of implications.
1137
01:09:10,146 --> 01:09:14,184
The technology is transitioning
from the medical domain
1138
01:09:14,219 --> 01:09:15,323
into the mainstream.
1139
01:09:16,497 --> 01:09:19,845
And as it does, the
opportunities and challenges
1140
01:09:19,879 --> 01:09:23,193
that this creates for
us, we can't even begin
1141
01:09:23,228 --> 01:09:24,505
to get our heads around.
1142
01:09:27,991 --> 01:09:30,718
I'm very concerned
about who makes
1143
01:09:30,752 --> 01:09:32,237
breakthroughs in neuroscience.
1144
01:09:33,514 --> 01:09:35,171
In the behaviors of
people who've built
1145
01:09:35,205 --> 01:09:37,034
the technology companies
over the past decade,
1146
01:09:37,069 --> 01:09:39,175
their decision making
processes matter a lot
1147
01:09:39,209 --> 01:09:41,522
and they influence
society dramatically.
1148
01:09:41,556 --> 01:09:43,972
- [Man] I think everybody
that started social media
1149
01:09:44,007 --> 01:09:45,457
had the best intention
1150
01:09:45,491 --> 01:09:47,873
and I don't think
anybody foresaw
1151
01:09:47,907 --> 01:09:51,152
the levels of depression
and anxiety and addiction
1152
01:09:51,187 --> 01:09:52,257
that it's caused.
1153
01:09:53,258 --> 01:09:55,191
- [Man 2] Most of us
use social networks.
1154
01:09:55,225 --> 01:09:57,089
Our opinions are
being manipulated in
1155
01:09:57,123 --> 01:09:59,091
ways that we don't
even understand.
1156
01:09:59,125 --> 01:10:01,231
- [Man] How do we try
to mitigate for all
1157
01:10:01,266 --> 01:10:04,890
of the potential things that
could go wrong on a mass scale
1158
01:10:04,924 --> 01:10:06,340
that we can't even predict?
1159
01:10:11,931 --> 01:10:16,246
- [Bryan] As a society it's
important we be ready for this.
1160
01:10:17,868 --> 01:10:21,217
So I'm trying to figure out
how to talk about these topics
1161
01:10:21,251 --> 01:10:24,220
in a way that doesn't
threaten people,
1162
01:10:25,221 --> 01:10:27,464
that enables them to
explore them with me.
1163
01:10:30,364 --> 01:10:33,608
We are about to enter into
the most consequential
1164
01:10:33,643 --> 01:10:37,371
revolution in the history
of the human race.
1165
01:10:37,405 --> 01:10:40,339
Where we can take control
of our cognitive evolution.
1166
01:10:41,306 --> 01:10:43,239
It's a very big challenge
1167
01:10:43,273 --> 01:10:46,242
because people are considering
what they're going to lose.
1168
01:10:46,276 --> 01:10:47,726
Who's going to do bad things?
1169
01:10:48,899 --> 01:10:50,694
But I think one of
the greatest limiters
1170
01:10:50,729 --> 01:10:53,663
to progress is fear.
1171
01:10:55,285 --> 01:10:58,530
Imagine if I had a tool to
interface with my brain,
1172
01:10:58,564 --> 01:11:03,051
where I could walk a mile
in someone else's shoes.
1173
01:11:03,086 --> 01:11:06,814
What if I could feel what
it was like to be you?
1174
01:11:06,848 --> 01:11:09,126
What if I could understand
your contextual framework?
1175
01:11:09,161 --> 01:11:11,991
What if I understood your
memories and your emotions?
1176
01:11:12,026 --> 01:11:13,890
Would that change the way
we deal with each other?
1177
01:11:13,924 --> 01:11:15,823
The way we cooperate, the
way we make decisions?
1178
01:11:15,857 --> 01:11:17,756
Would that change
our creative ability?
1179
01:11:19,482 --> 01:11:22,485
It's gonna be on our front
doorsteps in 15-20 years
1180
01:11:23,693 --> 01:11:25,626
on a scale we've
never seen before.
1181
01:11:25,660 --> 01:11:27,800
So how might we be thoughtful
1182
01:11:27,835 --> 01:11:29,250
in building these technologies?
1183
01:11:31,010 --> 01:11:33,910
The impact is going
to be substantial.
1184
01:11:35,049 --> 01:11:38,017
And to acknowledge
that that is the case,
1185
01:11:38,052 --> 01:11:40,157
and reconcile what that means
1186
01:11:40,192 --> 01:11:43,816
will allow us to have
productive conversations
1187
01:11:43,851 --> 01:11:48,649
of how we might explore this,
develop this, deal with this.
1188
01:11:48,683 --> 01:11:49,477
Thank you.
1189
01:11:53,032 --> 01:11:55,483
The reality is it's up to us.
1190
01:11:58,072 --> 01:12:00,177
The key to our
continued thriving,
1191
01:12:00,212 --> 01:12:01,489
the key to everything we want
1192
01:12:02,387 --> 01:12:03,526
is to open up
1193
01:12:05,321 --> 01:12:07,944
and consider this new
set of possibilities
1194
01:12:09,325 --> 01:12:11,257
that we've never
considered before.
1195
01:12:25,789 --> 01:12:28,551
[birds chirping]
1196
01:12:31,588 --> 01:12:33,245
- [Anne] Before the operation,
1197
01:12:36,421 --> 01:12:39,355
I went in hoping
everything would be fine.
1198
01:12:43,359 --> 01:12:45,188
That I would be a new person.
1199
01:12:50,745 --> 01:12:54,370
But I was forced to
accept the unknown
1200
01:12:57,269 --> 01:13:00,755
and open myself up to something
1201
01:13:02,861 --> 01:13:05,346
a little bit different.
1202
01:13:17,082 --> 01:13:19,325
I can't really explain it.
1203
01:13:23,675 --> 01:13:25,884
But when I try to see
what it would be like
1204
01:13:27,368 --> 01:13:29,681
if I didn't have the device on.
1205
01:13:31,717 --> 01:13:34,410
[somber music]
1206
01:13:43,039 --> 01:13:46,629
I wait a few seconds
and all the symptoms
1207
01:13:46,663 --> 01:13:49,735
of Parkinson's are back.
1208
01:13:51,772 --> 01:13:56,397
My toes are all curling under
and I'm starting to sway.
1209
01:14:01,367 --> 01:14:02,714
I get stiff.
1210
01:14:06,372 --> 01:14:07,615
And I can't walk.
1211
01:14:15,416 --> 01:14:18,384
My tongue gets even thicker.
1212
01:14:20,317 --> 01:14:23,217
And it feels like I
can't speak at all.
1213
01:14:30,707 --> 01:14:34,331
And then when the device
is turned on again,
1214
01:14:38,404 --> 01:14:40,406
my movements become more fluid.
1215
01:14:43,686 --> 01:14:48,691
It's as if this machine
is motivating me
1216
01:14:51,383 --> 01:14:52,660
to get it right.
1217
01:14:55,836 --> 01:14:58,217
[light music]
1218
01:14:59,356 --> 01:15:03,222
It's been almost a
year since the surgery.
1219
01:15:06,363 --> 01:15:08,193
I used to come
down here and stare
1220
01:15:08,227 --> 01:15:11,403
at my boxes of paper and wonder
1221
01:15:11,437 --> 01:15:15,027
how in the world I was
gonna make something.
1222
01:15:19,963 --> 01:15:24,968
But now it's as if my
motivation and creative ability
1223
01:15:25,624 --> 01:15:27,350
has just clicked in.
1224
01:15:29,386 --> 01:15:33,149
There's a connection that my
brain is making to my hands
1225
01:15:33,183 --> 01:15:34,806
that it never made before,
1226
01:15:36,393 --> 01:15:40,018
and anything I want
to do, I can do.
1227
01:15:41,571 --> 01:15:42,365
Hi, Tootsie!
1228
01:15:43,849 --> 01:15:46,507
We had our first grandchild
about three months ago.
1229
01:15:46,542 --> 01:15:48,854
- [Man] Let's go Mr. Jellybean.
1230
01:15:48,889 --> 01:15:50,304
- [Woman] The
neurostimulator's stopping you
1231
01:15:50,338 --> 01:15:53,169
from shaking your legs so
now you can't jostle him.
1232
01:15:53,203 --> 01:15:54,826
[laughing]
1233
01:15:54,860 --> 01:15:58,208
- [Stan] Her anxiety, which
was horrible, has disappeared.
1234
01:15:59,347 --> 01:16:02,558
Now we can go to the
city, take in a concert,
1235
01:16:02,592 --> 01:16:03,697
take in a play.
1236
01:16:07,355 --> 01:16:11,014
- [Anne] It all comes together
the same way it used to.
1237
01:16:11,049 --> 01:16:13,534
- [Stan] Anne and I started
taking dance lessons together.
1238
01:16:13,569 --> 01:16:14,328
- [Woman] Oh, you did?
1239
01:16:14,362 --> 01:16:15,467
- [Stan and Anne] Yep.
1240
01:16:15,501 --> 01:16:16,951
- [Stan] The
procedure didn't stop
1241
01:16:16,986 --> 01:16:19,298
the disease from progressing.
1242
01:16:19,333 --> 01:16:20,955
But we bought a lot of time.
1243
01:16:24,649 --> 01:16:26,202
- [Anne] I get teary because
1244
01:16:28,411 --> 01:16:29,757
you can see just
1245
01:16:32,346 --> 01:16:34,417
that the things you
did were worth doing.
1246
01:16:41,907 --> 01:16:44,461
It's an amazing feeling
1247
01:16:48,189 --> 01:16:49,363
that I can trust,
1248
01:16:51,917 --> 01:16:53,574
I don't know how
to even say this.
1249
01:16:55,265 --> 01:17:00,270
but I can trust my brain
to work better now.
1250
01:17:03,411 --> 01:17:06,000
[pensive music]
1251
01:17:15,423 --> 01:17:17,149
- [Stephen] When
I lost my vision,
1252
01:17:17,184 --> 01:17:20,118
the hardest part was
trying to figure out
1253
01:17:20,152 --> 01:17:22,223
how to ask for help.
1254
01:17:29,886 --> 01:17:32,855
Fortunately, I had my sister.
1255
01:17:32,889 --> 01:17:35,478
- [Denise] Right by
Roy Thomson Hall again.
1256
01:17:35,512 --> 01:17:36,652
- [Stephen] Okay.
1257
01:17:36,686 --> 01:17:38,170
- [Denise] We're
walking into the sunset.
1258
01:17:38,205 --> 01:17:39,275
- [Stephen] Why
don't we go in there
1259
01:17:39,309 --> 01:17:40,517
and get tickets to do something?
1260
01:17:40,552 --> 01:17:42,416
At least it'll be warm.
1261
01:17:46,213 --> 01:17:48,974
- I'm hoping that
over time I'll see
1262
01:17:49,009 --> 01:17:50,320
outline of objects.
1263
01:17:51,667 --> 01:17:53,565
Tables and doors.
1264
01:17:55,809 --> 01:17:58,363
And when I'm
crossing the street,
1265
01:17:58,397 --> 01:17:59,985
I can distinguish,
1266
01:18:00,020 --> 01:18:02,850
oh ok this is a car and
it's coming right for me,
1267
01:18:02,885 --> 01:18:04,334
[chuckling] get out of the way.
1268
01:18:07,372 --> 01:18:10,720
I had to learn to
retrain my mind
1269
01:18:12,066 --> 01:18:14,241
and have a new
perspective of my future.
1270
01:18:17,106 --> 01:18:20,005
- [Denise] I think his
independence will come back.
1271
01:18:21,248 --> 01:18:24,147
He's definitely got the
motivation and the drive.
1272
01:18:27,392 --> 01:18:29,152
I'm very excited for him.
1273
01:18:38,092 --> 01:18:40,716
[pensive music]
1274
01:18:44,892 --> 01:18:46,411
- [Bill] Before my accident,
1275
01:18:48,068 --> 01:18:50,415
I didn't really think
about medical research.
1276
01:18:51,209 --> 01:18:52,210
- [Bill's Friend] You the star.
1277
01:18:53,383 --> 01:18:55,800
- [Bill] I was
just a pee-on too.
1278
01:18:55,834 --> 01:18:57,525
- [Bill's Friend]
You was a pee-on?
1279
01:18:57,560 --> 01:19:01,012
[Bill] Yeah, I was nobody.
1280
01:19:01,046 --> 01:19:02,220
[Bill's Friend] You were nobody.
1281
01:19:02,254 --> 01:19:03,704
[Bill] But now I'm somebody.
1282
01:19:03,739 --> 01:19:05,775
[Bill's Friend] But
now you're somebody.
1283
01:19:05,810 --> 01:19:09,020
[Bill] But somebody
has to do research
1284
01:19:10,746 --> 01:19:12,644
or no breakthroughs
are gonna happen.
1285
01:19:25,243 --> 01:19:28,315
And even if I don't get
any benefit out of this,
1286
01:19:29,661 --> 01:19:32,698
eventually somebody's gonna
benefit from what I'm doing
1287
01:19:34,493 --> 01:19:36,185
and that makes me feel special.
1288
01:19:37,738 --> 01:19:38,981
- [Man] Right, Bill, you ready?
1289
01:19:39,015 --> 01:19:40,292
This time it'll be you
with no assistance.
1290
01:19:40,327 --> 01:19:42,398
So it'll just be all you here.
1291
01:19:42,432 --> 01:19:43,364
- [Bill] I'm ready.
1292
01:20:02,142 --> 01:20:04,523
- [Man] All right, here we go.
1293
01:20:14,223 --> 01:20:16,915
[beeping]
- [Computer] Open.
1294
01:20:20,298 --> 01:20:23,025
[beeping]
Open.
1295
01:20:35,244 --> 01:20:38,005
[beeping]
Open.
1296
01:20:39,351 --> 01:20:41,250
- [Man] Try it again.
1297
01:20:42,976 --> 01:20:44,322
See if you can open your hand.
1298
01:20:49,741 --> 01:20:50,535
- [Bolu] Bill, focus.
1299
01:20:59,820 --> 01:21:01,304
- [Computer] Out.
1300
01:21:02,409 --> 01:21:03,755
- [Man] Just checking triceps.
1301
01:21:05,412 --> 01:21:06,551
- [Computer] Up.
1302
01:21:10,555 --> 01:21:11,280
[beeping]
Close.
1303
01:21:12,798 --> 01:21:13,696
- [Man] Close your hand.
1304
01:21:18,321 --> 01:21:19,357
Reach in.
1305
01:21:25,259 --> 01:21:28,055
[uplifting music]
1306
01:21:32,853 --> 01:21:35,614
[beeping]
- [Computer] Down.
1307
01:21:38,514 --> 01:21:40,723
[beeping]
1308
01:21:43,243 --> 01:21:45,901
[beeping]
Out.
1309
01:21:47,316 --> 01:21:48,558
- [Man] Biceps.
1310
01:21:48,593 --> 01:21:49,835
Just checking.
1311
01:21:50,767 --> 01:21:52,977
[beeping]
1312
01:21:59,052 --> 01:22:01,709
[beeping]
- [Computer] In.
1313
01:22:01,744 --> 01:22:03,297
- [Bolu] It's amazing.
1314
01:22:03,332 --> 01:22:05,161
[beeping]
- [Computer] Out.
1315
01:22:05,196 --> 01:22:07,577
- [Man] Ready for
some mashed potatoes?
1316
01:22:07,612 --> 01:22:08,371
- [Bill] Yes I am.
1317
01:22:10,960 --> 01:22:13,998
Like most people, you know,
1318
01:22:14,032 --> 01:22:17,346
I thought quadriplegics
all were, you know
1319
01:22:17,380 --> 01:22:20,590
stuck in bed, they didn't do
anything, didn't move around.
1320
01:22:20,625 --> 01:22:21,591
- [Man] Bring your arm down.
1321
01:22:23,283 --> 01:22:26,458
- [Bolu] He seems to have a
very strong elbow movements.
1322
01:22:28,564 --> 01:22:29,875
- [Bill] But now....
1323
01:22:29,910 --> 01:22:31,325
- [Man] Raise up again.
1324
01:22:31,360 --> 01:22:32,948
- [Bill] I'm learning
1325
01:22:34,570 --> 01:22:36,020
that's not really true.
1326
01:22:45,753 --> 01:22:49,826
Mashed Potatoes. [chuckling]
1327
01:22:49,861 --> 01:22:50,620
I love it.
1328
01:22:51,794 --> 01:22:53,451
To be able to eat
something with a fork.
1329
01:22:54,935 --> 01:22:56,316
It's wonderful.
1330
01:22:56,350 --> 01:22:57,386
- [Bolu] Good, good good.
1331
01:23:02,046 --> 01:23:03,288
This is groundbreaking work.
1332
01:23:04,841 --> 01:23:07,154
Bill Kochevar, is the first
person to our knowledge
1333
01:23:07,189 --> 01:23:09,881
to use an implanted
brain computer interface
1334
01:23:09,915 --> 01:23:13,091
to control both
reaching and grasping
1335
01:23:13,126 --> 01:23:13,989
just by thinking.
1336
01:23:17,337 --> 01:23:19,132
- [Man] Mashed potatoes
now, steak next?
1337
01:23:19,166 --> 01:23:21,651
[laughing]
1338
01:23:21,686 --> 01:23:23,412
- [Bolu] He is a pioneer.
1339
01:23:23,446 --> 01:23:25,655
[laughing]
1340
01:23:25,690 --> 01:23:27,002
- [Man] You ready?
1341
01:23:27,036 --> 01:23:28,417
- [Bill] Yes I am!
1342
01:23:31,454 --> 01:23:34,112
- [Bolu] Bill is always asking
us what is the next step.
1343
01:23:35,355 --> 01:23:38,806
My hope is that it will
eventually become available
1344
01:23:38,841 --> 01:23:40,463
outside of a laboratory setting,
1345
01:23:41,292 --> 01:23:44,157
invisible to the outside user,
1346
01:23:44,191 --> 01:23:46,297
and give persons with
spinal cord injury
1347
01:23:46,331 --> 01:23:48,816
the ability to perform
tasks on their own,
1348
01:23:48,851 --> 01:23:50,197
to increase their independence,
1349
01:23:50,232 --> 01:23:51,888
to increase their
quality of life.
1350
01:23:53,545 --> 01:23:57,446
I believe that we can harness
the power of the brain
1351
01:23:57,480 --> 01:23:59,379
and harness the
power of computers
1352
01:24:01,174 --> 01:24:04,694
to overcome some of the most
critical limitations we face.
1353
01:24:14,497 --> 01:24:16,361
- [Bryan] We are
walking down this path
1354
01:24:18,294 --> 01:24:19,709
of merging with our technology.
1355
01:24:21,573 --> 01:24:23,886
The insights we
make with the brain
1356
01:24:25,577 --> 01:24:28,511
will invite all of us to
ask questions of ourselves
1357
01:24:29,995 --> 01:24:32,377
that challenge our
deepest held beliefs
1358
01:24:34,310 --> 01:24:37,348
on identity and purpose.
1359
01:24:41,076 --> 01:24:42,663
So what does it
mean to be human?
1360
01:24:46,357 --> 01:24:49,325
To me, it means we can
become anything we want.
1361
01:24:59,197 --> 01:25:01,130
- [Bill] Sleep.
1362
01:25:01,165 --> 01:25:02,649
- [Computer] Sleep.
1363
01:25:16,525 --> 01:25:19,666
[deep pensive music]
1364
01:27:18,094 --> 01:27:20,580
[light music]
102990
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