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These are the user uploaded subtitles that are being translated: 1 00:00:00,910 --> 00:00:16,590 [Music] 2 00:00:16,619 --> 00:00:19,510 we take an awful lot for granted about 3 00:00:19,510 --> 00:00:22,029 life in a modern house it's full of 4 00:00:22,029 --> 00:00:23,830 technology to make life more convenient 5 00:00:23,830 --> 00:00:26,290 it's comfortable it's private but all 6 00:00:26,290 --> 00:00:28,090 this has evolved over many many 7 00:00:28,090 --> 00:00:30,430 centuries every single room in a modern 8 00:00:30,430 --> 00:00:34,079 house has a really fascinating history 9 00:00:34,079 --> 00:00:36,820 this time I'll be exploring the story 10 00:00:36,820 --> 00:00:38,890 the living room the room that has gone 11 00:00:38,890 --> 00:00:40,719 through more changes than any other in 12 00:00:40,719 --> 00:00:43,570 the house it's pretty clear what goes on 13 00:00:43,570 --> 00:00:46,420 in the kitchen in the bedroom in the 14 00:00:46,420 --> 00:00:47,980 bathroom their functions are clearly 15 00:00:47,980 --> 00:00:50,200 defined much harder to say what goes on 16 00:00:50,200 --> 00:00:55,720 in the living room of the house in this 17 00:00:55,720 --> 00:00:57,640 house the old slunt room has been 18 00:00:57,640 --> 00:01:00,280 knocked into what used to be the dining 19 00:01:00,280 --> 00:01:03,250 room making a big multi-purpose living 20 00:01:03,250 --> 00:01:05,049 room space that that energy could be 21 00:01:05,049 --> 00:01:06,880 lobbying out on this sofa watching 22 00:01:06,880 --> 00:01:09,579 television and at this end you might be 23 00:01:09,579 --> 00:01:12,100 dressed up entertaining your friends so 24 00:01:12,100 --> 00:01:14,439 it's very very flexible and this has 25 00:01:14,439 --> 00:01:16,119 gone on throughout history the living 26 00:01:16,119 --> 00:01:17,799 rooms had all sorts of different names 27 00:01:17,799 --> 00:01:20,590 it's been called the lounge the parlor 28 00:01:20,590 --> 00:01:23,409 the reception room drawing room family 29 00:01:23,409 --> 00:01:25,569 room television room but there's been 30 00:01:25,569 --> 00:01:27,280 one thing that's always remain the same 31 00:01:27,280 --> 00:01:29,380 it's been a place for families and 32 00:01:29,380 --> 00:01:31,420 friends to come together it's a spacial 33 00:01:31,420 --> 00:01:33,729 space that idea has always been at the 34 00:01:33,729 --> 00:01:36,659 heart of the living room 35 00:01:36,659 --> 00:01:39,420 and nowhere more so than in medieval 36 00:01:39,420 --> 00:01:42,719 England today most people are lucky 37 00:01:42,719 --> 00:01:44,610 enough to live in their own homes but in 38 00:01:44,610 --> 00:01:46,380 the Middle Ages it was much more common 39 00:01:46,380 --> 00:01:48,689 to live communally even in the home of 40 00:01:48,689 --> 00:01:53,009 your employer and instead of living 41 00:01:53,009 --> 00:01:57,289 rooms these houses had large open Hall 42 00:01:57,289 --> 00:01:59,970 so to find out how this living space was 43 00:01:59,970 --> 00:02:02,100 organized I've come to meet historian 44 00:02:02,100 --> 00:02:04,460 John Goodall in a 15th century farmhouse 45 00:02:04,460 --> 00:02:07,409 wow this is pretty impressive isn't it 46 00:02:07,409 --> 00:02:10,410 yes holes are the oldest spaces in 47 00:02:10,410 --> 00:02:12,090 English domestic architecture they've 48 00:02:12,090 --> 00:02:14,970 been the centerpieces of houses really 49 00:02:14,970 --> 00:02:17,220 from the Dark Ages to the present even 50 00:02:17,220 --> 00:02:19,500 today in your house you may have a Lobby 51 00:02:19,500 --> 00:02:21,569 that's called a hall and why did they 52 00:02:21,569 --> 00:02:23,400 last such a long time and what's so 53 00:02:23,400 --> 00:02:25,950 great about the Great Hall well very 54 00:02:25,950 --> 00:02:27,930 laughs at some time because they embody 55 00:02:27,930 --> 00:02:29,610 in the Middle Ages a very important 56 00:02:29,610 --> 00:02:32,430 concept communal living the idea of a 57 00:02:32,430 --> 00:02:34,349 household where people come together and 58 00:02:34,349 --> 00:02:37,260 they live eat together and share 59 00:02:37,260 --> 00:02:39,540 conversation together so it is an 60 00:02:39,540 --> 00:02:41,790 architectural expression of a social 61 00:02:41,790 --> 00:02:43,680 unit the household and that's what it's 62 00:02:43,680 --> 00:02:45,630 always been and that concept is so 63 00:02:45,630 --> 00:02:49,019 powerful in English social history the 64 00:02:49,019 --> 00:02:51,030 household was the center of medieval 65 00:02:51,030 --> 00:02:53,010 life from the palace of the King to the 66 00:02:53,010 --> 00:02:54,660 humblest peasant running it was a 67 00:02:54,660 --> 00:02:56,940 communal unit of workers servants 68 00:02:56,940 --> 00:02:58,920 relatives all living in the same space 69 00:02:58,920 --> 00:03:01,500 and it was in the open hall that they'd 70 00:03:01,500 --> 00:03:03,959 eat gatherings on to the fire and sleep 71 00:03:03,959 --> 00:03:06,870 safely behind bolted doors this is a 72 00:03:06,870 --> 00:03:08,489 very interesting example of a building 73 00:03:08,489 --> 00:03:11,280 some middling wealthy man of the 74 00:03:11,280 --> 00:03:13,049 fifteenth century and the kind of space 75 00:03:13,049 --> 00:03:14,910 that he would have created for his small 76 00:03:14,910 --> 00:03:17,910 household of servant and his own family 77 00:03:17,910 --> 00:03:20,790 but it's very hierarchical indeed to a 78 00:03:20,790 --> 00:03:22,639 medieval eye there are lots of invisible 79 00:03:22,639 --> 00:03:25,109 delineations in this hall there's a main 80 00:03:25,109 --> 00:03:27,870 body of a hall a fireplace and what in a 81 00:03:27,870 --> 00:03:29,519 grand house would be a raised step or 82 00:03:29,519 --> 00:03:31,799 dais with a high table so if I were a 83 00:03:31,799 --> 00:03:34,109 miserable lonely serf and I came in here 84 00:03:34,109 --> 00:03:36,120 I would know that I really shouldn't go 85 00:03:36,120 --> 00:03:38,579 up to that end that's not my place to is 86 00:03:38,579 --> 00:03:40,049 it you wouldn't put your foot on the 87 00:03:40,049 --> 00:03:42,660 line of the dais and you would just know 88 00:03:42,660 --> 00:03:44,729 that instinctively in much the same way 89 00:03:44,729 --> 00:03:47,120 that we know to cure at a bus stop they 90 00:03:47,120 --> 00:03:48,890 yeah it's all these things which are 91 00:03:48,890 --> 00:03:50,659 culturally ingrained in you and you 92 00:03:50,659 --> 00:03:53,060 understand the space this hall might not 93 00:03:53,060 --> 00:03:55,310 have a dais but it does have a top table 94 00:03:55,310 --> 00:03:57,140 where even the furniture was arranged 95 00:03:57,140 --> 00:03:58,700 according to hierarchy 96 00:03:58,700 --> 00:04:00,409 I think the farmer would have been 97 00:04:00,409 --> 00:04:01,549 sitting on this because it's not a 98 00:04:01,549 --> 00:04:04,280 lonely stored it is a chair and he sits 99 00:04:04,280 --> 00:04:06,709 here at his table which is called a 100 00:04:06,709 --> 00:04:09,110 board because it is very literally a 101 00:04:09,110 --> 00:04:11,900 board on top of trestles and because he 102 00:04:11,900 --> 00:04:13,430 is the most important person in the 103 00:04:13,430 --> 00:04:15,829 household he's sitting at a chair under 104 00:04:15,829 --> 00:04:18,649 a board he is the chairman of the board 105 00:04:18,649 --> 00:04:21,019 that's the origin of expression you 106 00:04:21,019 --> 00:04:22,220 would also of course have been sitting 107 00:04:22,220 --> 00:04:24,020 on that side facing down the hall 108 00:04:24,020 --> 00:04:25,789 looking at everybody as they sat 109 00:04:25,789 --> 00:04:27,530 together the chairman of the board would 110 00:04:27,530 --> 00:04:30,080 have sat there and in the middle the 111 00:04:30,080 --> 00:04:32,060 focal point of life in the hall was the 112 00:04:32,060 --> 00:04:35,060 central half literally focused in Latin 113 00:04:35,060 --> 00:04:37,430 but with no chimney the smoke could only 114 00:04:37,430 --> 00:04:39,139 escape through the large open windows or 115 00:04:39,139 --> 00:04:43,340 the tiled in the roof the problem with 116 00:04:43,340 --> 00:04:45,169 these three central house was the 117 00:04:45,169 --> 00:04:48,050 horrible black smelly smoke and here is 118 00:04:48,050 --> 00:04:50,539 a medieval man's list of three reasons 119 00:04:50,539 --> 00:04:53,870 to leave a house the first is a white 120 00:04:53,870 --> 00:04:56,090 for the wicked tongue the second is a 121 00:04:56,090 --> 00:04:58,880 leaky roof and the third perhaps the 122 00:04:58,880 --> 00:05:01,070 most important other days when smoke and 123 00:05:01,070 --> 00:05:03,740 smolder might in his eyes till he is 124 00:05:03,740 --> 00:05:06,380 bleary-eyed or blind course in the 125 00:05:06,380 --> 00:05:09,650 throat and he causeth and curseth in 126 00:05:09,650 --> 00:05:11,510 fact it's so smoking here I'm still like 127 00:05:11,510 --> 00:05:12,740 coughing and cursing and going together 128 00:05:12,740 --> 00:05:15,430 the Thresher 129 00:05:15,840 --> 00:05:18,640 by the late 16th century a new 130 00:05:18,640 --> 00:05:20,380 phenomenon was entering domestic 131 00:05:20,380 --> 00:05:22,360 architecture one that would transform 132 00:05:22,360 --> 00:05:24,520 the living rooms in the smoky open Hall 133 00:05:24,520 --> 00:05:29,140 of the past it looks like a classic 134 00:05:29,140 --> 00:05:30,940 English country cottage it was built by 135 00:05:30,940 --> 00:05:32,560 sheep farmers rice at the beginning of 136 00:05:32,560 --> 00:05:34,480 the 17th century but although it looks 137 00:05:34,480 --> 00:05:36,130 like traditional to us it actually 138 00:05:36,130 --> 00:05:38,580 contains something revolutionary inside 139 00:05:38,580 --> 00:05:44,310 and that's something was the chimney 140 00:05:44,670 --> 00:05:47,530 this is the exciting new thing it's the 141 00:05:47,530 --> 00:05:50,170 brick chimney breast it contains the 142 00:05:50,170 --> 00:05:51,940 fire stopped the smoke going everywhere 143 00:05:51,940 --> 00:05:54,490 and it splits the big open hall into 144 00:05:54,490 --> 00:05:56,590 separate rooms for the first time so 145 00:05:56,590 --> 00:05:59,320 this one here is a kitchen cooking 146 00:05:59,320 --> 00:06:02,940 eating and through here we've got a 147 00:06:02,940 --> 00:06:05,320 recognizable living room for the first 148 00:06:05,320 --> 00:06:07,240 time you could sit here in front of the 149 00:06:07,240 --> 00:06:09,610 fire enjoying yourself the other change 150 00:06:09,610 --> 00:06:12,010 is that the big grassy masters of the 151 00:06:12,010 --> 00:06:13,810 hall has been sealed off now there's a 152 00:06:13,810 --> 00:06:16,000 whole extra story in there the bedrooms 153 00:06:16,000 --> 00:06:16,870 are upset 154 00:06:16,870 --> 00:06:19,360 so it's this technological breakthrough 155 00:06:19,360 --> 00:06:21,640 as a chimney it allows the modern house 156 00:06:21,640 --> 00:06:23,650 as we'd recognize it today to come into 157 00:06:23,650 --> 00:06:24,540 existence 158 00:06:24,540 --> 00:06:26,590 chimneys had been a feature of the 159 00:06:26,590 --> 00:06:28,390 grandest manners in castle since the 160 00:06:28,390 --> 00:06:30,550 12th century but they were expensive to 161 00:06:30,550 --> 00:06:32,560 build when the open hearth remained a 162 00:06:32,560 --> 00:06:34,870 powerful concept so chimneys wouldn't 163 00:06:34,870 --> 00:06:37,000 reach middling homes until the late 16th 164 00:06:37,000 --> 00:06:40,570 century now the house was subdivided and 165 00:06:40,570 --> 00:06:42,490 it's fire was closed off with brick it 166 00:06:42,490 --> 00:06:45,190 became a darker place peaceful so to 167 00:06:45,190 --> 00:06:47,020 illustrate how living spaces were lit 168 00:06:47,020 --> 00:06:49,960 lighting historian Maureen Dillon has 169 00:06:49,960 --> 00:06:51,730 brought a collection of lights that 170 00:06:51,730 --> 00:06:53,140 would have been used in a cottage just 171 00:06:53,140 --> 00:06:55,360 like this one what's that funny-looking 172 00:06:55,360 --> 00:06:58,750 thing there it's the rush light which 173 00:06:58,750 --> 00:07:01,510 was first thought to have been used in 174 00:07:01,510 --> 00:07:04,120 England before the Roman occupation made 175 00:07:04,120 --> 00:07:06,970 from a common office rush dragged 176 00:07:06,970 --> 00:07:10,120 through animal fat but this one's been 177 00:07:10,120 --> 00:07:13,510 dipped in mutton but it was usually for 178 00:07:13,510 --> 00:07:17,890 less offensive smells and less smoke for 179 00:07:17,890 --> 00:07:20,140 sheeps now less than pigs when their fat 180 00:07:20,140 --> 00:07:21,070 is burnt 181 00:07:21,070 --> 00:07:23,620 yes the alternative to a rush light was 182 00:07:23,620 --> 00:07:25,990 the tallow candle you make these by 183 00:07:25,990 --> 00:07:28,450 repeatedly dipping widths of twisted 184 00:07:28,450 --> 00:07:29,530 hemp or flax 185 00:07:29,530 --> 00:07:32,320 into pots of boiling animal fat so that 186 00:07:32,320 --> 00:07:34,930 was much browner and sort of dirty look 187 00:07:34,930 --> 00:07:37,030 absolutely and what you've got there are 188 00:07:37,030 --> 00:07:41,740 bits off the flesh from the animals bits 189 00:07:41,740 --> 00:07:44,620 as hopeful it's a meat a meat flavours 190 00:07:44,620 --> 00:07:47,080 candle flows with candle but but you'd 191 00:07:47,080 --> 00:07:48,670 be very if you were starving to death 192 00:07:48,670 --> 00:07:50,910 you would be quite happy to eat this oh 193 00:07:50,910 --> 00:07:53,890 what a horrible thought before the 194 00:07:53,890 --> 00:07:55,420 lights were lit the house has to be 195 00:07:55,420 --> 00:07:57,370 sealed from drafts which burnt the 196 00:07:57,370 --> 00:07:59,110 candles more quickly and wasted precious 197 00:07:59,110 --> 00:08:02,440 money I'm using the shutter to shut the 198 00:08:02,440 --> 00:08:08,530 wind I the I way the wind came in here 199 00:08:08,530 --> 00:08:10,450 we go lighting the end of the rush light 200 00:08:10,450 --> 00:08:14,530 oh it's melting and dripping fat you 201 00:08:14,530 --> 00:08:16,090 know some people put a wet cloth 202 00:08:16,090 --> 00:08:19,300 underneath to stop the grease down low 203 00:08:19,300 --> 00:08:21,220 and can identity burning the candle at 204 00:08:21,220 --> 00:08:25,120 both ends yes yes why not you just like 205 00:08:25,120 --> 00:08:29,110 the other end like this lit rush lights 206 00:08:29,110 --> 00:08:31,570 would last 20 minutes at most so burning 207 00:08:31,570 --> 00:08:33,340 them at both ends was reserved only for 208 00:08:33,340 --> 00:08:34,659 special occasions 209 00:08:34,659 --> 00:08:37,240 so the advantage of this one is that 210 00:08:37,240 --> 00:08:39,460 it's going to have less smoking it's 211 00:08:39,460 --> 00:08:42,130 going to last a lot longer that is the 212 00:08:42,130 --> 00:08:44,650 more you paid for the camphor you've got 213 00:08:44,650 --> 00:08:47,770 a more like less smell less smoke so 214 00:08:47,770 --> 00:08:50,320 this end of the market the very poor 215 00:08:50,320 --> 00:08:52,900 they got the more smells the more smoke 216 00:08:52,900 --> 00:08:57,400 and the less light so that's the third 217 00:08:57,400 --> 00:08:59,380 candle out and we're just left with the 218 00:08:59,380 --> 00:09:01,930 tiny cheap meat candle and you can see 219 00:09:01,930 --> 00:09:04,570 how its Guses all the all these all the 220 00:09:04,570 --> 00:09:06,640 fat is gushed down the side and it's 221 00:09:06,640 --> 00:09:10,810 remaking very little right with lighting 222 00:09:10,810 --> 00:09:13,180 so expensive rush lights were pulled 223 00:09:13,180 --> 00:09:15,190 with the neighbors they'd take it in 224 00:09:15,190 --> 00:09:16,750 terms to go round to each other's houses 225 00:09:16,750 --> 00:09:20,110 not for measure but for work in the few 226 00:09:20,110 --> 00:09:22,300 minutes of affordable artificial light 227 00:09:22,300 --> 00:09:24,100 housewives would finish off vital 228 00:09:24,100 --> 00:09:26,410 household tasks like spinning wool or 229 00:09:26,410 --> 00:09:29,290 mending clothes now that I understand 230 00:09:29,290 --> 00:09:31,810 just how hard it is to make rush light 231 00:09:31,810 --> 00:09:34,900 and how quickly they burn I've got a 232 00:09:34,900 --> 00:09:37,420 real new understanding just how valuable 233 00:09:37,420 --> 00:09:40,690 they were and it also gives me a new 234 00:09:40,690 --> 00:09:42,790 standing of how important the fire is 235 00:09:42,790 --> 00:09:45,460 not only for once that sunlight in the 236 00:09:45,460 --> 00:09:48,580 evening just potential and insight in 237 00:09:48,580 --> 00:09:50,650 places like Cumbria the fire was so 238 00:09:50,650 --> 00:09:52,870 important that they kept it burning for 239 00:09:52,870 --> 00:09:55,360 generations it never went out this room 240 00:09:55,360 --> 00:09:57,550 would be called the fire room rather 241 00:09:57,550 --> 00:10:00,970 than the living room in comparison to 242 00:10:00,970 --> 00:10:02,830 country cottages with their single 243 00:10:02,830 --> 00:10:05,170 chimney the owners of grand houses and 244 00:10:05,170 --> 00:10:07,120 palaces project it their wealth through 245 00:10:07,120 --> 00:10:09,940 a profusion of chimney stacks by the 246 00:10:09,940 --> 00:10:11,740 late 16th century there are two really 247 00:10:11,740 --> 00:10:13,960 obvious stated symbols which marked out 248 00:10:13,960 --> 00:10:16,240 the houses of the wealthier like Hampton 249 00:10:16,240 --> 00:10:18,670 Court Palace here the chimneys and the 250 00:10:18,670 --> 00:10:21,190 glass windows there's a huge number of 251 00:10:21,190 --> 00:10:22,870 chimneys here at Hampton Court 252 00:10:22,870 --> 00:10:25,180 the implication is a lot of fireplaces a 253 00:10:25,180 --> 00:10:27,640 lot of woods being burnt a lot of land 254 00:10:27,640 --> 00:10:30,550 to provide the wood glass had been 255 00:10:30,550 --> 00:10:32,320 around since Roman times it was 256 00:10:32,320 --> 00:10:34,570 prominent in medieval churches within 257 00:10:34,570 --> 00:10:37,000 the 16th century makes a great leap out 258 00:10:37,000 --> 00:10:40,060 of churches into people's houses and it 259 00:10:40,060 --> 00:10:41,890 was very valuable but you might even 260 00:10:41,890 --> 00:10:44,410 pick up your glass windows and take them 261 00:10:44,410 --> 00:10:47,700 with you when you moved house 262 00:10:50,850 --> 00:10:53,920 in order to see the impact that glass 263 00:10:53,920 --> 00:10:55,029 had on the living room 264 00:10:55,029 --> 00:10:57,640 I've come to Hardwick Hall in Derbyshire 265 00:10:57,640 --> 00:11:00,279 famously known as Hardwick Hall more 266 00:11:00,279 --> 00:11:04,660 glass than wall this is a totally new 267 00:11:04,660 --> 00:11:07,150 kind of house I think it's a litigation 268 00:11:07,150 --> 00:11:09,010 England greatest architectural 269 00:11:09,010 --> 00:11:10,870 achievement I just love it all those 270 00:11:10,870 --> 00:11:13,630 windows send out beams of light and 271 00:11:13,630 --> 00:11:15,940 culture across the countryside it's not 272 00:11:15,940 --> 00:11:18,520 a house for defense or for farming it 273 00:11:18,520 --> 00:11:20,110 doesn't have any function at all really 274 00:11:20,110 --> 00:11:22,180 apartment to impress people and it's got 275 00:11:22,180 --> 00:11:23,770 a new type of living room that's all 276 00:11:23,770 --> 00:11:26,260 about expressing your status to get in 277 00:11:26,260 --> 00:11:28,480 fact it's a house intended for showing 278 00:11:28,480 --> 00:11:33,279 off Hardwick Hall was built by betters 279 00:11:33,279 --> 00:11:35,500 Hardwick the counter to Shrewsbury and 280 00:11:35,500 --> 00:11:37,470 the second richest woman in the land 281 00:11:37,470 --> 00:11:40,750 finished in 1597 just three years before 282 00:11:40,750 --> 00:11:42,910 the country cottage I visited this is 283 00:11:42,910 --> 00:11:45,160 what money could buy instead of just one 284 00:11:45,160 --> 00:11:47,140 living room this house had a whole suite 285 00:11:47,140 --> 00:11:49,750 of them Hardwick Skeeter Andrew barber 286 00:11:49,750 --> 00:11:52,839 is showing me round yep this is where 287 00:11:52,839 --> 00:11:54,670 everyone would have come into Hardwick 288 00:11:54,670 --> 00:11:55,930 for the first time through the front 289 00:11:55,930 --> 00:11:57,400 door and this will be all a throng of 290 00:11:57,400 --> 00:12:00,610 busy servants running hither and yon now 291 00:12:00,610 --> 00:12:02,290 this is still a great hall but it's not 292 00:12:02,290 --> 00:12:03,850 really the heart of the household 293 00:12:03,850 --> 00:12:06,570 anymore is it 294 00:12:07,220 --> 00:12:09,720 instead of the Great Hall a new room 295 00:12:09,720 --> 00:12:12,240 called the Great Chamber was the focus 296 00:12:12,240 --> 00:12:14,700 of houses like this one at Hardwick 297 00:12:14,700 --> 00:12:16,380 guests reached it by climbing a 298 00:12:16,380 --> 00:12:21,230 dizzyingly designed ceremonial banking 299 00:12:21,230 --> 00:12:24,630 if you're standing here as we are you 300 00:12:24,630 --> 00:12:26,700 just feel like you're a little dwarf and 301 00:12:26,700 --> 00:12:29,130 here's this superhuman circus going out 302 00:12:29,130 --> 00:12:32,130 to I don't know I feel that God might be 303 00:12:32,130 --> 00:12:33,930 sitting at the top of it we can see the 304 00:12:33,930 --> 00:12:35,730 Rays of his light coming down around the 305 00:12:35,730 --> 00:12:38,010 corner yes great Lantern windows some of 306 00:12:38,010 --> 00:12:39,810 the South Tower is what he's waiting for 307 00:12:39,810 --> 00:12:42,480 you up there to prepare you to go into 308 00:12:42,480 --> 00:12:45,930 the presence of best herself dearly dad 309 00:12:45,930 --> 00:12:49,230 I don't know I think we ought to come on 310 00:12:49,230 --> 00:12:53,089 [Music] 311 00:12:53,089 --> 00:12:55,470 the whole household would have been 312 00:12:55,470 --> 00:12:57,540 welcomed in the medieval Hall but now 313 00:12:57,540 --> 00:12:59,399 only the most important visitors were 314 00:12:59,399 --> 00:13:02,910 invited up into the Great Chamber David 315 00:13:02,910 --> 00:13:08,680 Michael catch the look on it from Narnia 316 00:13:08,680 --> 00:13:14,739 [Music] 317 00:13:14,879 --> 00:13:18,120 and here it is a high-grade chamber Wow 318 00:13:18,120 --> 00:13:20,560 bathed in lights and the enormous 319 00:13:20,560 --> 00:13:23,050 windows this giant reception room was 320 00:13:23,050 --> 00:13:24,999 used for parties and feasts and 321 00:13:24,999 --> 00:13:28,600 entertaining on a lavish scale with the 322 00:13:28,600 --> 00:13:30,639 smoke contained by the enormous 323 00:13:30,639 --> 00:13:32,740 fireplace best Commission's on of 324 00:13:32,740 --> 00:13:35,379 England's list striking interiors and 325 00:13:35,379 --> 00:13:37,269 what are the key features that you need 326 00:13:37,269 --> 00:13:39,699 then for a top-notch great chamber like 327 00:13:39,699 --> 00:13:41,649 this one well you need to show off who 328 00:13:41,649 --> 00:13:43,930 you are and how wealthy you are your 329 00:13:43,930 --> 00:13:46,209 status and so you do that by your 330 00:13:46,209 --> 00:13:50,170 furnishings and in this room there still 331 00:13:50,170 --> 00:13:52,269 exists quite a bit of the furnishing and 332 00:13:52,269 --> 00:13:55,360 decoration that Bess had the tapestries 333 00:13:55,360 --> 00:13:57,399 they would have been very much more 334 00:13:57,399 --> 00:13:59,290 highly colored they faded a lot there 335 00:13:59,290 --> 00:14:01,360 were embroidered cushions on stools in 336 00:14:01,360 --> 00:14:02,949 here which were embroidered with silver 337 00:14:02,949 --> 00:14:06,100 and gold thread and then up above it is 338 00:14:06,100 --> 00:14:08,980 wonderful allegorical frieze would have 339 00:14:08,980 --> 00:14:10,899 been brilliantly colored I think that's 340 00:14:10,899 --> 00:14:13,269 what one's got to bear in mind coming 341 00:14:13,269 --> 00:14:15,249 into this great room your senses have 342 00:14:15,249 --> 00:14:17,559 been assaulted by the amount of light 343 00:14:17,559 --> 00:14:19,569 from these great lantern windows and 344 00:14:19,569 --> 00:14:22,629 then the color and the gorgeous quality 345 00:14:22,629 --> 00:14:26,559 of the textile after the glorious great 346 00:14:26,559 --> 00:14:29,139 chamber there were two server rooms into 347 00:14:29,139 --> 00:14:32,290 which guests might be invited first with 348 00:14:32,290 --> 00:14:33,220 the semi-public 349 00:14:33,220 --> 00:14:35,439 long gallery which ran the full length 350 00:14:35,439 --> 00:14:37,360 of the house and was crammed with 351 00:14:37,360 --> 00:14:40,420 extraordinary portraits and seconds of 352 00:14:40,420 --> 00:14:42,610 the most exclusive room of all there was 353 00:14:42,610 --> 00:14:45,670 drawing chamber you only came into this 354 00:14:45,670 --> 00:14:48,639 room with drawing room if you were in 355 00:14:48,639 --> 00:14:50,889 Betty's very intimate circle you were a 356 00:14:50,889 --> 00:14:53,230 very close friend this was the Holy of 357 00:14:53,230 --> 00:14:55,769 Holies of the house we've literally 358 00:14:55,769 --> 00:14:58,689 withdrawn from the common herd into the 359 00:14:58,689 --> 00:15:00,429 withdrawing room and the withdrawing 360 00:15:00,429 --> 00:15:02,709 room over time will lose its width and 361 00:15:02,709 --> 00:15:04,720 it will just become the drawing room 362 00:15:04,720 --> 00:15:07,569 absolutely what intrigues me about rooms 363 00:15:07,569 --> 00:15:10,120 like this all the very formal rules of 364 00:15:10,120 --> 00:15:12,519 behavior and hierarchy that you can read 365 00:15:12,519 --> 00:15:14,649 about in courtesy books from the 16th 366 00:15:14,649 --> 00:15:16,839 and 17th centuries like the more 367 00:15:16,839 --> 00:15:18,639 important person gets the better chair 368 00:15:18,639 --> 00:15:20,800 and the less important person gets a 369 00:15:20,800 --> 00:15:22,509 Western the more important person sits 370 00:15:22,509 --> 00:15:24,910 near the fire the next person sits a 371 00:15:24,910 --> 00:15:26,740 little bit further away and so on and so 372 00:15:26,740 --> 00:15:28,420 on and so on and I've even read that 373 00:15:28,420 --> 00:15:30,100 there's a portrait of an important 374 00:15:30,100 --> 00:15:32,680 person on the wall you can't even turn 375 00:15:32,680 --> 00:15:34,480 your back to it oh really 376 00:15:34,480 --> 00:15:37,750 yes that really is something with their 377 00:15:37,750 --> 00:15:39,610 progression of hierarchical rooms 378 00:15:39,610 --> 00:15:41,500 Elizabethan houses were seen as 379 00:15:41,500 --> 00:15:44,230 microcosms of society at large in which 380 00:15:44,230 --> 00:15:46,930 everybody had their rightful place yet 381 00:15:46,930 --> 00:15:49,300 better Hardwick cannot be born into her 382 00:15:49,300 --> 00:15:50,380 high position 383 00:15:50,380 --> 00:15:52,150 she prisoner through a series of 384 00:15:52,150 --> 00:15:54,310 judicious marriages thinking about 385 00:15:54,310 --> 00:15:55,660 others reasoning and was there was the 386 00:15:55,660 --> 00:15:58,660 opportunity for people to rise it was 387 00:15:58,660 --> 00:16:01,240 just starting to change and here is the 388 00:16:01,240 --> 00:16:03,220 person who did it she started from 389 00:16:03,220 --> 00:16:04,900 fairly low down the pecking order and 390 00:16:04,900 --> 00:16:07,510 landed up at the very typical you know 391 00:16:07,510 --> 00:16:09,850 Horace Walpole's famous poem about this 392 00:16:09,850 --> 00:16:12,700 I he's a wonderful place to be gorgeous 393 00:16:12,700 --> 00:16:15,730 it gave four times the bridal bed she 394 00:16:15,730 --> 00:16:19,390 warmed and each time so well performed 395 00:16:19,390 --> 00:16:22,240 but when death spoiled each husband's 396 00:16:22,240 --> 00:16:26,670 billing he left the widow every shilling 397 00:16:26,670 --> 00:16:30,580 it's true amazing thing it is true I 398 00:16:30,580 --> 00:16:32,500 think it best realized today she would 399 00:16:32,500 --> 00:16:36,340 be a very clever footballers wife move 400 00:16:36,340 --> 00:16:38,260 away for the whole succession of men get 401 00:16:38,260 --> 00:16:40,180 money off each one and then she build a 402 00:16:40,180 --> 00:16:42,040 footballer's mansion like this with gold 403 00:16:42,040 --> 00:16:46,230 taps absolutely that's how I'm afraid 404 00:16:46,230 --> 00:16:49,090 other the decent towns grew into the 405 00:16:49,090 --> 00:16:51,940 cities as a 17th century improved glass 406 00:16:51,940 --> 00:16:53,980 making techniques much cheaper glass 407 00:16:53,980 --> 00:16:56,410 flooded the market in the 17th century 408 00:16:56,410 --> 00:16:58,660 the sash window was invented and will 409 00:16:58,660 --> 00:17:00,880 become standard in most home leading 410 00:17:00,880 --> 00:17:02,740 King William the third to have a flash 411 00:17:02,740 --> 00:17:03,900 of inspiration 412 00:17:03,900 --> 00:17:06,689 [Music] 413 00:17:06,689 --> 00:17:09,339 nine-thirty I'm assessing the palace for 414 00:17:09,339 --> 00:17:12,040 the window type it's a new tax that was 415 00:17:12,040 --> 00:17:14,230 brought in in 1896 by William desert 416 00:17:14,230 --> 00:17:16,179 who's this gentleman behind me 417 00:17:16,179 --> 00:17:18,280 so your basic house has to pay two 418 00:17:18,280 --> 00:17:20,109 shillings a year but if you've got more 419 00:17:20,109 --> 00:17:22,510 than ten windows you have to pay six 420 00:17:22,510 --> 00:17:24,520 shillings here you've got twenty windows 421 00:17:24,520 --> 00:17:26,470 it goes up to ten shillings here and 422 00:17:26,470 --> 00:17:28,270 every year they sort of Nod jobs about 423 00:17:28,270 --> 00:17:30,940 the demands just a little bit more so by 424 00:17:30,940 --> 00:17:33,640 1789 he had a certain window house 425 00:17:33,640 --> 00:17:36,250 you're paid 30 shillings here which is 426 00:17:36,250 --> 00:17:38,200 two and a half thousand pounds and it's 427 00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:40,780 a tax on light essentially the more 428 00:17:40,780 --> 00:17:43,090 light you let into your house and more 429 00:17:43,090 --> 00:17:44,860 you got a place I call that daylight 430 00:17:44,860 --> 00:17:49,540 robbery the king of course didn't pay a 431 00:17:49,540 --> 00:17:52,900 penny for his palace of 200 windows but 432 00:17:52,900 --> 00:17:55,780 by the 1740s it was easy to assess the 433 00:17:55,780 --> 00:17:57,850 influence of his tax on the urban 434 00:17:57,850 --> 00:18:01,480 landscape so what effect is this tax 435 00:18:01,480 --> 00:18:04,720 have on all people's houses it explains 436 00:18:04,720 --> 00:18:06,580 why you get these weird Glocks up 437 00:18:06,580 --> 00:18:10,179 windows in Georgian cities in 1747 they 438 00:18:10,179 --> 00:18:12,510 changed the rules about window tax and 439 00:18:12,510 --> 00:18:15,880 if you had more than ten windows you had 440 00:18:15,880 --> 00:18:17,740 to pay six that's the window from that 441 00:18:17,740 --> 00:18:19,809 point on do any one with more than ten 442 00:18:19,809 --> 00:18:23,380 windows bake 11 blocks a couple up so 443 00:18:23,380 --> 00:18:25,750 here is this this family is clearly 444 00:18:25,750 --> 00:18:29,799 God's Manning 11 windows down to nine 445 00:18:29,799 --> 00:18:32,110 and this gets them in under the band and 446 00:18:32,110 --> 00:18:34,809 that is saving them the equivalent of 447 00:18:34,809 --> 00:18:38,020 several hundred pounds a year it's light 448 00:18:38,020 --> 00:18:40,210 window tax the middle classes in Jordan 449 00:18:40,210 --> 00:18:42,190 England were considerably better off 450 00:18:42,190 --> 00:18:44,320 than they ever had been with the 451 00:18:44,320 --> 00:18:46,330 expansion of British colonies abroad and 452 00:18:46,330 --> 00:18:48,280 victorious wars against the Dutch and 453 00:18:48,280 --> 00:18:50,470 the French by the 18th century Britain 454 00:18:50,470 --> 00:18:52,510 had established itself as the greatest 455 00:18:52,510 --> 00:18:54,660 trading nation on earth 456 00:18:54,660 --> 00:18:58,000 now a new wealthy merchant class had 457 00:18:58,000 --> 00:19:00,580 money to burn on luxury items for their 458 00:19:00,580 --> 00:19:03,400 homes and they would transform the elite 459 00:19:03,400 --> 00:19:06,070 withdrawing rooms of the past into the 460 00:19:06,070 --> 00:19:08,049 newly prosperous drawing rooms of 461 00:19:08,049 --> 00:19:11,530 Georgian England this is an entirely new 462 00:19:11,530 --> 00:19:13,809 source of drawing room it's the Georges 463 00:19:13,809 --> 00:19:17,140 urban middle class living room and if 464 00:19:17,140 --> 00:19:18,470 you look at it you might think 465 00:19:18,470 --> 00:19:20,960 to be lavish and luxurious but this is 466 00:19:20,960 --> 00:19:23,659 what the 18th century brought luxury for 467 00:19:23,659 --> 00:19:26,570 people who weren't Paris oh crap this is 468 00:19:26,570 --> 00:19:28,520 the first floor of the house sources the 469 00:19:28,520 --> 00:19:31,520 piano nobile a and this is a noble room 470 00:19:31,520 --> 00:19:33,500 it's very decorative it's feminine in 471 00:19:33,500 --> 00:19:35,809 character it's a place where ladies 472 00:19:35,809 --> 00:19:37,880 would entertain each other and you can 473 00:19:37,880 --> 00:19:39,380 send some this drawing room that the 474 00:19:39,380 --> 00:19:40,880 family who live to have lots of friends 475 00:19:40,880 --> 00:19:42,380 in the neighborhood and that they've 476 00:19:42,380 --> 00:19:44,150 been sucked into the new Georgian 477 00:19:44,150 --> 00:19:45,919 praised for having parties and for 478 00:19:45,919 --> 00:19:47,900 entertainment I really like ray all 479 00:19:47,900 --> 00:19:50,059 those chairs backed up against the wall 480 00:19:50,059 --> 00:19:52,010 there so that they can just be drawn 481 00:19:52,010 --> 00:19:54,440 forward when the guests arrive and the 482 00:19:54,440 --> 00:19:56,030 phenomenon that would have the greatest 483 00:19:56,030 --> 00:19:58,159 social impact on the drawing-room with 484 00:19:58,159 --> 00:20:00,650 the tea party I've dressed up to have 485 00:20:00,650 --> 00:20:02,600 one of my own my guests are the 486 00:20:02,600 --> 00:20:04,549 historian Amanda Vickery and tea 487 00:20:04,549 --> 00:20:07,640 historian James Pettigrew and the fact 488 00:20:07,640 --> 00:20:09,260 that the lady that has diddled is in the 489 00:20:09,260 --> 00:20:10,669 drawing room was because the Kings are 490 00:20:10,669 --> 00:20:13,250 so expensive you never let your servants 491 00:20:13,250 --> 00:20:15,470 make the t-handle the team store the tea 492 00:20:15,470 --> 00:20:16,880 it was always kept in the room where you 493 00:20:16,880 --> 00:20:20,510 where you drank it so and then no longer 494 00:20:20,510 --> 00:20:22,190 we going to leave it well about three 495 00:20:22,190 --> 00:20:24,890 minutes second taking tea was such an 496 00:20:24,890 --> 00:20:27,350 important indicator of gentility that 497 00:20:27,350 --> 00:20:29,270 families were now painted in their new 498 00:20:29,270 --> 00:20:30,980 drawing rooms surrounded by their 499 00:20:30,980 --> 00:20:33,260 expensive tea were I think this might be 500 00:20:33,260 --> 00:20:35,450 ready now so if we poured it into the 501 00:20:35,450 --> 00:20:37,940 little bowl alongside tea urns and 502 00:20:37,940 --> 00:20:40,280 silver spoons came sugar tongs and 503 00:20:40,280 --> 00:20:42,530 dainty Chinese teacups with no handles 504 00:20:42,530 --> 00:20:45,080 all quite a bit like drug paraphernalia 505 00:20:45,080 --> 00:20:47,120 the special equipments are heating and 506 00:20:47,120 --> 00:20:49,100 preparing and but it was rather than I 507 00:20:49,100 --> 00:20:50,840 there lies the lady of the house is 508 00:20:50,840 --> 00:20:52,760 individually serving her guests so it's 509 00:20:52,760 --> 00:20:56,000 a gesture of hospitality dressed in 510 00:20:56,000 --> 00:20:58,130 one's finest clothes and the best room 511 00:20:58,130 --> 00:21:00,110 of the house the taking of tea became 512 00:21:00,110 --> 00:21:02,059 governed by a complex code of etiquette 513 00:21:02,059 --> 00:21:04,970 I also want to ask you in paintings I've 514 00:21:04,970 --> 00:21:07,280 seen people holding to scuttle if I can 515 00:21:07,280 --> 00:21:09,080 manage it sort of holding it was rather 516 00:21:09,080 --> 00:21:11,000 like that and really because things with 517 00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:12,440 such tiny balls this is really where the 518 00:21:12,440 --> 00:21:15,080 pinkie started meows which today is 519 00:21:15,080 --> 00:21:17,659 really not very acceptable and then some 520 00:21:17,659 --> 00:21:18,950 ladies would hold it like this way i 521 00:21:18,950 --> 00:21:21,230 delicately look in the pages I'd see 522 00:21:21,230 --> 00:21:23,539 what this allowed was for use to show 523 00:21:23,539 --> 00:21:25,299 off the fine white skin of your forearm 524 00:21:25,299 --> 00:21:27,919 against the fine porcelain of the 525 00:21:27,919 --> 00:21:30,799 Chinese bowl and really just saying look 526 00:21:30,799 --> 00:21:32,090 I'm so wealthy that I'm not 527 00:21:32,090 --> 00:21:34,250 to scrub fenders and black Lee's beep 528 00:21:34,250 --> 00:21:36,289 I'm stoned am i holding that correctly 529 00:21:36,289 --> 00:21:38,779 look fine do you approve I like the 530 00:21:38,779 --> 00:21:41,840 little finger at ya Jeremy laughs 531 00:21:41,840 --> 00:21:44,150 there'll be an accident that was worth 532 00:21:44,150 --> 00:21:44,779 the wait 533 00:21:44,779 --> 00:21:47,840 good can I ask what influenced all this 534 00:21:47,840 --> 00:21:50,150 new hot drink tea business had on the 535 00:21:50,150 --> 00:21:52,340 use of the drawing-room in the house as 536 00:21:52,340 --> 00:21:53,900 people went out visiting more and more 537 00:21:53,900 --> 00:21:56,150 in the Georgian period during afternoon 538 00:21:56,150 --> 00:21:58,220 or after dinner and evening then this 539 00:21:58,220 --> 00:21:59,510 would be the room where it would happen 540 00:21:59,510 --> 00:22:01,820 and their endless references and Diaries 541 00:22:01,820 --> 00:22:03,980 about people dropping around to this ISM 542 00:22:03,980 --> 00:22:06,500 and stopping tea taking tea and then 543 00:22:06,500 --> 00:22:08,090 going off for a walk or going on to the 544 00:22:08,090 --> 00:22:09,770 next person to visit and so it seemed to 545 00:22:09,770 --> 00:22:11,059 be an endless round of tea drinking 546 00:22:11,059 --> 00:22:12,950 going on these are the props which allow 547 00:22:12,950 --> 00:22:14,480 you to show off your polite manners you 548 00:22:14,480 --> 00:22:16,549 know can you manage the gestures can you 549 00:22:16,549 --> 00:22:18,440 manage all the equipment and I suppose 550 00:22:18,440 --> 00:22:20,059 the drawing-room then is a kind of stage 551 00:22:20,059 --> 00:22:21,860 set really for the exhibition of your 552 00:22:21,860 --> 00:22:26,360 gentility the 18th century wasn't just a 553 00:22:26,360 --> 00:22:28,760 boom time to the middle classes it also 554 00:22:28,760 --> 00:22:30,620 saw an explosion in the building of 555 00:22:30,620 --> 00:22:32,720 country houses fiber super rich and 556 00:22:32,720 --> 00:22:34,549 these houses would eventually have an 557 00:22:34,549 --> 00:22:37,549 impact on everybody's living rooms I've 558 00:22:37,549 --> 00:22:39,409 come to one of the grandest houses of 559 00:22:39,409 --> 00:22:41,750 the mall Kedleston Hall in Derbyshire 560 00:22:41,750 --> 00:22:43,940 built by the Tory landowners and 561 00:22:43,940 --> 00:22:47,870 Nathaniel curvin in 1758 I'm being taken 562 00:22:47,870 --> 00:22:49,760 round by the architectural historian 563 00:22:49,760 --> 00:22:52,130 Richard huling Richard I want to see a 564 00:22:52,130 --> 00:22:54,830 really grand Georgian house I think I've 565 00:22:54,830 --> 00:22:56,779 come to the right place why did they go 566 00:22:56,779 --> 00:22:59,600 over the top and build what dr. Johnson 567 00:22:59,600 --> 00:23:01,970 called a town hall house was intended 568 00:23:01,970 --> 00:23:04,100 for display undoubtedly an awful lot of 569 00:23:04,100 --> 00:23:06,860 the spaces inside are completely useless 570 00:23:06,860 --> 00:23:09,559 so just to be very very large and very 571 00:23:09,559 --> 00:23:11,779 very expensive and very very impressive 572 00:23:11,779 --> 00:23:13,940 day-to-day the family lives in an 573 00:23:13,940 --> 00:23:16,220 entirely separate wing the main house 574 00:23:16,220 --> 00:23:18,409 was built purely for show is a giant 575 00:23:18,409 --> 00:23:19,700 suite of reception rooms for 576 00:23:19,700 --> 00:23:22,070 entertaining as well as party guests 577 00:23:22,070 --> 00:23:22,669 Kedleston 578 00:23:22,669 --> 00:23:24,950 also received hordes as a very new kind 579 00:23:24,950 --> 00:23:26,690 of visitor and people were quite often 580 00:23:26,690 --> 00:23:28,520 passing their time in visiting big 581 00:23:28,520 --> 00:23:30,020 houses like this in the 18th century 582 00:23:30,020 --> 00:23:33,320 learners they would give a small tip to 583 00:23:33,320 --> 00:23:35,630 a housekeeper or some other senior 584 00:23:35,630 --> 00:23:36,740 servant who would actually take them 585 00:23:36,740 --> 00:23:38,750 round and show them the treasures okay 586 00:23:38,750 --> 00:23:40,760 come on that's going how look 587 00:23:40,760 --> 00:23:43,730 when your excellency just like today in 588 00:23:43,730 --> 00:23:45,710 the 18th century visiting country houses 589 00:23:45,710 --> 00:23:47,780 was the middle classes second favorite 590 00:23:47,780 --> 00:23:50,450 hobby after gardening and tourists to 591 00:23:50,450 --> 00:23:52,190 Kedleston was so numerous that its 592 00:23:52,190 --> 00:23:55,130 housekeeper mrs. garnet even printed her 593 00:23:55,130 --> 00:23:57,799 own guidebooks they were now starting 594 00:23:57,799 --> 00:24:01,160 out on with his garnets tour and this is 595 00:24:01,160 --> 00:24:04,880 the music room music group and what 596 00:24:04,880 --> 00:24:05,900 we're supposed to be doing here is 597 00:24:05,900 --> 00:24:09,650 admiring the pictures Kenaston Hall 598 00:24:09,650 --> 00:24:11,900 became the 18th century's ideal house 599 00:24:11,900 --> 00:24:14,210 and by admiring the paintings for 600 00:24:14,210 --> 00:24:15,830 fixtures the fittings and the 601 00:24:15,830 --> 00:24:17,090 proportions of its rooms 602 00:24:17,090 --> 00:24:19,010 visitors could feel a bit of the owners 603 00:24:19,010 --> 00:24:20,960 culture and knowledge rubbing off on 604 00:24:20,960 --> 00:24:26,210 them unlike the palaces of the past 605 00:24:26,210 --> 00:24:28,460 Kedleston was not designed as a suite of 606 00:24:28,460 --> 00:24:31,190 increasingly exclusive living rooms but 607 00:24:31,190 --> 00:24:33,320 lava as as open circuit through which 608 00:24:33,320 --> 00:24:36,830 everyone could wander well this is quite 609 00:24:36,830 --> 00:24:38,630 something isn't it why on earth would 610 00:24:38,630 --> 00:24:40,640 you build a room like this in your house 611 00:24:40,640 --> 00:24:43,190 well I suppose part of to demonstrate 612 00:24:43,190 --> 00:24:45,980 that you have disposed to enclose but 613 00:24:45,980 --> 00:24:47,840 also cause displayed his learning 614 00:24:47,840 --> 00:24:50,419 because everything this room is taken 615 00:24:50,419 --> 00:24:53,090 for mation roam and echoes like a temple 616 00:24:53,090 --> 00:24:57,350 to doesn't it it's so undomesticated the 617 00:24:57,350 --> 00:24:59,270 grand circuit in these Georgian houses 618 00:24:59,270 --> 00:25:02,150 is to fill it up with people in a great 619 00:25:02,150 --> 00:25:04,400 big party situation isn't it they're not 620 00:25:04,400 --> 00:25:06,169 so much a suite of rooms of different 621 00:25:06,169 --> 00:25:08,179 purposes anymore yeah they're a bit like 622 00:25:08,179 --> 00:25:10,820 just an enormous nightclub and this 623 00:25:10,820 --> 00:25:13,309 sprung floor was where they would have 624 00:25:13,309 --> 00:25:14,870 been doing the dancing they would have 625 00:25:14,870 --> 00:25:16,700 been doing the route let's take to the 626 00:25:16,700 --> 00:25:20,690 floor then if you do this you can you 627 00:25:20,690 --> 00:25:23,650 can I know my god 628 00:25:23,650 --> 00:25:25,760 specialist beyond thing I've ever seen 629 00:25:25,760 --> 00:25:28,130 does love those things the room doesn't 630 00:25:28,130 --> 00:25:29,809 mean ones within there doesn't it like a 631 00:25:29,809 --> 00:25:31,640 spinning top you get giddy just look 632 00:25:31,640 --> 00:25:33,710 here sir 633 00:25:33,710 --> 00:25:36,789 [Applause] 634 00:25:38,410 --> 00:25:41,480 by the 18th century a new concept called 635 00:25:41,480 --> 00:25:44,630 taste had arrived now the middle classes 636 00:25:44,630 --> 00:25:46,280 were established in the market for 637 00:25:46,280 --> 00:25:46,850 luxury 638 00:25:46,850 --> 00:25:49,490 it was taste that set apart those with 639 00:25:49,490 --> 00:25:50,990 knowledge of the rules of architecture 640 00:25:50,990 --> 00:25:53,030 and interior design from the vulgar 641 00:25:53,030 --> 00:25:56,180 nouveau riche this is a very sober and 642 00:25:56,180 --> 00:26:01,190 masculine library next this is a bit of 643 00:26:01,190 --> 00:26:02,950 a contrast isn't it 644 00:26:02,950 --> 00:26:05,300 everywhere you look some expensive 645 00:26:05,300 --> 00:26:07,640 material the chilly piece is made of 646 00:26:07,640 --> 00:26:09,290 white marble and though these 647 00:26:09,290 --> 00:26:11,960 unbelievably expensive sofas carved with 648 00:26:11,960 --> 00:26:14,290 mermaids and tritones and gilded 649 00:26:14,290 --> 00:26:16,610 originally an Arabian piece of furniture 650 00:26:16,610 --> 00:26:19,070 called us suffer sofas became 651 00:26:19,070 --> 00:26:20,750 fashionable in the 18th century thanks 652 00:26:20,750 --> 00:26:23,330 to architects like Robert Adam and these 653 00:26:23,330 --> 00:26:25,670 are among Georgian England's finest you 654 00:26:25,670 --> 00:26:27,140 can see that you call it leaned back on 655 00:26:27,140 --> 00:26:28,760 and you can imagine ladies push on the 656 00:26:28,760 --> 00:26:30,320 front in their hoop skirts is that 657 00:26:30,320 --> 00:26:33,770 correct well the relatively informal if 658 00:26:33,770 --> 00:26:36,140 you consider in the 17th century most 659 00:26:36,140 --> 00:26:38,840 people settled stools only the grandest 660 00:26:38,840 --> 00:26:40,730 would have a chair with a back to it and 661 00:26:40,730 --> 00:26:42,410 the idea of two people sitting on the 662 00:26:42,410 --> 00:26:44,690 same seat it's quite conceivable in 663 00:26:44,690 --> 00:26:47,120 double-entry terms actually having a 664 00:26:47,120 --> 00:26:49,370 chair that's capable of taking more than 665 00:26:49,370 --> 00:26:51,770 one person it takes us into a much more 666 00:26:51,770 --> 00:26:53,510 informal it takes us into the 18th 667 00:26:53,510 --> 00:26:56,360 century an alongside the sofas with 668 00:26:56,360 --> 00:26:58,600 neoclassical incense burners 669 00:26:58,600 --> 00:27:01,520 solid gold fixtures and fittings and a 670 00:27:01,520 --> 00:27:03,290 crystal chandelier that was so expensive 671 00:27:03,290 --> 00:27:05,810 to light that it was only used on very 672 00:27:05,810 --> 00:27:11,960 special occasions so what does all this 673 00:27:11,960 --> 00:27:13,940 mean for normal people in Georgian 674 00:27:13,940 --> 00:27:15,560 England people who don't live in palaces 675 00:27:15,560 --> 00:27:17,750 well if they were coming around and 676 00:27:17,750 --> 00:27:19,160 doing the tour and this is gone at the 677 00:27:19,160 --> 00:27:21,230 housekeeper and they could be going hmm 678 00:27:21,230 --> 00:27:23,540 I could get a bit of this at home I 679 00:27:23,540 --> 00:27:25,790 fancied that wallpaper I fancied those 680 00:27:25,790 --> 00:27:28,520 curtains and it is true that designers 681 00:27:28,520 --> 00:27:29,960 like Robert Adam and I'm producing these 682 00:27:29,960 --> 00:27:33,440 catalogs they include enormous gratins 683 00:27:33,440 --> 00:27:35,660 designs like whole houses or fishing 684 00:27:35,660 --> 00:27:36,320 pavilions 685 00:27:36,320 --> 00:27:37,850 but if you didn't have that sort of 686 00:27:37,850 --> 00:27:39,800 money you could get Adams style through 687 00:27:39,800 --> 00:27:42,740 your clock or maybe across the 688 00:27:42,740 --> 00:27:45,110 decoration for your ceiling so this is 689 00:27:45,110 --> 00:27:47,660 how our Socratic style filters down in 690 00:27:47,660 --> 00:27:48,950 Georgian England to the masses it 691 00:27:48,950 --> 00:27:51,830 becomes mass-market and Adams and the 692 00:27:51,830 --> 00:27:53,510 other architects that I pay interesting 693 00:27:53,510 --> 00:27:55,610 that they create brands for themselves 694 00:27:55,610 --> 00:27:57,200 they don't just produce buildings 695 00:27:57,200 --> 00:27:58,610 anymore they produce 696 00:27:58,610 --> 00:28:01,400 entire idealistic interiors and the 697 00:28:01,400 --> 00:28:03,890 ideal homes of Georgian England between 698 00:28:03,890 --> 00:28:07,250 1750 and 1850 Britain established itself 699 00:28:07,250 --> 00:28:09,110 not only as the leader of world trade 700 00:28:09,110 --> 00:28:11,570 but as the manufacturing workshop of the 701 00:28:11,570 --> 00:28:13,880 world producing everything from cotton 702 00:28:13,880 --> 00:28:16,190 textiles and cheap China to cast-iron 703 00:28:16,190 --> 00:28:18,350 fire surrounds and machine-made 704 00:28:18,350 --> 00:28:19,220 furniture 705 00:28:19,220 --> 00:28:21,140 Britain's abundance of household goods 706 00:28:21,140 --> 00:28:23,000 would have a transformative effect on 707 00:28:23,000 --> 00:28:25,540 the living room 708 00:28:27,590 --> 00:28:30,230 so to see how Georgian taste has turned 709 00:28:30,230 --> 00:28:31,820 into the Victorian passion for 710 00:28:31,820 --> 00:28:32,539 knickknacks 711 00:28:32,539 --> 00:28:34,909 I've come to a small Museum in London to 712 00:28:34,909 --> 00:28:37,490 meet its curator David Milne and to help 713 00:28:37,490 --> 00:28:39,740 him dust the myriad of objects filling 714 00:28:39,740 --> 00:28:46,879 every inch of the front room David tell 715 00:28:46,879 --> 00:28:49,279 me about your ornament here well we got 716 00:28:49,279 --> 00:28:51,019 it as you can see a great collection of 717 00:28:51,019 --> 00:28:53,840 everything made in 19th century 718 00:28:53,840 --> 00:28:56,090 industrial England the Victorian 719 00:28:56,090 --> 00:28:57,740 household advices that it will take a 720 00:28:57,740 --> 00:29:00,259 brisk girl three hours to dust the front 721 00:29:00,259 --> 00:29:02,749 room do you spend that long doing no no 722 00:29:02,749 --> 00:29:05,809 it's a girl office Laurel North an over 723 00:29:05,809 --> 00:29:07,429 decorated parlor with a way of 724 00:29:07,429 --> 00:29:09,619 individualizing your home among the 725 00:29:09,619 --> 00:29:11,899 identical suburban terraces being built 726 00:29:11,899 --> 00:29:14,509 all over the land and period household 727 00:29:14,509 --> 00:29:16,879 manuals by gurus like mrs. Hampton 728 00:29:16,879 --> 00:29:18,889 offered endless advice on how to 729 00:29:18,889 --> 00:29:20,480 embellish your living room with Flemish 730 00:29:20,480 --> 00:29:24,230 cups with royal memorabilia fake singing 731 00:29:24,230 --> 00:29:29,830 birds and Christmas fumes in glass jars 732 00:29:29,830 --> 00:29:31,970 it's clear that there are now more 733 00:29:31,970 --> 00:29:34,789 possessions in one Victorian room than 734 00:29:34,789 --> 00:29:37,820 in the entire Tudor house say David come 735 00:29:37,820 --> 00:29:40,429 on reveal the truth would you like to 736 00:29:40,429 --> 00:29:41,059 live in this room 737 00:29:41,059 --> 00:29:46,129 no why not it's it's just too crazy and 738 00:29:46,129 --> 00:29:48,019 you know you spent too much time in this 739 00:29:48,019 --> 00:29:49,879 room and it kind of comes down on you 740 00:29:49,879 --> 00:29:52,249 it's oppressive isn't it a little bit 741 00:29:52,249 --> 00:29:54,559 yeah yeah everything's dark and 742 00:29:54,559 --> 00:29:56,899 overpowering and the hundreds of things 743 00:29:56,899 --> 00:30:00,139 everywhere now not only was the parlor 744 00:30:00,139 --> 00:30:02,090 to be filled with one's best things but 745 00:30:02,090 --> 00:30:03,950 it was also a sacred place to be 746 00:30:03,950 --> 00:30:08,330 reserved to one's best behavior this is 747 00:30:08,330 --> 00:30:09,619 very interesting 748 00:30:09,619 --> 00:30:12,409 mrs. Ponton tells us that the Victorian 749 00:30:12,409 --> 00:30:14,389 parlor has a mole purpose in the 750 00:30:14,389 --> 00:30:16,789 household she says that in here fine 751 00:30:16,789 --> 00:30:19,009 manners are a necessity because this 752 00:30:19,009 --> 00:30:21,919 room holds our dearest treasures you see 753 00:30:21,919 --> 00:30:24,169 little of the seamy side of life in here 754 00:30:24,169 --> 00:30:26,419 she says that even when a husband and 755 00:30:26,419 --> 00:30:28,639 wife are alone in the parlor they still 756 00:30:28,639 --> 00:30:31,519 gots behavior no pipe no slippers and 757 00:30:31,519 --> 00:30:34,549 this will reinforce the mutual respect 758 00:30:34,549 --> 00:30:36,409 for each other that they have she says 759 00:30:36,409 --> 00:30:39,409 and this is a surer means of happiness 760 00:30:39,409 --> 00:30:40,490 than anything 761 00:30:40,490 --> 00:30:46,130 she knows alongside fine manners and 762 00:30:46,130 --> 00:30:48,620 fine things the Industrial Age also saw 763 00:30:48,620 --> 00:30:51,470 the arrival of gas lighting discovered 764 00:30:51,470 --> 00:30:53,600 in the late 17th century as a byproduct 765 00:30:53,600 --> 00:30:56,420 of burning coal it wasn't until the 19th 766 00:30:56,420 --> 00:30:58,010 century that gas was first used for 767 00:30:58,010 --> 00:31:00,559 lighting not in the home though but on 768 00:31:00,559 --> 00:31:05,059 London's streets 1600 working gas 769 00:31:05,059 --> 00:31:07,490 light's still exists in London today so 770 00:31:07,490 --> 00:31:09,590 I've come to think John Smith Square to 771 00:31:09,590 --> 00:31:12,020 meet sills banner one of the last lumped 772 00:31:12,020 --> 00:31:16,760 licence left 47 years of British Gas was 773 00:31:16,760 --> 00:31:21,380 he doing good gas lighting was first 774 00:31:21,380 --> 00:31:23,900 demonstrated in London on foul-mouth by 775 00:31:23,900 --> 00:31:25,940 the German businessman Frederick Windsor 776 00:31:25,940 --> 00:31:29,150 in 1807 it was such a sensation that 777 00:31:29,150 --> 00:31:31,680 people flocked to see us at work 778 00:31:31,680 --> 00:31:34,040 [Music] 779 00:31:34,040 --> 00:31:38,390 don't go look at hiring off the lovely 780 00:31:38,390 --> 00:31:40,670 golden glow isn't it very soothing 781 00:31:40,670 --> 00:31:42,320 I'm saving life and what do you think 782 00:31:42,320 --> 00:31:44,660 people thought when this miraculous new 783 00:31:44,660 --> 00:31:46,820 light appeared it was received with 784 00:31:46,820 --> 00:31:49,250 mixed feelings some people thought is a 785 00:31:49,250 --> 00:31:51,620 great invention yeah but other people 786 00:31:51,620 --> 00:31:53,060 thought it was messing about with nature 787 00:31:53,060 --> 00:31:54,860 because it should be lighting the day 788 00:31:54,860 --> 00:31:59,750 and darker nature and I say to 789 00:31:59,750 --> 00:32:01,760 individual certain people's business as 790 00:32:01,760 --> 00:32:03,490 well oh yes 791 00:32:03,490 --> 00:32:06,230 there's talk of the ladies of the night 792 00:32:06,230 --> 00:32:08,450 shall we say it was like in the areas 793 00:32:08,450 --> 00:32:11,000 they used to work and they didn't employ 794 00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:16,040 the fasteners how many lumps done were 795 00:32:16,040 --> 00:32:18,160 they all over London a 1-ton is about 796 00:32:18,160 --> 00:32:20,450 60,000 and so I went around and turn 797 00:32:20,450 --> 00:32:24,070 them all on every night yes 798 00:32:24,330 --> 00:32:26,790 I have evening fell an army of 799 00:32:26,790 --> 00:32:29,010 lamplighters headed out to light every 800 00:32:29,010 --> 00:32:31,500 lump by hand with the same equipment as 801 00:32:31,500 --> 00:32:35,820 I'm using now that all she works this is 802 00:32:35,820 --> 00:32:38,550 a lamplighters torch and if you push the 803 00:32:38,550 --> 00:32:41,070 loan in through the bottom a length and 804 00:32:41,070 --> 00:32:43,800 then three 1500 good seems you need to 805 00:32:43,800 --> 00:32:45,300 give it a good squeeze to get the air to 806 00:32:45,300 --> 00:32:47,340 go up through the pole to make the flame 807 00:32:47,340 --> 00:32:49,650 come out and self totem like the left 808 00:32:49,650 --> 00:32:57,720 come on come on oh what fun okay like um 809 00:32:57,720 --> 00:33:00,780 I have some magic Kosovo geez cut well 810 00:33:00,780 --> 00:33:04,170 done okay only fifty nine thousand nine 811 00:33:04,170 --> 00:33:05,460 hundred and ninety nine months ago 812 00:33:05,460 --> 00:33:08,760 that's right my tokus Illinois but don't 813 00:33:08,760 --> 00:33:10,860 get to last one will be turning off the 814 00:33:10,860 --> 00:33:15,540 first one oh yeah yeah that's this carry 815 00:33:15,540 --> 00:33:17,750 on 816 00:33:17,790 --> 00:33:21,240 by the mid 19th century a new network of 817 00:33:21,240 --> 00:33:23,250 gas pipes running directly into the 818 00:33:23,250 --> 00:33:26,700 house thus applying London's homes the 819 00:33:26,700 --> 00:33:28,560 fire plates the skills the center of the 820 00:33:28,560 --> 00:33:31,020 parlor that get allowed householders to 821 00:33:31,020 --> 00:33:33,330 supplement their fire lights candles and 822 00:33:33,330 --> 00:33:36,680 oil lamps for the first time 823 00:33:36,680 --> 00:33:41,150 [Music] 824 00:33:41,150 --> 00:33:44,540 in lumen ated air was what they call gas 825 00:33:44,540 --> 00:33:46,190 lighting when it first appeared in 826 00:33:46,190 --> 00:33:47,900 London and you can see why it was being 827 00:33:47,900 --> 00:33:49,910 magical to see the air bursting into 828 00:33:49,910 --> 00:33:53,780 flame like that this is quite an early 829 00:33:53,780 --> 00:33:56,990 gas fitting the pipe goes straight into 830 00:33:56,990 --> 00:34:00,830 a naked flame and it's a less friendly 831 00:34:00,830 --> 00:34:03,260 life I think than oil it's little colder 832 00:34:03,260 --> 00:34:05,750 and it has many other disadvantages 833 00:34:05,750 --> 00:34:07,940 although it's cheap and good it's so 834 00:34:07,940 --> 00:34:09,500 bright in fact that when it first 835 00:34:09,500 --> 00:34:11,270 appeared people thought that it would 836 00:34:11,270 --> 00:34:13,580 damage their optic nerves and it could 837 00:34:13,580 --> 00:34:16,639 explode and is incredibly dirty sooty 838 00:34:16,639 --> 00:34:18,739 stuff that sort of destroys your living 839 00:34:18,739 --> 00:34:20,690 room and that's one explanation to these 840 00:34:20,690 --> 00:34:23,870 deep Victorian colors that we get 18th 841 00:34:23,870 --> 00:34:26,510 century bright light colors become rich 842 00:34:26,510 --> 00:34:28,639 reds and greens and things that just 843 00:34:28,639 --> 00:34:31,280 won't show the soot as much and it also 844 00:34:31,280 --> 00:34:34,219 sucks oxygen out of the atmosphere so 845 00:34:34,219 --> 00:34:35,750 when you hear about all these Victorian 846 00:34:35,750 --> 00:34:37,820 ladies fainting the whole time yes 847 00:34:37,820 --> 00:34:39,710 partly with courses but it was partly 848 00:34:39,710 --> 00:34:41,899 because the oxygen in their rooms have 849 00:34:41,899 --> 00:34:45,940 been burnt by the gas lighting 850 00:34:47,190 --> 00:34:49,860 in comparison to the rush lights of the 851 00:34:49,860 --> 00:34:52,260 16th century and the highly taxed 852 00:34:52,260 --> 00:34:54,239 candles of the georgian drawing-room 853 00:34:54,239 --> 00:34:56,610 cheap gas would now flood the parlor 854 00:34:56,610 --> 00:34:58,470 with lights and bring significant 855 00:34:58,470 --> 00:35:03,840 changes to how it was used and how the 856 00:35:03,840 --> 00:35:06,180 huge transformation that gas lighting 857 00:35:06,180 --> 00:35:09,300 force about was it extended the length 858 00:35:09,300 --> 00:35:11,220 of people's evenings can you imagine 859 00:35:11,220 --> 00:35:13,470 what a change that must have been to be 860 00:35:13,470 --> 00:35:15,240 able to stay up late and have loads of 861 00:35:15,240 --> 00:35:17,430 light my goodness in fact they had to 862 00:35:17,430 --> 00:35:20,730 invent new ways of passing the time and 863 00:35:20,730 --> 00:35:23,880 household manuals now have chapters on 864 00:35:23,880 --> 00:35:26,250 topics like recreations for a long 865 00:35:26,250 --> 00:35:29,730 winter evening and ladies are advised to 866 00:35:29,730 --> 00:35:32,880 make youthful things out of fancy work 867 00:35:32,880 --> 00:35:34,410 that they can sell to each other at 868 00:35:34,410 --> 00:35:37,290 bazaars like why doing it albums and 869 00:35:37,290 --> 00:35:41,100 polka work and collage covered fire 870 00:35:41,100 --> 00:35:45,750 screens as the middle classes are 871 00:35:45,750 --> 00:35:46,950 filling their parlors with their 872 00:35:46,950 --> 00:35:47,760 mass-produced 873 00:35:47,760 --> 00:35:49,890 ornaments an alternative movement soon 874 00:35:49,890 --> 00:35:52,410 emerged to build a very new or very old 875 00:35:52,410 --> 00:35:55,030 kind of house 876 00:35:55,030 --> 00:35:57,580 this is Witek Manor in Wolverhampton and 877 00:35:57,580 --> 00:35:59,950 guiding me around is the writer agent 878 00:35:59,950 --> 00:36:03,280 Ennis wood aging you could be forgiven 879 00:36:03,280 --> 00:36:04,900 for thinking that this house had been 880 00:36:04,900 --> 00:36:07,960 here since to the time it's a perfect 881 00:36:07,960 --> 00:36:09,580 piece of merry England isn't it it's 882 00:36:09,580 --> 00:36:11,440 just for a minute it for sure I think 883 00:36:11,440 --> 00:36:13,900 but this was built in Queen Victoria's 884 00:36:13,900 --> 00:36:16,570 Golden Goose built in 1887 built by the 885 00:36:16,570 --> 00:36:19,180 industrialist field or Mandor it's the 886 00:36:19,180 --> 00:36:21,070 ultimate house of the Arts and Crafts 887 00:36:21,070 --> 00:36:24,070 movement its followers rejected the ugly 888 00:36:24,070 --> 00:36:25,960 machine-made designs of the Industrial 889 00:36:25,960 --> 00:36:27,730 Age and urged a return to the 890 00:36:27,730 --> 00:36:30,070 handcrafted architectural glories of the 891 00:36:30,070 --> 00:36:32,890 past there's got wonderful irony that so 892 00:36:32,890 --> 00:36:35,140 many people of man de classe I had that 893 00:36:35,140 --> 00:36:37,270 he's made his money from industry and 894 00:36:37,270 --> 00:36:39,820 now he rejects industry he rejects the 895 00:36:39,820 --> 00:36:43,990 Industrial Revolution so this is mr. 896 00:36:43,990 --> 00:36:46,810 mandus drawing-room and what I think is 897 00:36:46,810 --> 00:36:49,000 fascinating about this house is the fact 898 00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:52,270 that we can pinpoint the exact moment at 899 00:36:52,270 --> 00:36:54,460 which Samuel manda had the inspiration 900 00:36:54,460 --> 00:36:57,880 coming exactly yes 1884 Wolverhampton 901 00:36:57,880 --> 00:36:59,890 and a lecture on the House Beautiful by 902 00:36:59,890 --> 00:37:02,650 Oscar Wilde railing against the 903 00:37:02,650 --> 00:37:05,620 vulgarity at the Victorian home Oscar 904 00:37:05,620 --> 00:37:07,840 Wilde urged that taste should return to 905 00:37:07,840 --> 00:37:10,750 public life taking his cue from the 906 00:37:10,750 --> 00:37:12,970 designer William Morris Wilde House 907 00:37:12,970 --> 00:37:15,280 beautiful didn't need a profusion of 908 00:37:15,280 --> 00:37:17,410 fake birds and glass jars but instead 909 00:37:17,410 --> 00:37:19,780 just a few carefully chosen objects made 910 00:37:19,780 --> 00:37:23,680 by hand well I've got a lot of sympathy 911 00:37:23,680 --> 00:37:25,750 for his views which are that things 912 00:37:25,750 --> 00:37:27,910 should be handcrafted class people 913 00:37:27,910 --> 00:37:30,100 should take pride in their labour but I 914 00:37:30,100 --> 00:37:31,750 wanna clear all of his products with 915 00:37:31,750 --> 00:37:33,670 jolly expensive weren't they yeah I mean 916 00:37:33,670 --> 00:37:35,290 that that is the irony you couldn't 917 00:37:35,290 --> 00:37:36,940 afford this kind of stuff if you were a 918 00:37:36,940 --> 00:37:39,670 labourer Martha's crowd our socialist 919 00:37:39,670 --> 00:37:42,610 and yet they're producing material as 920 00:37:42,610 --> 00:37:44,230 only rich people can afford he never 921 00:37:44,230 --> 00:37:46,540 actually came here no Morris although he 922 00:37:46,540 --> 00:37:48,100 was an interior decorator in the way 923 00:37:48,100 --> 00:37:50,230 that we would understand it he also run 924 00:37:50,230 --> 00:37:52,570 a very profitable mail-order business so 925 00:37:52,570 --> 00:37:54,220 demanders could just that you know could 926 00:37:54,220 --> 00:37:56,680 just have ordered up textiles or chairs 927 00:37:56,680 --> 00:37:59,350 or carpets or whatever I find it quite 928 00:37:59,350 --> 00:38:01,480 extraordinary really that you could do 929 00:38:01,480 --> 00:38:03,160 that in this whole house beautiful 930 00:38:03,160 --> 00:38:05,650 concept is about putting a lot of 931 00:38:05,650 --> 00:38:06,850 thought and effort into your house and 932 00:38:06,850 --> 00:38:08,660 yet you can get it through the post 933 00:38:08,660 --> 00:38:10,850 but the drawing-room was not the only 934 00:38:10,850 --> 00:38:12,020 living room in the house 935 00:38:12,020 --> 00:38:13,790 so the Victorian rich now had a 936 00:38:13,790 --> 00:38:16,190 multiplicity of living spaces to be used 937 00:38:16,190 --> 00:38:18,320 for different surfaces by different 938 00:38:18,320 --> 00:38:20,330 members of the family at different times 939 00:38:20,330 --> 00:38:24,320 of day so this is living room tastic 940 00:38:24,320 --> 00:38:26,050 isn't it what's that one survivor 941 00:38:26,050 --> 00:38:28,580 alongside the library were Ingle nuts 942 00:38:28,580 --> 00:38:30,890 for writing letters morning rooms for 943 00:38:30,890 --> 00:38:33,620 reading the newspapers there were games 944 00:38:33,620 --> 00:38:35,480 rooms for smoking and billiards 945 00:38:35,480 --> 00:38:37,190 as a billiard room this is where the man 946 00:38:37,190 --> 00:38:39,470 would have hung out and the largest room 947 00:38:39,470 --> 00:38:41,660 of all was a centerpiece of the house 948 00:38:41,660 --> 00:38:45,400 the great parlor the quintessential a 949 00:38:45,400 --> 00:38:48,380 Victorian interior yeah it's not called 950 00:38:48,380 --> 00:38:50,120 the Great Hall people at the the great 951 00:38:50,120 --> 00:38:51,860 parlor I mean it's a big living hall 952 00:38:51,860 --> 00:38:53,150 it's a sort of you know at the end of 953 00:38:53,150 --> 00:38:54,800 the century living hall but it is 954 00:38:54,800 --> 00:38:56,660 modeled on great halls of medieval 955 00:38:56,660 --> 00:38:58,130 England it's the end of the road for the 956 00:38:58,130 --> 00:39:00,260 Great Hall isn't it or you can even 957 00:39:00,260 --> 00:39:01,850 argue is the apotheosis of the great 958 00:39:01,850 --> 00:39:03,680 it's a comfortable Great Hall which is 959 00:39:03,680 --> 00:39:05,390 quite an achievement what's interesting 960 00:39:05,390 --> 00:39:08,660 is that now the living rooms really sort 961 00:39:08,660 --> 00:39:10,580 of come of age if you like because the 962 00:39:10,580 --> 00:39:14,150 Great Hall that we're in is only one of 963 00:39:14,150 --> 00:39:15,830 many different living rooms in this 964 00:39:15,830 --> 00:39:18,860 house and the act of being in an inner 965 00:39:18,860 --> 00:39:20,480 living room has become specialized 966 00:39:20,480 --> 00:39:22,070 hasn't it the guys hang out in the 967 00:39:22,070 --> 00:39:23,390 billiard room or the library and the 968 00:39:23,390 --> 00:39:25,430 women in the sort of the morning room or 969 00:39:25,430 --> 00:39:27,860 the drawing-room and this great parlor 970 00:39:27,860 --> 00:39:30,410 becomes a sort of a neutral zone it 971 00:39:30,410 --> 00:39:32,060 becomes a sort of space where they can 972 00:39:32,060 --> 00:39:34,520 take and sort of spend time together so 973 00:39:34,520 --> 00:39:36,470 you think that its chief function is as 974 00:39:36,470 --> 00:39:37,550 we just did 975 00:39:37,550 --> 00:39:40,040 coming into the house for us to see Wow 976 00:39:40,040 --> 00:39:42,200 yeah it's a status claim apart from 977 00:39:42,200 --> 00:39:43,550 anything else this is the room that you 978 00:39:43,550 --> 00:39:45,230 walk into and safeguard isn't it just 979 00:39:45,230 --> 00:39:50,350 beautiful and you know corn isn't it 980 00:39:53,550 --> 00:39:56,220 and it wasn't just the great halls of 981 00:39:56,220 --> 00:39:58,290 Victorian industrialists that harks back 982 00:39:58,290 --> 00:40:01,140 to the medieval age at the back-to-backs 983 00:40:01,140 --> 00:40:02,670 in Birmingham a series of 984 00:40:02,670 --> 00:40:04,830 nineteenth-century workers houses whole 985 00:40:04,830 --> 00:40:07,230 families still played out their lives in 986 00:40:07,230 --> 00:40:10,410 one room it's a real extreme contrast 987 00:40:10,410 --> 00:40:12,150 the aristocracy at this time I've got 988 00:40:12,150 --> 00:40:14,430 more different types of living room than 989 00:40:14,430 --> 00:40:17,280 ever before or ever since in fact but at 990 00:40:17,280 --> 00:40:19,470 the same time most people miss working 991 00:40:19,470 --> 00:40:22,770 people were still living in a way that's 992 00:40:22,770 --> 00:40:24,090 much more familiar from the medieval 993 00:40:24,090 --> 00:40:25,950 times they were still having just one 994 00:40:25,950 --> 00:40:29,070 space in this case the nine people and 995 00:40:29,070 --> 00:40:31,200 they were doing their cooking their 996 00:40:31,200 --> 00:40:33,300 entertainment and they were even working 997 00:40:33,300 --> 00:40:37,740 all in this one single space but even 998 00:40:37,740 --> 00:40:40,110 here this multifunctional front room was 999 00:40:40,110 --> 00:40:43,830 still a room for best warmth by the fire 1000 00:40:43,830 --> 00:40:45,270 from the range and equipped with the 1001 00:40:45,270 --> 00:40:47,640 latest Gaslight it was also the only 1002 00:40:47,640 --> 00:40:49,590 room in the house to have wallpaper and 1003 00:40:49,590 --> 00:40:53,010 a smattering of best things although 1004 00:40:53,010 --> 00:40:56,040 this is quite a small humble room in 1005 00:40:56,040 --> 00:40:57,960 some ways the people living here 1006 00:40:57,960 --> 00:40:59,670 we're definitely proud of it and it's 1007 00:40:59,670 --> 00:41:02,460 room to show off to visitors there lots 1008 00:41:02,460 --> 00:41:05,700 little touches here like the super white 1009 00:41:05,700 --> 00:41:08,730 neck curtains and the fringe on the 1010 00:41:08,730 --> 00:41:10,560 fireplace and the Staffordshire 1011 00:41:10,560 --> 00:41:12,540 ornaments and in fact we know that the 1012 00:41:12,540 --> 00:41:15,150 houses of the bay windows cost more to 1013 00:41:15,150 --> 00:41:17,100 rent than the ones without because these 1014 00:41:17,100 --> 00:41:19,770 bay windows functions sort of shop 1015 00:41:19,770 --> 00:41:22,440 window to your housekeeping you could 1016 00:41:22,440 --> 00:41:24,540 put your ornaments there there's this 1017 00:41:24,540 --> 00:41:26,310 Greek drumming expression kids for 1018 00:41:26,310 --> 00:41:29,340 curtains and everybody in this Court had 1019 00:41:29,340 --> 00:41:31,080 kippers the curtains and that means that 1020 00:41:31,080 --> 00:41:33,900 they would eat cheap kippers in order to 1021 00:41:33,900 --> 00:41:35,940 be able to afford and more expensive 1022 00:41:35,940 --> 00:41:40,770 fancy curtains the Industrial Revolution 1023 00:41:40,770 --> 00:41:43,350 might have made technology and taste 1024 00:41:43,350 --> 00:41:46,050 available to everybody in theory but it 1025 00:41:46,050 --> 00:41:48,990 didn't bring equal quality of life the 1026 00:41:48,990 --> 00:41:50,790 excessive number of living rooms in the 1027 00:41:50,790 --> 00:41:53,040 upper-class home reveals the amount of 1028 00:41:53,040 --> 00:41:55,020 leisure time which people had to fill 1029 00:41:55,020 --> 00:41:58,170 with an infinite number of pastimes the 1030 00:41:58,170 --> 00:42:00,300 parlour was the middle-class housewife's 1031 00:42:00,300 --> 00:42:02,550 domain we're husband and wife might 1032 00:42:02,550 --> 00:42:03,450 spend there 1033 00:42:03,450 --> 00:42:06,330 Jennings together and for working people 1034 00:42:06,330 --> 00:42:09,150 hard at it 16 hours a day six days a 1035 00:42:09,150 --> 00:42:11,550 week any enjoyment of their lunch room 1036 00:42:11,550 --> 00:42:13,920 was limited to family mealtimes 1037 00:42:13,920 --> 00:42:18,219 [Music] 1038 00:42:18,790 --> 00:42:21,010 so I'll sit by the turn of the 20th 1039 00:42:21,010 --> 00:42:22,960 century in new built streets like this 1040 00:42:22,960 --> 00:42:24,310 on the living room was going to 1041 00:42:24,310 --> 00:42:26,320 experience its greatest transformation 1042 00:42:26,320 --> 00:42:28,240 yet there were two reasons for this 1043 00:42:28,240 --> 00:42:29,950 firstly there was the growth of leisure 1044 00:42:29,950 --> 00:42:32,470 time the working week shrank down to 1045 00:42:32,470 --> 00:42:35,950 only 40 hours in the 1900 the second 1046 00:42:35,950 --> 00:42:39,990 reason was the arrival of electricity 1047 00:42:40,119 --> 00:42:42,140 electricity had been discovered in the 1048 00:42:42,140 --> 00:42:44,420 18th century but it wasn't until the 1049 00:42:44,420 --> 00:42:47,450 invention of the light bulb in 1878 that 1050 00:42:47,450 --> 00:42:48,680 it turned from being a scientific 1051 00:42:48,680 --> 00:42:51,589 curiosity into practical applications of 1052 00:42:51,589 --> 00:42:52,190 the home 1053 00:42:52,190 --> 00:42:54,979 this sudden availability of cheap clean 1054 00:42:54,979 --> 00:42:57,079 light would be the first step in 1055 00:42:57,079 --> 00:42:58,999 transforming the Victorian living room 1056 00:42:58,999 --> 00:43:07,219 into a recognizably modern space the 1057 00:43:07,219 --> 00:43:08,839 first light bulbs the seemingly 1058 00:43:08,839 --> 00:43:10,910 miraculous object that came in all 1059 00:43:10,910 --> 00:43:14,180 shapes colors and sizes so in order to 1060 00:43:14,180 --> 00:43:16,369 see some of these novelties at work I've 1061 00:43:16,369 --> 00:43:18,229 come to the largest private collection 1062 00:43:18,229 --> 00:43:20,539 of light bulbs in the world in a small 1063 00:43:20,539 --> 00:43:22,579 house in Wimbledon owned rather 1064 00:43:22,579 --> 00:43:26,410 appropriately by a man called Mae I 1065 00:43:26,410 --> 00:43:29,989 never seen so many light bulbs for the 1066 00:43:29,989 --> 00:43:32,479 pioneering homeowner the first thing to 1067 00:43:32,479 --> 00:43:35,420 do is to convert one's gas fittings this 1068 00:43:35,420 --> 00:43:38,509 is a standard wall bracket 1880s bracket 1069 00:43:38,509 --> 00:43:40,910 and it would have had a get guest jet 1070 00:43:40,910 --> 00:43:43,369 there's a little jet you see you take 1071 00:43:43,369 --> 00:43:47,349 the gas burner out you screw in the 1072 00:43:47,349 --> 00:43:50,089 English lamp holder the tapered end fits 1073 00:43:50,089 --> 00:43:53,599 into the gas fitting and now and this 1074 00:43:53,599 --> 00:43:57,079 wire runs off to is about the real suit 1075 00:43:57,079 --> 00:43:59,089 to the mains yes and then it should 1076 00:43:59,089 --> 00:44:02,599 light on it all looks a little bit Heath 1077 00:44:02,599 --> 00:44:06,559 Robinson hey very good no less on 20 1078 00:44:06,559 --> 00:44:08,839 volts so this is pioneering Hogan I 1079 00:44:08,839 --> 00:44:11,779 didn't even remember your father only 1080 00:44:11,779 --> 00:44:13,489 the most enthusiastic people have been 1081 00:44:13,489 --> 00:44:15,920 issues I'm thinking myself into my life 1082 00:44:15,920 --> 00:44:19,009 now the victorian person thing that 1083 00:44:19,009 --> 00:44:20,569 happening for the first time is been 1084 00:44:20,569 --> 00:44:23,410 extraordinary 1085 00:44:24,610 --> 00:44:27,040 despite this extraordinary breakthrough 1086 00:44:27,040 --> 00:44:29,210 electric light could only be afforded by 1087 00:44:29,210 --> 00:44:31,700 the very rich a single bulb cost more 1088 00:44:31,700 --> 00:44:33,650 than a week's wages and power was only 1089 00:44:33,650 --> 00:44:35,180 available from private domestic 1090 00:44:35,180 --> 00:44:38,120 generators it was when local power 1091 00:44:38,120 --> 00:44:40,640 stations serving communities began to 1092 00:44:40,640 --> 00:44:42,590 appear that electricity became available 1093 00:44:42,590 --> 00:44:47,930 to the matters this is a special light 1094 00:44:47,930 --> 00:44:50,030 bulb made for edge of the seventh 1095 00:44:50,030 --> 00:44:52,010 coronation in 1980 that's great that's 1096 00:44:52,010 --> 00:44:54,200 curious can I can I turn it on 1097 00:44:54,200 --> 00:44:57,650 you might yes pleasure you're gonna tell 1098 00:44:57,650 --> 00:45:01,060 the light off so we can see it better 1099 00:45:01,180 --> 00:45:05,920 there he goes he's glowing Esther's a 1100 00:45:05,920 --> 00:45:10,700 hundred and eight years old light bulb 1101 00:45:10,700 --> 00:45:15,620 has quite something by the 1920s as the 1102 00:45:15,620 --> 00:45:17,900 infrastructure improved the benefits of 1103 00:45:17,900 --> 00:45:19,550 electric light would finally be seen 1104 00:45:19,550 --> 00:45:21,530 further down the social scale what do 1105 00:45:21,530 --> 00:45:23,270 you think the impact was the biggest 1106 00:45:23,270 --> 00:45:25,100 problem was could I afford to change 1107 00:45:25,100 --> 00:45:26,810 over if that was a big investment 1108 00:45:26,810 --> 00:45:29,120 maintain the film honestly I mean in 1109 00:45:29,120 --> 00:45:31,280 modern terms it doesn't seem much but I 1110 00:45:31,280 --> 00:45:33,350 understand you could get your house 1111 00:45:33,350 --> 00:45:35,750 wired up in the 1920s for about 25 1112 00:45:35,750 --> 00:45:40,370 pounds yeah but when you're earning well 1113 00:45:40,370 --> 00:45:43,130 25 shillings one pound 25 I think in 1114 00:45:43,130 --> 00:45:46,250 modern terms a week it every a factor 1115 00:45:46,250 --> 00:45:49,319 that motor thing yes yes 1116 00:45:49,319 --> 00:45:51,809 for many householders it wasn't just the 1117 00:45:51,809 --> 00:45:53,789 cost of conversing some gap that made 1118 00:45:53,789 --> 00:45:55,529 them hold back there were still problems 1119 00:45:55,529 --> 00:46:00,869 with the electricity supply in the early 1120 00:46:00,869 --> 00:46:02,969 days of electricity everybody who 1121 00:46:02,969 --> 00:46:05,819 haven't had their own generator in their 1122 00:46:05,819 --> 00:46:08,849 house as time went on towns began to get 1123 00:46:08,849 --> 00:46:11,099 their own power stations but the problem 1124 00:46:11,099 --> 00:46:13,769 was they all produce different currents 1125 00:46:13,769 --> 00:46:16,109 different voltages and that meant that 1126 00:46:16,109 --> 00:46:18,660 anybody producing electrical goods had 1127 00:46:18,660 --> 00:46:20,609 to customize their products to suit 1128 00:46:20,609 --> 00:46:22,890 different areas so you get chaos really 1129 00:46:22,890 --> 00:46:24,779 you get all these different kinds of 1130 00:46:24,779 --> 00:46:26,190 plugs all these different kinds of 1131 00:46:26,190 --> 00:46:28,319 sockets and switches appearing on the 1132 00:46:28,319 --> 00:46:29,910 market it's very difficult to develop a 1133 00:46:29,910 --> 00:46:35,039 national product it was the creation of 1134 00:46:35,039 --> 00:46:38,069 the National Grid in 1934 that changed 1135 00:46:38,069 --> 00:46:41,400 everything as electric power is 1136 00:46:41,400 --> 00:46:44,160 centralized and pylons sprang up living 1137 00:46:44,160 --> 00:46:45,779 rooms could finally be wired up to a 1138 00:46:45,779 --> 00:46:49,249 single national network at cheaper cost 1139 00:46:49,249 --> 00:46:52,380 so the first time the National Grid 1140 00:46:52,380 --> 00:46:54,660 standardized the voltage so it's the 1141 00:46:54,660 --> 00:46:56,729 same across the whole country so now you 1142 00:46:56,729 --> 00:46:59,219 could sell the same lamp to the whole 1143 00:46:59,219 --> 00:47:01,469 nation all these new electrical gadgets 1144 00:47:01,469 --> 00:47:03,630 just flooded onto the market and people 1145 00:47:03,630 --> 00:47:05,549 began to buy their electric hoover's 1146 00:47:05,549 --> 00:47:07,769 their electric fans their electric fires 1147 00:47:07,769 --> 00:47:12,479 and most important of all the media well 1148 00:47:12,479 --> 00:47:14,339 what do you think of it well I think 1149 00:47:14,339 --> 00:47:18,390 it's absolutely great that it given 1150 00:47:18,390 --> 00:47:20,729 pride of place next to the fire the 1151 00:47:20,729 --> 00:47:23,039 radio now became the focus of the living 1152 00:47:23,039 --> 00:47:25,049 room its role would take on an 1153 00:47:25,049 --> 00:47:27,329 increasing importance as Britain enters 1154 00:47:27,329 --> 00:47:30,329 World War two bonding communities 1155 00:47:30,329 --> 00:47:32,519 together behind the blackout blinds the 1156 00:47:32,519 --> 00:47:34,680 wireless became a vital weapon they've 1157 00:47:34,680 --> 00:47:37,109 been relaying information and improving 1158 00:47:37,109 --> 00:47:41,579 national morale but the radios real 1159 00:47:41,579 --> 00:47:44,219 legacy was to transform the room for 1160 00:47:44,219 --> 00:47:46,619 best into the everyday family room 1161 00:47:46,619 --> 00:47:48,660 across all the classes for the first 1162 00:47:48,660 --> 00:47:51,809 time and by the 1950s increasing 1163 00:47:51,809 --> 00:47:53,759 prosperity and leisure time meant that 1164 00:47:53,759 --> 00:47:55,349 the wireless was now an established 1165 00:47:55,349 --> 00:47:57,020 feature of every home 1166 00:47:57,020 --> 00:47:59,720 I've come to see the living room as 50s 1167 00:47:59,720 --> 00:48:03,530 collector Joanne Massey okay the biggest 1168 00:48:03,530 --> 00:48:05,480 change this occurred in the living room 1169 00:48:05,480 --> 00:48:07,790 throughout the 20th century it's the 1170 00:48:07,790 --> 00:48:10,400 shift away from creating your own 1171 00:48:10,400 --> 00:48:15,080 entertainment to being entertained now 1172 00:48:15,080 --> 00:48:16,760 no one for that the radio would catch on 1173 00:48:16,760 --> 00:48:18,470 is a bit like the internet but it's used 1174 00:48:18,470 --> 00:48:21,230 grew exponentially and then after the 1175 00:48:21,230 --> 00:48:23,180 war it was knocked off its perch by 1176 00:48:23,180 --> 00:48:26,020 something even better 1177 00:48:26,770 --> 00:48:30,470 that's something with the TV the BBC had 1178 00:48:30,470 --> 00:48:32,360 begun to transmit a television service 1179 00:48:32,360 --> 00:48:34,730 in 1936 but it wasn't until the 1180 00:48:34,730 --> 00:48:37,610 coronation in 1953 but it really took 1181 00:48:37,610 --> 00:48:41,900 off with so few households owning a set 1182 00:48:41,900 --> 00:48:44,060 neighbors crowded into each other's 1183 00:48:44,060 --> 00:48:47,240 living rooms two watches I think we 1184 00:48:47,240 --> 00:48:48,890 would have had a houseful if you've got 1185 00:48:48,890 --> 00:48:50,690 to tell you at that time and coronation 1186 00:48:50,690 --> 00:48:52,130 was on you depart everybody in the 1187 00:48:52,130 --> 00:48:53,570 street round me hmm 1188 00:48:53,570 --> 00:48:56,600 I've heard of cases of TV Envy and 1189 00:48:56,600 --> 00:48:58,910 people installing an aerial even if they 1190 00:48:58,910 --> 00:49:01,310 couldn't afford the actual set so the 1191 00:49:01,310 --> 00:49:03,550 neighbors would think that they had on 1192 00:49:03,550 --> 00:49:05,869 they would have been disappointed a con 1193 00:49:05,869 --> 00:49:11,119 man today oh my god in order to see what 1194 00:49:11,119 --> 00:49:13,250 programs were available on Coronation 1195 00:49:13,250 --> 00:49:15,500 day I brought along the original Radio 1196 00:49:15,500 --> 00:49:18,470 Times is the evening of Coronation day 1197 00:49:18,470 --> 00:49:20,570 here in this little box is the 1198 00:49:20,570 --> 00:49:22,700 television that's the only room on the 1199 00:49:22,700 --> 00:49:25,400 page it gets mainly it's the radio I was 1200 00:49:25,400 --> 00:49:26,810 a Winston Churchill was going to be on 1201 00:49:26,810 --> 00:49:27,230 TV 1202 00:49:27,230 --> 00:49:29,240 all costs from Downing Street so he 1203 00:49:29,240 --> 00:49:31,880 found in me now there's the weather for 1204 00:49:31,880 --> 00:49:35,150 got sound only no pictures and it's 1205 00:49:35,150 --> 00:49:35,690 called 1206 00:49:35,690 --> 00:49:38,420 the Radio Times because the BBC bless 1207 00:49:38,420 --> 00:49:40,340 them didn't think that it should be 1208 00:49:40,340 --> 00:49:42,680 called the radio and TV times in case TV 1209 00:49:42,680 --> 00:49:45,500 didn't catch on Martin how do you think 1210 00:49:45,500 --> 00:49:47,240 the TV changed the living room in the 1211 00:49:47,240 --> 00:49:49,609 nineteen fifties I think it changed the 1212 00:49:49,609 --> 00:49:52,520 layout of the furniture and before 1213 00:49:52,520 --> 00:49:54,619 chairs were what was circled and 1214 00:49:54,619 --> 00:49:56,840 pointing at the fireplace as a center of 1215 00:49:56,840 --> 00:49:58,910 attention and all of a sudden you're on 1216 00:49:58,910 --> 00:50:01,190 a new device in the room and the chairs 1217 00:50:01,190 --> 00:50:04,600 have to be moved round to face that by 1218 00:50:04,600 --> 00:50:07,880 1954 the number of TV licenses had risen 1219 00:50:07,880 --> 00:50:10,609 from 300 thousand to over three million 1220 00:50:10,609 --> 00:50:12,680 and this explosion in television 1221 00:50:12,680 --> 00:50:14,960 ownership was mostly down to one thing 1222 00:50:14,960 --> 00:50:17,720 hire-purchase high purchase is one of 1223 00:50:17,720 --> 00:50:19,249 the greatest assets of the modern 1224 00:50:19,249 --> 00:50:21,890 community it enables us to fill our 1225 00:50:21,890 --> 00:50:23,839 homes with beautiful things we could 1226 00:50:23,839 --> 00:50:26,599 never otherwise afford it raises our 1227 00:50:26,599 --> 00:50:28,160 standard of living when the laws 1228 00:50:28,160 --> 00:50:30,589 limiting credit were relaxed companies 1229 00:50:30,589 --> 00:50:32,720 showered a willing public with catalogs 1230 00:50:32,720 --> 00:50:35,059 we've got here a cave catalog mm-hmm 1231 00:50:35,059 --> 00:50:36,890 there's no pay this cave continuous 1232 00:50:36,890 --> 00:50:40,819 credit K days indeed it's 1955 and this 1233 00:50:40,819 --> 00:50:42,799 is how people could aspire to getting a 1234 00:50:42,799 --> 00:50:46,009 living room like yours is it you two can 1235 00:50:46,009 --> 00:50:47,660 start now to get everything for yourself 1236 00:50:47,660 --> 00:50:50,089 the home and family for only a few 1237 00:50:50,089 --> 00:50:53,029 shillings a week so you you buy now pay 1238 00:50:53,029 --> 00:50:56,150 later yeah so 1954 is a big year of 1239 00:50:56,150 --> 00:50:57,920 change it's the end of versioning and 1240 00:50:57,920 --> 00:51:01,549 it's the start of credit you're going 1241 00:51:01,549 --> 00:51:03,619 from everything from clothes ladies 1242 00:51:03,619 --> 00:51:06,170 clothes gents clothes shoes handbags 1243 00:51:06,170 --> 00:51:08,989 night underwear and you can also get a 1244 00:51:08,989 --> 00:51:10,999 three-piece suite Dell surface and new 1245 00:51:10,999 --> 00:51:14,299 carpet light basically I want to send 1246 00:51:14,299 --> 00:51:16,640 for everything in this castle I don't 1247 00:51:16,640 --> 00:51:21,410 think I can consumer credit with paving 1248 00:51:21,410 --> 00:51:23,539 the way for a rush of home improvement 1249 00:51:23,539 --> 00:51:26,989 the 1960s also saw dramatic rise in home 1250 00:51:26,989 --> 00:51:29,539 ownership as young couples moved out of 1251 00:51:29,539 --> 00:51:33,410 their family home mr. mrs. Earnshaw for 1252 00:51:33,410 --> 00:51:35,450 instance newly married a new flat to 1253 00:51:35,450 --> 00:51:37,690 finish but only 30 pounds to do it with 1254 00:51:37,690 --> 00:51:40,160 responding to this generations lack of 1255 00:51:40,160 --> 00:51:42,079 funds a new phrases coined 1256 00:51:42,079 --> 00:51:44,890 do-it-yourself I got a certain number 1257 00:51:44,890 --> 00:51:48,410 satisfaction out of doing it myself much 1258 00:51:48,410 --> 00:51:50,660 easier to do it just us we can see a 1259 00:51:50,660 --> 00:51:52,869 little more individual asleep 1260 00:51:52,869 --> 00:51:55,990 CEL and the man who brought DIY to the 1261 00:51:55,990 --> 00:51:57,999 masses was buried but not the most 1262 00:51:57,999 --> 00:52:01,990 popular man on 1960 television but this 1263 00:52:01,990 --> 00:52:03,579 week one or two jobs that you might have 1264 00:52:03,579 --> 00:52:05,890 to do on doors I don't know whether 1265 00:52:05,890 --> 00:52:07,299 you've got a problem like this a rather 1266 00:52:07,299 --> 00:52:12,039 ugly old panel door 12 can be sold quite 1267 00:52:12,039 --> 00:52:16,499 simply you can make it look like this 1268 00:52:17,430 --> 00:52:19,720 [Music] 1269 00:52:19,720 --> 00:52:23,000 over 39 programs of bucknall's house 1270 00:52:23,000 --> 00:52:25,640 berry transformed a crumbling Victorian 1271 00:52:25,640 --> 00:52:27,530 Terrace ripping out all of its period 1272 00:52:27,530 --> 00:52:29,180 features and replacing them with hard 1273 00:52:29,180 --> 00:52:32,279 board and electric fire 1274 00:52:32,279 --> 00:52:34,959 today of course he would value and keep 1275 00:52:34,959 --> 00:52:36,939 the very features that Barry was 1276 00:52:36,939 --> 00:52:39,339 destroying the living room has come on a 1277 00:52:39,339 --> 00:52:44,410 long journey even since the 1960s while 1278 00:52:44,410 --> 00:52:46,390 it still says a lot about your taste and 1279 00:52:46,390 --> 00:52:48,609 social cloth it's now also a showcase 1280 00:52:48,609 --> 00:52:51,009 for modern technology from flat-screen 1281 00:52:51,009 --> 00:52:53,829 TVs and hi-fi's to the latest computer 1282 00:52:53,829 --> 00:52:57,069 game or spoke about and today it's one 1283 00:52:57,069 --> 00:53:00,150 of the most flexible rooms in the house 1284 00:53:00,150 --> 00:53:02,739 throughout its long history the living 1285 00:53:02,739 --> 00:53:04,329 room has has many different incarnations 1286 00:53:04,329 --> 00:53:07,269 it's been the Great Hall the withdrawing 1287 00:53:07,269 --> 00:53:10,660 chamber the parlor now it's the lounge a 1288 00:53:10,660 --> 00:53:13,209 return to its multi-purpose roots these 1289 00:53:13,209 --> 00:53:14,650 rooms are still used partly for 1290 00:53:14,650 --> 00:53:16,509 relaxation partly for entertaining 1291 00:53:16,509 --> 00:53:19,509 guests and being entertained the focus 1292 00:53:19,509 --> 00:53:21,640 of the living room was always the half 1293 00:53:21,640 --> 00:53:24,789 now it's the television but despite the 1294 00:53:24,789 --> 00:53:26,229 fact you all live in centrally heated 1295 00:53:26,229 --> 00:53:28,809 homes we still have a deep emotional 1296 00:53:28,809 --> 00:53:31,869 connection with the open fire just like 1297 00:53:31,869 --> 00:53:34,000 our ancestors 1298 00:53:34,000 --> 00:00:00,000 [Music] 147322

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