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(dramatic music)
(sirens blaring)
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In a world on lockdown,
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ambulance sirens haunt the streets
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as COVID-19 patients quickly fill emergency rooms
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and intensive care units.
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Despite our technological prowess
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and medical know-how, the newness
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of this coronavirus limits health professionals' ability
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to fight it for the moment.
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How do you treat something
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for which we don't have pharmaceutical interventions?
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Treatment is really supportive.
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Here it's about protecting the lungs
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and the oxygen capacity until the person gets better.
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Scientists feverishly research new treatments
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and drug protocols,
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all in an international effort to aid the body's defenses
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and to turn the tide.
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So we're dealing with a serious pathogen
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of global significance.
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This is not a short battle.
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This is a long, long battle that we're going to face.
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(dramatic music)
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(intense music)
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While the societal impact of COVID-19
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may be clearly evident,
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the details of what the disease does
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to our bodies can be more difficult to see.
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Some coronaviruses, like those that cause the common cold,
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attack the upper airways of the respiratory system
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and trigger into action almost like organic technology,
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says infectious disease specialist, Dr. David Wheeler.
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They're kind of like little mini thumb drives
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that have information with a protective layer
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and they don't do a thing
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until you plug 'em into the computer, if you will,
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and the cell then pulls in that viral message
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and starts being driven by that message,
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which mainly is to create more virus.
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But just like the MERS
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and SARS epidemics earlier this century,
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a more penetrating point of attack
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makes the COVID-19 virus much more dangerous.
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It's in a more vulnerable part of our body,
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in the lower airways, deep in the lungs and alveoli.
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They go in, take over the cell machinery,
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start making new virus.
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They prompt the immune response
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so when that immune response kicks in,
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now we're down into the lungs themselves.
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Early symptoms include headache,
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body aches, fever and cough.
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Those are the big four
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and most people that get sick
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have several of those.
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It's once they start feeling like they're short of breath
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and if they go into the emergency room
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or the doctor's office
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and their oxygen level is low,
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then that's where we need to keep a close eye on 'em.
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And what we found is that a small number
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of the folks just all of a sudden
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then get sick very quickly.
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So increasingly, these patients need more
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than a close eye.
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They need supportive respiratory interventions
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like those in high-demand ventilators
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to help them breathe.
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Well, shortness of breath is a sensation of suffocating.
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When people are starting
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to get a bit more short of breath like that,
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sometimes they need to get moved
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to the intensive care unit
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and put on the breathing machine earlier
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than we might in other conditions
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'cause we don't want these sort of emergency sessions
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where the person's struggling for breath
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and where more healthcare workers could get exposed
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to lots of aerosols in the air.
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In some of the most extreme cases,
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an even more scarce resource may be called upon
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to perform the work of the lungs,
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as a temporary last resort.
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It's called ECMO.
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Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
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And that really, it's heart-lung bypass.
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They put two cannulas in to veins
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and pull blood out, oxygenate it and return it.
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This was the treatment given to a man
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in his late 50s
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after his transfer to George Washington University Hospital,
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which released stunning 3D images
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of this patient's lung damage,
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represented here in green,
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laying bare the danger to all.
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You do not need an MD after your name
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to understand these images.
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This is something that the general public
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can take a look at and really start
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to comprehend how severe the amount of damage
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that this is causing to the lung tissue.
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The damage that we're seeing is not isolated
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to any one part of the lung.
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This is severe damage to both lungs diffusely.
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This man died about a week
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after arriving at the GW Hospital.
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A big part of what I think is killing people
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is what we call multiorgan failure
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as a result of the lungs going first.
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And then other organs start to fail.
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But what exactly causes this damage?
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The answer: another medical acronym.
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ARDS, or acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Inflammation in COVID-19 cases brought about
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by our own immune systems stuck in overdrive.
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A lot of the disease we see
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in terms of virus-hosted directions,
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is what we refer to as immunopatholgoy.
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So it's our own immune system creating some
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of the damage in particular target organs
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in response to that virus.
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And so it's like turning on the heat.
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But if it's too much,
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then you start hurting the tissues around it.
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It starts to create a barrier
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between where the alveoli are,
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where oxygen's coming in,
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and the capillaries right next to it
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that are picking up that oxygen
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to take it to the body
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and there's a little thin membrane,
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an interstitions there,
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which has very little space in it
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but certain kinds of interstitional pneumonia
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can start to put fluid in and inflammation in that
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and thicken it
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so that the oxygen exchange is then compromised.
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(dramatic music)
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In 1918, the Spanish Flu
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filled understaffed hospitals beyond capacity.
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The personnel shortages, largely a result
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of doctors and nurses, serving during World War I.
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The effect of war socially
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and politically took a huge toll on the health systems
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around the world
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and the hospitals that will need to provide care.
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Likewise, in our battle against COVID-19,
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the anticipated surge of cases presents additional hurdles,
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necessitating field hospitals
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and creating shortages of medical supplies
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and equipment, making a bad situation even worse.
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With a disease like COVID-19,
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what we really have to worry about
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is the strain on the health system.
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(radio mumbling)
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We're waiting to see is this gonna be like Milan,
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where you have 50 people waiting to come into the hospital
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and you have 20 ventilators
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and 40 of those people need the ventilators.
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But what about medicinal aids
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to fight the novel coronavirus?
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Despite limited and anecdotal evidence
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for some drugs, public health officials continue
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to warn against false hope
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and await the results of scientifically sourced
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and controlled testing.
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There are a number of candidate therapies
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that literally, as I speak to you today,
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are being tested in randomized control trials.
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These pharmaceutical investigations
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take two primary approaches.
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One targets the virus.
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The other explores drugs
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to control the immune response to the virus
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after ARDS sets in.
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What happens then is like a small-scale nuclear war
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inside the body.
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At late stages when it's this immunological battle,
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actually killing the virus probably doesn't do
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a lot of good.
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It's really trying to control the immune system
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that is then the key to successfully treating a patient.
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Clinical researcher David Paterson
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and his team at Australia's University
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of Queensland mobilized to explore a combination
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of both approaches.
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So the objective of our trial
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is really to get in early
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and prevent a person needing to go into intensive care,
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prevent them needing to be mechanically ventilated
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and of course, prevent them from dying.
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Reaching back into society's medicine cabinet,
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Paterson's team hopes to potentially repurpose drugs,
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originally developed to treat malaria
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and antiretrovirals used in the fight against HIV/AIDS.
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One of them attacks an enzyme that is very necessary
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for the virus to replicate.
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Another prevents the virus from attaching properly
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to human cells.
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We think that by inhibiting the virus,
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we give the immune system time
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to really take control.
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The ultimate goal, to save lives,
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a difficult task not only medically speaking
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but also because of the challenges in gathering data
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from the epicenters of this pandemic.
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(nurses mumbling)
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Where health systems have been overwhelmed,
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a lot of practical experience is gained
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but it's actually hard to do controlled trials,
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for example, to determine whether a drug
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is effective or whether certain interventions are effective.
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Paterson's answer,
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to develop a large study group
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of 2,400 patients across 60 hospitals
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of measure the outcomes of four different therapies.
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Antiretroviral HIV drugs
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and antimalarial antiviral and immunomodulator.
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A combination of the two
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and perhaps, most importantly, a control group.
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A person coming to that clinical trial
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has to accept though
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that there's a one in four chance
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that they may not receive any antiviral medication
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but it is a trial.
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It might be that these antiviral medications
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have side effects we didn't anticipate.
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It might be that combining two
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of the antivirals, all it does is increase side effects.
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And once we have this infrastructure of a trial set up,
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if there are new antiviral medications
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that have been developed in any part of the world,
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we can slot them into this trial
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and evaluate what is really the best way to go
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in terms of treating this infection.
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But given the accelerating rise
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of confirmed COVID-19 infections,
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no treatment can come fast enough.
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The biggest challenge is time.
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We have to do something now
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to stop these epidemic curves rising so steeply.
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And yet, even after mitigation efforts
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to slow the spread of the virus,
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official White House estimates released
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at the end of March project between 100
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and 240,000 American deaths.
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And so physicians like David Wheeler consult
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with colleagues to find something that works,
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even with no scientifically proven treatment as of yet.
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Nowadays, it seems like every new day
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is like a new era.
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Unwilling to simply wait
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for the onslaught of patients,
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as seen in China, Italy, Spain and New York,
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they scour medical literature
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on the hunt for lessons learned.
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So in terms of the drugs that we pick,
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it's a bit of all right,
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what do we kind of think makes sense?
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We'd like to do something rather than nothing
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but we don't wanna hurt our patients
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and so that's where we're trying
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to strike that middle ground.
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Do no harm but do something.
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80% of those infected by the COVID-19 virus
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likely won't need any medical care.
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But limited medical resources
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and the absence of verified effective treatments
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means no one should be complacent.
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It is gonna probably force a lot of hard decisions.
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Some are gonna die, some may be left
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with sort of lung complications afterwards and then others,
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it's just gonna be a lot of work
274
00:13:49,470 --> 00:13:51,804
to help get them through this.
275
00:13:51,804 --> 00:13:54,554
(dramatic music)
19853
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