Original subtitles

[narrator] The James Webb Space Telescope is

the most powerful observatory ever launched into space.

It sees deeper, sharper, and further back in

time than any telescope in history.

[Phil] Spectacular galaxies, gas clouds forming stars,

the planets in our solar system.

We're seeing these things in detail that we have never been

able to before.

Launching Webb was like switching on the lights in

a dark room.

It's on a mission to probe

the universe's greatest mysteries and uncover new ones.

[Hakeem] Sometimes you get a new observatory

and you see what you expected to see.

With Webb, it surprises every day.

What fires up violent storms on distant worlds

that the Sun's warmth can barely reach?

How do newborn stars sculpt their surroundings and unleash

the forces that tear older stars apart?

[Michelle] The Webb Telescope turned this

into a crime scene investigation.

You think about, you know, CSI in space.

To investigate these new mysteries,

we peel back shrouds of dust,

split open planetary atmospheres,

and wind back the clock

to glimpse the first light in the universe.

[technician] Standing by for terminal count.

Christmas Day 2021...

[counting down in French]

...An Ariane 5 rocket...

[speaking in French]

...blasts off from Europe's spaceport in French Guiana.

[man] Liftoff from a tropical rainforest

to the edge of time itself.

On board is NASA's James Webb Space Telescope.

The most powerful space observatory ever built.

For over 30 years, astronomers relied on

the Hubble Space Telescope to investigate

the mysteries of the universe.

Now, the baton is passed to the next generation.

The James Webb Space Telescope construction and launch

involves thousands of scientists, engineers,

and technicians from 14 countries

and costs almost $10 billion.

[Michelle] It was audacious.

The idea of building a giant space telescope,

something that had to actively unfold in space.

And this was a 25-year journey.

That's how long it took us to design this telescope,

to build it, to launch it.

The telescope unfolds in space to the size of a tennis court.

Its mirror is six times larger than the one on

the Hubble telescope.

It is built from 18 beryllium segments

coated with an ultra-thin layer of gold,

to maximize its ability to reflect light.

The images it beams back to astronomers on Earth

are jaw-dropping.

[Michelle] We were all waiting for those first images

from JWST to come in.

And when they did, and I was one of the people that got to

see them before they were publicly released,

they were more beautiful and more clear

and more detailed than we'd expected.

[Phil] Every time I see a new image, I'm blown away by it.

Spectacular galaxies, gas clouds forming stars,

the planets in our solar system, we're seeing those in

a way we've never seen them before.

It reveals the splendor and exquisite beauty

and jaw-dropping majesty of our universe in just

the most vivid and new detail.

It's proof that nature really is as magical

as we once believed as kids.

And Webb's capabilities go far beyond

the previous generation of telescopes.

Before Webb, Hubble was the telescope.

That was the one that was giving us

the most beautiful views of the universe

and the most detailed views of the universe.

But there are certain places that Hubble could not see.

Hubble sees invisible light, and you see all of this

beautiful starlight scattering off the dust clouds,

producing these beautiful colors.

But the dust looks opaque. It looks thick.

You can't really see inside it.

Unlike Hubble, Webb sees the universe in infrared light.

It peers through the dust and darkness of space

to reveal stars and planets that have stayed hidden since

the dawn of the cosmos.

[Michelle] The really exciting thing is that infrared light can

actually cut through a lot of obscuring material --

dust, for example.

There are lots of things that are hidden in dust

and they're fascinating things.

The birth of stars, the death of stars,

the formation of black holes, the formation of planets.

Astronomers task Webb with investigating

the biggest mysteries of the universe

from the moment it comes online.

Starting with the planets in our own backyard.

When you look at the planets in our solar system,

we have explored most of them fairly well.

Uranus, though, is so far away that it's only been flown past

by one probe, Voyager 2, and that's it.

In 1986, Voyager 2 beams back images

of a calm, blue-green world with almost no features.

For decades, these images remain

astronomers' clearest view of this mysterious planet.

The Hubble telescope snaps a series of photographs of

Uranus between 1994 and 2022.

They fail to reveal what lies beneath

the planet's thick methane clouds.

In 2023, Webb points its infrared cameras at Uranus

to unlock the planet's mysteries.

[Hakeem] Webb's view of Uranus doesn't show this pastel blue.

Instead, it shows that there are these bright spots.

And typically, when you have brighter areas in infrared,

that means that those are hotter areas.

And what's hot in Uranus's atmosphere?

Storms.

[Michelle] These are giant, violent storms with winds

over 500 miles an hour, made of gases that

we don't really deal with much here

in our own atmosphere.

A very, very different kind of weather.

Webb's discovery stuns astronomers,

because it should be impossible for Uranus

to produce supersized storms.

[Grant] On Earth, solar heat warms the oceans,

drives evaporation of the water, drives convection.

That water in the atmosphere condenses, falls in rain.

Really, storms are generated by the Sun itself.

Uranus is 19 times further away from the Sun

than Earth is.

The Sun's energy is too weak at this distance to create storms

of this size.

[Grant] Uranus is so far in the outer reaches of our solar system,

it receives less than half a percent of the amount of

sunlight that Earth gets.

This means that the massive, incredible,

continent-sized storms that we do see on Uranus

aren't powered by the Sun in the same way they are on Earth.

What drives these huge storms on Uranus?

A clue lies in the image that the Webb telescope captures.

The entire planet and its ring system is tilted on its side.

[Michelle] What could do such a thing?

The planet could not have formed that way.

This had to be something that happened after the planet

formed to actually take the whole thing and turn it

on its side.

[Hakeem] And that something had to be big.

To knock a big planet like Uranus on its side

required a big hit.

Billions of years ago, a young Uranus orbits

the Sun upright, surrounded by other frozen worlds.

One ice ball planet twice the size of Earth

wanders too close,

and Uranus's immense gravity pulls it onto

a collision course.

The planets collide in a glancing blow, spraying water

and icy material out into space,

and sending both planets reeling.

The icy debris eventually coalesces to form

the planet's moons and rings.

And the whole system is left tilted on its side,

permanently.

[Hakeem] The fact that Uranus is oriented completely differently

from all the other bodies in the solar system has

massive consequences for the energy and the dynamics

of Uranus's atmosphere.

The glancing blow that knocked Uranus on its side

gives the planet the most extreme seasons

in the solar system.

And with an 84-year orbit, that means one pole sits in

total darkness for decades at a time,

while the other basks in constant sunlight.

[Grant] Nature hates imbalance.

This sets up what we call a really, really strong

temperature gradient across the planet itself.

And the atmosphere from the warm side of the planet

rushes to the cold side. And this can create storms.

The atmosphere slowly heats up, stirring the gases inside

to drive the gigantic, violent storms that we see

on Uranus today.

[Grant] So, even though it's so cold and dark in the outer outskirts

of our solar system, where Uranus is orbiting,

it receives just enough sunlight to set up

these strong temperature gradients that can set up

these persistent, massive storms.

[Hakeem] We had this idea

of this really boring, featureless planet,

kind of like the quiet kid in class,

but Webb is completely changing that.

It's like Webb is bringing out Uranus's personality.

The James Webb Space Telescope is unlocking the secrets of

our neighboring planets.

Now, the telescope turns its gaze to new mysteries

beyond our own solar system.

What extreme processes give birth to stars?

And what violent forces end their lives?

NASA's James Webb Space Telescope is

the most powerful observatory ever made.

It captures breathtaking images of the tapestry

of glowing clouds beyond our solar system.

These are the stellar nurseries where new stars are born.

[Michelle] I know of nothing more beautiful than the pictures of

stellar nurseries, these vast clouds of dust and gas

and space that are giving birth to literally hundreds of stars

and new planetary systems right before our eyes.

They go beyond just the numbers, just the data.

This is an incredible artistic accomplishment

of the human race.

JWST is revealing the splendor of our universe and its majesty

and magic in ways that we never thought before possible.

In 1995, the Hubble telescope trains its cameras

on a vast gas cloud,

over 5,000 light-years from Earth.

The Eagle Nebula.

At its core, the Pillars of Creation.

[Hakeem] One of the most beautiful images

from the Hubble Space Telescope

that was really revolutionary when it first arrived

are the so-called Pillars of Creation.

And so it's these columns of gas that are light-years,

hundreds of light-years in size.

And there are places where you can see where stars are

forming inside the gas.

In 2022, Webb trains its infrared telescope

at the Pillars of Creation.

It captures this photograph.

[Hakeem] When Hubble gave us the Pillars of Creation,

we saw a few, a very few, of these bright little forming

stars at the tip of a pillar. But then Webb took a look.

And man, we saw inside that cloud of gas.

We saw many more forming stars.

But not only that, we saw details of what

those stars are doing that we never saw before.

The image that Webb captures reveals the moments when stars

are born in unprecedented detail.

We look at a gas cloud with Hubble, and we're seeing sort

of the surface structures, what's going on on the outside.

With JWST, we can peer inside these structures.

Inside the Pillars,

pockets of gas and dust collapse under gravity.

As the material is squeezed tighter,

it heats up.

Until eventually, temperatures are high enough to

sustain nuclear fusion.

And a star is born.

Webb spots something unusual about the stars created

within the Pillars of Creation.

[Phil] There's an interesting feature.

Bright red globs, streaks, that are hundreds of billions

of miles long. And they're really, really red.

The data from the spacecraft reveals these glowing streaks

are gas, heated to thousands of degrees.

[Michelle] More than just the collapse of a cloud under gravity,

there were shapes. There were these outward flows.

Some people thought they even resembled lava

sort of flowing out of the cloud.

The gravitational collapse alone couldn't do that.

It couldn't sculpt the cloud that way.

Something must be happening deep inside the cloud

as the collapse is happening.

As dust from the disk falls onto the young star,

its magnetic fields channel some of that material

towards the poles.

They tighten the flow into high-powered beams of gas

and fire it out at 320 kilometers per second,

stretching for light-years across space.

When these supersonic jets slam into the surrounding gas,

they send shock waves rippling through the nebula,

heating it to thousands of degrees.

And in Webb's images,

that heat shows up as a deep lava-red glow.

It's hard to phrase this in a way that's dramatic enough.

We are witnessing the moment that a star turns on,

the birth of a star.

And it turns out it doesn't go that smoothly.

It can be a violent thing.

[Grant] These jets are only launched

in the first few hundred thousand years

of a star's life.

Now that sounds like a long time, but remember,

stars live for a long time, billions and billions of years.

Those first few hundred thousand years of a star's life

are like the equivalent of the first hours

of a human life.

The fact that Webb was able to catch these newborn stars

with their jets and those shocks, it's miraculous almost.

Only Webb could do that.

The James Webb Space Telescope

is revealing the secrets of stellar birth.

It is also unlocking the mysteries

of stars' dramatic endings.

The James Webb Space Telescope is unlocking the mysteries

of stars' dramatic endings.

Webb captures spectacular images of nebulae

that are the result of stars dying.

[Grant] Planetary nebula are like the final breaths

of a dying star,

these beautiful glowing shells of ionized gas

that Webb can exquisitely map in just profound detail.

[Phil] Stars like the Sun are powered by fusing hydrogen into helium.

This generates an immense amount of energy,

a lot of heat, that keeps the star going.

But eventually, you run out of usable fuel.

This kicks off a lot of really complicated processes.

When a star like our Sun uses up all its hydrogen fuel,

it changes dramatically.

Its core contracts and heats

while the outer layers swell outwards.

Now so dense, it no longer sustains its weight.

The core collapses.

And its outer layers are launched into space,

forming a glowing shell of gas called a planetary nebula.

[Michelle] The layers unravel, the star lights them up,

and you have these gorgeous constructions,

light-years across, that herald the death of a star.

In 1995, the Hubble telescope snaps this image

of one of the cosmos' most famous nebulae,

the Southern Ring Nebula.

Generations of astronomers puzzle over the question,

why is it such an unusual shape?

[Phil] You would imagine in most stars that gas is going to

expand in a sphere.

That's not always the case.

In the Southern Ring Nebula, it's almost egg-shaped,

and it's got this ring around the middle.

And this is telling us that the processes going on during

the creation of this nebula are fairly complex.

It's not a simple picture at all.

Webb uses its infrared camera to peer inside the gas

and search for clues to unlock the mystery.

[Michelle] The Webb telescope has the clarity, the detail,

to kind of turn this into a crime scene, an investigation.

You think about, you know, CSI in space.

What we have now is the remnant of a death.

But how exactly did it work? How'd it unfold?

Webb captures this much more detailed image.

It reveals not one, but two stars at the center of

layers of twisted gas clouds.

[Hakeem] Once Webb looked, you saw that there were like all kind of

shells and streaks and stuff going on.

So whatever created this thing had to be a much more dynamic

and chaotic process than just a single star

shedding its outer layers.

The chaotic layers of gas in the nebula

indicate that multiple stars

once occupied this region of space.

The two that remain are survivors

of an epic cosmic catastrophe involving multiple stars.

It all begins with a dying star,

which expands and releases an enormous cloud

of searing-hot gas.

Two companion stars are caught in the chaos,

triggering powerful jets of energy

that punch deep protrusions into the cloud.

As the dying star spreads out into a nebula,

another star carves through the expanding cloud.

The Southern Ring Nebula isn't just the death

of a solitary star.

It's the chaotic aftermath of a violent multi-star mashup.

[Grant] So, as the largest one swelled up and died,

it began gulping up its companions one by one,

and as it did so, it let off these jets and shells of gas,

and Webb gets to observe the motions of this gas.

So, Webb is allowing us to make a forensic record

of this destruction.

James Webb is pushing the boundaries of what we can

discover across our galaxy.

It's revealing the details of how stars are born

and how they die.

Now...

it turns to mysteries beyond our Milky Way.

What powerful force could scar an entire galaxy?

And what brought the first galaxies to life?

NASA's James Webb Space Telescope is powerful enough

to look beyond our Milky Way

and take spectacular images of the billions

of other galaxies in the cosmos.

Galaxies are vast families of stars, hundreds of billions of

stars that are all orbiting around a common

gravitational center.

There are trillions of galaxies in our universe,

and so it probably shouldn't surprise you that you'll find

galaxies of all masses and shapes and structures.

We have spiral galaxies

with these grand, sweeping arms of stars.

And we have elliptical galaxies that tend to be much more

massive but are smoother and rounder.

And we have irregular galaxies,

which often just look like a mess.

Webb captures images of one of the strangest galaxies

in the cosmos,

500 million light-years away,

the Cartwheel Galaxy.

[Phil] One of the reasons we call this thing the Cartwheel Galaxy

is because it looks like a wagon wheel.

It looks like the wheel of a cart, which already tells

you something weird is going on.

One of the fun things about studying astronomical objects

is you have this mystery. Why does it look this way?

And you have to look at all the different pieces and put

them together like a puzzle and figure out what processes

went into creating this structure.

What happened to the Cartwheel Galaxy

to make it this unusual shape?

Webb's instruments measure the temperature of the stars

in the galaxy's rings.

[Hakeem] Webb can see much more of what's going on inside of

galaxies than other telescopes, not just in being able to

penetrate through gas and dust or highlight gas and dust.

It also has much finer details.

It finds the stars of the outer ring are hot

and formed around 200 million years ago.

The stars of the inner ring are much older and cooler.

That's a cosmic timestamp that is evidence that something

massive happened in this galaxy about 200 million years ago

to trigger this burst of star formation

in this expanding ring.

Astronomers devise a theory to explain the event that gave

birth to so many stars

and molded the Cartwheel Galaxy into such an unusual shape.

The Cartwheel Galaxy was once a spiral like our Milky Way.

But 200 million years ago,

another galaxy plunges right through its center.

The impact sends shockwaves racing outward

at 320,000 kilometers an hour,

shredding through the spiral arms.

It slams into a ring of dust on the outer edge of the galaxy

and triggers the birth of millions of stars

revolving in a cosmic cartwheel.

You can almost think about dropping a pebble into a pond

and seeing the ripples go out.

All of the gas and dust of the galaxy

was disturbed in that pattern.

[Hakeem] When you compress gas and dust on those scales,

it triggers star formation.

So that big ring of bright stars are a pile-up of these

density waves with all these new stars are being born.

So it's like a fossil.

You're seeing fossil evidence of one galaxy passing

through another one.

Webb's image also reveals what created the spokes

of the cartwheel.

[Michelle] With infrared, you can now image the vast amounts of dust

and gas between the stars.

Think of it sort of as the underlying scaffolding.

And they seem to be filling in that volume between

the nucleus and the ring.

It's almost as if the galaxy is trying

to form spiral arms again.

It's trying to get back to that big spiral galaxy shape.

The Webb telescope is showing us how a galaxy kind of

reorganizes itself after being completely disrupted

by one of these collisions.

The Cartwheel Galaxy is one of countless galactic mysteries

that Webb is tasked with solving.

JWST can look at galaxies that are relatively close to

our own, tens or hundreds of millions of light-years away.

However, it can see light from galaxies that are much,

much farther away than that.

Astronomers are using the James Webb Space Telescope to look

further into the cosmos than any telescope before it.

The images it beams to Earth are revealing the secrets of

the oldest galaxies in the universe.

[Michelle] I think the most profound thing about looking out into

the universe is that we necessarily have to look

back in time.

The very farthest object we can see with the unaided eye is

another galaxy, the Andromeda galaxy.

And this galaxy is about two million light-years away.

You are looking at the galaxy the way it was

two million years ago.

The incredible thing about the James Webb Space Telescope

is that we have the power to see stars now that are on

the order of 13 billion years in the past.

The universe is expanding,

and Webb uses a quirk of physics to measure

the age of any galaxy.

As light travels through expanding space, it stretches

to longer or redder wavelengths.

By analyzing how red a galaxy is,

Webb can work out how fast it's moving,

and therefore how far away it is, and how old it is.

In 2022, Webb snaps this photograph

of thousands of distant galaxies

in one of the oldest regions of the cosmos.

Something stands out --

faint, compact objects,

each 50 million times the mass of our Sun,

dating to over 13 billion years ago.

We knew when we launched Webb that we would find things about

the early universe that we just didn't know existed.

That turned out to be a huge understatement.

One of those early surprises from those first

Webb survey images was, if you actually zoom in

on the image and carefully look,

there are little red dots all over the place.

What are these mysterious little red dots?

A clue lies in their huge mass.

So, when you have something that is the mass

of 50 million suns crammed into a volume

that's smaller than our solar system,

you have a source of energy that is so powerful

that it can kind of only be one thing,

and that is a supermassive black hole.

Black holes lurk at the center of every galaxy.

They form when stars go supernova and collapse space

into an infinitely small, super-dense point.

Their huge mass gives them powerful gravity that controls

the movement of the stars and gas around them.

Supermassive black holes form

when several black holes combine.

Astronomers' calculations predict it takes many billions

of years for black holes to grow supermassive.

The little red dots present a mystery.

How did supermassive black holes this young

get so big so quickly?

[Hakeem] When we're looking at these little red dots,

given their masses and the age of the universe when they form,

there's not enough time to form these things through that

standard process, which we call accretion.

[Grant] Little red dots are showing us that these black holes

have gotten so massive in only 700 million years

of cosmic history that they have to grow

much, much, much, much faster than we thought was possible.

So we have one big theoretical escape hatch here,

and that's something that we call direct collapse.

Shortly after the Big Bang,

the universe is cold and dark

and filled with hydrogen gas.

One theory is that these clouds clump together to form

structures that are so massive...

that they collapse directly into black holes.

They skip the star phase entirely.

If you can collapse those massive clouds under their own

self-gravity down into the seed of a supermassive black hole,

you can start growing a black hole with kind of a head start

in that the seed of your supermassive black hole is

much, much, much more massive than it would be

had it just come from a normal, large, massive star.

The James Webb Space Telescope's images

of little red dots may be the first time

a space telescope has captured a photograph

of a direct-collapse black hole.

They could be the oldest cosmic structures

that astronomers have ever seen.

[Hakeem] This is the beginning of piecing together

that full story of how do we go from a universe

that's basically formless, just gas, no stars,

to a universe that we see today.

[Phil] If in fact little red dots are these supermassive black holes

sort of eating their way up to the size we see them today,

that's a big deal.

If that's what's going on, that solves a key mystery in

black hole cosmology that we have right now.

[Grant] It is remarkable that we can extend our reach so far beyond

our tiny little corner of the universe

by just bouncing ancient, ancient light

off of this majestic

six-and-a-half meter collection of glass

from the very earliest epics of the cosmos.

Like a cosmic detective, Webb gathers evidence

and solves cold cases billions of years old.

It traces the forces that shape galaxies and uncovers

black holes that shouldn't exist so early.

Now, it tackles the toughest mystery yet.

When do the universe's first stars ignite?

The James Webb Space Telescope is gazing deeper into

the cosmos than any telescope before it.

In 2025, its infrared camera snaps an image

of the distant universe.

Astronomers are intrigued by a small source of light.

When we look at very distant objects, even when they're huge

on a human scale, they are so far away that they might just

be a couple of pixels across.

And yet these two pixels, just a fuzzy blob in the image,

is an immense structure.

It could be a whole galaxy or a cluster of stars

or something like that.

And we have to study this and figure out what's going on.

The object is 13 billion light-years away from Earth.

Astronomers name it LAP1-B.

When the telescope's spectrometer

analyzes the light,

it finds something astonishing.

When an astronomer sees something that's new,

the first thing you want to do is obtain what's called

a spectrum of that object.

And that spectrum tells you

what that object is made of.

What is its chemical composition?

The analysis reveals something that astronomers

have never seen before.

Normally, when we look at objects, they are laced with

chemically-enriched gas that are the products of generations

of stars that have died before it.

We don't see any of those in LAP1-B.

It's pristine. Only hydrogen and helium.

It's like it's made

from the earliest matter in the universe.

Stars combine the lightest elements,

hydrogen and helium,

to generate vast amounts of energy.

Over time, this process changes the hydrogen and helium into

heavier elements, like carbon, oxygen, and iron.

Stars die in spectacular explosions,

and fling these heavier elements out into the universe.

Those elements mix into the gas between stars.

So every star that forms afterward

carries those chemical fingerprints.

Why does LAP1-B contain no heavy elements?

[Michelle] For me personally, the science goal of Webb

that is most exciting, it's my specialty, is trying to

figure out how stars changed over the life of the universe.

We notice that the universe changes as you look farther

and farther back in time.

There are stars that are relatively close to us that

have about the same chemical composition as the Sun.

But then as you look farther out and you look at stars that

are farther in the past,

farther back in time, older stars --

these stars have fewer of these elements.

[Hakeem] Astronomers realized, you know, there must be

a population of stars that had none of the contamination

of heavy elements from previous generation of stars.

So the first generation of stars were predicted way back

in the early 20th century, but we never saw them.

And James Webb may have given us our first glimpse.

That was what we so desperately wanted to see.

Could this really be looking at the very first stars

to ever shine in the universe?

370,000 years after the glow of the Big Bang fades,

the universe goes dark.

No stars, no galaxies.

Just cold hydrogen gas that stretches across space.

[Hakeem] Immediately after the universe transitioned from being what

we call the primordial fireball and went into the dark ages,

you know, it was kind of like a fog of hydrogen

and helium gas.

Eventually, gravity pulls this gas into dense pockets.

Inside these pockets,

the first stars ignite.

Massive stars that shine brightly.

The very first light in the cosmos.

[Grant] We think that they were real monsters,

just absolutely massive.

Many, many, many, many times more massive than our Sun.

And stars that are massive and burn bright are live fast

and die young objects.

But in those brief lives, they are forging in their cores

the first heavy elements of the universe.

Now, Webb may have found these first stars.

The intense ultraviolet light,

pristine chemistry,

and extreme age

all point toward LAP1-B being something never seen before.

[Phil] We think that a few hundred million years after

the universe formed, the first stars were born,

and they're nothing like stars today.

If LAP1-B turns out to be one of these stars or a cluster of

these stars, that will be the first time we have

direct evidence of these stars existing.

[Grant] If that is the case, it is an absolutely

transformative milestone in the history of

human exploration of the cosmos.

[Michelle] Whatever they are, they have something to teach us

about how we got here, about how the chemical elements

that make your body up formed.

They're from that generation of stars.

That's amazing to me.

[Phil] We are seeing evidence of the early universe that led

to our existence.

And this is what astronomy is all about,

is finding out why we're here.

[Hakeem] When I see these details, you know, it makes me wish

I had another 100 years to study this stuff, right?

I'm getting old.

And, you know, so much more is coming down the pipe.

You know, this is just the very beginning.

The James Webb Space Telescope is revealing the architecture

of the cosmos like never before.

From the storms our own solar system,

to the birth and death of stars,

and from galaxies torn apart in collisions

to the first objects in the universe.

I tell you, man, humans are impressive.

And maybe our most impressive achievement is building

the James Webb Space Telescope.

[Michelle] The James Webb Space Telescope is probably one of the things

I'm most proud of in my life.

This was something that cost me so much sleep,

that cost me a lot of worry,

but also produced moments of pure joy.

Every time I see a JWST image, it just feels like part

of the family.

As transformative as Webb has been thus far,

its greatest discoveries lie ahead.

I can only imagine what we're going to be talking about

in 10 years.

There's just this whole universe out there

waiting to be discovered.